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{{Short description|Lebanese television station affiliated with Hezbollah}}
{{For|the former Egyptian Islamic magazine|Al-Manar (magazine)}}
{{Redirect|Al Manar||Manar (disambiguation){{!}}Manar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox broadcasting network
| network_name = Al-Manar
| logo = [[File:New Al-Manar logo.PNG|200px|Al-Manar logo]]
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2016
| country = [[Lebanon]]
| motto = ''Station of the resistance''<ref name="z781"/>
| picture format = [[4:3]] ([[576i]]{{int:dot-separator}}[[SDTV]])
| headquarters = [[Haret Hreik]], [[Beirut]]
| network_type = [[Satellite television|Satellite]] [[television network]]
| available = {{hlist |[[Middle East]] |[[Europe]]| [[Asia]]| [[Africa]]| [[The Americas|America]]}} [[Webcast]]
| owner = [[Hezbollah]]<br>{{small|{{nowrap|([[Lebanese Communication Group]])}}}}
| key_people = Nasser Akhdar (director of programming);<ref name="z732"/><ref name="h283">{{cite web | last=Maluf | first=Ramez | title=A Potential Untapped? Why Dubbing Has Not Caught on in the Arab World | website=Arab Media & Society | date=1 September 2005 | url=https://www.arabmediasociety.com/a-potential-untapped-why-dubbing-has-not-caught-on-in-the-arab-world/ | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> Abdallah Kassir (CEO)<ref name="b974">{{cite web | last=Beeri | first=Tal | title=Hezbollah- The 10 Members of the Executive Council | website=Alma Research and Education Center | date=12 June 2022 | url=https://israel-alma.org/2022/06/12/hezbollah-the-10-members-of-the-executive-council/ | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>
| launch_date = {{nowrap|{{start date and age|1991|6|4|df=yes}}}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}
{{Hezbollah|orgs}}

'''Al-Manar''' ({{langx|ar|المنار|''al-Manār''|lit='[[Lighthouse|The Lighthouse]]'}}) is a Lebanese [[satellite television]] station owned and operated by the [[Islamist]] political party and paramilitary group [[Hezbollah]],<ref name="yalibnan">[http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/11/germany_bans_he.php Germany bans Hezbollah’s al-Manar TV Channel] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320094421/http://yalibnan.com/site/archives/2008/11/germany_bans_he.php |date=20 March 2012 }} 21 November 2008, Ya Libnan</ref><ref name="k027">{{cite web | title=Lebanon media guide | website=BBC News | date=24 August 2011 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14648683 | access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> broadcasting from [[Beirut]], Lebanon.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news|year=2006|work=CNN|author=Elise Labott and Henry Schuster|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/03/23/hezbollah.tv/index.html|title=Lebanese media outlets' assets blocked
}}</ref> The channel was launched on 4 June 1991 as a terrestrial channel and in 2000 as a satellite channel. It is a member of the [[Arab States Broadcasting Union]]. The station reaches around 50 million people.<ref name=":1"/>

The station is considered one of Hezbollah's most important global propaganda tools, with the [[Danish Institute for International Studies]] describing it as "the very centrepiece of the entire [Hezbollah] media apparatus".<ref name="m807">{{cite book | last=Friberg Lyme | first=Rune | author2=Danish Institute for International Studies | title=Hizb'allah's communication strategy: making friends and intimidating enemies | publisher=Danish Institute for International Studies | publication-place=Kopenhagen | date=2009 | isbn=978-87-7605-329-1 | url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/wps/diis/0017030/f_0017030_14567.pdf}}</ref>

It is banned in the United States, France, Spain, and Germany, and has run into some service and license problems outside Lebanon,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubassemeuropeancomm2/content/euleg-0602/6448-06-add-1.pdf|title=Commission of the European Communities|publisher=Wales|access-date=16 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108185351/http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubassemeuropeancomm2/content/euleg-0602/6448-06-add-1.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> making it unavailable in the [[Netherlands]],<ref name="Netherlands1">Radio Netherlands Worldwide Blog [http://blogs.rnw.nl/medianetwork/?p=4391 Iranian commentator reacts to Dutch ban on two satellite TV stations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015610/http://blogs.rnw.nl/medianetwork/?p=4391 |date=30 September 2007 }} Retrieved 30 July 2006</ref><ref name="Netherlands2">Radio Netherlands Worldwide Blog [http://blogs.rnw.nl/medianetwork/?p=4377 Two Islamic TV stations banned in the Netherlands] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230228/http://blogs.rnw.nl/medianetwork/?p=4377 |date=27 September 2007 }} Retrieved 30 July 2006</ref> [[Canada]], and [[Australia]].<ref name="ACMAINTER">ABA News Release NR 135/2004 22 October 2004 [https://archive.today/20121129075759/http://www.acma.gov.au/ACMAINTER.131180:STANDARD::pc=PC_91529 ABA investigation into Al Manar programming on TARBS] Retrieved 15 August 2006</ref><ref name="Canada2">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2003/s989354.htm|title=Cable broadcaster under investigation by ABA|work=ABC Australia|date=14 November 2003}}</ref>

According to the [[RAND Corporation]] in 2017, "Al-Manar has an annual budget of roughly $15 million, much of it supplied by wealthy expatriate Lebanese donors and various Iranian community organizations, and income from the sale of its shows."<ref name="u597">{{cite journal | last=Clarke | first=Colin P. | title=How Hezbollah Came to Dominate Information Warfare | website=RAND | date=19 September 2017 | url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/commentary/2017/09/how-hezbollah-came-to-dominate-information-warfare.html | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)}}
Al-Manar first began terrestrial broadcasting from Beirut, Lebanon on 4 June 1991.<ref name="Harb2011">{{cite book|author=Zahera Harb|title=Channels of Resistance in Lebanon: Liberation Propaganda, Hezbollah and the Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7FOdul0mbkC&pg=PA100|year=2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-120-7|pages=100}}</ref> The station was located in [[Haret Hreik]] in the southern suburbs of Beirut, close to Hezbollah's headquarters.<ref name="m807"/><ref name="BBC maps">{{cite news |title=Middle East crisis: Key maps |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/5183172.stm |access-date=26 November 2024 |publisher=BBC |date=July 2012}}</ref> Originally, the station had only a few employees, who had studied media in [[London]] during the mid-1980s. But almost a year later, Al-Manar was employing over 150 people.<ref name="Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar">{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|p=26}}</ref>

Initially, Al Manar would broadcast five hours per day. Shortly before the [[1992 Lebanese general election|1992 election]], it began broadcasting regular news bulletins in order to help Hezbollah attain more votes and spread its message to more people. In 1993, the station expanded its broadcasting to seven hours a day and extended its signal to the southern part of the [[Bekaa Valley]]. Ahead of the [[1996 Lebanese general election|1996 Lebanese parliamentary elections]], additional [[Antenna (radio)|antennas]] were erected in [[North Governorate|Northern Lebanon]] and throughout the [[Mount Lebanon]] range, so that the station could be viewed not only in Lebanon, but also in western [[Syria]] and northern Israel.<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|pp=26–27}}</ref> Broadcasting was extended to 20 hours in 1998 but reduced to 18 hours in 2000 and 24 in 2001.<ref name="j340"/>

In 1996, the Lebanese government granted broadcasting licenses to five television stations, not including Al-Manar. Approximately 50 stations were forced to close at the time. Several stations appealed the government's decision, but only four of them were finally granted licenses, one of which was Al-Manar. On 18 September, the Lebanese Cabinet decided to grant Al-Manar a license after having been requested to do so by then Syrian [[President of Syria|president]] [[Hafez al-Assad]]. Al-Manar received the license in July 1997.<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|pp=23–25}}</ref>

It started in this period to [[embedded journalism|embed journalists]] with Hezbollah fighters, showing video of Israeli casualties, and including [[Hebrew]] so Israeli viewers could follow, with the aim of sowing fear among Israeli viewers.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}}<ref name="x741b">{{cite web | last=Cochrane | first=Paul | title=Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air | website=Arab Media & Society | date=7 March 2007 | url=https://www.arabmediasociety.com/bombs-and-broadcasts-al-manars-battle-to-stay-on-air/ | access-date=17 November 2024|quote=Al Manar correspondents ran the gauntlet to cover the conflict in the South and the Bekaa. "It [Al-Manar] fought alongside the fighters ... fielding a unique experience of tenacity with great commitment," wrote George Hayek, a TV columnist for Lebanese newspaper An-Nahar. "Its employees were like the soldiers on the battlefield," he added.}}</ref><ref name="z781"/><ref name="j340"/>

The station's website was launched in 1999, at first hosting some recordings of Hassan Nasrallah speeches to a background of religious and nationalist music.<ref name="t228"/>

On 24/25 June 1999 the [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] launched two massive air raids across Lebanon. One of the targets was the al-Manar radio station's offices in a four-storey building in [[Baalbek]] which was completely demolished. The attacks also hit Beirut's power stations and bridges on the roads to the south. An estimated $52 million damage was caused. Eleven Lebanese were killed as well as two Israelis in [[Kiryat Shmona]].<ref>Middle East International. No 603, 2 July 1999; Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew]]. [[Dennis Walters]];  Michael Jansen pp.4-5; Reinoud Leendes pp.5&7</ref>

===Satellite broadcasting===
During the 1990s, the popularity of [[satellite broadcasting]] greatly increased in the [[Arab world]] and in Lebanon. The first Lebanese station to use this technology was [[Future Television]], launching Future International SAT in 1994, while [[LBCI]] and the Lebanese government followed by launching LBCSAT and [[Tele-Liban|Tele Liban Satellite]] respectively. In order to compete with these emerging stations, and in order to find an international audience, Al-Manar announced its intention to launch a satellite channel on 9 March 2000. Muhammad Ra'd, a Hezbollah member of parliament and al-Manar's largest shareholder, submitted the request to the minister of transmission, which was approved in April 2000. Although the launch of the satellite station was originally planned for July, the date was moved up in order to coincide with the end of the [[1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict|Israeli occupation of South Lebanon]] on 25 May. This success led other television stations to follow in launching satellite stations, including [[Murr TV]] in November 2000, but it was shut down for "violating an election law prohibiting [[propaganda]]" – a fate which al-Manar did not meet, although its programming was also considered propaganda by many analysts.{{Who|date=December 2009}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} [[ArabSat]], a leading communications satellite operator in the [[Middle East]], headquartered in [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], was at first wary about collaborating with al-Manar, because of the station's Shi'a agenda{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}  – the two companies agreed, however, that the programming would be adapted to the pan-Arab audience, leading to a slight difference between the local broadcast and the one via satellite. At first, only three hours of satellite programming were broadcast per day, but by December 2000, the station was broadcasting around the clock.<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|pp=25–27}}</ref>

The timing of the satellite launch - covering the Israeli withdrawal and also the start of the [[Second Intifada]] - boosted its audience in the Arab world.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=84}}

Al-Manar was soon carried by many satellite providers. However, starting with the removal of the station from [[TARBS World TV]] in [[Australia]] in 2003, many satellite television providers stopped featuring it. Until then the station was featured by the following providers at one time or another:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Intelsat]], broadcasting to [[North America]]
*[[New Skies Satellites]] NSS-803, [[Africa]] and parts of [[Europe]]
*[[ArabSat]], Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe, Saudi-owned<ref name="h290"/>
*[[Hispasat]], [[South America]]
*[[AsiaSat]], [[Asia]]
*[[Nilesat]], part-owned by the Egyptian government<ref name="h290"/>
*[[Eutelsat]], Europe, North Africa, and Middle East
*[[SES (company)|SES]] [[Astra (satellite)|Astra]], Europe
{{div col end}}

According to the [[BBC]] on 26 July 2006, Al-Manar had three satellite signals:<ref>BBC News, 26 July 2006 [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5217484.stm Israel steps up "psy-ops" in Lebanon] Retrieved 1 August 2006</ref>
* [[Arab Satellite Communications Organization|ArabSat]] 2B at 30.5 degrees east
* Badr 3 at 26 degrees east
* [[Egyptian television#Egyptian Satellites (Nilesat)|NileSat]] 102 at 7 degrees west

By 2004, Al Manar was estimated to hold 10-15 million viewers daily worldwide.<ref name="partyofgod">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.jeffreygoldberg.net/articles/tny/a_reporter_at_large_in_the_par.php |title=A Reporter at Large: In The Party of God (Part I) |author=Jeffrey Goldberg |author-link=Jeffrey Goldberg |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=14 October 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516070556/http://www.jeffreygoldberg.net/articles/tny/a_reporter_at_large_in_the_par.php |archive-date=16 May 2008 }} [https://archive.today/20210928210405/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/10/14/in-the-party-of-god#selection-2173.1287-2173.1434 archived from the New Yorker]</ref><ref name="m807"/>

===2000s: Israeli attacks and global growth===

The station's website team expanded in 2004, from four members to thirteen.<ref name="t228"/>

During the [[2006 Lebanon War]], the channel was continuously struck by missiles during Israeli air raids. The [[Israeli Air Force]] attacks on 13 July 2006 led to injury of three employees.<ref name=mreport>{{cite web|author=International Press Institute|title=Media in Lebanon: Reporting on a Nation Divided |url=http://www.freemedia.at/fileadmin/media/Documents/IPI_mission_reports/Lebanon_Mission_Report.pdf |publisher=IPI |format=Mission Report |date=December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919231441/http://www.freemedia.at/fileadmin/media/Documents/IPI_mission_reports/Lebanon_Mission_Report.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]]. ''[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/75692/ 'Israeli forces strike Al-Manar TV facilities]'', 14 July 2006.</ref>  The attack on Al-Manar's facilities shortly followed another strike against the [[Rafic Hariri International Airport]] in Beirut earlier that morning. Despite the attack, the station remained on air, broadcasting from undisclosed locations.<ref name="x741">{{cite web | last=Cochrane | first=Paul | title=Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air | website=Arab Media & Society | date=7 March 2007 | url=https://www.arabmediasociety.com/bombs-and-broadcasts-al-manars-battle-to-stay-on-air/ | access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> The [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] bombed Al-Manar's Beirut complex again on 16 July causing fire in the complex and surrounding buildings. The station's signal disappeared briefly several times, then continued normal programming.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115405116966320004 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911202956/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115405116966320004 | archive-date=11 September 2019 | title=Lebanese News Network Draws Fire as Arm of Militant Group - WSJ | work=Wall Street Journal | date=28 July 2006 | last1=Solomon | first1=Jay | last2=Fam | first2=Mariam }}</ref>

[[Human Rights Watch]] said the bombing of media outlets violates [[international law]] when they are not being used for [[military]] purposes ("it is unlawful to attack facilities that merely shape [[civilian]] opinion; neither directly contributes to military operations").<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/17/lebano13748.htm|title=Can Israel attack Hezbollah radio and television stations? |date=August 2006 |access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> The incident was condemned by the [[International Federation of Journalists]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifj.org/default.asp?Index=4064&Language=EN|title=International Federation of Journalists condemned bombing of Al-Manar|access-date=27 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092834/http://www.ifj.org/default.asp?Index=4064&Language=EN|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Israel Association of Journalists]] withdrew from the federation in response, claiming that Al-Manar employees "are not journalists, they are terrorists".<ref>Jerusalem Post, 16 July 2006, [https://archive.today/20120708224352/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1150886017691&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Israel threatens to leave World Press Federation] Note that this article refers to the "World Press Federation" in an apparent error</ref><ref>Jerusalem Post, 20 July 2006, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1153291961355 Israeli journalists pull out of IFJ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511113811/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1153291961355&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |date=11 May 2011 }} Retrieved 27 July 2006</ref> The [[New York City|New York]] based [[Committee to Protect Journalists]], also expressed alarm over the incident as "it (Al-Manar) does not appear based on a monitoring of its broadcasts today to be serving any discernible military function, according to CPJ's analysis."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cpj.org/2006/07/israeli-forces-strike-almanar-tv-facilities.php%27%27Lebanon:|title=Israeli forces strike Al-Manar TV facilities|access-date=27 March 2007}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The  Israeli bombing increased the station's popularity:<blockquote>With other channels turning to Al Manar for the latest line from Hizbullah, it could set the regional news agenda and bring viewers to its extensive coverage of the war. Indeed, purely by staying on air, Al Manar could claim a success. According to Israel's Market Research, the channel's popularity rankings in the Middle East leapt from 83rd to the 10th slot between July 15 and 28. This meant a substantial increase to the estimated 10 million people that tune in daily to its terrestrial and satellite channels in normal times.<ref name="x741"/></blockquote>
In 2006, it began to broadcast online to complement its terrestrial and satellite output. By 2008, its website was hosting 100 new items a day, and reaching over 26,000 daily viewers, and as many as 55,000 according to its management.<ref name="t228"/> By the end of the 2000s, as well as TV broadcasts in Arabic, Hebrew, French and English, the station's website was available in Spanish as well.<ref name="m807"/>

As a result of removal from some satellite services in the 2000s, it signed new deals with smaller satellite providers, e.g. in April 2008 with [[Indosat]], the operator of the [[Palapa C2]] satellite owned by [[Telkom Indonesia]], in which the Indonesian government is the majority shareholder.<ref name="t228"/><ref name="p931"/> By 2009, al-Manar was watched by some 18 million people globally.<ref>Alagha, J. (2011) [https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/27367/1/ssoar-2011-alagha-hizbullahs_identity_construction.pdf Hizbullah's identity construction]. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https://nbn-resolving.org/ urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-273678</ref> By 2010, its annual budget was $10 million.<ref name="j340">{{cite web | author=Nicholas Blanford | title=Hizbullah sharpens its weapons in propaganda war | website=The Christian Science Monitor | date=28 December 2001 | url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1228/p6s2-wome.html | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

===2013 Bahrain crisis===
Iranian-backed [[Shia]] groups were involved in [[2011 Bahraini uprising|demonstrations starting in mid-2011]] (as part of the "[[Arab Spring]]") against [[Bahrain]]'s ruling [[Sunni]] oligarchy, and al-Manar backed these demonstrations and condemned the government repression of them. In late December 2013, the Lebanese Communication Group that includes Al-Manar apologised for its partisan coverage of the events at a meeting of the [[Arab States Broadcasting Union]]. In response, Hezbollah forced the Director General of the station, Abdallah Qasir or Kassir (a former MP of Hezbollah's [[Loyalty to the Resistance]] parliamentary bloc), to resign. He went to Iran.<ref name="l146">{{cite web | title=Al- Manar TV chief quits – Ya Libnan | website=Ya Libnan – Lebanon News and World News Live from Beirut | date=26 December 2013 | url=https://yalibnan.com/2013/12/26/al-manar-chief-quits/ | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref>[https://www.albawaba.com/editorchoice/manar-qasir-54319 Manar TV Director says farewell: resigns from post Thursday following Bahrain backlash], ''[[al-Bawaba]]'', December 26th, 2013</ref><ref name="n482">{{cite web | title=REPORT: Al Manars director, Abdallah Kassir resigns | website=LBCIV7 | date=25 December 2013 | url=https://www.lbcgroup.tv/news/news-bulletin-reports/131558/report-al-manars-director-abdallah-kassir-resigns/en | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

===2020s===
{{See also|Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)|Attacks on journalists during the Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)}}

According to Orayb Aref Najjar, after the US [[assassination of Qasem Soleimani]], leader of the Iran's [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] on January 3, 2020, "Al-Manar went on a daily attack on U.S. policy on Iran and the region, promising revenge."{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}}

Al-Manar translates its content into Spanish for circulation in [[Latin America]].<ref name="o664">{{cite web | title=Iran and Hezbollah expands its influence in Latin America | website=IFMAT | date=2 September 2022 | url=https://www.ifmat.org/09/02/iran-and-hezbollah-expands-its-influence-in-latin-america/ | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

On 25 October 2023, as the 2023 [[Gaza war]] [[Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)|spread to southern Lebanon]], Al-Manar reported that its camera operator, Wissam Qassim, was killed in an Israeli airstrike on [[Hasbaiyya]], southern Lebanon, alongside two employees of allied website [[Al Mayadeen]], while they slept in chalets used by journalists.<ref name="q031">{{cite web | last=Bay | first=Web | title=Lebanon: Eight journalists and media workers killed since the war started in Gaza / IFJ | website=IFJ | date=7 October 2023 | url=https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/press-releases/article/lebanon-eight-journalists-and-media-workers-killed-since-the-war-started-in-gaza#:~:text=A%20third%20journalist%2C%20Wissam%20Qassim,covered%20in%20dust%20and%20rubble. | access-date=20 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="k240">{{cite web | title=Three journalists killed in Israeli attack in southern Lebanon | website=Al Jazeera | date=25 October 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/25/three-journalists-killed-in-israeli-attack-in-southern-lebanon | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="x821">{{cite web | last=Christou | first=William | title=Three journalists killed by Israeli airstrike in southern Lebanon | website=the Guardian | date=25 October 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/25/israel-airstrike-southern-lebanon-journalists-killed | access-date=21 November 2024|quote=The strikes hit a group of small chalets that 18 journalists from at least seven different media outlets – including Al Jazeera, Sky News Arabia and TRT – were staying in while covering the Israel-Hezbollah war in south Lebanon. Several cars with “Press” signs on them were parked in front of the site. Wissam Qassem, a camera operator with Al-Manar, and Al Mayadeen’s Ghassan Najjar, a correspondent, and Mohammad Reda, a technician, were killed in the strike. Al-Manar is a Hezbollah media outlet and Al Mayadeen is a pro-Hezbollah outlet, but rights groups have said political affiliation does not make journalists a legitimate target. Journalists are considered civilians under international humanitarian law and deliberately targeting them is a war crime. The killings were condemned by Lebanon’s minister of information, [[Ziad Makary]], who called the attack a war crime. }}</ref> The station's studios in [[Dahieh|Dahiyeh]], southern Beirut, were hit in Israeli airstrikes in early October 2024.<ref name="JP Dahiyeh">{{cite news |last1=Heller |first1=Mathilda |title=Blasts seen in Dahiyeh as Israel strikes Beirut, secondary explosions heard |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-823309 |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=Jerusalem Post |date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

== Content ==
{{Update|inaccurate=no|date=December 2009}}
Al-Manar's programming is diverse, including music shows, children's programmes and news. The ''[[Washington Post]]'', said in 2004 that "It heavily covers events involving the Palestinians, and it shows militants setting off explosives and shooting at Israelis and American troops, often to musical accompaniment." Citing the [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], the ''Post'' said it often features Islamic sacred texts and images of martyrdom.<ref name="y683"/> According to the Washington Institute's 2004 analysis, it consists of 25% [[music video]]s and [[Filler (media)|fillers]], 25% series and [[drama]]s, 25% [[talk show]]s, and finally 25% news and family shows.<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|p=36}}</ref> A 2007 analysis described 65% of its content as entertainment and 35% as political.<ref name="x741"/>

===Programs===
The news programming includes much footage from the international press. Additionally, as of early 2004, the station subscribed to [[wire service]]s including [[Reuters]], [[Associated Press]] (AP), [[Agence France Presse]], and [[Deutsche Presse Agentur]]. As of 2004, the station airs eight news bulletins a day in [[Arabic]] in addition to one in [[English language|English]] and one in [[French language|French]].<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|p=101}}</ref> AP severed ties with the station shortly after this.<ref name="h290"/>

Al-Manar primarily uses Iranian and Syrian government news agencies for news and documentaries.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}} It has had a formal co-operation agreement with [[IRNA]] since 2012.<ref name="a022">{{cite web | title=IRNA, Al Manar reach agreement on media cooperation | publisher=IRNA English | date=13 March 2012 | url=https://en.irna.ir/news/80037717/IRNA-Al-Manar-reach-agreement-on-media-cooperation | access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> On its websites it also republishes material verbatim from [[Russia]]'s state broadcaster [[RT (TV network)|RT]].<ref name="b446">{{cite web | last=Schafer | first=Bret | title=The Russian Propaganda Nesting Doll: How RT is Layered Into the Digital Information Environment | website=GMFUS | date=30 May 2024 | url=https://www.gmfus.org/news/russian-propaganda-nesting-doll-how-rt-layered-digital-information-environment | access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref> It extensively screens Iranian films (which it sees as "culturally in harmony with Arab values and Al Manar’s mostly Shiite audience") and television series including [[soap opera]]s, [[dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] into (and later more often subtitled in) [[Modern Standard Arabic]], as well as Syrian series.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}}<ref name="h283"/>

Several talk shows are regularly aired on al-Manar. According to Avi Jorisch of the [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]], the best known of these is ''Beit al-ankabut'' (''The Spider's House''); its title alludes to a [[metaphor]], Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] often employs to describe Israel. It is dedicated to uncovering the "weakness of the Zionist entity", i.e. Israel, and attempts to convince the Arab world that Israel could easily be destroyed, for example, by an increase in the Arab population.<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|p=102}}</ref><ref name="p931">{{cite web | title=Australia seeks block on Hezbollah TV from Indonesia | website=Reuters | date=21 August 2008 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/australia-seeks-block-on-hezbollah-tv-from-indonesia-idUSSYD89002/ | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref> Further talk shows include ''Hadith al-sa'a'' (''Talk of the Hour''), ''Matha ba'ad'' (''What's Next?''), ''Ma'al Hadath'' (''With The Event''), ''Bayna Kawsayn'' (''Between The Brackets''), ''Milafat'' (''Files''), ''Al-din wa al-hayat'' (''Religion and Life''), and ''Nun wa al-qalam'' (''The 'Nun' and the Pen''). Guests include well-known journalists, analysts, writers, Lebanese politicians, spokespersons of terrorist groups, and Islamic scholars, who then discuss current religious, political, and cultural, regional and global topics.<ref>{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|pp=102–103}}</ref>

Al-Manar often airs music videos and fillers in between full-length programs and during commercial breaks. Much of the music praises Hezbollah and its martyrs or the Palestinian [[intifada]].<ref name="m807"/> According to Jorisch, the music videos are generally dedicated to the following seven purposes: the promotion of the Hezbollah, highlighting the importance of armed resistance against Israel, the glorification of [[martyrdom]], spreading of [[anti-Americanism]], denunciation of Israel and Zionism as the embodiments of terrorism, the appeals for the destruction of Israel, and the depiction of the future of Arab youths.<ref name="i104"/> The videos are on average three minutes long. The videos are usually professionally produced by the station itself and each usually takes about three to four days to make.<ref name="i104">{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|p=104}}</ref> The filler material usually consists of appeals to donate money to the Hezbollah, lists of [[Demonstration (people)|demonstrations]] taking place worldwide, and slogans in English, [[Hebrew]], or Arabic.<ref name="Jorish_105">{{harvp|Jorisch|2004|p=105}}</ref>

The station also offers [[Broadcasting of sports events|sports]] broadcasting such as the programs ''Goal'' and ''Tis'in daqiqa'' (''Ninety Minutes''), family programming such as ''Al-mustakshifoun al-judud'' (''The New Explorers''), ''Al-Muslimoun fi al-Sin'' (''Muslims in China''), and ''Ayday al-khayr'' (''Hands of Benevolence''), game shows including ''Al-mushahid shahid'' (''The Viewer Is the Witness''), where contestants attempt to guess the names of Israeli political and military figures, and ''Al-muhima'' (''The Mission'') - a game show in the style of ''[[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire]]'' but with questions on Arab and Islamic history and the victor winning a virtual trip to the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]],{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}}<ref name="z781">{{cite web | last=Usher | first=Sebastian | title=Hezbollah's Passion Play | website=BBC NEWS | date=14 May 2004 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3716115.stm | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="m807"/> and even a children's program called ''Al-manr al-saghir'' (''The Little Manar''), which is in the style of the US show ''[[Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood]]'', targeting three- to seven-year-olds.<ref name="Jorish_105"/>

During [[Ramadan]], al-Manar features special programs, many of which are self-produced. In 2001, ''Izz al-Din al-Qassam: Qisat al-jihad wa al-muqawama'' (''Izz al-Din al-Qassam: A Story of Jihad and Resistance''), a four-part drama based on the life of [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam|Izz al-Din al-Qassam]], an early-twentieth-century Arab, after whom the [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades]] are named. The 2002 program ''Faris bi la jawad'' (''A Knight without a Horse'' or''The Horseless Rider''), which was produced by an [[Egypt]]ian, was based on ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'', an old Russian [[antisemitic]] text claiming a conspiracy of [[Jews]] control the world.<ref name="p792">{{cite web | last=Greene|first=Daniel|title=The Enduring Fraud | website=CERC | date=19 September 2006 | url=https://catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/the-enduring-fraud.html | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="j401">{{cite journal | last=Goldberg | first=Jan | title=A Lesson from Egypt on the Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism in the Middle East | journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte | publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG) | volume=16 | issue=1 | year=2003 | issn=0932-9951 | jstor=43751682 | pages=127–148 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43751682 | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="x003">{{cite web | last=Vidal | first=Dominique | title=Anti-semitism in the Arab world | website=Le Monde diplomatique | date=1 May 2004 | url=https://mondediplo.com/2004/05/11antisemitismarabia | access-date=21 November 2024|quote=''The Horseless Rider'', caused a stir; in it a virtual horseman slays the Zionist dragon and denounces a “Jewish conspiracy against Palestine” inspired by the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. }}</ref> The 29-part series ''[[Ash-Shatat]]'' (''The Diaspora''), which was aired in 2003, was also based on ''The Protocols'';<ref name="p792"/> Commissioned by Al-Manar and produced in [[Syria]],<ref name="r143">{{cite web | title=Jordan bans controversial TV series | website=Al Jazeera | date=30 October 2005 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/30/jordan-bans-controversial-tv-series | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref> its screening on the channel led to the banning of al-Manar in [[France]].<ref name="y329">{{cite web | last=Weinberg | first=David Andrew | title=Proven false 100 years ago, antisemitic 'Protocols' document is still being exploited | website=Arab News | date=6 August 2021 | url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1906891/middle-east | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

The station archives the complete speeches of Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, and those of Iranian leader [[Ali Khamenei]].{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}}<ref name="x741"/> It also promotes [[Hezbollah social services]], for example showcasing public health initiatives.<ref name="m807"/>

==Stance==
According to ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Journalism'', "Al-Manar does not claim neutrality but bills itself as partisan to the cause of its constituents, initially, the disadvantaged and poor Shi’ia of [Lebanon's] South and the Beka’a valley; later expanded to include the Arab and Islamic worlds." Its adopted slogan is “The channel for Arabs and Muslims”.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}} In 2001, the station's chair, Nayyef Krayyem, said "Al Manar is an important weapon for us. It's a political weapon, social weapon, and cultural weapon."<ref name="j340"/>

According to Jorisch, the station manager [[Mohammad Afif]] Ahmad (later Hezbollah's head of media<ref name="n877">{{cite web | title=Israeli strike in Lebanon's Beirut kills Hezbollah spokesman Mohammad Afif | website=Al Jazeera | date=17 November 2024 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/17/israeli-strike-on-beirut-building-kills-hezbollah-spokesman | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="b327">{{cite web | title=Hezbollah media head killed in Israeli strike on Beirut, security sources say | website=Reuters | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/israeli-strike-beirut-kills-hezbollah-media-relations-chief-security-sources-say-2024-11-17/ | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>), said in the 1990s that Al Manar belongs to Hezbollah culturally and politically.<ref name="b837">{{cite web | last=Jorisch | first=Avi | title=Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7 | website=The Washington Institute | date=1 February 2004 | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/al-manar-hizbullah-tv-247 | access-date=19 November 2024 |ref=none}}</ref> As of 2022, its former CEO, Abdallah Kassir, is now a member of Hezbollah's governing council.<ref name="b974"/>

According to Jorisch, writing in ''[[National Review]]'' in 2004, Al-Manar's programming adopts a strongly [[Anti-Zionism|anti-Israel]] and [[Anti-Americanism|anti-US]] point of view. Hezbollah leader [[Hassan Nasrallah]] often "calls for '[[Death to America]]'" on the channel and the [[Statue of Liberty]] is depicted "as a [[ghoul]], her gown dripping blood, a knife instead of a torch in her raised hand."<ref name="Jorisch NR">{{cite web | last=Jorisch | first=Avi | title=Terrorist Television: Hezbollah has a worldwide reach | website=[[National Review]] | date=22 December 2004 | url=https://www.nationalreview.com/comment/jorisch200412220812.asp/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223112256/https://www.nationalreview.com/comment/jorisch200412220812.asp/|archive-date=23 December 2004|access-date=15 November 2024 |ref=none}}</ref><ref name="x741c">{{cite web | last=Cochrane | first=Paul | title=Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air | website=Arab Media & Society | date=7 March 2007 | url=https://www.arabmediasociety.com/bombs-and-broadcasts-al-manars-battle-to-stay-on-air/ | access-date=16 November 2024|quote=the channel has garnered the disdain of the American government due to its close links with Hizbullah and the anti-American position the channel has adopted, rarely failing to point out incongruities in US claims of fighting for ‘freedom’ and ‘democracy’ in the so-called ‘war on terror.’ Some video montages designed to lambaste the US in the past have included an artist’s impression of the Statue of Liberty (Liberty’s face replaced by a skull and her torch dripping blood) next to scrolling text in Arabic listing off every country the US has invaded or had military involvement in since 1945. }}</ref> According to Orayb Aref Najjar, this stance is reflected in the language used, for instance calling the [[Israel Defence Forces]] (IDF) the "Israeli Occupation Forces" (IOF).<blockquote>Its Hot Topics section lists “The Israeli Enemy” as a search category. Al-Manar calls fighters Israel killed martyrs. Hezbollah fighters often leave archived video wills that explain why they chose martyrdom. The station also archives short video clips of family members or friends of martyrs praising their sacrifice and explaining why it benefits the country. The station glorified its martyrs on Martyr Day on November 11, 2019, with a speech by Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah, and in song and resistance videos.
{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=85}}</blockquote>

According to German public television [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] in 2023, al-Manar broadcasts calls for the destruction of Israel, such as statements from [[Hamas]]. [[Hashem Safieddine]], chairman of the Hezbollah Executive Council, used the channel to warn US President Joe Biden, Israel's Prime Minister President Netanyahu and the "evil Europeans" about his organization.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=BR |first=Sabina Wolf |title="Al-Manar TV": Islamistische Propaganda über deutsche Server |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/report-muenchen/islamisten-hetze-libanon-deutschland-100.html |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}}</ref> [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] wrote in 2002 that the channel "broadcasts anti-American programming, but its main purpose is to encourage Palestinians to become suicide bombers",<ref name="partyofgod"/> and ARD said in 2023 that some of its content glorifies suicide bombers,<ref name=":1"/> and this was also noted in some early reports about the channel; however, a 2006 analysis by the [[George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies]] said that it was no longer screening this type of content.<ref name="k334">{{cite web | title=Al-Manar and Alhurra: Competing Satellite Stations and Ideologies | website=George C. Marshall European Center For Security Studies | date=8 March 2005 | url=https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/occasional-papers/al-manar-and-alhurra-competing-satellite-stations-and-ideologies | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

Al-Manar was once{{when|date=November 2024}} described{{by whom|date=November 2024}} as one of the channels, among other complex reasons, of the spread of [[Shia|Shiism]] in Syria in the years before 2009.<ref name=ctiii09>{{harvp|Sindawi|2009}}</ref> In a 2011 poll, 52% percent of Shia Lebanese identified Al Manar TV as their first choice for news, compared with only 4% of Sunnis and Druze and 1% of Christians.<ref name="q030">{{cite web | title=Al Jazeera: The Most-Feared News Network | website=Brookings | date=20 August 2024 | url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/al-jazeera-the-most-feared-news-network/ | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

The station is also closely aligned to Iran. In 2015, [[Asharq Al-Awsat]] reported that Nasser Akhdar, a senior manager at al-Manar, was part of a [[Houthi]] delegation in peace talks relating to the [[Yemeni civil war (2014–present)|Yemeni civil war]].<ref name="l521">{{cite news| last=Al-Awsat | first=Asharq | title=Hezbollah Member with Houthi Delegation in Geneva Talks | publisher=Asharq Al-Awsat  | date=20 December 2015 | url=https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/theaawsat/news-middle-east/hezbollah-member-with-houthi-delegation-in-geneva-talks | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> A 2021 report by the [[International Institute for Counter-Terrorism]] (ICT), a conservative thinktank at [[Reichman University]], noted that Farahat, now al-Manar CEO and a Hezbollah member is on the board of [[Tehran]]-based [[Islamic Radio and Television Union]] (IRTVU), described as a [[soft power]] operation for the Iranian state.<ref name="m572">{{cite web | last=Bob | first=Yonah Jeremy | title=exclusive | website= The Jerusalem Post | date=6 December 2021 | url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/exclusive-iran-hezbollah-help-hamas-islamic-jihad-trounce-israel-with-propaganda-688000 | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

== Journalistic standards and restrictions ==
Interviewed by [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] in 2002, Al Manar's news director, Hassan Fadlallah, said that Al Manar does not aim to be neutral in its broadcasting, "Neutrality like that of [[Al Jazeera]] is out of the question for us," Fadlallah said. "We cover only the victim, not the aggressor. [[CNN]] is the Zionist news network, Al Jazeera is neutral, and Al Manar takes the side of the Palestinians...He said Al Manar's opposition to neutrality means that, unlike Al Jazeera, his station would never feature interviews or comments by Israeli officials. "We're not looking to interview Sharon," Fadlallah said. "We want to get close to him in order to kill him."<ref name="partyofgod"/>

The Israeli government and its supporters have consequently lobbied Western governments to ban it, with [[Anti-Defamation League]], [[CAMERA]], the [[American Jewish Congress]], the [[Foundation for the Defense of Democracies]], [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] and the [[Middle East Media Research Institute]] all campaigning against it and taking credit for some successes in its deplatforming.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=86}}<ref name="h290"/> Their campaigning led to corporations such as [[Pepsi]] removing their ads from the station in the mid-2000s, costing it an estimated $2 million in revenue.<ref name="h290"/>

===Allegations of antisemitism and conspiracy theories===

====9/11 Conspiracy theories====
{{See also|9/11 conspiracy theories}}
Al-Manar was one of the originators of the myth that Israelis stayed home from the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] on [[September 11 2001]] due to foreknowledge of the attacks, publishing the story on 17 September.<ref name="g867">{{cite web | last=Mikkelson | first=David | title=Thousands of Israelis Were Absent from the WTC on 9/11? | website=Snopes | date=21 September 2001 | url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/israelis-absent-911/ | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="i513">{{cite web | last=Grant | first=Linda | title=The hate that will not die | website=the Guardian | date=18 December 2001 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/dec/18/september11.israel | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Kilpert"/>

====Allegations of antisemitic programming====
In the past, Al-Manar TV has aired material deemed antisemitic by [[Reporters Without Borders]] as well as Jewish groups, including content based on "[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]".{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=86}}<ref name="x741a"/><ref name="h290">{{cite web | last=Kamins | first=Toni L. | title=Treasury Move Seen As Key Step in Struggle Against Hezbollah Tv | website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency | date=28 March 2006 | url=https://www.jta.org/archive/treasury-move-seen-as-key-step-in-struggle-against-hezbollah-tv | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="z781"/> For example, on 23 November 2004 it transmitted a news programme in which someone presented as an expert on Zionism  Al-Manar warned of ng of "Zionist attempts" to transmit [[AIDS]] to Arab countries; in 2004 it screened a multi-episode Syrian series that included the [[blood libel]] and drew on the [[Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]. As a result, Jewish groups have campaigned about the station.{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=86}}<ref name="x741a">{{cite web | last=Cochrane | first=Paul | title=Bombs and broadcasts: Al Manar's battle to stay on air | website=Arab Media & Society | date=7 March 2007 | url=https://www.arabmediasociety.com/bombs-and-broadcasts-al-manars-battle-to-stay-on-air/ | access-date=17 November 2024| quote=The show, which claimed to depict the history of the Zionist movement, stoked widespread condemnation by portraying the killing of a Christian child by Jews to use the victim's blood to make matzoh bread... Al Manar said it erred in showing two episodes in the series and is appealing the ban in France.}}</ref><ref name="a028">{{cite web | title=Al-Manar TV to go off Dutch platform | website=Al Jazeera | date=17 March 2005 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/3/17/al-manar-tv-to-go-off-dutch-platform | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2004, the [[Conseil Représentatif des Institutions juives de France]] (Crif) complained to France's [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] (Higher Audio Visual Council, CSA) that scenes in the Syrian-made series, ''[[Al-Shatat]]'' (The Diaspora), which purported to depict the history of the [[Zionist movement]], portrayed the [[blood libel|killing of a Christian child by Jews]] to use the victim's blood.<ref name="x741a"/> On 13 December 2004, the French [[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]], the highest administrative court in France, ordered the French-based [[Eutelsat]] Satellite organisation (owner of [[Hot Bird]] 4, which had transmitted the station) to shut down Al-Manar broadcasts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/15/news/france-bans-al-manar-tv-channel.html | title=France bans al Manar TV channel | work=The New York Times | date=15 December 2004 | last1=Carvajal | first1=Doreen }}</ref><ref>([http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0460.shtml full text of the decision] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217003233/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurispd/index_ac_ld0460.shtml |date=17 December 2004 }}, [http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/actual/index_ac_lc0418.shtml press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041217003337/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/actual/index_ac_lc0418.shtml |date=17 December 2004 }}, in [[French language|French]]; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4093579.stm BBC report])</ref><ref>EU, Brussels, 17 March 2005 [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/05/98&format=HTML&aged=1&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EU Rules and Principles on Hate Broadcasts: Frequently Asked Questions] Retrieved 26 July 2006</ref>  Initially, Al-Manar defended ''Ash-Shatat'' as "purely factual",<ref name="z732">{{cite web | title=US, Israel strongly oppose airing of new Ramadan TV series "Al Shatat" | website=Al Bawaba | date=30 October 2003 | url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/us-israel-strongly-oppose-airing-new-ramadan-tv-series-%E2%80%9Cal-shatat%E2%80%9D | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> and said that the French response was political and not legal, influenced by Israel and [[Jewish lobby|Jewish lobbies]].<ref>Al Jazeera, 27 December 2004 [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A2751281-EEC6-4B8E-B36A-D9996FCA6B7D.htm US designates Al-Manar TV 'terrorist'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818062418/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/A2751281-EEC6-4B8E-B36A-D9996FCA6B7D.htm |date=18 August 2006 }} Retrieved 1 August 2006</ref> Later, however, "Al-Manar’s management apologized for airing the series, dropped it, and explained that the station had purchased it without first viewing the entire series, according to Franklin Lamb [in ''[[CounterPunch]]'']."{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=86}}<ref name="x741a"/>

In 2002, [[Jeffrey Goldberg]] interviewed members of the station's staff and reported some of their comments about Jews. He quoted the news director, Hassan Fadlallah, as saying “Many Europeans believe that the Holocaust was a myth invented so that the Jews could get compensation. Everyone knows how the Jews punish people who seek the truth about the Holocaust.” He quoted the director of English-language news, Ibrahim Mussawi, calling Jews “a lesion on the forehead of history.”<ref name="partyofgod"/>

====Covid conspiracies====
According to [[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]], al-Manar "condemned the United States for ‘using’ COVID-19 to ‘undermine’ its adversaries".<ref name="j219">{{cite web | title=Axis of Disinformation: Propaganda from Iran, Russia, and China on COVID-19 | website=The Washington Institute | date=25 February 2021 | url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/axis-disinformation-propaganda-iran-russia-and-china-covid-19 | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2024}}

===Restrictions===
====Restrictions in the US====
Al-Manar was designated as a "[[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] entity", and banned by the United States on 17 December 2004.<ref name="nas2004">{{cite journal |last=Nasser |first=Cilina |date=23–29 December 2004 |title=Al-Manar in the dog house |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/722/re9.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |issue=722 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803131948/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/722/re9.htm |archive-date=3 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="2ij3d" /> A US government spokesman said the decision was taken because of "its incitement of terrorist activity", and that anybody linked to Al-Manar would be refused a visa to enter the US or if present in the US would be subject to expulsion procedures. Al-Manar was also removed from the satellite provider in the US, [[Intelsat]], and [[Globecast]], the TV service that hosted its US programming.<ref name="h621">{{cite web | title=Dangerous precedent seen in decision to put Al-Manar on list of terror organisations | website=Reporters Sans Frontieres | date=20 December 2004 | url=https://rsf.org/en/dangerous-precedent-seen-decision-put-al-manar-list-terror-organisations | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="y683">{{cite news | last=Mintz | first=John | title=U.S. Bans Al-Manar, Says TV Network Backs Terror | newspaper=Washington Post | date=22 December 2004 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/12/22/us-bans-al-manar-says-tv-network-backs-terror/0df6c836-5e6d-4ca1-957e-7891ea01d799/ | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> Lebanon's [[ambassador]] to the United States, [[Farid Abboud]], protested: "If you want simply to demonize or eliminate one side, you're not going to advance the issue. If you are going to focus on one side simply because of the political message, it's unacceptable and it's a grave breach of the [[freedom of speech]].".<ref name="2ij3d"/> [[Reporters without Borders]] opposed the designation, saying "Some of the anti-Semitic statements broadcast on Al-Manar are inexcusable but putting this TV station in the same category as terrorist groups worries us and does not strike us as the best solution".<ref name="h621"/>{{sfn|Najjar|2022|p=87}} The decision was also opposed by the [[International Federation of Journalists]], who called it political censorship,<ref name="Kilpert">{{cite web | last=Kilpert | first=Daniel | title=Tödliche Sendung | website=jungle.world | url=https://jungle.world/artikel/2006/02/toedliche-sendung | language=de | date=February 2006|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref> and by French academic and Holocaust denier [[Robert Faurisson]].<ref name="i069">{{cite web | title=Al-Manar and 'TV terrorism' | website=Al Jazeera | date=24 December 2004 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2004/12/24/al-manar-and-tv-terrorism | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2006, the US terrorist designation was extended to all Lebanon Media Group outlets, and its financial assets were frozen by the [[US Treasury]].<ref name="x741"/> The Treasury  said al-Manar had provided support to Palestinian groups defined as terrorist by the US government, including by transfer of tens of millions of dollars to a charity linked to [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad]].<ref name="f027">{{cite web | title=US blocks assets of al-Manar | website=Al Jazeera | date=23 March 2006 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/3/23/us-blocks-assets-of-al-manar | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="h290"/>

In May 2023, the US government sanctioned and took down a number of Hezbollah-related web domains, including that of Al-Manar TV, after Hezbollah was listed as a terrorist organization by the United States. Al Manar's Lebanese domain (.lb) remained accessible.<ref name="x847">{{cite web | title=Lebanon: Freedom on the Net 2023 Country Report | website=Freedom House | date=19 October 2019 | url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/lebanon/freedom-net/2023 | access-date=14 November 2024}}</ref>

====Broadcasting restrictions====
In October 2003, the [[Australian Broadcasting Authority]] (ABA) launched an investigation into it, leading to Al-Manar's suspension from the [[TARBS World TV|Television and Radio Broadcasting Services PTY]] (TARBS).<ref name="AJ Australia">{{Cite web |title=Australian TV unplugs Hizb Allah |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/11/14/australian-tv-unplugs-hizb-allah |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref name="z717">{{cite web | title=Australian Lebanese channel suspended | website=AIB | date=30 November 2003 | url=https://aib.org.uk/australian-lebanese-channel-suspended/ | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> The investigation related to  accusations that it "broadcast programs that are likely to incite or perpetuate hatred against or gratuitously vilify any person or group on the basis of their [[ethnicity]], [[nationality]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] or [[religion]]" and suspicions it might be in breach of Australian Federal anti-terrorism law. TARBS  stopped broadcasting al-Manar on 5 November 2003, and went into [[receivership]].<ref name="l636">{{cite web | title="Al Manar programming on TARBS" [2004] AUBAUpdateNlr 212; (2004) 137 ABA Update 23|website=ABA Update: Newsletter of the Australian Broadcasting Authority | publisher=Australasian Legal Information Institute|url=https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUBAUpdateNlr/2004/212.pdf | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="q409">{{cite web | title=Lebanese TV service pulled off air | website=The Sydney Morning Herald | date=14 November 2003 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/lebanese-tv-service-pulled-off-air-20031115-gdhs7i.html | access-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20241121180016/https://www.smh.com.au/national/lebanese-tv-service-pulled-off-air-20031115-gdhs7i.html|archive-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> In August 2009, Al-Manar received approval for broadcast by the [[Australian Communications and Media Authority]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://galusaustralis.com/2009/08/acma-says-ok-to-hezbollah-but-%E2%80%98no-way%E2%80%99-to-lezbollah/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708173829/http://galusaustralis.com/2009/08/acma-says-ok-to-hezbollah-but-%E2%80%98no-way%E2%80%99-to-lezbollah/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=ACMA says 'OK' to Hezbollah, but 'No Way' to Lezbollah |publisher=Galus Australis |date=24 August 2009 }}</ref>{{better source needed|seems a bit bloggy|date=November 2024}}

In November 2004, after the controversy in France about Al-Manar's broadcast of ''Ash-Shatat'', the Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel (CSA) entered into an agreement with the Lebanese Communication Group under which the channel would not air material that would not "respect the political, cultural and religious sensitivities of Europeans" and "not to broadcast programmes likely to cause problems with public order". Within days, the CSA deemed Al-Manar not to have met this, citing an interviewee accusing Israel of spreading AIDS in the Arab world in November 2004, and a clip “inciting violence” against Israel, leading to the removal of the channel from both Eustat and Arabsat.<ref name="t228">{{cite journal | last=Lamloum | first=Olfa | title=Hezbollah and the 'al-Manâr Affaire' | website=HAL-SHS | date=20 June 2008 | page=14 | url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00373560v1 | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="y683"/><ref name="x606">{{cite web | title=Al Manar : le CSA signe la convention | website=Arcom (ex-CSA) | date=19 November 2004 | url=https://www.csa.fr/Reguler/Espace-juridique/Les-textes-adoptes-par-l-Arcom/Les-decisions-du-CSA/Al-Manar-le-CSA-signe-la-convention | language=fr | access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref> French officials also cited other broadcasts saying Jews "seek children's blood to bake into [[Passover]] [[matzoh]]."<ref name="y683"/><ref name="b520">{{cite web | title=France pulls plug on Arab network | website=BBC NEWS | date=14 December 2004 | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4093579.stm | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> Other broadcasts cited by the CSA as racist incitement were "Flambeau sur la route de Jérusalem" and "Le Prince du paradis".<ref name="y945">{{cite web | last=Elie | first=MASBOUNGI | title=Alors que l'affaire al-Manar se politise de plus en plus Le Conseil d'État français expose en détail les griefs reprochés à la chaîne du Hezbollah | website=L'Orient-Le Jour | date=13 December 2004 | url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/488623/Alors_que_l%2527affaire_al-Manar_se_politise_de_plus_en_plusLe_Conseil_d%2527Etat_francais_expose_en_detailles_griefs_reproches_a_la_chaine_du_Hezbollah_.html | language=fr | access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

After the [[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]] placed Al-Manar on the [[Terrorist Exclusion List]] in December 2004, transmissions to North America via [[Intelsat]]'s satellites were blocked.<ref name="2ij3d">Reuters, 18 December 2004 [https://web.archive.org/web/20050326161910/http://in.news.yahoo.com/041218/137/2ij3d.html U.S. designates Al-Manar TV as 'terrorist'] Retrieved 1 August 2006</ref><ref>''The Washington Times,'' 19 December 2004 [http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20041218-104540-1727r.htm Hezbollah's TV loses U.S. feed] Retrieved 1 August 2006</ref> Javed Iqbal, a resident of [[New York City]], was the first person to charged under this law. He was charged by federal prosecutors with [[providing material support to a foreign terrorist organization]] by broadcasting Al Manar to American customers via his company HDTV, in exchange for thousands of dollars payment. In a 2008 plea bargain, he agreed to serve a prison term of up to {{frac|6|1|2}} years. Saleh Elahwal, who also operated HDTV, was also charged and went on trial 5 January 2009.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120717040706/http://uk.reuters.com/article/burningIssues/idUKTRE4BM4J920081223 NY man pleads guilty to broadcasting Hezbollah TV], Reuters, 23 December 2008</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jOJ4Y8zRZSgKFVzr41zaHuiquh9wD958I5G00 NYC man admits he helped air Hezbollah TV]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Larry Neumeister, AP, 23 December 2008</ref> Donna Lieberman, executive director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, says it's constitutional for the government to outlaw businesses with direct operational ties to terrorist organizations, and media outlets that directly incite and direct violent action, but in this case, the government is trying to stop the spread of ideas.<ref name="autogenerated2006">[https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=5718884 N.Y. Man Charged with Aiding Hezbollah TV Channel], NPR, Weekend Edition 27 August 2006, Liane Hansen, host.</ref> [[Mark Dubowitz]], who founded the Coalition Against Terrorist Media in part to stop Al-Manar, said Al-Manar was "shouting fire in a crowded theater", although Lieberman disagreed with that metaphor.<ref name="autogenerated2006" />

The lack of transmission from Intelsat had the effect of making Al-Manar unavailable in [[Canada]]{{when|date=November 2024}}.<ref name="Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=5gNjFx |title=Banning Al-Manar TV in North America and France(Chat session with Mohammad S. Dalbah) |publisher=Islam online |date=30 December 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824174046/http://www.islamonline.net/livedialogue/english/Browse.asp?hGuestID=5gNjFx |archive-date=24 August 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{better source needed|transcript of conversation on non-RS|date=November 2024}}

In 2005, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Media Authority "discovered that a satellite owned by [[New Skies Satellites]] was carrying Al-Manar and has ordered the company to stop doing so, because the channel did not have the required Dutch licence."<ref>Al Jazeera, 17 March 2005 [https://archive.today/20070313000842/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/504FEF70-AB80-4B8A-86E9-A689EC67A84E.htm Al-Manar TV to go off Dutch platform] Retrieved 30 July 2006</ref><ref>''Haaretz'', 18 March 2005 [https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=553690 EU blocks Hezbollah TV broadcasts in Europe] Retrieved 30 July 2006</ref><ref name="Netherlands1" /><ref name="Netherlands2" /> Spanish authorities banned the retransmission of Al-Manar by [[Hispasat]] on 30 June 2005 (which effectively prevents its reception not only in the Iberian peninsula but also in South America).<ref name="comm_EC">Commission of the European Communities [http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubassemeuropeancomm2/content/euleg-0602/6448-06-add-1.pdf Commission document SEC (2006) 160] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108185351/http://www.wales.gov.uk/keypubassemeuropeancomm2/content/euleg-0602/6448-06-add-1.pdf|date=8 January 2007}} Retrieved 31 July 2006</ref><ref name="x741"/> In August 2006, [[France Telecom]]'s satellite provider [[Globecast]] removed the station from its [[Asiasat]] offer of channels.<ref name="x741"/>

It was banned in Germany in 2008.<ref name="a617">{{cite web | agency=Associated Press| title=Hizbullah TV rejects German ban as unjust | website=Ynetnews | date=22 November 2008 | url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3626847,00.html | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="d300">{{cite web | title='Zionist lobbies led to Al-Manar ban' | website= The Jerusalem Post | date=22 November 2008 | url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/zionist-lobbies-led-to-al-manar-ban | access-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Bahrain]] blocked its website.<ref name="j098"/>

In 2015, [[Arabsat]], a satellite operator majority-owned by [[Saudi Arabia]], removed the station from its platform after Nasrallah blamed the Saudi government for a fatal stampede, at the [[hajj]] pilgrimage that year.<ref name="j098">{{cite web | last=Dershowitz | first=Toby | title=Saudi satellite operator drops Hezbollah channel from airwaves | website=FDD&#039;s Long War Journal | date=17 December 2015 | url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/12/saudi-satellite-operator-drops-hezbollah-channel-from-airwaves.php | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

====Internet and social media====
The channel provides a live feed of its programming on the [[Internet]] through its website. This effectively circumvents the bans as Al-Manar is still available in all the areas it does not broadcast to via satellite.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

[[Twitter]] removed its account in November 2019.<ref name="y470">{{cite web | title=Twitter Closes Accounts of Hezbollah TV And Houthi Forces | website=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty | date=3 November 2019 | url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/twitter-closes-hezbollah-tv-and-houthi-accounts/30250472.html | access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>

On 22 June 2021, the official Al-Manar website domain as well as dozens of other Arab news network domains related to Iran, Lebanon and Syria were shut down by the government of the United States for spreading disinformation. It was also banned by multiple social media platforms including [[YouTube]], [[Twitter]], [[Instagram]] and [[Reddit]].<ref name="domain_ban">{{cite news |date=29 June 2021 |title=US Seizes Dozens of Iranian, Terrorist-Sponsored Anti-Israel Media Outlets |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2021/06/29/us-seizes-dozens-of-iranian-terrorist-sponsored-anti-israel-media-outlets/ |work=Algemeiner}}</ref>

==== Broadcasting via illegal IPTV services and streaming devices ====
According to a 2008 report by the security company [[Nagravision|NAGRA]] and the [[Digital Citizens Alliance]], following an investigation into illegal [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]] services and illicit streaming devices, it indicated that 50% of these services include Al-Manar, making it available in countries where the channel has been banned due to links with Hezbollah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Report: US Pirate IPTV Industry is Worth $1 Billion, So Who's Making Big Bucks? * TorrentFreak|url=https://torrentfreak.com/report-us-pirate-iptv-industry-is-worth-1-billion-so-whos-making-big-bucks-200807/|access-date=2020-11-09|language=en}}</ref>

On October 26, 2020, the Digital Citizens Alliance released a video warning of terrorist content that could include several of these illegal services, including Al-Manar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Digital Citizens Alliance|title=Money for Nothing|website=[[YouTube]]|date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tksFaJfjSSo |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/tksFaJfjSSo| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

====Google and Apple applications====
On 25 July 2012, Al Manar launched an application through [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iTunes]] [[App Store (iOS)|app store]] and [[Google Play]]. However, the application was removed from iTunes after four days and Google Play after six.<ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/hezbollah-tv-app-banned-by-apple-and-google/ Hezbollah TV app banned by Apple and Google] by Gabe Fisher, ''Times of Israel'', 1 August 2012.</ref><ref name="x263">{{cite web | last=Cooper | first=Charles | title=Apple, Google remove Hezbollah TV app | website=CNET | date=31 July 2012 | url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/apple-google-remove-hezbollah-tv-app/ | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref> Maha Abouelenein, Head of Communications for the Mena at Google, subsequently stated that "We remove applications that violate our policies, such as apps that are illegal or that promote hate speech" although she added that "We don't comment on individual applications – however, you can check out our policies for more."<ref>[http://gulfnews.com/business/technology/google-and-apple-ban-web-application-for-hezbollah-tv-station-1.1059565 Google and Apple ban web application for Hezbollah TV station] Jumana Al Tamimi, Gulf News, 8 August 2012.</ref>

According to [[MEMRI]], Al Manar TV subsequently blamed "Israeli incitement against Al Manar TV" as the reason Al-Manar mobile apps were removed by Apple and Google. An Al-Manar TV reporter stated that: "Al Manar TV is once again targeted by America and Israel. The removal of the channel's mobile apps from the Google and Apple stores is a new attempt to curb Al-Manar's message of resistance.<ref name=MEMRIAl/> 
According to MEMRI, Al Manar TV Director-General Abdallah Qasir stated that the removal of the apps "indicates that Al Manar TV has the ability to cause great harm to Israel, and that Israel is extremely annoyed by Al Manar becoming so widespread and by its great credibility. Israel cannot even bear to see the Al-Manar icon on smartphones." Abd Al-Hadi Mahfouz, president of the Lebanese National Media Council, also supported Al-Manar, arguing that: "This move contradicts all laws pertaining to radio and television, to the exercising of media liberties, and to the right of citizens, Western and Arab alike, to information." Rabi' Al-Ba'lbaki, the head of the Lebanese IT Association reportedly called for a boycott of Apple and Google if they do not restore service for Al-Manar's applications.<ref name=MEMRIAl>[http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/3517.htm Hizbullah's Al-Manar TV after Google and Apple Banned Its Apps: We Will Find Other Ways to Deliver "Message of Resistance"], MEMRITV, Clip No. 3517 (transcript), 2 August 2012.</ref>

According to the [[Anti-Defamation League]], in a statement issued on 16 August 2012, Al Manar says it is "back on Ipad and Iphone applications via alternative ways, following the campaign carried out by the Jewish Anti-Defamation League to deactivate Al-Manar applications on smart phones at Google Play and apple store". To avoid distributor policies and control, the new applications were downloadable directly from Al-Manar's website, which was hosted  by a British server.<ref name=adef>{{cite web|url=http://blog.adl.org/extremism/hezbollah-itunes-googleapps-blame-adl-for|title=Hezbollah Re-Launches Apps; Blames ADL For Failure of Previous Effort|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|date=16 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820001020/http://blog.adl.org/extremism/hezbollah-itunes-googleapps-blame-adl-for|archive-date=20 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="j738">{{cite web | last=(Guest) | first=ramezg | title=Hizbullah Re-launches TV App on Google and Apple, Draws ADL Concerns | website=Naharnet | date=17 August 2012 | url=https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/50349 | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

In March 2014, Al Manar relaunched their application in Apple's iTunes store under the name "LCG."<ref>[http://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2014/3/14/hezbollahs-al-manar-news-launches-app-in-apples-itunes-store#.UyNzIvldXsI Hezbollah’s Al-Manar news station launches app in Apple’s iTunes store] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315011331/http://www.jns.org/news-briefs/2014/3/14/hezbollahs-al-manar-news-launches-app-in-apples-itunes-store#.UyNzIvldXsI |date=15 March 2014 }} JNS.org, JNS.org, 14 March 2014.</ref> It launched a new iPhone app in 2016, called "Trust News".<ref name="f152">{{cite web | title=Can't get enough of Hezbollah? There's an app for that | website= The Jerusalem Post | date=13 May 2016 | url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/cant-get-enough-of-hezbollah-theres-an-app-for-that-453923 | access-date=19 November 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[al-Manar (journal)|al-Manar]]'' (for the early 20th century journal of the same name)
* [[Mohammed Hassan Dbouk]], accredited al-Manar journalist believed to have misused his credentials in support of [[Hezbollah]] militant activities
* [[Television in Lebanon]]
* [[Al-Ahed News]]
* [[Al-Manar Football Festival]]
* [[Al-Nour]]
* [[Hate media]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|24em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book| last=Conway|first=Maura|chapter=Terror TV? An exploration of Hizbollah's al-Manar television | title=Countering terrorism and insurgency in the 21st century|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. | date=18 June 2008 | <!-- url=https://doras.dcu.ie/499/ | --> isbn=978-0-275-99034-3|pages=401–419| url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11308374.pdf| ref={{sfnref|Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.|2008}} | access-date=15 November 2024}}
*{{cite book |last=Jorisch |first=Avi |year=2004 |title=Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar Television |publisher=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |isbn=0-944029-88-4 |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/beacon-hatred-inside-hizballahs-al-manar-television }}
* {{cite book | first=Orayb Aref |last=Najjar|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Journalism | chapter=Al-Manar | publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. | publication-place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks, California 91320 | date=2022 | isbn=978-1-5443-9115-1 | doi=10.4135/9781544391199.n24 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Sindawi |first=Khalid |year=2009 |title=The Shiite Turn in Syria |journal=[[Current Trends in Islamist Ideology]] |volume=8 |pages=82–107 |url=http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1309/sindawi_vol8.pdf |access-date=8 April 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031722/http://www.hudson.org/content/researchattachments/attachment/1309/sindawi_vol8.pdf |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last=Harb | first=Zahera | title=Bullets and Bulletins | chapter=Hezbollah, Al-Manar, and the Arab Revolts | publisher=Oxford University Press | date=15 July 2016 | pages=165–178 | isbn=978-0-19-049155-0 | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190491550.003.0009 | doi-access=free}}
* {{cite book | last=Tatham | first=Steve | title=Losing Arab Hearts & Minds: The Coalition, Al-Jazeera & Muslim Public Opinion| publisher=C. HURST & CO. PUBLISHERS | publication-place=London | date=2006 | isbn=978-1-85065-811-5}}
* Kelly McEvers, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014706/http://www.onthemedia.org/transcripts/2007/01/26/03 Inside Manar], On the Media, National Public Radio, 26 January 2007
* M. Zuhdi Jasser. [http://www.homelandsecuritynet.com/HSN/2011/10/al-manarsatellite-propaganda-network-m-zuhdi-jasser/ Al-Manar: Satellite Propaganda Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223012914/http://www.homelandsecuritynet.com/HSN/2011/10/al-manarsatellite-propaganda-network-m-zuhdi-jasser/ |date=23 February 2012 }}. Homeland Security Network. 17 October 2011

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Television in Lebanon}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Al Manar}}
[[Category:Anti-Israeli sentiment in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Hezbollah propaganda organizations]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1991]]
[[Category:Television stations in Lebanon]]
[[Category:International broadcasters]]
[[Category:Arab mass media]]
[[Category:Arabic-language television stations]]
[[Category:Propaganda television broadcasts]]
[[Category:Mass media in Beirut]]
[[Category:Islamic television networks]]
[[Category:Conservative media]]