View source for Afro-Asians

{{Short description|Persons of mixed Asian and African ancestry}}
{{distinguish|Afroasiatic}}
{{About|people of mixed Asian and African descent|South Asians of African descent|Afro-Asians in South Asia}}
[[File:Tiger Woods smiling.jpg|thumb|[[Tiger Woods]], of [[African Americans|African American]] and [[Thailand|Thai heritage]]]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}

'''Afro-Asians''', '''African Asians''', '''Blasians''', or simply '''Black Asians''' are people of mixed [[Asian people|Asian]] and [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|African]] ancestry. Primarily through past slave trade, ethnic Afro-Asians can be found in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], rural areas of [[China]] or [[Taiwan]] and to a lesser extent, [[Malaysia]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date= 17 Jun 2011 |title= Chinese in Africa: Chinese Men Marry African Wife |url=http://chinawhisper.com/chinese-in-africa-chinese-men-marry-african-wife |website= China Whisper |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111225014024/http://chinawhisper.com/chinese-in-africa-chinese-men-marry-african-wife |archive-date= 25 December 2011 }}</ref> Historically, Afro-Asian populations have been marginalised as a result of human migration and social conflict.<ref name=Reicheneker/>

==Africa==

===Democratic Republic of the Congo===

====Katanga Afro-Japanese====
During the 1970s, an increased demand for [[copper]] and [[cobalt]] attracted [[Japanese people|Japanese]] investments in the mineral-rich southeastern region of [[Katanga Province]]. Over a 10-year period, more than 1,000 Japanese miners relocated to the region, confined to a strictly male-only camp. Arriving without family or spouses, the men often sought social interaction outside the confines of their camps. In search of intimacy with the opposite sex, resulting in cohabitation, the men openly engaged in [[interracial dating]] and relationships, a practice embraced by the local society. As a result, a number of Japanese miners fathered children with native Congolese women. However, most of the mixed-race infants resulting from these unions died soon after birth. Multiple testimonies of local people suggest that the infants were poisoned by a Japanese lead physician and nurse working at the local mining hospital. Subsequently, the circumstances would have brought the miners shame as most of them already had families back in their native Japan. The practice forced many native Katangan mothers to hide their children by not reporting to the hospital to give birth.

Today, fifty Afro-Japanese have formed an association of ''Katanga Infanticide'' survivors. The organization has hired legal counsel seeking a formal investigation into the killings. The group submitted an official inquiry to both the [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Congolese]] and [[Government of Japan|Japanese governments]], to no avail. Issues specific to this group include having no documentation of their births since not having been born in the local hospital spared their lives. The total number of survivors is unknown.<ref name="katangainfanticide" group="Africa-Congo"/>

===Equatorial Guinea===
The mid-19th century saw about 500 Chinese laborers and indentured servants, along with a handful from [[Portuguese India|India]] stealthily imported to the island of [[Bioko|Fernando Po]] through the once [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] owned [[Macau]].<ref name="anshan" group="Africa-EQ"/> While most of these servants returned to their homelands at the end of their servitude, a few remained, settling and marrying into the local population. One example is immigrant East Indian laborer Francisco Kashu Alimama who remained in [[Moka, Equatorial Guinea|Moka]] after the death of his last living relative. He married the daughter of one of the last [[Malabo Lopelo Melaka|Bubi]] kings, producing several Indo-Equatoguinean children.
[[File:Chairperson of the African Union Commission (6774394140) (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Jean Ping]]]]

===Gabon===
Gabonese politician [[Jean Ping]] is the son of a Chinese father and Gabonese mother.

===Ghana===
Many Chinese men who engaged in gold mining in Ghana married local Ghanaian women and had children with them, and then the Ghana government deported illegal miners, leaving the mixed race Chinese fathered children stranded in Ghana, while their fathers were sent back to China.<ref>{{cite news |last= Kenney |first= Tanasia |date=  April 14, 2018 |title= Chinese Miners Are Leaving Their Mixed Children Behind In Ghana|url=https://atlantablackstar.com/2018/04/14/chinese-miners-leaving-mixed-children-behind-ghana/ |work= Atlanta Black Star}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 April 2018 |title=Meet Ghana's Galamsey pikins wey demma Chinese fathers lef behind |work=BBC news Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/media-43736182}}</ref>

===Kenya===
{{See also|Chinese people in Kenya|Indians in Kenya|Pate Island}}

====Zheng He's fleet====
In 1999, [[Nicholas Kristof]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported a surprising encounter on the island of [[Pate Island|Pate]], where he found a village of stone huts. He talked to an elderly man living in the village who said that he was a descendant of Chinese explorers who were shipwrecked there [[Ming treasure voyages|centuries before]]. The Chinese had supposedly traded with the locals and had even loaded giraffes onto their ship to take back to China. However, the Chinese ran aground on a nearby reef. Kristof found evidence that confirmed the man's story. Such evidence included the Asian features of the people in the village, plus Asian-looking porcelain artifacts.<ref name="nytkristof" group="Africa-Kenya"/><ref name="pbshdingham" group="Africa-Kenya"/> These descendants of [[Chinese people in Kenya#Zheng He's fleet|Zheng He's fleet]] occupy both [[Pate Island|Pate]] and [[Lamu Island|Lamu]] Islands. Around 400 survivors of these 20 shipwrecked Chinese sailors settled and married with local women.<ref>{{cite book |title=Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas |date=2005 |publisher=五洲传播出版社 |isbn=978-7-5085-0708-8 |page=74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmpkR6l5MaMC&dq=zheng+he+400+survivors+married+kenya+women&pg=PA74 }}</ref>

====New immigration====
New interest in Kenya's natural resources has attracted over $1 billion of investment from Chinese firms. This has propelled new development in Kenya's infrastructure with Chinese firms bringing in their own male workers to build roads.<ref name=kenyainvestment group=Africa-Kenya/> The temporary residents usually arrive without their spouses and families. Thus, a rise of incidents involving local college-aged females has resulted in an increased rate of Afro-Chinese infant births to single Kenyan mothers.<ref name="ruiru" group="Africa-Kenya"/>

In Kenya there is a trend of the following influx of Chinese male workers in Kenya with a growing number of abandoned babies of Chinese men who fathered children with local women, causing concern.<ref>{{cite news |last=AKWEI |first= ISMAIL|date=May 28, 2018|title= Babies: Unwanted seeds sown in African women by fleeting Chinese workers|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/babies-unwanted-seeds-sown-in-african-women-by-fleeting-chinese-workers |work=Face2Face Africa}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=Mar 5, 2011 |title= 20yr Old Girl Looking for Her Chinese Baby Daddy|type=television video |language= English|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bztNoEypJG0  |time= |location=Kenya |publisher= Citizen TV Kenya }}</ref><ref>[https://face2faceafrica.com/article/kenya-battling-with-chinese-prostitutes-arrests-15-at-brothel Kenya battling with Chinese prostitutes, arrests 15 at brothel]</ref>

===Madagascar===
Intermarriage between native [[Malagasy peoples|Malagasy]] women and Chinese men was not uncommon.<!--<ref group="Africa-Madagascar">{{harvnb|Pan|1994|p=157}}</ref>--><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Margaret L. |date=2004 |title=Reclaiming Lost Ancestors and Acknowledging Slave Descent: Insights from Madagascar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879475 |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=616–645 |doi=10.1017/S0010417504000283 |jstor=3879475 |s2cid=145323959 |issn=0010-4175|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Several thousand [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]] men intermarried and cohabited with Malagasy women. 98% of the Chinese traced their origin from Guangdong, specifically the Cantonese district of Shunde. For example, the census alone in 1954 census found 1,111 "irregular" Chinese-Malagasy unions and 125 legitimate, i.e., legally married, partnerships. Most offspring were registered by their mothers under a Malagasy name.

More generally, the Malagasy as a whole are often described as the oldest Blasian population in human history, possessing varying degrees of Austronesian and Bantu ancestry. They indeed descend—to different degrees depending on the ethnic groups—from [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] Africans and [[Banjar people|Banjar]] sailors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-07-19 |title=Les Malgaches, métis africano-indonésiens |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/festival/article/2016/07/19/les-malgaches-metis-africano-indonesiens_4971706_4415198.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |language=fr}}</ref>

===Mauritius===
{{See also|Mauritius}}
Approximately 68% of the population has some Indian ancestry. About 25% of the population is Creole (of mixed French and African descent) and there are small numbers of people of Franco-Mauritian and Chinese descent.

===Nigeria===
{{See also|Filipinos in Nigeria}}
Since the 1970s, Nigeria has seen a slow, but steady, increase in the immigrant [[Filipinos|Filipino]] population drawn by the oil industry. Established in 1973, the Philippine Barangay Society of Nigeria addresses issues specific to over 1,700 ''Nigerized'' Filipinos living in the country. This acculturation has resulted in a small but growing, number of biracial Nigerian Filipinos births. Most of these children are parented by Filipino mothers and Nigerian fathers.<ref name="niger-wife" group="Africa-Nigeria"/>

A Chinese man abandoned his Nigerian Ogun girlfriend Tope Samuel with their child in Ogun state.<ref>{{cite news |date=30 September 2023 |title=How my Chinese boyfriend abandoned me with his child – Ogun woman |work=Punch |url=https://punchng.com/how-my-chinese-boyfriend-abandoned-me-with-his-child-ogun-woman/}}</ref>

===Reunion===
{{See also|Cafres}}
The native [[Cafres|Kaf]] population has a diverse range of ancestry stemming from colonial Indian and Chinese peoples. They also descend from African slaves brought from countries like [[Mozambique]], [[Guinea]], [[Senegal]], [[Madagascar]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Zambia]] to the island.

Most Réunion Creoles are of mixed ancestry and make up the majority of the population. Interracial marriages between European men and Chinese men with African women, Indian women, Chinese women and Madagascar women were also common.

===Seychelles===
{{See also|Seychellois Creole people}}
More than 70% of the native population has Afro-Asian ancestry stemming from African, Malagasy, Indian and Chinese peoples, combined with additional British and French origins. However, the demographic is specifically proud of their [[Africa]]n/[[Malagasy peoples|Malagasy]] heritage and have formed an institute promoting their identity and cultural tolerance.

===South Africa and Namibia===
[[File:Cape-Coloured-School-Children.jpg|right|thumb|[[Cape Coloured]] school children of [[South Africa]]]]
The [[Cape Coloured]] population descend from the indigenous [[Khoisan]] and [[Xhosa people]]s, [[Europe]]an immigrants and [[Madagascar|Malagasy]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylonese]] and [[Southeast Asia]]n (primarily Indonesian) laborers and slaves brought by the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] from the mid-17th century to the late 18th century. The majority of people of Colour, particularly in the [[Western Cape]] and [[Northern Cape]], speak [[Afrikaans]] as a first language, while those in other parts of South Africa tend to speak [[English language|English]] as well. People of Colour with [[Javanese people|Javanese]] or other [[Indonesia]]n ancestry may often be regarded as [[Cape Malays|Cape Malay]] and are primarily [[Muslims]], while the majority of people of Colour are [[Christians|Christian]] (generally [[Protestantism|Protestant]]) or [[agnostic]]. Due to similar social adversities experienced under the [[Apartheid]] regime from the late 1940s to the late 1980s, Coloured and indigenous South African communities generally fall under the [[black people|black]] social category when it comes to [[employment]] and [[affirmative action]] policies.<ref name="bbcchinese" group="Africa-South-Africa"/>

===Uganda===
{{See also|Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda}}
There was a widespread migration of Indians to Southeast Africa, during the time of the construction of the East African/Uganda railway. The Asian migrants married local Ugandans and gave rise to generations of Afro-Asians.

'''New immigration'''

In the past decades, Chinese male workers, investors, contractors, traders, and entrepreneurs from China have been pouring into Uganda. In hopes of gaining residency, an increasing number of Chinese men are marrying Ugandan women, with many being sham marriages. A number of children of Chinese fathers and Ugandan mothers were born as a result.

An official from Uganda's directorate of citizenship and immigration control who were concerned with the marriages between Chinese men and Ugandan women, told the committee.
:"But we have many who are marrying and even producing... Even our Ugandan women are accepting to [reproduce] with these men."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kuo |first=Lily  |date=December 7, 2016 |title= Uganda is worried about the number of Chinese men marrying their women|url=https://qz.com/africa/857156/uganda-is-worried-about-the-number-of-chinese-men-marrying-their-women |work= Quartz}}</ref>

==Americas==
===Central and South America===
In Central and South America, significant numbers of Chinese first started arriving in the mid-19th century as part of the [[Coolie]] slave trade. By the mid-20th century, [[Cuba]] and [[Peru]] had the largest Chinese populations. By the end of WWII, there were considerable high numbers of Central and South America descended from local women and Chinese fathers. There are also small numbers of Central and South American residents of Asian and African descent in countries like [[Puerto Rico]], [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]].

====Cuba====
{{See also|Chinese Cubans}}
About 120,000 Cantonese laborers, all males, entered Cuba under contract for 80 years; most did not marry, but Hung Hui (1975:80) cites there was a frequency of sexual activity between black women and Cantonese coolies. According to Osberg (1965:69) the free Chinese conducted the practice of buying slave women and freeing them expressly for marriage. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese men (Cantonese) engaged in sexual activity with both White and Black Cuban women and from such relations many children were born.<ref group="Americas-Cuba">[http://www.upf.edu/mon/assig/xialmo/mat/dorsey_4.pdf Identity, Rebellion, and Social Justice Among Chinese Contract Workers in Nineteenth-Century Cuba] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220035052/http://www.upf.edu/mon/assig/xialmo/mat/dorsey_4.pdf |date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

In the 1920s an additional 30,000 Cantonese and small groups of Japanese also arrived; both immigrations were exclusively male and there was rapid intermarriage with white, black and mulato populations.<ref group="Americas-Cuba">{{cite book|first=David|last=Stanley|title=Cuba: a Lonely Planet travel survival kit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpqAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-0-86442-403-7}}</ref> The CIA World Factbook Cuba, in 2008, claimed a population of 114,240 Chinese-Cubans, with only 300 being pure Chinese.<ref group="Americas-Cuba">[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ CIA – The World Factbook]. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2012-05-09.</ref>

In the 1920s, an additional 30,000 Chinese arrived; the immigrants were exclusively male<!-- missing text, and there was rapid with the white especially black, mulatto populations-->. In 1980, 4000 Chinese lived there, but by 2002, only 300 pure Chinese were left.<ref>http://www.uv.es/EBRIT/macro/macro_5006_64_24.html{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

1.6% of Cuban population have direct East Asian male paternal ancestor.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba | pmc=2492877 | pmid=18644108 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-213 | volume=8 | year=2008 | journal=BMC Evol. Biol. | pages=213 | last1 = Mendizabal | first1 = I | last2 = Sandoval | first2 = K | last3 = Berniell-Lee | first3 = G | issue=1 |display-authors=et al | doi-access=free | bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..213M }}</ref>

One of Cuba's most known Afro-Asians is the artist [[Wifredo Lam]].

====Haiti====
{{See also|Chinese Haitians|Marabou (ethnicity){{!}}Marabou}}
[[File:Marabou.jpg|right|thumb|A Haitian Marabou man]]
In [[Haiti]], there is a sizable percentage within the minority who are of [[Asian people|Asian]] descent. Haiti is also home to Marabou peoples, a half African and half East Indian people who descent from East Indian immigrants who arrived from other Caribbean nations, such [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]] and African slave descendants. Most present-day descendants of the original Marabou are mostly of African in ancestry.

The country also has a sizable [[Chinese Haitians|Chinese-Haitian]] population. One of the country's most notable Afro-Asians is painter [[Edouard Wah]] who was born to an Afro-Haitian mother and a Chinese immigrant father.

====Peru====
{{See also|Chinese Peruvians|Japanese Peruvians}}
About 100,000 Cantonese coolies (almost all males) in 1849 to 1874 migrated to Peru and intermarried with Peruvian women of European, African, Amerindian, mestizo and mulatto origin. Many Peruvian Chinese today are of mixed Spanish, Amerindian and Chinese lineages. Among this population exist many of [[Atlantic slave trade|African slave]] lineage. Estimates for the Chinese-Peruvian population range from about 1.3–1.6 million. Asian-Peruvians are estimated to be 3% of the population, but one source places the number of citizens with some Chinese ancestry at 4.2 million, which equates to 15% of the country's total population.<ref group="Americas-Peru">[http://taste-of-peru.com/peruvian_culture/chinese.php Taste of Peru] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927041027/http://taste-of-peru.com/peruvian_culture/chinese.php |date=27 September 2013}}. Taste of Peru. Retrieved on 29 January 2012.</ref>

====Brazil====
{{See also|Japanese Brazilians}}
Brazil has the largest Japanese community outside Japan and a large Chinese and Korean minority as well. The country's brown population, which includes [[multiracial|mixed race]] [[mestizo]] and [[mulatto]] Brazilians, is almost half of the entire population and it also includes people of Eurasian, Roma and indigenous descent{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} . Interracial marriages between Asians, mostly Japanese and Brazilians of African descent are less common than those between East Asians and Brazilians of European, Arab, and Jewish descent,{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} which are not uncommon and known as [[hāfu]] or ainoko. Most East Asians live in [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] and [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]. Afro-Asians can be found in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], where there is a sizeable Chinese minority as well as a Vietnamese and Indonesian population, and [[Bahia]], where the majority of black people live.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}}

===The West Indies===
{{See also|Chinese Caribbeans|Dougla people}}
In the 1860s, East Indian and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] [[immigration|immigrants]] arrived in the West Indies as indentured servants. Chinese male laborers and migrants went to Peru, Cuba, Haiti, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica and Trinidad where they often intermarried with local black women which resulted in a large population of racially mixed children. According to the 1946 Census from Jamaica and Trinidad alone, 12,394 Chinese were located between [[Jamaica]] and [[Trinidad]]. 5,515 of those who lived in [[Jamaica]] were Chinese-Jamaican, also known as "Chinese colored" (Chinese mixed race)<ref>The Chinese in the West Indies, 1806-1995
A Documentary History
By Walton Look Lai · 1998 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fMrit6tcO_AC&dq=chinese+jamaican+5,515&pg=PA287]</ref> and another 3,673 were Chinese-Trinidadians (Chinese colored) living in [[Trinidad]]. The Chinese men who married African women in Guyana and Trinidad Tobago were mostly Cantonese, while the Chinese men who married African women in Jamaica were mostly Hakka but with a large minority of Cantonese men. In her book and documentary ''Finding Samuel Lowe: China, Jamaica, Harlem'', Afro-Chinese-Jamaican-American [[Paula Williams Madison]] explores her grandfather's life and travels. The journey ends with the reunion of the author's immediate relatives with their newly discovered extended family in [[Guangdong]], China.<ref>[http://findingsamuellowe.com/ Williams Madison, Paula "Finding Samuel Lowe – Documentary".] findingsamuellowe.com. Retrieved on 25 February 2018.</ref> 1871 the census was recorded at a population of 506,154 people, 246,573 of which were males and 259,581 females. Their races were recorded as 13,101 White people, 100,346 Coloured (mixed Black and White) and 392,707 Black people with a minority making up other races.<ref>{{cite book|date=1908|title=Handbook of Jamaica |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookjamaica04cundgoog|location=Google Books|publisher=Jamaica Government|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookjamaica04cundgoog/page/n50 37]}}</ref>

In [[Jamaica]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]] and [[Trinidad]], a percentage of the population of people are of [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[India]]n descent (from paternal Grandfather), some of whom have contributed to Afro-Asian-Caribbean children.

Approximately 4% of Jamaican men have a direct Chinese paternal ancestor.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simms|first=Tanya|date=2012|title=Y-chromosomal diversity in Haiti and Jamaica: contrasting levels of sex-biased gene flow|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=148 |issue=4 |pages=618–631 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.22090|pmid=22576450 }}</ref>

====Guyana====
{{See also|Chinese Guyanese|Dougla people}}
Between 1853 and 1879, roughly 14,000 Chinese indentured workers arrived in [[British Guiana]] on five-year indenture contracts to work on the colony's sugar plantations. They soon integrated into the local culture, converting to Christianity and learning English. The majority of workers were unmarried men, and intermarried with local [[Indo-Guyanese]] and [[Afro-Guyanese]] women.<ref name="Moore1987">{{cite book|page=181|year=1987|access-date=June 1, 2015|publisher=Gordon & Breach Science Publishers|volume=4 of Caribbean studies|issn=0275-5793|edition=illustrated|first=Brian L.|last=Moore|title=Race, Power, and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society: Guyana After Slavery, 1838–1891|isbn=9780677219806|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35u9AAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

====Trinidad and Tobago====
{{See also|Chinese Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Dougla people}}

The country is known for having a large [[Indo-Caribbeans|Indian]] population stemming from the 18th and 19th-century colonial plantation economy and people of Indian descent now make up a narrow plurality. In Trinidad and Tobago, people of African-Indian mixed descent are called "[[Dougla people|douglas]]". One of the country's most notable Afro-Asians is its former President [[George Maxwell Richards]] and musician [[Nicki Minaj]].

===United States===
{{See also|Multiracial Americans#Afro-Asian-American identity}}
[[File:Tommy Pham (29029139898) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Tommy Pham]] is of [[African Americans|African-American]] and Vietnamese descent.]]
[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|Former Vice President of the United States and former presidential candidate [[Kamala Harris]] is of [[Indian Americans|Indian]] and [[Afro-Jamaicans|Afro-Jamaican]] descent]]
In 1882, the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]] was passed and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] workers who chose to stay in the U.S. could no longer be with their wives who stayed behind in [[Qing dynasty|China]]. Because [[White Americans]] looked at Chinese labor workers as stealing employment, they were harassed and discriminated against. Many Chinese men settled in black communities in states such as Mississippi<ref group="Mississippi-US">[https://www.mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov/articles/86/mississippi-chinese-an-ethnic-people-in-a-biracial-society Wilson, Charles Reagan (2002) Mississippi History Now: An online publication of the Mississippi Historical Society "Chinese in Mississippi: An Ethnic People in a Biracial Society"]. mshistorynow.mdah.ms.gov. Retrieved on 25 February 2018.</ref> and, in turn, married black women.<ref name="usaChineseBlacks" group="Americas-US"/> In the mid-19th to 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Chinese men in the U.S., mostly of Cantonese origin from Taishan, migrated to the United States. [[Anti-miscegenation laws]] in many states prohibited Chinese men from marrying white women.<ref group="Americas-US">{{cite journal |last1=Chin |first1=Gabriel Jackson |last2=Karthikeyan |first2=Hrishi |title=Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910-1950 |journal=Berkeley Asian Law Journal |date=2002 |volume=9 |ssrn=283998 }}</ref> After the [[Emancipation Proclamation]], many intermarriages in some states were not recorded and historically, Chinese-American men married [[African Americans|African-American]] women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese-American women being in the United States. After the Emancipation Proclamation, many Chinese-Americans immigrated to the Southern states, particularly Arkansas, to work on plantations. For example, in 1880, the tenth [[US Census]] of [[Louisiana]] alone counted 57% of interracial marriages between these [[Chinese Americans]] to be with [[African Americans]] and 43% to be with [[European Americans|European-American]] women.<ref name="The United States" group="Americas-US" /> Between 20 and 30 percent of the Chinese who lived in Mississippi married black women before 1940.<ref group="Americas-US">{{cite book|author1=Susan Dente Ross|author2=Paul Martin Lester|title=Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpIHIKUS-e0C&pg=PA144|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-37892-8|page=144}}</ref>

In the mid 19th to 20th century, Filipino men often dated and cohabited white women, some married white females while most married black females due to miscegenation laws.  Filipino population in all over United States was made up overwhelmingly of men. For example, in California the Filipino population was 30,470 and in mainland leapt from 5,603 in 1920 to 45,208 ten years later. 
<ref>Tell the Court I Love My Wife Race, Marriage, and Law--An American History By Peter Wallenstein · 2004, page 144 [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Tell_the_Court_I_Love_My_Wife/3WTgCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Filipino+men+often+marrying&pg=PA144&printsec=frontcover]</ref>

====U.S. Census reports====
According to the [[2010 United States census]], there are 185,595 people of Native African or African-American and Asian descent in the United States. Reports further offer the following break-down of all groups having Native African or African-American and Asian descent:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:300px;"
|-
! Population Group !! Total Number
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian || 185,595
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian and White || 61,511
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian and some other race || 8,122
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian and Alaskan Native || 9,460
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander || 4,852
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, White and some other race || 2,420
|-
| Black Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander || 1,011
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native and White || 19,018
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, White and some other race || 1,023
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, White, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander || 6,605
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native and some other race || 539
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, White and some other race || 792
|-
| Native African or African-American, Asian, Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander, White and some other race || 268
|}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Black or African-American and Asian population by state
|-  style="background:#b2beb5; vertical-align:bottom;"
! style="width:40px" | {{center|Rank}}
! {{center|State}}
! {{center|Population as of<br/><small>2010 Census<ref name="usacensus" group="Americas-US"/>
</small>}}
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 1
| align=left | '''{{flag|California}}'''
| 41,249
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 2
| align=left | '''{{flag|New York}}'''
| 20,896
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 3
| align=left | '''{{flag|Texas}}'''
| 11,132
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 4
| align=left | '''{{flag|Florida}}'''
| 16,040
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 5
| align=left | '''{{flag|Illinois}}'''
| 4,935
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 6
| align=left | '''{{flag|Pennsylvania}}'''
| 4,508
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 7
| align=left | '''{{flag|Ohio}}'''
| 3,666
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 8
| align=left | '''{{flag|Michigan}}'''
| 3,213
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 9
| align=left | '''{{flag|Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}}'''
| 7,918
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 10
| align=left | '''{{flag|North Carolina}}'''
| 4,929
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 11
| align=left | '''{{flag|New Jersey}}'''
| 5,814
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 12
| align=left | '''{{flag|Virginia}}'''
| 7,056
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 13
| align=left | '''{{flag|Washington}}'''
| 6,290
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 14
| align=left | '''{{flag|Massachusetts}}'''
| 2,495
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 15
| align=left | '''{{flag|Indiana}}'''
| 1,603
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 16
| align=left | '''{{flag|Arizona}}'''
| 2,986
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 17
| align=left | '''{{flag|Tennessee}}'''
| 1,971
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 18
| align=left | '''{{flag|Missouri}}'''
| 1,662
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 19
| align=left | '''{{flag|Maryland}}'''
| 6,487
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 20
| align=left | '''{{flag|Wisconsin}}'''
| 1,032
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 21
| align=left | '''{{flag|Minnesota}}'''
| 1,934
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 22
| align=left | '''{{flag|Colorado}}'''
| 2,693
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 23
| align=left | '''{{flag|Alabama}}'''
| 1,632
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 24
| align=left | '''{{flag|South Carolina}}'''
| 2,227
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 25
| align=left | '''{{flag|Louisiana}}'''
| 1,817
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 26
| align=left | '''{{flag|Kentucky}}'''
| 970
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 27
| align=left | '''{{flag|Oregon}}'''
| 1,059
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 28
| align=left | '''{{flag|Oklahoma}}'''
| 1,313
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 29
| align=left | '''{{flag|Connecticut}}'''
| 1,666
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 30
| align=left | '''{{flag|Iowa}}'''
| 519
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 31
| align=left | '''{{flag|Mississippi}}'''
| 1,934
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 32
| align=left | '''{{flag|Arkansas}}'''
| 668
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 33
| align=left | '''{{flag|Kansas}}'''
| 1,011
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 34
| align=left | '''{{flag|Utah}}'''
| 466
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 35
| align=left | '''{{flag|Nevada}}'''
| 3,569
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 36
| align=left | '''{{flag|New Mexico}}'''
| 544
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 37
| align=left | '''{{flag|West Virginia}}'''
| 181
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 38
| align=left | '''{{flag|Nebraska}}'''
| 442
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 39
| align=left | '''{{flag|Idaho}}'''
| 171
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 40
| align=left | '''{{flag|Hawaii}}'''
| 2,694
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 41
| align=left | '''{{flag|Maine}}'''
| 101
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 42
| align=left | '''{{flag|New Hampshire}}'''
| 152
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 43
| align=left | '''{{flag|Rhode Island}}'''
| 323
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 44
| align=left | '''{{flag|Montana}}'''
| –
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 45
| align=left | '''{{flag|Delaware}}'''
| 693
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 46
| align=left | '''{{flag|South Dakota}}'''
| 107
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 47
| align=left | '''{{flag|Alaska}}'''
| 530
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 48
| align=left | '''{{flag|North Dakota}}'''
| –
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 49
| align=left | '''{{flag|Vermont}}'''
| –
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#fff;"
| 50
| align=left | '''{{flag|District of Columbia}}'''
| 900
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#eee;"
| 51
| align=left | '''{{flag|Wyoming}}'''
| –
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#b2beb5;" class="sortbottom"
| &nbsp;
| align=left | '''{{flag|United States}}'''
| '''185,595'''
|}
{{col-end}}

==East Asia==
===China and Taiwan===
Currently, Afro-Asian births are on the rise resulting from the arrival of African students in cities such as [[Nanjing]], [[Hangzhou]] and [[Shanghai]]. Another contributing factor is the strengthened trade relationships between Africa and China or Taiwan which have invited an influx of African immigrants into China or Taiwan, primarily [[Nigerians]] who have formed a small, yet progressive, community in the country.<ref name=Reicheneker group="Asia-China"/> In October 2010, Chinese officials estimated about 500 mixed marriages between Africans and Chinese/Taiwanese.<ref group="Asia-China">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/06/china-crackdown-african-immigration|title=China cracks down on African immigrants and traders|first=Tania|last=Branigan|date=6 October 2010|newspaper=the Guardian}}</ref> In places such as [[Africans in Guangzhou|Guangzhou]], a progressive population of about 10,000 African entrepreneurs continues to thrive.<ref name=porzucki group="Asia-China"/>

The majority of the Chinese or Taiwanese people who live and marry Africans in Guangzhou come from the poorer provinces [[Sichuan]], [[Hunan]] and [[Hubei]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africachinareporting.co.za/2014/06/bride-and-prejudice-afro-chinese-marriages-in-guangzhou/|title=Bride and prejudice: Afro-Chinese marriages in Guangzhou|date=3 June 2014|access-date=May 23, 2021|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215054119/https://africachinareporting.co.za/2014/06/bride-and-prejudice-afro-chinese-marriages-in-guangzhou/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/06/china-crackdown-african-immigration|title= China cracks down on African immigrants and traders|website= [[TheGuardian.com]]|date= 6 October 2010|access-date=May 23, 2021}}</ref>

China's (or Taiwan's) new emerging population of Afro-Asians also includes [[Pate Island|Pate]] and [[Lamu Island]] [[Chinese people in Kenya|descendants of ancient shipwrecked Chinese/Taiwanese explorers]]. Awarded Chinese/Taiwanese citizenship by the Chinese or Taiwanese governments, many students have been provided full scholarships to universities in China or Taiwan.<ref name=bejapatrick group="Asia-China"/> Among China's most famous Afro-Asian natives are [[Shanghai]]-born [[Lou Jing (singer)|Lou Jing]] who, in 2009, garnered national gossip as she rose to fame competing on popular reality TV show [[Dragon Television|Dragon TV]]'s ''Go Oriental Angel''<ref name=cnnloujing group="Asia-China">{{cite news
|last=Chang
|first=Emily
|title=TV talent show exposes China's race issue
|url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/12/21/china.race/index.html
|quote=Lou Jing was born 20 years ago in Shanghai to a Chinese mother and an African-American father. According to her mother, who asked not to be identified in this report, she met Lou's father while she was still in college. He left China before their daughter was born. Lou Jing's background became fodder for national gossip, sparking a vitriolic debate about race across a country that, in many respects, can be quite homogenous. There are 56 different recognized ethnic groups in China, but more than 90 percent of the population is Han Chinese. So people who look different standout.
|publisher=CNN
|access-date=14 May 2012
}}</ref> and half Chinese and half South African volleyball player [[Ding Hui (volleyball)|Ding Hui]].

By 2020, there are an estimated 200,000 Africans living in China or Taiwan, with the majority residing in Guangzhou.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The truth about Chinese migrants in Africa and their self-segregation |language=en-gb |work=AP Migration |url=https://apmigration.ilo.org/news/the-truth-about-chinese-migrants-in-africa-and-their-self-segregation |access-date=2023-01-26 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927083930/https://apmigration.ilo.org/news/the-truth-about-chinese-migrants-in-africa-and-their-self-segregation |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hairong |first=Y. A. N. |title=We wanted to know if Chinese migrants in Africa self-segregate. What we found |url=http://theconversation.com/we-wanted-to-know-if-chinese-migrants-in-africa-self-segregate-what-we-found-138829 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Conversation |date=4 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

===Japan===
{{see also|Black people in Japan}}

In recent history, the hike in the African-Japanese population has been linked to the American occupation of Japan following the end of [[World War II]], where African-Japanese children were born through either prostitution or legally binding marriage. Thus, over the years, an increased number of African-American male/Japanese female unions has produced a culturally mixed African-American and Japanese population living in Japan. Once given preferential treatment during the American military presence in Japan, the currently biracial population faces some severe public backlash and marginalization due to the reemergence of ethnic-based nationalism in Japan.<ref name=Reicheneker group=Asia-Japan>{{cite journal
|last=Reicheneker
|first=Sierra
|title=The Marginalization of Afro-Asians in East Asia: Globalization and the Creation of Subculture and Hybrid Identity
|journal=Global Tides
|volume=5
|issue=1
|url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol5/iss1/6/
|quote=The products of both prostitution and legally binding marriages, these children were largely regarded as illegitimate. When the military presence returned to America, the distinction between the two was, for all practical purposes, null. As the American military departed, any previous preferential treatment for biracial people ended and was replaced with a backlash due to the return of ethnically-based national pride.
|access-date=4 July 2012
|date=January 2011
}}</ref> These unions between Asian women and American G.I.s have also contributed to the increase of the Afro-Asian orphan population. In some cases many Asian wives accompanied their husbands in returning to and settling in the United States. Subsequently, many African-Japanese are products of unions between Native Japanese and continental Africans due to the increased numbers of immigrant Africans.{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}{{dubious|date=May 2025}}

====Notable people====
[[File:JERO @ Japan Society - 6-8-2012 - 18.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Afro-Japanese-American enka singer [[Jero]]]]
Notable African-Japanese include American [[author]] and [[playwright]] [[Velina Hasu Houston]] who was born in territorial waters off the coast of Japan to a native-born Japanese mother of partial Japanese ancestry and an African-American father. Popular American-born [[enka]] singer [[Jero]] was born into a multi-generational African-Japanese-American family and immigrated back to the birth country of his grandmother. He has become one of the most famous Black/African descendants in the country. There is also native-born wrestler [[Aja Kong]], tennis player [[Naomi Osaka]], former professional basketball player [[Michael Takahashi]], and pop/R&B singer [[Thelma Aoyama]] who were all born to Japanese mothers and African-American fathers. Current [[Los Angeles Lakers]] [[Forward (basketball)|forward]] [[Rui Hachimura]] was born to a Japanese mother and Beninese father. Sprinter [[Asuka Cambridge]] was born to a Japanese mother and a Jamaican father.

====Afro-fusion in Japanese media====
Other notable African descendants in Japanese media include singer [[Crystal Kay]] and beauty queen [[Ariana Miyamoto]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

===South Korea===
The [[United States Forces Korea|U.S. deployment of forces to South Korea]] between 1950 and 1954 resulted in a multitude of Afro-Asian births, mostly between native South Korean women and African-American servicemen. While many of these births have been to married African-American and Korean interracial couples, others have been born [[out-of-wedlock]] through prostitution. Already facing the dilemma of 85,000 children left homeless throughout the country after the [[Korean War]], South Korea saw a spike in orphaned Afro-Korean infants.<ref name=jet24mar1955 group=Asia-Korea>{{cite news
|author=Editing Staff
|title=State Department Seeks to Help 'Ostracized' Korea Brown Babies
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16
|quote=The State Department announced that U.S. homes are needed for an estimated 200 children of Negro-Oriental romances who being "ostracized" and kept "hungry" in South Korean orphanages. The part-Negro tots, whose G.I. fathers fought with the UN forces, face a dismal future in Korea, where an estimated 85,000 children are homeless as a result of the recent war. Housed in poorly-equipped orphanages, they are "unwanted" and looked down upon by the Orientals. Government officials charged that some of the mixed-blood children are denied sufficient food by Koreans, who argue that "there is no need to give them food that is so much needed by our own children." In some places the children are not permitted to attend school. Because of the tragic situation, welfare aides believe that one of the best solutions to the problem is to bring the part-Negro orphans to the U.S. However, refugee program aide Harry B. Lyford said, "Very few inquiries have come so far from prospective adoptive parents." To spur such an adoption program, government officials announced they will help U.S. Negro families interested in adopting the children and that all inquiries should be addressed to Lyrford at the Refugee Relief Program, State Department, Washington, D.C.
|access-date=14 May 2012
|work=Jet Magazine
|date=24 March 1955}}</ref> Often, the Afro-Korean orphans were purposely starved, as the society deemed mixed-raced children less worthy of food needed by non-mixed Korean children. In some areas, the mixed-raced youth were even denied education. In 1955, the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] made a public plea asking American families to open their doors to the ostracized youth and in 1956 the [[Holt Adoption Agency|Holt Adoption Program]] launched a gateway for Christian faith-based adoption of children of G.I. soldiers that also included Eurasian offspring. However, in addition to the race-based discrimination faced in their country of birth, Afro-Korean orphans were still passed over by adopting American families based on skin color preferences.<ref name=hyunjungoh group=Asia-Korea>
{{cite book
|last=Hyun Jung Oh
|first=Arissa
|title=Into the Arms of America: The Korean Roots of International Adoption
|year=2011
|location=Chicago, Illinois
|isbn=978-1-2439-8826-3
|page=273
|quote=This was especially problematic in the case of Korean black children, whose coloring was so important to their placement. In a memo to ISS Korea, Margaret Valk asked bout the possibility of sending better quality photographs to facilitate the adoptions of Korean black children. It has also been recently suggested to us by one of the agencies who may be able to suggest some Negro families for part-Negro children that if the snapshots of part-Negro children could be taken in color as well as in black and white, this would give the families and local agency here a much better idea of the child's skin coloring and help them in the matching process. Of course, this is not foolproof at all. Some colored photographs come out much darker and some much lighter depending upon the way in which they have been taken but with the black and white photograph (which must not be omitted). The adoption agency believes they could do a better job. As you know, the color of the skin is the most important when discussing a child with a Negro family. Do you have some access to colored film in Korea or would we need to try to send this to you?}}</ref> There is also a general stigma placed on Afro-Koreans based on illegitimacy, low socio-economic status, low educational attainment and aesthetics.<ref name=Reicheneker group=Asia-Korea>{{cite journal
|last=Reicheneker
|first=Sierra
|title=The Marginalization of Afro-Asians in East Asia: Globalization and the Creation of Subculture and Hybrid Identity
|volume=5
|issue=1
|url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol5/iss1/6/
|journal=Global Tides
|quote=In Korea, the majority of Amerasian and Afro-Asian children left behind after the Korean War are orphans. In Korea's society, like most in East Asia, success hinges on the family, particularly on the father, due to the emphasis placed upon and legacy of Confucian values. Growing up without parents, or in many situations with only a mother, has left Afro-Asians ostracized by society. Low educational levels and unemployment run rampant. In his work on Black Koreans, Won Moo Hurh outlines four specific common problems they face: first, their illegitimate status, which is still heavily stigmatized in Korea. Second, their mother's presumed prostitute and low economic status is looked down upon, even though many women were legally married to their military husbands. Korean society has absorbed the stereotype that all mothers of biracial children are low-class, "sexual pariahs." Third, without a strong family background, there is usually a lack of higher education and subsequent difficulty in finding work. Lastly, Hurh describes their discrimination based on appearance. Facing these problems of marginalization, Black Koreans have naturally taken on a negative self-image. Hurh says they "carry the heaviest... burden of stigmas."
|page=26
|access-date=4 July 2012
|date=January 2011
}}</ref>

Notable Koreans of African descent:
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Han Hyun-min]]
* [[Insooni]]
* [[Kang Soo-il]]
* [[Yoon Mi-rae]]
* [[Michelle Lee (singer)|Michelle Lee]]
* [[Hines Ward]]
* [[Gbato Seloh Samuel]]
}}

==Europe==
===United Kingdom===
[[File:NaomiCampbell.jpg|thumb|upright|English model, actress and singer [[Naomi Campbell]] is of Afro-Caribbean and Chinese descent.]]
The [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|British Mixed-Race]] population includes some Afro-Asian people. This ancestry may stem from a multi-generational mixed Caribbean lineage, as well as interracial unions between Asians and Africans from prominent populations such as [[British Indians]] and [[British Nigerians]]. Notable Afro-Asian Britons include multigenerational Afro-Chinese-Caribbean-descended [[Naomi Campbell]], first generation biracial Iranian-Ghanaian-descended actress [[Freema Agyeman]] and first generation biracial Indo-Caribbean-descended musician [[David Jordan (singer)|David Jordan]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==South Asia==
===Chagos Islands===
The [[Chagossians]], also called Chagos Islanders or {{lang|fr|Îlois}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230622968|title=United States and Britain in Diego Garcia|first=Peter H.|last=Sand|date=10 July 2009|doi=10.1057/9780230622968|isbn=978-1-349-38028-2|url-access=subscription|archive-date=10 July 2023|access-date=10 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710155237/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230622968|url-status=live}}</ref> are an ethnic group descended from African slaves as well as [[Indian people|Indians]] and [[Malay (ethnic group)|Malays]] brought to the Indian Ocean archipelago of the [[Chagos Islands]], specifically [[Diego Garcia]], [[Peros Banhos]], and the [[Salomon Islands|Salomon]] island chain, in the late 18th century.<ref name="Chagosethnicity">{{cite web |url=http://www.chagossupport.org.uk/background/news-archive/june-2012-update |title=June 2012 update &#124; The UK Chagos Support Association |publisher=Chagossupport.org.uk |date=2009-05-12 |access-date=2013-08-01 |archive-date=12 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512011106/http://www.chagossupport.org.uk/background/news-archive/june-2012-update |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Depopulation of Chagossians from the Chagos Archipelago|All of them were expelled from Chagos]] in the late 1960s and early 1970s so that Diego Garcia, the island where most Chagossians lived, could serve as the location for a joint [[British Forces British Indian Ocean Territories|United Kingdom]]–[[Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia|United States military base]]; most now live in [[England]], [[Seychelles]] and [[Mauritius]].
===India===
{{See also|Afro-Asians in South Asia|Indo-African (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Siddi Girl.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The [[Siddi]]s have partial [[South Asia]]n and [[Zanj]] ancestry.]]

The [[Siddi]], also known as Sidi, Siddhi, Sheedi or Habshi, are an ethnic group inhabiting India. The first members of the community arrived on the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] in 628 AD at the port of [[Bharuch]]. Others followed in their footsteps during the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests]] beginning in 712 AD.<ref name="pandya2002">{{cite web |title=The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a Millennium |author=Yatin Pandya, Trupti Rawal |year=2002 |publisher=Vastu Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXJuAAAAMAAJ |quote=''The first Muslims in Gujarat to have arrived are the Siddis via the Bharuch port in 628 AD ... The major group, though, arrived in 712 AD via Sindh and the north.... With the founding of Ahmedabad in 1411 AD it became the concentrated base of the community....''}}</ref> The latter group are believed to have been serving under [[Muhammad ibn al-Qasim|Muhammad bin Qasim]]'s army, and were called ''[[Zanj]]is''.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

Some Siddis escaped slavery to establish communities in forested areas, and some also established the small Siddi principalities of [[Janjira State]] on Janjira Island and [[Jafarabad State]] in [[Kathiawar]] as early as the twelfth century. A former alternative name of [[Janjira State|Janjira]] was Habshan (i.e., land of the Habshis). In the [[Delhi Sultanate]] period prior to the rise of the Mughals in India, [[Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut]] was a prominent Siddi slave-turned-nobleman who was a close confidant of [[Razia Sultana]] (1235–1240 CE). Although this is disputed, he may also have been her lover, but contemporary sources do not indicate that this was necessarily the case.<ref name="meri2006">{{cite book |author=Josef W. Meri, Jere L. Bacharach|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-96692-4|quote=''...she appointed Jala ad-Din Yaqut, an Abyssinian slave, to the post of master of the stables, a position traditionally reserved for a distinguished Turk. Her partiality for Yaqut has led later historians to speculae whether there had been a sexual relationship between them, but contemporaneous sources do not indicate that this was necessarily the case....''}}</ref>

Siddis were also brought as slaves by the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. Several former slaves rose to high ranks in the military and administration, the most prominent of which was [[Malik Ambar]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The majority of them reside in [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Hyderabad]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} Siddis are primarily Muslims, although some are [[Hindus]] and others belong to the [[Catholic Church]].<ref name="ali1996j">{{cite book |title=The African dispersal in the Deccan |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |year=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC |quote=Among the Siddi families in Karnataka there are Catholics, Hindus and Muslims.... It was a normal procedure for the Portuguese to baptise African slaves.... After living for generations among Hindus they considered themselves to be Hindus.... The Siddi Hindus owe allegiance to Saudmath....}}</ref>

===Pakistan===
{{See also|Siddi}}
The [[Siddi]]s, also known as Makranis, also inhabit [[Pakistan]]. They are descended from [[Bantu peoples]] from the [[African Great Lakes]] region. Some were merchants, sailors and mercenaries. Others were [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]], but the vast majority were brought to the [[Indian subcontinent]] as slaves by Portuguese and Arab merchants.<ref name="Shah"/> The Siddi community is currently estimated at 20,000–55,000 individuals with the cities of [[Makran]] and [[Karachi]] serving as the main population centres for them.<ref name="singhlal2003">{{cite book |title=Gujarat |author=Kumar Suresh Singh, Rajendra Behari Lal |year=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India (Popular Prakashan) |isbn=978-81-7991-106-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWrTs5yt1DkC}}</ref> Siddis in Pakistan are primarily [[Sufism|Sufi Muslims]].<ref name="ali1996jb">{{cite book |title=The African dispersal in the Deccan |author=Shanti Sadiq Ali |year=1996 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC}}</ref>

Narang et al. (2011) examined the [[Autosome|autosomal]] [[DNA]] of Siddis in Pakistan. According to the researchers, about 58% of the Siddis' ancestry is derived from Bantu peoples. The remainder is associated with local [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]-speaking North and Northwest Indian populations, due to recent admixture events.<ref name="Narang">{{cite journal|last=Narang|first=Ankita|title=Recent Admixture in an Indian Population of African Ancestry|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=15 July 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=111–120|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.004|display-authors=etal|pmid=21737057|pmc=3135806}}</ref> However, Guha et al. (2012) observed few genetic differences between the Makrani of Pakistan and adjacent populations. According to the authors, the genome-wide ancestry of the Makrani was essentially the same as that of the neighboring Indo-European-speaking [[Baloch people|Balochi]] and Dravidian-speaking [[Brahui people|Brahui]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Guha|first=Saurav|title=Implications for health and disease in the genetic signature of the Ashkenazi Jewish population|journal=Genome Biology|date=25 January 2012|volume=13|issue=R2|pages=R2|doi=10.1186/gb-2012-13-1-r2|pmid=22277159|pmc=3334583|display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
{{See also|Sri Lanka Kaffirs}}
The [[Sri Lanka Kaffirs]] are an ethnic group in [[Sri Lanka]] who are partially descended from 16th-century [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] traders and [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] slaves with additional admixture from ethnic Sri Lankans who were brought by them to work as labourers and soldiers to fight against the [[List of Sri Lankan monarchs|Sinhala Kings]].<ref name="Shah">{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Anish M.|title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=15 July 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030|display-authors=etal|pmid=21741027|pmc=3135801}}</ref><ref name="sundayobserver.lk">{{cite web |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2009/07/26/mag05.asp |title=Sunday Observer Magazine &#124; Sundayobserver.lk - Sri Lanka |access-date=2015-02-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218203129/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2009/07/26/mag05.asp |archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> They are very similar to the [[Zanj]]-descended populations in [[Black Iraqis|Iraq]] and [[Afro-Arab|Kuwait]], and are known in Pakistan as Sheedis and in India as [[Siddis]].<ref name="Shah"/> The Kaffirs spoke a distinctive [[creole language|creole]] based on [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], the [[Sri Lanka Kaffir language]], now extinct. Their cultural heritage includes the [[dance]] styles Kaffringna and Manja and their popular form of dance music [[Baila (genre)|Baila]].{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The term Kaffir is said to mean 'non-believer'. It does not hold the same meaning in Sri Lanka as it does in countries like [[South Africa]], where it is used as a racial slur.<ref name=kaffirs group="Asia-Sri Lanka">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6613354/Where-kaffir-is-no-insult.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6613354/Where-kaffir-is-no-insult.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Mel |last=Gunasekera | title=Where 'kaffir' is no insult | date=20 November 2009}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Southeast Asia==
===Philippines===
{{See also|Americans in the Philippines|Amerasian|Filipino Mestizos}}
[[File:Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de la Yslas Filipinas MANILA, 1734 - Detail, Cafres.jpg|thumb|"Cafres" (East African slaves) on the [[Velarde map]], 1754]]
Most older Afro-Filipinos were born from African-American G.I. and Filipino parentage. More recently, the Overseas Filipino Worker communities have produced interracial marriages with people of African descent in the Americas or Europe, resulting in Afro-Filipinos who may return to the country as natural born Filipinos. In 2011, ''The Nigerian Family Association'' notified the Republic of the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs of its formation, opening membership to a growing number interracial Nigerian-Filipino/Filipino-Nigerian families and their children living in Nigeria.<ref name="niger-wife">{{cite news
|author = Republic of the Philippines Department of Foreign Affairs
|title = Nigerian Filipino Families Association Officers Sworn in By Phl Ambassador
|work = The Philippine Embassy in Abuja reported to the Department of Foreign Affairs that the officers of the newly formed, Abuja-based Nigerian Filipino Families Association (NFFA) were sworn in by Ambassador Nestor N. Padalhin on October 9 at the Embassy's Conference Room. The NFFA Officers, who will have a two-year tenure, are Grace Abrazado, President; Flora Adole, Vice President; Araceli Aipoh, Secretary and Communication Officer; Catalina Jibrin, Treasurer and Finance Officer; Esperanza Ogaga, Events Officer; Leony Ogu, Social Welfare Officer; and Hadiza Garba, Auditor and Logistics Officer. One of the main objectives of the association is to foster solidarity, strengthen friendship, and explore avenues of cooperation among the members of NFFA and their families, as well as with other members of the communities where they live. Membership is open to Filipinos married to Nigerians or Nigerians married to Filipinos, and their children. An annual fee of N6,000 (approximately US$40.00) to cover operating costs is to be paid by each member. In his message, Ambassador Padalhin, who wore a Nigerian attire made of adire for the occasion, congratulated the officers and members of the NFFA for their initiative in founding an association that involves their families, especially, he says, as this will ensure that the NFFA children will have more opportunities to know about Filipino culture. He mentioned about the possibility of the embassy and NFFA collaborating on cultural activities in the future. He said that while posted in Lebanon, he was instrumental in establishing the Filipino Lebanese Families Association. Meanwhile, Mrs. Abrazado said the association intends to work in cooperation with the Filipino community in Nigeria and the Embassy. She is the immediate past President of Pusong Pinoy Association (PPA), and currently the Vice President of the Abuja Branch of Nigerwives Nigeria. The swearing in was witnessed by Embassy officers and staff.
|url = http://www.dfa.gov.ph/main/index.php/news-from-rp-embassies/3920-nigerian-filipino-families-association-officers-sworn-in-by-phl-ambassador
|access-date = 5 August 2012
|date = 15 October 2011
|archive-date = 26 December 2021
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211226213237/https://dfa.gov.ph/main/index.php/news-from-rp-embassies/3920-nigerian-filipino-families-association-officers-sworn-in-by-phl-ambassador
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Afro-Filipinos are not subject to socio-economical, cultural or political marginalization within Philippine society as other Afro-Asians may experience within more xenophobic neighboring Asian countries. This unique acceptance of Afro-Asians and biracials within the Philippines may be down to the full social integration of Afro-Asians who speak [[Philippine languages]] natively, Filipino familiarity with [[Aeta people|Aetas]] and other [[Negrito]] indigenous Filipinos who share some facial features and skin tones with Afro-Filipinos, popular affiliation to African-American culture and music as a relatable and non-colonial subculture or positive Afro-Filipino representation internationally, reflecting their patriotism and affinity to the Philippines.

Their social positions vary widely, with some living in poor or working class areas, while most are lower middle or upper middle class citizens. Most Afro-Filipinos live in and around [[Metro Manila]], [[Calabarzon]], [[Metro Cebu]], or in [[Olongapo]], [[Clark Freeport and Special Economic Zone|Clark]] or [[Angeles City|Angeles]] cities in [[Central Luzon]] around the former American bases.

Many Afro-Filipinos represent the Philippines in international events like [[Kristina Knott]] and gold medalist [[Eric Cray]] (African-American-Filipino) in the 30th [[SEA Games]] held in the [[Philippines]] in 2019 or [[Mau Marcelo]], winner of Philippine Idol 2006. Afro-Filipino sportsmen gain popularity within the highly popular [[Philippine Basketball Association]] or on local TV and in the hospitality sectors.

Among the country's most recognizable Afro-Asians are half African-American/Filipino R&B singers [[Jaya (singer)|Jaya]], [[Mau Marcelo]] and [[Luke Mejares]].

===Singapore===
Mixed marriages between ethnic Asians and foreigners are becoming more common in Singapore. While most mixed marriages between ethnic Asians and foreigners involve marriages between Europeans and Asians, some marriages have involved Africans and Asians. Afro-Asians born out of these mixed marriages have added to the mixed race population of Singapore.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/mixed-marriages-becoming-more-common-in-singapore | title=Mixed marriages becoming more common in Singapore| newspaper=The Straits Times| date=2013-03-31| last1=Sim| first1=Melissa}}</ref> The 2014 [[Miss Singapore Universe]] finalist Ijechi Nazirah Nwaozuzu is Afro-Asian.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://blasiansdefined.wordpress.com/2014/08/25/323/ | title=Blasian Finalist for Miss Universe Singapore| date=2014-08-25}}</ref> Her mother is [[Malay Singaporeans|Malay]] with additional Portuguese, [[Indian Singaporeans|Indian]] and [[Chinese Singaporeans|Chinese]] ancestry and her father is Nigerian.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tnp.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/others/miss-universe-finalists-asked-excuse-me-are-you-sporean | title=Miss Universe finalists asked: Excuse me, are you S'porean?| work=The New Paper| date=2014-07-23}}</ref>

=== Vietnam ===
During the [[Vietnam War]], many [[Americans|American]] soldiers found themselves fathering and subsequently left behind their mixed-race children( or Amerasian) with their native [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] mother.<ref group="Asia-Vietnam">{{Cite journal |last=Hoangan |first=Julien Le |date=2020-03-16 |title=The pain is not over – Mixed-race children from the Vietnamese war (translation) |url=https://rhizomes.hypotheses.org/679 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Identités, mémoires, cultures {{!}} Identities, memories, cultures |doi=10.58079/tpbg |language=fr-FR}}</ref> The demographics of servicemen in the Vietnam war have also changed in recent history, especially with the integration of those with African-American descents into the war efforts. Throughout the course of the Vietnam War, the population of Afro-Vietnamese saw a drastic increase.<ref group="Asia-Vietnam">{{Cite web |title=Vietnam War |url=https://aavmwny.org/war/vietnam-war/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=African American Veterans Monument |language=en-US}}</ref> Some of these children were abandoned by the Vietnamese family or sent to orphanages. Many orphans and children were airlifted to adopting families in the United States in 1975 during "[[Operation Babylift]]" before the fall of [[South Vietnam]]. The Afro-Vietnamese (or Afro-Amerasian) children suffered much discrimination in Vietnam at that time.<ref name="Anderson" group="Asia-Vietnam">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Wanni Wibulswasdi |last2=Lee |first2=Robert G. |title=Displacements and Diasporas: Asians in the Americas |date=2005 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3611-8 |pages=14, 133 |quote=In another case study, the Vietnamese Afro-Amerasians (Lucious, this volume) suffered severe discrimination in Vietnam, being called 'children of the enemy' ..." And further on p.133, "In Vietnam, Afro-Amerasians experienced the most discrimination because their black skin was perceived as relatively darker than the skin color of other Vietnamese people (especially White Euro-Amerasians).}}</ref> There was also some controversy as to how these orphaned Afro-Amerasian children were placed in new homes in the United States.<ref name="hicks" group="Asia-Vietnam">{{
cite news
|last=Hicks
|first=Nancy
|title=Black Agencies Charge Injustice in Placing of Vietnam Children
|newspaper=The New York Times
|date=19 April 1975}}</ref>

====Notable people====
One of the most notable Afro-Vietnamese, while also might have been forgotten to history is Martine Bokassa, daughter of [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa|Jean-Bedel Bokassa]], the 2nd president (1966–76) and emperor (r. 1976–79) of the Central African Republic, and Nguyễn Thị Huệ. Jean-Bedel Bokassa married Nguyễn Thị Huệ during his station in [[Indo-China]] as a French soldier in the [[Indochina Wars]]. He was separated from his Nguyễn Thị Huệ and his daughter shortly after, as the conflicts ended between durations of his tours of duty. After returning to his home country of [[Central African Republic]], he quickly rose to power, and assumed the role of president in 1976. Wishing to reunite with his Afro-Vietnamese daughter, Jean-Bedel Bokassa seeks assistance the French consult in [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] (now Ho Chi Minh City) and eventually was alerted of a match in Martine Nguyen Thi Bai. While celebration were going on in the CAR, an article were published on the "Trắng Đen" newspaper, stating the Martine that currently reunited with her father is in fact an imposter, and that the real daughter of Jean-Bedel Bokassa is still living in Saigon with her mother. After inviting both the real Martine and her mother to CAR, Jean-Bedel Bokassa accused the French government of espionage. On his 50th birthday, Jean-Bedel Bokassa decided to adopt the false Martine as his own daughter.<ref group="Asia-Vietnam">{{Cite web |last=VnExpress |title=Số phận hai cô con gái Việt của hoàng đế Trung Phi |url=https://vnexpress.net/so-phan-hai-co-con-gai-viet-cua-hoang-de-trung-phi-3971078.html |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=vnexpress.net |language=vi}}</ref><ref group="Asia-Vietnam">{{Cite web |last=seashelloc |date=2018-04-03 |title=Martine Bokassa – công chúa 'thật', công chúa 'giả' * Từ Kế Tường |url=https://thantrinhomhue.com/2018/04/02/martine-bokassa-cong-chua-that-cong-chua-gia/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=thân tri |language=vi}}</ref>

==West Asia==
===Saudi Arabia===
{{Main|Afro-Saudis}}
According to [[The World Factbook]], around 10% of [[Saudi Arabia]]'s population is of Afro-Asian descent.<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saudi-arabia/|title= Middle East :: SAUDI ARABIA|date= 14 November 2023|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref> Most Afro-Asians living in Saudi Arabia are [[Afro-Arab]]s of African origin, who occasionally face discrimination due to their dark skin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/society/2017/3/8/Dark-skinned-and-beautiful-Challenging-Saudi-Arabias-perception-of-beauty |title=The New Arab – Dark-skinned and beautiful: Challenging Saudi Arabia's perception of beauty|date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Africa|Asia}}
* [[Afro-Asia]]
* [[Afro-Arabs]]
* [[Afro-Iranians]]
* [[Afro-Turks]]
* [[Negritos]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Reicheneker>{{cite journal|last=Reicheneker|first=Sierra|title=The Marginalization of Afro-Asians in East Asia: Globalization and the Creation of Subculture and Hybrid Identity|volume=5|issue=1|url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol5/iss1/6/|journal=There Are Several Models for Analyzing the Marginalization of Ethnic Minorities. The Afro-Asian Population Exemplifies Park's Definition of Marginalization, in That They Are the "product of Human Migrations and Socio-cultural Conflict."15 Born into Relatively New Territory in the Area of Biracial Relations, There Entrance into the Culture of These Asian States Often Causes Quite a Stir. They Also Fit into Green and Goldberg's Definition of Psychological Marginalization, Which Constitutes Multiple Attempts at Assimilation with the Dominant Culture Followed by Continued Rejection. The Magazine Ebony, from 1967, Outlines a Number of Afro-Asians in Japan Who Find Themselves as Outcasts, Most of Which Try to Find Acceptance within the American Military Bubble, but with Varying Degrees of Success.16
|access-date=4 July 2012|date=January 2011}}</ref>
</references>

===Africa===
{{Reflist|group=Africa}}

====Congo====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-Congo|refs=
<ref name="katangainfanticide" group="Africa-Congo">{{
cite news
|last1=Rabaud
|first1=Marlène
|last2=Zatjman
|first2=Arnaud
|title=Katanga's forgotten people
|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100316-katangas-forgotten-people
|access-date=13 May 2012
|newspaper=[[France 24|France 24 International News]]
|date=16 March 2010
|quote=Like many mixed-race children in Congo, they were born of a Japanese father who came to work in the mines of Katanga in south-east of the country. Today, they accuse their fathers of wanting to kill them so as not to leave behind any traces when they returned to Japan.
}}</ref>
}}

====Equatorial Guinea====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-EQ|refs=
<ref name="anshan" group="Africa-EQ">
{{cite book
| title=A History of Overseas Chinese in Africa to 1911 
| publisher=Diasporic Africa Press
| author=Anshan, Li
| year=2012
| page=89
| quote=The number of indentured Chinese laborers on these islands was estimated to be 1,500; Spanish Fernando Po Island was estimated to be 500.
| isbn=978-0-966-02010-6}}</ref>
}}

====Kenya====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-Kenya|refs=
<ref name="nytkristof" group="Africa-Kenya">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/06/magazine/1492-the-prequel.html|title=1492: The Prequel|first=Nicholas D.|last=Kristof|date=6 June 1999|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref>
<ref name="pbshdingham" group="Africa-Kenya">[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/explorers.html Ancient Chinese Explorers], by Evan Hadingham</ref>
<ref name=kenyainvestment group=Africa-Kenya>{{cite web|last=Patton|first=Dominique|title=Chinese companies eye Kenya's roads|url=http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate%20News/-/539550/682502/-/item/1/-/aetkcxz/-/index.html|work=Responding to a reporter's question earlier this week about Chinese firms bringing many of their own workers to Africa, he said: "We seek common development for both China and African countries. We try to pursue common prosperity of both sides." He added that China's strong ties with Africa have provided many countries with "high quality projects, reduced construction costs" and faster construction times. The trend for growing investment on the continent certainly looks set to increase. Mr Chen said that "the Chinese business community has bucked the trend" this year, investing $875 million in Africa in the first nine months, an increase of 77.5 per cent over the same period of 2008. In total, China had invested $7.8 billion in the continent by the end of 2008.|publisher=Business Daily|access-date=13 May 2012|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127022311/http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Corporate%20News/-/539550/682502/-/item/1/-/aetkcxz/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="ruiru" group="Africa-Kenya">
{{cite web
|last=Mbilu
|first=Sally
|title=20yr Old Girl Looking for Her Chinese Baby Daddy
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bztNoEypJG0
 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/bztNoEypJG0 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|work=A 20-year-old girl from Murera in Ruiru, is frantically searching for a man of Chinese extraction she claims impregnated her last year. Patricia Nyeri, a student at Murera high school, camped at the Thika super highway construction site looking for the father of her child, who she says worked at the site, at the time. It was a search that saw her thoroughly scrutinize the men working at the site for hours, yet she failed to identify her baby's father, saying all the Chinese men looked alike.
|date=5 March 2011
|publisher=Citizen News – citizennews.co.ke
|access-date=13 May 2012
}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
}}

====Madagascar====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-Madagascar|refs=
<!-- Unused <ref name="Hurles, et al" group="Africa-Madagascar">{{cite journal| pmc=1199379 | pmid=15793703 | doi=10.1086/430051 | volume=76 | issue=5 | title=The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages | date=May 2005 | journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. | pages=894–901 | last1 = Hurles | first1 = ME | last2 = Sykes | first2 = BC | last3 = Jobling | first3 = MA | last4 = Forster | first4 = P}}</ref>
-->
}}

====Nigeria====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-Nigeria|refs=
<ref name="niger-wife" group="Africa-Nigeria">{{cite news
 |last         = Flores
 |first        = Maynard
 |title        = A Pinay 'Nigerwife' in Enugu
 |work         = Guiller called to tell me about a Filipina doctor married to a Nigerian (hence the term Niger-wife), who had been living in Enugu for quite a while. I decided to look for her bakeshop. To my pleasant surprise, it was within walking distance from our lotto office.
 |quote        = I decided one day to pay her a visit at Faye's Bakeshoppe at Ogui Road. Only her Nigerian staff was there, but the moment they saw me, they asked if I was looking for my 'sister'. (In Nigeria, a compatriot or fellow-countryman is described as 'my brother' or 'my sister'.)
 |url          = http://globalnation.inquirer.net/features/features/view/20081031-169534/A-Pinay-Nigerwife-in-Enugu
 |access-date  = 5 August 2012
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130217025237/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/features/features/view/20081031-169534/A-Pinay-Nigerwife-in-Enugu
 |archive-date = 17 February 2013
 |url-status     = dead}}</ref>
}}

====South Africa====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-South-Africa|refs=
<ref name="bbcchinese" group="Africa-South-Africa">{{
cite news
|author=Editing Staff
|title=S Africa Chinese 'become black'
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7461099.stm
|access-date=14 May 2012
|newspaper=[[BBC]] News Africa
|quote=The laws give people classed as blacks, Indians and coloureds (mixed-race) employment and other economic benefits over other racial groups.
|date=18 June 2008}}</ref>
}}

===The Americas===

====United States====
{{Reflist|group=Americas-US|refs=
<ref name="usacensus" group="Americas-US">{{cite web
 |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 
 |title=Resident Population Data: Population Change 
 |date=23 December 2010 
 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] 
 |access-date=13 May 2012 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225031104/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php 
 |archive-date=25 December 2010 
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="usaChineseBlacks" group="Americas-US">{{cite web
|url = http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=America&x=ChineseBlacks
|work= Chinese Blacks in the Americas
|title = The United States
|access-date = 2008-07-21
|publisher = Color Q World}}</ref>
<ref name="The United States" group="Americas-US">{{cite web|url=http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=America&x=ChineseBlacks|title=The United States|work=Chinese blacks in the Americas|publisher=Color Q World|access-date=15 July 2008}}</ref>
}}

=====Mississippi=====
{{Reflist|group=Mississippi-US}}

====The Caribbean====

=====Cuba=====
{{Reflist|group=Americas-Cuba}}

=====Jamaica=====
{{Reflist|group=Americas-Jamaica}}

====South America====

=====Peru=====
{{Reflist|group=Americas-Peru}}

===East Asia===
====China====
{{Reflist|group=Asia-China|refs=
<ref name=bejapatrick group="Asia-China">{{cite web
|last=Beja
|first=Patrick
|title=Project seeks to confirm roots of "Lamu Chinese"
|url=http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/archives/print.php?id=2000006208&cid=
|quote=Badishee's daughter Mwamaka Sharifa got a scholarship to study medicine in China five years ago. The NMK Director General Idle Farah confirmed the Chinese Government offered a girl from the area a scholarship about five years ago to study medicine in Beijing after discovering the families who bear Chinese features.
|publisher=The Standard Online
|access-date=14 May 2012
}}</ref>
<ref name=porzucki group="Asia-China">{{cite web
|last=Porzucki
|first=Nina
|title=In Southern China, A Thriving African Neighborhood
|date=26 April 2012
|url=https://www.wbur.org/npr/151300553/in-southern-china-a-thriving-african-neighborhood
|quote=Today, the city of Guangzhou, near Hong Kong, is home to some 10,000 Africans, the largest such community in China. The city's Little Africa neighborhood is a world unto itself, with restaurants specializing in African food to money changers who deal in the Nigerian currency.
|publisher=[[NPR]] – [[WBUR]], Boston
|access-date=14 May 2012
}}</ref>
<ref name=Reicheneker group="Asia-China">{{cite journal
|last=Reicheneker
|first=Sierra
|title=The Marginalization of Afro-Asians in East Asia: Globalization and the Creation of Subculture and Hybrid Identity
|journal=Global Tides
|volume=5
|issue=1
|url=https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/globaltides/vol5/iss1/6/
|quote=In China, the Afro-Asian People Group is a Newer Phenomenon.9 They First Began to Appear Beginning with African-American and African Students Coming to Study in China, First in the City of Beijing and Later in Other Larges Cities, Such as Nanjing,10 Hangzhou, and Shanghai.
|access-date=4 July 2012
|date=January 2011
}}</ref>
}}

====Japan====
{{Reflist|group=Asia-Japan}}

====South Korea====
{{Reflist|group=Asia-Korea}}

===Europe===

===South Asia===
====Pakistan====
{{Reflist|group=Asia-Pakistan}}

====Sri Lanka====
{{Reflist|group=Asia-Sri Lanka}}

===Southeast Asia===
====Philippines====
{{Reflist|group=Africa-Philippines}}

====Vietnam====
{{Reflist|group=Asia-Vietnam}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970710074320/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/diaspora/diaspora.html The Indian Diaspora] at [[UCLA]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19970710072139/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/ Manas project]
* [http://www.colorq.org/MeltingPot/article.aspx?d=AfroAsian&x=main African and Asian connections in history]

{{African diaspora}}
{{Immigration from Africa}}
{{Multiethnicity}}

[[Category:Afro-Asians|*]]
[[Category:Multiracial affairs]]