View source for Ahn Chang Ho

{{Short description|Korean independence activist (1878–1938)}}
{{For|the Constitutional Court of Korea judge|Ahn Chang-ho (judge)}}
{{Expand Korean|date=April 2023|topic=bio}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}{{family name hatnote|Ahn||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = Ahn Chang Ho
| image               = Ahn Changho.jpg
| caption             = Ahn in [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]
| order               = 6th [[President of South Korea|President]] of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]]
| term_start          = May 3, 1926
| term_end            = May 16, 1926
| predecessor         = [[Yi Dongnyeong]]
| successor           = [[Yi Dongnyeong]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1878|11|9|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Kangso County]], [[Pyeongan Province]], [[Joseon]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1938|3|10|1878|11|9|mf=y}}
| death_place         = [[Keijō Imperial University]] Hospital, [[Keijō]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea, Empire of Japan]]
| spouse              = Helen Lee (Yi Hye-ryon)
| children            = 5; including [[Philip Ahn|Philip]], [[Susan Ahn Cuddy|Susan]] and [[Ralph Ahn|Ralph]]
| party               = 
| vicepresident       = 
| module              = {{Infobox Korean name/auto
| hangul  = %안창호
| hanja   = 安昌浩
| ipa = [ɐntɕʰɐŋɦo]
| othername1 = Former name
| hangul1 = %안치삼
| hanja1 = 安致三
| child  = yes}}
| blank1              = Religion
| data1               = [[Protestantism]]<br>([[Presbyterianism]])
}}

'''Ahn Chang Ho''' ({{Korean|hangul=안창호|hanja=安昌浩}}; November 9, 1878 – March 10, 1938), sometimes '''An Chang-ho,''' was a prominent Korean politician, [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activist]], and an early leader of the [[Korean-American]] immigrant community in the [[United States]]. He is also commonly referred to by his [[art name]] '''Dosan''' ({{Korean/auto|hangul=도산|hanja=島山|labels=no|ko_ipa=tosʰan}}).

He and his wife were the first Koreans to legally immigrate to the US as a married couple.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ahn Family House |url=https://dornsife.usc.edu/ksi/ahn-family-house/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=University of Southern California Dornsife}}</ref> Ahn was a [[Protestant]] social activist who in 1907 established the later prominent Korean independence organization [[Shinminhoe]] when he returned to Korea from the US. He also established the Young Korean Academy in [[San Francisco]] in 1913,{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=흥사단|hanja=興士團}}}} and was a key founding member of the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]] in [[Shanghai]] in 1919. He is also one of two men believed to have written the lyrics of the South Korean [[national anthem]], "[[Aegukga]]".

==Early life==
Ahn was born Ahn Chi-sam ({{Korean|hangul=안치삼|hanja=安致三|labels=no}}) on 9 November 1878 in [[Kangso-guyok|Kangso]] County, [[Pyeongan Province]], [[Joseon]] (present-day [[South Pyongan Province|South Pyongan]], North Korea).<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:도산연보 |url=http://www.ahnchangho.or.kr/sub/sub02_01.php |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Dosan Ahn Changho Memorial Foundation |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208023955/http://ahnchangho.or.kr/sub/sub02_01.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:안창호 |url=https://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view/b14a3271a |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Daum Encyclopedia|date=June 26, 2002 }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:안창호 [安昌浩] 대한민국 임시정부 수립의 주역, 최고의 민족 운동 지도자 |url=http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_n402200&code=kc_age_40 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Our History Net}}</ref> He was the third son of father An Hŭng-kuk,{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=안흥국|hanja=安興國|labels=no}}}} and mother Hwang Mong-un.<ref name=":5">{{Cite encyclopedia |script-title=ko:안창호 (安昌浩) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0035050 |access-date=1 April 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oh |first=Byung-hak |title=(규장신앙위인북스 10) 안창호 |publisher=규장 |year=2012 |isbn=9788960972094 |language=ko}}</ref>{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=황몽운|labels=no}}}} Ahn came from the [[Sunheung Ahn clan]], and his ancestry can be traced back to the prominent [[Goryeo]] scholar [[An Hyang|Ahn Hyang]].

Ahn was born into an impoverished farming family during the unstable last few decades of the Joseon dynasty. He began studying at a [[seodang]] around age 8 in preparation for the [[gwageo]], the demanding civil service examinations that determined placement in government intellectual jobs. After his father died when he was around age 11, he was raised by his grandfather.<ref name=":3" />

Ahn changed his name around age 10; his father also changed his name from Ahn Kyo-jin to Ahn Heung-guk.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023|reason=I can't find any info on this}}

In 1895, 16-year-old Ahn was disturbed by the destruction of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], and became determined to improve Korea. He moved to [[Seoul]] to receive a Western-style education at a Presbyterian missionary-sponsored school in Seoul run by [[Horace Grant Underwood]] and Rev. F. S. Miller called Kusehaktang.{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=구세학당|hanja=救世學堂|labels=no}}}} He studied there for three years, converting to Christianity and working for [[Oliver R. Avison|Dr. Oliver R. Avison]] at [[Chejungwon]],{{Citation needed|date=April 2023|reason=For working for Dr. claim; something not from the Dosan society. Ideally peer reviewed secondary source}} the first medical institution in Korea (now part of [[Yonsei University]] Medical Center).<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" />

Around 1897, he joined the [[Independence Club]] and became a leader of its [[Pyongyang]] branch.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Through this short-lived club, he gave speeches to crowds of hundreds and became associated with people who would become prominent in the independence movement, including [[Syngman Rhee]] and [[Yun Ch'iho]]. He also became engaged to his future wife Helen Ahn around this time.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

He then returned to his home province of Pyeongan, and around 1899 established the Chŏmjin school,{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=점진학교|hanja=漸進學校|labels=no}}}} the first [[Mixed-sex education|coeducational]] school founded by a Korean, and the T'anp'ori Church.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=탄포리교회|labels=no}}}} He then decided to further his education by going to the US. He married Helen on 3 September 1902, and shortly afterwards departed for the US.<ref name=":7" />

== Immigration to America ==
[[File:Ahnchanghopassport.jpg|thumb|Ahn's original passport, numbered 51, issued by the Korean Empire on 9 August 1902, is now located in the [[Independence Hall of Korea]].|left]]
On October 14, 1902, Ahn and his wife arrived in [[San Francisco]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |script-title=ko:미주이민100년역사 |url=https://kahistorymuseum.org/%EB%AF%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC100%EB%85%84%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC-2/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Korean American History Museum}}</ref> They were among the first Koreans to move to the US, and the first married Korean couple to do so, with passports numbered 51 and 52.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2016 |script-title=ko:겨레의 큰 스승, 미주 독립운동 지도자 도산 안창호 |work=KNA Memorial Foundation |url=https://knamf.org/%EC%95%88%EC%B0%BD%ED%98%B8/ |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> In order to learn how to speak English, Ahn enrolled in an American [[primary school]].<ref name=":6" /> He also sought work from Koreans who had already settled there.

The couple had a difficult time finding work due to anti-Asian sentiment and their poor English skills. While work was available in the agricultural sector, Korean immigrants still had a difficult time getting employment there due to a Japanese monopoly on labor contracts and the lack of their own [[Employment agency|labor bureau]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Chang |first1=Edward T. |last2=Brown |first2=Hannah |date=2018-08-01 |title=Pachappa CampThe First Koreatown in the United States |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/ch/article/95/3/46/33475/Pachappa-CampThe-First-Koreatown-in-the-United |journal=California History |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=46–56 |doi=10.1525/ch.2018.95.3.46 |issn=0162-2897 |s2cid=165810061|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |author1=Chang, Edward T. |title=Korean Americans: a concise history |author2=Park, Carol K. |date=2019 |publisher=The Young Oak Kim Center for Korean American Studies at the University of California Riverside |isbn=978-0-9982957-3-2 |oclc=1112497049}}</ref>

=== Pachappa Camp ===
{{Main|Pachappa Camp}}
[[File:Dosan Ahn Chang Ho, picking oranges in Southern California.jpg|thumb|Ahn Chang Ho picking oranges in Riverside (1912)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahn Cuddy|first=Susan|date=1912|title=Picking oranges in Riverside|url=https://tessa2.lapl.org/digital/collection/photos/id/80996|access-date=1 April 2023|website=TESSA Digital Collections of the Los Angeles Public Library}}</ref>|227x227px]]In 1904, they moved to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] after encouragement from two Korean friends who worked on [[citrus]] farms there.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shyong |first=Frank |date=2021-10-09 |title=Column: The first Koreatown in America, and Riverside's role in South Korean democracy |language=en-US |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-10-09/pachappa-first-ktown |access-date=2021-10-10}}</ref> There, Ahn acquired employment at Alta Cresta Groves and help establishing the Korean Employment Bureau (also "Korean Labor Bureau"), which contributed to the growth of the Korean population there. Ultimately, his efforts to bring Koreans there led to the establishment of Pachappa Camp, also sometimes called "Dosan's Republic". A number of academics and city of Riverside consider it to be the first Korean settlement in the US, and in 2017 the Camp was designated a "Point of Cultural Interest" by the Riverside City Council.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Cha |first=John H. |date=8 Jan 2017 |title=Troubles in Riverside City |work=[[The Korea Herald]] |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170106000811 |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |title=California city honors first Korean settlement in U.S. |language=en |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/california-city-honors-first-korean-settlement-u-s-n738321 |access-date=2020-08-10}}</ref>

=== Korean National Association ===
{{Main|Korean National Association|Sinhan Minbo}}
Kim was a founder and leader of a series of early Korean American organizations that eventually become the Korean National Association.

On September 22, 1903, Ahn and eight others founded the first ever Korean American organization, the Korean Friendship Society,{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=한인친목회|hanja=韓人親睦會|labels=no}}}} and he was elected its first president.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /> During that time, around 20 Koreans lived in San Francisco, including the Ahns.<ref name=":8" /> In 1904, this group played a key role in settling and educating hundreds of Korean immigrants coming from Asia and Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |script-title=ko:공립협회 (共立協會) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0004272 |access-date=1 April 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> On 4 April 1905, the Society changed its name to the Mutual Assistance Society (or alternatively Mutual Assistance Association<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2012 |script-title=ko:서울 안창호 묘소 (서울 安昌浩 墓所) |url=http://heritage.go.kr/heri/cul/culSelectDetail.do;jsessionid=Eb43z1pJx95PCMMvHUYhd3NhSbotF7aCH6bW1cu24PLTKBTlJLlU8i1SbkyICJbb.cpawas_servlet_engine1?searchCondition=&searchCondition2=&ccbaKdcd=79&ccbaAsno=05170000&ccbaCtcd=11&ccbaCpno=4411105170000&ccbaGcode=NE&ccbaBcode=01&ccbaMcode=05&culPageNo=3&header=div&returnUrl=%2Fheri%2Fcul%2FculSelectDivList.do&pageNo=1_1_4_0 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=[[Korea Heritage Service]]}}</ref>).{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=공립협회|hanja=共立協會|labels=no}}}} Its headquarters was at 938 Pacific St. in San Francisco.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023|reason=I think this info is coming from the Dosan Institute; could you provide non-primary sources for this? E.g. not citations to the Dosan website or any Dosan materials; ideally something peer reviewed}} Under the Society's umbrella, Ahn also co-founded a newspaper entitled ''The United Korean''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kim |first=Dongsu |script-title=ko:<공립신보>와 「뎐씨 애국가」 일제강점기 해외 동포들이 써 내려간 항일 민족 시가 |url=https://www.i815.or.kr/upload/kr/magazine/magazine/49/post-520.html |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=[[Independence Hall of Korea]]}}</ref> (also "Kong Lip Shinbo"<ref name=":9" /> or "The Independent"<ref name="dosan3" />),{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=공립신보|hanja=共立新報|labels=no}}}} on 20 November 1905.  It was the predecessor of the 1909 newspaper ''Sinhan Minbo''. During the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|1906 San Francisco Earthquake]], their office burned down, leading them to publish from [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] instead.<ref name=":9" /> The ''Sinhan Minbo'' would continue to publish and be a significant source of news about the Korean peninsula until well after World War II.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |script-title=ko:신한민보 (新韓民報) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0033529 |access-date=1 April 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref>

On March 23, 1908, Durham Stevens was [[Durham Stevens#Assassination|assassinated]], after publicly claiming that Korea was better off under Japanese occupation. This created massive anti-Korean sentiment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ladd |first=George Trumbull |date=March 26, 1908 |title=Letter to the Editor: Koreans a Bloody Race; Attempted Assassination of Mr. Stevens Not an Isolated Case |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/03/26/archives/koreans-a-bloody-race-attempted-assassination-of-mr-stevens-not-an.html |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> In response, the Mutual Assistance Society merged with the Hawaii-based United Korean Society,{{efn|{{Korean|hangul=한인합성협회|hanja=韓人合成協會|labels=no}}}} becoming the Korean National Association on 10 February 1909. This newly-formed group was widely regarded as representing Korean-Americans until the end of [[World War II]].<ref name="dosan3">{{cite news| title =A Brief History of Korean Americans| publisher =National Association of Korean Americans| year =2003| url =http://www.naka.org/resources/history.asp| access-date =2007-04-14| archive-date =June 2, 2011| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110602085824/http://www.naka.org/resources/history.asp| url-status =dead}}</ref>

== Return to Korea ==
In 1926, he departed [[San Pedro, California]] by ship, heading for China. He would not return to the United States often from this point onwards, although he and his family remained registered as residents of 106 North Figueroa St, Los Angeles through April 24, 1930.<ref>Year: 1930; Census Place: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Page: 22B; Enumeration District: 0406; FHL microfilm: 2339883</ref> Over the course of Ahn's anti-Japanese activism in Korea, he was arrested and imprisoned by the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese Imperial government]] at least five times. He was first arrested in 1909 in connection with [[An Jung-geun|Ahn Jung-geun]]'s assassination of [[Itō Hirobumi]], the Japanese Resident General of Korea. Ahn was tortured and punished many times over the course of his years of his activism. In 1932 he was arrested in Shanghai, China in connection with Yun Bong-gil's bombing at [[Hongkew Park]] (April 29, 1932). He was a naturalized Chinese citizen by this time and was illegally extradited to Korea, where he was convicted of violating Japan's "Preservation of Peace Laws" and sentenced to five years in Daejeon prison.

===Death===
[[File:Ahn Chang-ho 1937.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Ahn Chang-ho (1937.11.10)]]In 1937, Japanese authorities arrested Ahn, but due to complications from severe internal illness, he was released on bail and transferred to the [[Keijō Imperial University]] (now [[Seoul National University Hospital]]) where he died on March 10, 1938.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=유 |first=한준 |script-title=ko:안창호 리더십 조국을 사랑하라 |publisher=북스타 |year=2013 |isbn=9788997383153}}</ref> Judging that Ahn Changho's death might lead to  rebellion, the Japanese military limited the number of mourners at his funeral, allowing only a small number of relatives to attend.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs|script-title=ko:안창호|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=59011&docId=3571883&categoryId=59011|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-06|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606121821/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?cid=59011&docId=3571883&categoryId=59011 |archive-date=2021-06-06 }}</ref>

==Legacy and memorials==
{{Liberalism in South Korea|People}}
Many consider Ahn Chang-ho to be one of the key moral and philosophical leaders of Korea during the 20th century.  In the turmoil immediately before and during the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese occupation of Korea]], he called for the moral and spiritual renewal of the Korean people through education as one of the key components of their struggle for independence toward building a democratic society. Ahn also included economic and military components in his independence movement strategies.

[[Dosan Park]] and [[Dosan Ahn Chang-ho Memorial Hall|Memorial Hall]] were built in Ahn's memory in [[Gangnam District]], [[Seoul]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20120708015850/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=741818 Dosan Park], [[naver.com]]</ref> Another memorial was built in downtown [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], [[California]], to honor him. Ahn's family home on 36th Place in [[Los Angeles]] has been restored by the [[University of Southern California]] (USC), on whose campus it sits (albeit in a different location). Ahn never lived in the house on the USC campus since the Ahn family moved there in 1935 many years after Ahn had gone back to Shanghai.<ref name=":0" />

At the request of Congresswoman [[Diane Watson]], the [[United States Postal Service|USPS]] Post Office in Koreatown at Harvard and 6th Street was named Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Station. This was the first USPS naming honoring an Asian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-108hrpt815/html/CRPT-108hrpt815.htm|title=House Report 108-815 - ACTIVITIES of the HOUSE COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENT REFORM ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST AND SECOND SESSIONS 2003-2004 (Pursuant to House Rule XI, 1(d)(4))|website=www.govinfo.gov|access-date=2019-04-04}}</ref>
[[File:Dosan Ahn Changho Post Office.jpg|thumb|Dosan Ahn Changho Post Office in Koreatown, Los Angeles]]

In 2011, the Ellis Island Foundation installed a plaque honoring Ahn<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahn Changho – The Unsung Heroes Who Fought for Independence! |url=https://peacemaker.prkorea.com/ahnchangho/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his entrance to the United States through [[Ellis Island]] from [[London]] on September 3, 1911. He sailed from [[Glasgow]] aboard the SS ''Caledonia''.

The City of Los Angeles, in the early 1990s, named the intersection of Jefferson Boulevard and Van Buren Place - across from the Korean National Association and Korean Presbyterian church - "Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Square" in his honor.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/CategoryNavi?category=contenttype&keyword=%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85&ridx=3700&tot=3701|title=LA도산안창호거리|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref> In 2002, the main freeway interchange in downtown Los Angeles where the [[Interstate 10 in California|10 Freeway]] and [[Interstate 110 and State Route 110 (California)|110 Freeway]] meet was also renamed the [[Dosan Ahn Chang Ho Memorial Interchange]].

The third pattern of [[International Taekwondo Federation|ITF-style Taekwondo]], which is made up of 24 movements, is called [[International Taekwondo Federation#Patterns|Do-San]] or Dosan in his honor. This is the pattern that is required to advance from 7th Kup Yellow Belt with a Green Tag to 6th Kup Green Belt.

In 2012, Ahn was posthumously inducted into the [[International Civil Rights Walk of Fame]] at the [[Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site]] in [[Atlanta, Georgia]]. His grandson Philip Cuddy accepted the honor at the ceremony in Atlanta on his behalf.

On November 8, 2013, Ahn was given an Honorary Diploma by his ''[[alma mater]]'', Yonsei University, in recognition of his service as a teaching assistant at Gusae Hakdang and for his work at Jejungwon and Severance Hospital. Ahn was also a positive influence on many Yonsei and Severance Medical School alumni. Susan Cuddy's son, Philip Cuddy pressed for the awarding of the honorary diploma and provided the historical records. Yonsei President accepted the diploma in a ceremony in Seoul on Ahn's behalf.

The [[Republic of Korea Navy]] [[Dosan Ahn Changho-class submarine]] was named for him and the lead ship entered service on 13 August 2021.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|title=Korea launches new mille submarine|author=Yu Yong-weon|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/08/17/2021081700952.html|date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Ahn Siblings World War II.jpg|thumb|Ahn's children, Ralph, Philip, and Susan during World War II]]
[[File:Ahn Changho (Ahn Chang-ho, 안창호, 安昌浩)'s family, 1917.jpg|thumb|The Ahn Family in Los Angeles . From left, Philson, Changho, Soorah (lap), Philip, Susan and Helen (1917)]]
Ahn married Helen Ahn (née Lee) ({{Korean/auto|hangul=%이혜련|hanja=李惠鍊|rr=yes|labels=no}}; 21 April 1884 – 21 April 1969) on 3 September 1902, shortly before their immigration to the US, and they remained married until his death in 1938. She was a housewife and raised the couple's children on her own for many years. She also actively supported the independence movement through local fundraising and community organizing. She was posthumously awarded the [[Order of Merit for National Foundation]] in 2008 by the South Korean government and is buried in Dosan Park, along with her husband.<ref name=":7">{{Cite encyclopedia |script-title=ko:이혜련 (李惠鍊) |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0079746 |access-date=1 April 2023 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Korean Culture]]}}</ref>

The couple had three sons and two daughters. Sons [[Philip Ahn]] and [[Ralph Ahn]] were actors. Philip is considered the first Korean-American actor in Hollywood and one of the most prolific Asian-American actors of his time, and has a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].

[[Susan Ahn Cuddy]] was a [[United States Navy|US Navy]] [[Lieutenant (navy)|lieutenant]] who worked for the [[Office of Naval Intelligence]], the [[National Security Agency]], the [[Library of Congress]], and the [[United States Department of Defense|US Department of Defense]]. She was the first woman to serve as a gunnery officer in the U.S. Navy.<ref name=":1" />

Soorah Ahn Buffum ({{Korean|hangul=안수라|hanja=安秀羅|labels=no}}; 27 May 1917 – 18 June 2016) was a [[restaurateur]] and 1948 graduate of USC. She died at age 99.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2016 |script-title=ko:도산의 딸 안수라 여사를 추모하며 |work=KNA Memorial Foundation |url=https://knamf.org/%EB%8F%84%EC%82%B0%EC%9D%98-%EB%94%B8-%EC%95%88%EC%88%98%EB%9D%BC-%EC%97%AC%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%BC-%EC%B6%94%EB%AA%A8%ED%95%98%EB%A9%B0/ |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahn |first=Ralph |date=1 February 2017 |title=RALPH AHN이 쓴 누나 안수라 |work=KNA Memorial Foundation |url=https://knamf.org/ralph-ahn%EC%9D%B4-%EC%93%B4-%EB%88%84%EB%82%98-%EC%95%88%EC%88%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%98-%EC%98%81%EB%AC%B8%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%80/ |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2016 |script-title=ko:[부고]안수라(도산 선생 차녀) 여사 별세 |url=https://www.yka.or.kr/html/danwoo/danwoo_movement.asp?no=13727 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Young Korean Academy}}</ref>

Philson Ahn ({{Korean|hangul=안필선|hanja=安必善|labels=no}}; 5 July 1912 – 23 May 2001) was an engineer and aerospace executive. He acted in minor roles in several films and attained his [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor]] in [[Chemistry]] from the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PHILSON AHN Filmography |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/0%7C125246/Philson-Ahn |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2014 |script-title=ko:필선 안 Philson Ahn 安必善 |url=https://kahistorymuseum.org/%ED%95%84%EC%84%A0-%EC%95%88-philson-ahn-%E5%AE%89%E5%BF%85%E5%96%84/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Korean American History Museum}}</ref> He never learned to speak Korean very well.<ref name=":2" /> Despite the mistrust of Asians during World War II, he worked at the [[Hughes Aircraft Company]] first as a chemist and later as a manager, and contributed to the development of the infamous [[Hughes H-4 Hercules]]. In the later parts of the war, he was later scouted by the US [[Office of Strategic Services]], which worked on missions such as the [[Eagle Project]] to destabilize Japan, but was prevented from doing so by his company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahn |first=Ralph |date=2 January 2017 |title=Philson, Our Brother, Dedicated to his father and family |work=KNA Memorial Foundation |url=https://knamf.org/ralph-ahn%EC%9D%B4-%EC%93%B4-%EB%91%98%EC%A7%B8%ED%98%95%EB%8B%98-philson-ahn-%EC%98%81%EB%AC%B8%EA%B8%80%EA%B3%BC-%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84/ |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref> He visited Korea for the first time in 1992 at age 79.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=27 February 1992 |script-title=ko:"한국말 못해 부끄럽습니다" |work=[[JoongAng Ilbo]] |url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/2691146 |access-date=1 April 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Korea under Japanese rule]]
*[[Korean independence movements]]

==Notes and references==

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dosan.org/ The Ahn Chang Ho Website]
* [http://www.asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/AhnChangHo.html Patriot Dosan Ahn Chang-ho Memorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211192924/http://www.asianamericanriverside.ucr.edu/NotableAsianAmericans/AhnChangHo.html |date=2012-02-11 }}, International Relations Council of Riverside, CA.
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/solostandfound/2252171605/ Photos of Riverside Memorial]

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{{succession box
|before=[[Yi Dong-nyeong]]
|title=[[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Presidents of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]]
|years=1926
|after=[[Yi Dong-nyeong]]
}}
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{{Presidents of South Korea}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahn, Chang-ho}}
[[Category:1878 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nampo]]
[[Category:People from South Pyongan Province]]
[[Category:Korean writers]]
[[Category:Korean Christians]]
[[Category:Culture of Riverside, California]]
[[Category:Korean emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:National anthem writers]]
[[Category:Sunheung An clan|Chang-ho]]
[[Category:Members of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea]]