View source for Alan Cunningham

{{Short description|British Army general (1887–1983)}}
{{other people||Allan Cunningham (disambiguation)}}
{{Page numbers needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2010}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)| General]]
| name          = Sir Alan Cunningham
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] [[Order of the Bath|KCB]] [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] [[Military Cross|MC]]
| image         = British Generals 1939-1945 E6661.jpg
| caption       = 
| birth_name    = Alan Gordon Cunningham
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1887|05|01|df=yes}}
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1983|01|30|1887|05|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place   = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| death_place   = [[Royal Tunbridge Wells|Tunbridge Wells]], [[Kent]], England
| placeofburial = [[Dean Cemetery]], [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| nickname      = 
| allegiance    = United Kingdom
| branch        = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1906–1948
| rank          = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
| servicenumber = 74
| unit          = [[Royal Artillery]]
| commands      = [[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|Eastern Command]]<br />[[HQ Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]]<br />[[Staff College, Camberley]]<br />[[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]<br />[[East Africa Command|East Africa Force]]<br />[[51st (Highland) Division|51st (Highland) Infantry Division]]<br />[[9th (Highland) Infantry Division]]<br />[[66th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|66th Infantry Division]]<br>[[5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)|5th Anti-Aircraft Division]]
| battles       = [[First World War]]<br />[[Second World War]]<br>[[Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine|Palestine Emergency]]
| awards        = [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br />[[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]]<br />[[Distinguished Service Order]]<br />[[Military Cross]]<br />[[Mentioned in despatches]] (4)
| relations     = [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope]] (brother)
| laterwork     = [[High Commissioner of Palestine]] (1945–48)<br />[[Colonel Commandant]] of the [[Royal Artillery]]
}}
'''Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|sep=,|GCMG|KCB|DSO|MC}} (1 May 1887 – 30 January 1983), was a senior [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]] of the [[British Army]] noted for his victories over Italian forces in the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] during the [[Second World War]]. He then commanded Eighth Army in the desert campaign, but was relieved of command during the ''[[Operation Crusader|Crusader]]'' battle against [[Erwin Rommel]]. Later he served as the seventh and last [[High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan|High Commissioner of Palestine]]. He was the younger brother of Admiral of the Fleet [[Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope|Lord Cunningham of Hyndhope]].

==Early life and military career==
Cunningham was born in [[Dublin]], Ireland, the third son of Scottish Professor [[Daniel John Cunningham]] and his wife Elizabeth Cumming Browne.<ref name =1901Census>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai003810418/|title=D Cunningham Household Census Return, 1901|access-date=18 March 2011}}</ref> He was educated at [[Cheltenham College]] and the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]] before taking a [[Commissioned officer|commission]] in the [[Royal Artillery]] in 1906.<ref name=":0" /> In 1909, his father died unexpectedly and Cunningham applied to join the British Indian Army as he could no longer afford the life style of an officer in Britain. At the out break of the First World War, he was deployed to France with the Indian Expeditionary Force. However, in 1915 he was transferred back to the [[Royal Artillery]], due to a shortage in trained officers. He was awarded a [[Military Cross]] in 1915 and the [[Distinguished Service Order]] in 1918, he was also awarded three Mention in dispatches during the War. He had served as a Howitzer Battery Commander and was the Artillery [[brigade major]] for 20th (Light) Division in June 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30208|page=7755|date=27 July 1917|supp=y}}</ref> For two years after the war, he served as a staff officer in the [[Straits Settlements]].<ref name="lh">{{cite web |title=Cunningham, Alan |url=http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/CUNNINGHAM1.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205230546/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/CUNNINGHAM1.shtml |archive-date=5 February 2011 |access-date=20 June 2020 |publisher=Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives}}</ref> He went on to have a number of regimental duty posts, including a tour in Egypt in 1925. He was promoted to Brevet Lieutenant Colonel whilst conducting the post of Chief Instructor at the Anti-Aircraft Wing at the Small Arms School in Netheravon, and was appointed Commanding Officer of 1st Medium Brigade Royal Artillery in Portsmouth in 1935.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Dennis |title=The Forgotten General: The Life of General Sir Alan Cunningham GCMG, KCB, DSO, MC |publisher=Amberley Publishing |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-3981-1399-2 |pages=}}</ref>

After graduating from the [[Royal Naval College, Greenwich]] in 1925, followed by the [[Royal College of Defence Studies|Imperial Defence College]] in 1937, Cunningham was appointed as the [[Commander, Royal Artillery]] of the [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry Division]].<ref name=lh/> However, he never took up this post as he was promoted in 1938 to major-general and given the task of forming and commanding the [[5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)|5th Anti-Aircraft Division]]. Cunningham's headquarters was in Reading and the division covered Bristol, Portsmouth and Southampton. This area of operation in South-West England was aligned with the RAF 10 Group.<ref name=":0" />

==Second World War==
[[File:AlanCunningham.jpg|thumb|upright|left|General Sir Alan Cunningham.]]
After Dunkirk, Cunningham was moved from 5th Anti-Aircraft initially to reform the 4th (Infantry) Division, but this was quickly changed and he was ordered to form and train the [[66th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|66th Infantry Division]], in Manchester. He was the moved to Scotland to command the [[9th (Highland) Infantry Division]], and renamed it [[51st (Highland) Division|51st (Highland) Infantry Division]], when the majority of that Division was lost in the withdrawal from France.<ref name=lh/> At 3 days notice he was informed that he was to take command of the [[East Africa Command|East Africa Force]] in Kenya and was promoted to acting lieutenant general.<ref name=lh/>

During the [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] General [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Sir Archibald Wavell]], the Commander-in-Chief of the British [[Middle East Command]], directed Cunningham to retake [[British Somaliland]] and free [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]] from the [[Italian Empire|Italians]] whilst forces under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir [[William Platt]] would attack from [[Sudan]] in the north through [[Eritrea]]. Cunningham commanded three divisions in East Africa Force, the 1st (South African) Division commanded by Major General George Brink, the 11th (African) Division commanded by Major General [[Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall]] and the 12th (African) Division commanded by Major General [[Reade Godwin-Austen]] .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Dennis |title=Chapter 2: Cunningham's Team on Operation Canvas: Superiors, Subordinates and Peers, in The Second World War in East Africa 1940-1941 |publisher=Brill |year=2025 |isbn=978-90-04-71025-2 |location=Leiden}}</ref> [[Operation Canvas|Cunningham's offensive]] started with the Battle of the Juba prior to which he issued his famous order of the day 'Hit them. Hit them hard and hit them again'.<ref name=":0" />  The Indian Ocean port of [[Kismayu]] ({{langx|it|Chisimaio}}) was quickly captured and Cunningham realized that the Italians had no depth to their defence. He therefore ordered a rapid advance to [[Mogadishu]] (Italian: Mogadiscio) by the 23rd Nigerian Brigade who covered 275 miles in only three days.<ref name=":0" /> When General Wavell asked Cunningham when he might capture Mogadishu, he simply replied 'got it'.<ref name=":0" /> The Italians were then pursued and fought a number of covering actions at the Marda Pass and the River Awash. On 6 April 1941, Cunningham's forces entered Addis Ababa having advanced 1,687 miles at an average rate of 75 miles a day.<ref name=":0" /> On the 5 May 1941, Cunningham believed that it was safe for Emperor [[Haile Selassie]] to return to Addis Ababa, five years after he was forced to flee from the Italian forces. On 11 May, the northernmost units of Cunningham's forces, under South African Brigadier [[Dan Pienaar]] linked with Platt's forces under Major-General [[Mosley Mayne]] to besiege [[Amba Alagi]]. On 20 May, Mayne took the [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] of the [[Duke of Aosta]], at Amba Alagi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ub6bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|title=World War II: People, Politics, and Power|publisher= Britannica Educational Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1615300464}}</ref> Cunningham continued to lead his forces in mopping-up operations against the 40,000 Italian troops in the Galla-Sidamo region. He was appointed a [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] and awarded another Mention in Dispatches for his actions in East Africa.<ref name="hh" /> For this campaign he was also awarded [[Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar]], 1st class and [[Order of Menelik II]], 1st class by Emperor Haile Selassie and the [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]], 1st class by the King of Belgium.

[[File:The British Mandate in Palestine 1917-1948 E31482.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant-General Sir Alan Cunningham, pictured at Lydda Airport in November 1945 on arriving to replace Field Marshal Lord Gort as High Commissioner of Palestine.]]
His success in East Africa led to Cunningham's appointment to form, train, and command the new [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]] in North Africa in August 1941.<ref name=lh/> The Eighth Army was to consist of two Corps, [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)]] was mainly infantry and was to be commanded by Lieutenant General Godwin-Austen, whom Cunningham had commanded in East Africa. [[XXX Corps (United Kingdom)|XXX Corps]] was to be armoured and commanded by Lieutenant General [[Vyvyan Pope]], the British armoured expert. However, Pope was killed with his staff in a plane crash on 6 October 1941 and he was replaced by the inexperienced cavalry officer Major General Charles [[Willoughby Norrie|Willoughby-Norrie]].<ref name=":0" />  Cunningham had to form and train the Eighth Army in time to lead General [[Claude Auchinleck|Sir Claude Auchinleck]]'s [[Operation Crusader|Libyan Desert offensive]] which under pressure from Churchill was due to begin in early November, but actually began on 18 November. It was called Operation Crusader.

Cunningham's offensive achieved complete surprise and the Axis were slow to react. This resulted in Willoughby-Norrie convincing Cunningham to amend the plan and allow him to strike for Tobruk. This resulted in the destruction of the British armour as it engaged the [[Afrika Korps]]  as brigades, rather than Cunningham's plan for a concentrated Eighth Army fighting what Pope had termed 'the Big Tank Battle'. due to the heavy losses, there was a chance that Rommel could break through to Egypt, and Cunningham sought strategic advice from Auchinleck to either continue the offensive or to defend and rebuild the tank formations. Auchinleck, who had access to secret Ultra intelligence, ordered Cunningham to continue and Cunningham issued orders that XIII Corps was to take up the offensive and relieve the [[Siege of Tobruk]].

On 25 November, the Axis counterattack into Egypt during Crusader had been repulsed, Cunningham was dismissed by Auchinleck.  His replacement was Auchinleck's deputy chief of the general staff, Major-General [[Neil Ritchie]], who was chosen due to his familiarity with the Operation Crusader plan. The day after Ritchie took over, XIII Corps relieved Tobruk as planned by Cunningham. Auchinleck had been content when he left Cunningham and it is likely that he was convinced by Air Marshal  [[Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder|Arthur Tedder]] to replace him during the flight back to Cairo. Auchinleck asked Cunningham to go into No. 64 Field Hospital for security reasons, asking him "to agree to being placed on the sick list and to go into hospital for a period. I know that this will be against all your instincts, and that you will hate doing it" and Cunningham agreed. However, he had no health issues apart from being tired after fighting for 9 days as he pointed out "like all the troops fighting in Libya".<ref name=":0" /> Once Cunningham was in hospital, Auchinleck wrote again to offer his "forgiveness in having inflicted this indignity on you … [I] know very well how you disliked having to pretend that you are sick, when you are not."<ref name=":0" /> Cunningham was then examined by a consultant Colonel Smallwood on the 29 November who wrote that he was "tired and showed signs of strain’ due to his ‘long and heavy responsibilities" which "had culminated in a period of about a week with practically no sleep", he concluded that,"since admission to hospital he has slept soundly each night… He is composed, and very alert and mentally active. There is no evidence of any “nervous breakdown.""<ref name=":0" /> However, whilst Cunningham was in isolated in hospital, the narrative of a nervous breakdown was spread and became the accepted story.

When he return to Britain in December 1941, Churchill refused to give him a role, stating that he was either sick or incompetent, but General Alan Brooke contended that he was neither. However, when [[Jan Smuts]] came to Britain the October 1942 he convinced Churchill that Cunningham should be given a role. Cunningham, who was now a Major General again, was appointed as the Commandant of the [[Staff College, Camberley]] (1942). In 1943 he was appointed as General Officer C-in-C in [[HQ Northern Ireland|Northern Ireland]] and promoted back to Lieutenant General. In this role he was heavily involved in preparing US troops for D Day and was awarded the  Legion of Merit Medal by the US Government for this work. Finally, in 1944 he was appointed as the General Officer C-in-C [[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|Eastern Command]] with the tasks of both training replacements for Europe and disbanding the Home Guard.<ref name=":0" /> During these later posts, Cunningham gave a number of important speeches about military leadership, and the eminent academic, Professor [[John Adair (author)]], has said of Cunningham words that it "puts him up with Montgomery and Slim as a thinker about leadership in the military context. He was unique, however, in lecturing on the subject actually during the Second World War, whereas they saved their thoughts until the post war years."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Dennis |title=Cunningham: On Leadership |url=https://www.army.mod.uk/media/13262/bar_180-summer-2021.pdf |journal=The British Army Review |volume=180,Spring/Summer 2021 |pages=104–111}}</ref>

==Post-war==

[[File:Cunningham grave, Dean Cemetery.JPG|thumb|General Sir Alan Cunningham's grave, [[Dean Cemetery]].]]
After the war, Cunningham, who was promoted to [[General officer|general]] on 30 October 1945, returned to the Middle East as [[High Commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan|High Commissioner]] of [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]; he served in the position from 1945 to 1948.<ref name=lh/> He was in charge of operations against the [[Hagana]], a Zionist militia, [[Irgun|Etzel]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] terrorists who in this period fought against the Mandate authorities and the Palestinian population, as well as Palestinian militias, with Arab armies poised to invade as soon as the British withdrew. Cunningham had retired from the army in October 1946 when he relinquished the role of Commander-in-Chief Palestine but retained the job of High Commissioner until 1948.<ref name=lh/> He was awarded a second knighthood for his duties and became a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]].

On return to Britain, Cunningham was offered the post of [[Black Rod]] at the Palace of Westminster, but declined it and retired from public life. He continued to serve, however, as the Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery until 1954, as a Deputy [[Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire]] from 1950, as the President of the Council of Governors at [[Cheltenham College]] from 1951 until 1963. Also, in 1954, he was asked to play a major role in the visit to Britain of Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref name=":0" />  On 5 April 1951, at the age of 61, he married Margery Snagge.

Cunningham died at the age of 95 in [[Royal Tunbridge Wells]], [[Kent]], England. He is buried with his father and mother under a simple monument near the [[Dean Gallery]] entrance to [[Dean Cemetery]] in [[Edinburgh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gravestonephotos.com/public/namedetails.php?grave=71721&forenames=Alan&surname=Cunningham|title=Alan Cunningham|publisher=Gravestones|access-date=20 June 2020}}</ref>

==Orders and decorations==
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (1948)<ref name=hh>{{cite web | last=Houterman | first=Hans | author2=Koppes, Jeroen | url=http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_C02.html |title=British Army Officers 1939–1945 (COAT to CUTT) | work=World War II unit histories and officers | access-date=27 August 2014 }}</ref>
* [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath]] (30 May 1941; [[Companion of The Most Honourable Order of the Bath|Companion]] 1941)<ref name=hh />
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (1918)<ref name=hh />
* [[Military Cross]] (1915)<ref name=hh />
* [[1914 Star]] with Clasp<ref name=hh />
* [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (1 January 1916, 18 May 1917 and 20 May 1918; 6 January 1944)<ref name=hh />
* [[British War Medal]]<ref name=hh />
* [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]<ref name=hh />
* [[Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar]], 1st class (28 October 1941)<ref name=hh />
* Commander of the [[Legion of Merit]] (United States, 1945)<ref name=hh />
* [[Order of the Crown (Belgium)|Order of the Crown]], 1st class (Belgium, 1950)<ref name=hh />
* [[Order of Menelik II]], 1st class (Ethiopia, 1954)<ref name=hh />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography ==
* {{cite book|first1=I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|first2=F. C.|last2=Flynn|first3=C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=T. P.|last4=Gleave|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J. R. M.|series=History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes Reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)|volume=III|location=London|publisher=Naval & Military Press|year=2004|orig-year=1960|isbn=978-1-84574-067-2}}
* {{cite book| first=Nick| last=Smart| title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War| isbn=1844150496| year=2005| location=Barnesley| publisher=Pen & Sword}}
* {{Cite book|first=Philip|last=Warner|title=Auchinleck: The Lonely Soldier|location=Barnsley|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|year=2006|orig-year=1981|isbn=978-1-844-15384-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Dennis|first=Vincent|title=The Forgotten General: Sir Alan Cunningham GCMG, KCB, DSO, MC|publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|year=2024|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYMXEQAAQBAJ|isbn=978-1398113992}}
*Dennis Vincent (2025). Chapter 2: Cunningham's Team on Operation Canvas: Superiors, Subordinates and Peers in ''The Second World War in East Africa, 1940-1941.'' Brill.  ISBN 978-90-04-71025-2

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_C02.html#Cunningham_AG British Army Officers 1939−1945]
* [https://generals.dk/general/Cunningham/Alan_Gordon/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]
*Presentation at the National Army Museum [https://vimeo.com/999159409?share=copy#t=0 The Forgotten General]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=New post}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[5th Anti-Aircraft Division (United Kingdom)|GOC 5th Anti-Aircraft Division]]|years=1938–1940}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Robert Allen (footballer)|Robert Allen]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Arthur Purser]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[66th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|GOC 66th Infantry Division]]|years=January–June 1940}}
{{s-non|reason=Post disbanded}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Edward Beck (British Army officer)|Edward Beck]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[9th (Highland) Infantry Division|GOC 9th (Highland) Infantry Division]]|years=June–August 1940}}
{{s-non|reason=Post redesignated 51st (Highland) Infantry Division}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=New post}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[51st (Highland) Division|GOC 51st (Highland) Infantry Division]]|years=August–October 1940}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Neil Ritchie]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Douglas Dickinson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[East Africa Command|GOC East Africa Force]]|years=1940–1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Harry Edward de Robillard Wetherall|Harry Wetherall]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=New post}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|GOC Eighth Army]]|years=September–November 1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Neil Ritchie]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Montagu Stopford]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Staff College, Camberley|Commandant of the Staff College, Camberley]]|years=1942–1943}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Douglas Wimberley]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Vivian Majendie]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Headquarters Northern Ireland|GOC British Army in Northern Ireland]]|years=1943–1944}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gerard Bucknall]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Sir Kenneth Anderson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Eastern Command (United Kingdom)|GOC-in-C Eastern Command]]|years=1944–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Oliver Leese|Sir Oliver Leese]]}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort]]}}
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[High Commissioners of Palestine|High Commissioner of Palestine]]<br />[[High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan]]|years=21 November 1945 – 14 May 1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chaim Weizmann]]<br />(As [[President of Israel]])}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David Ben-Gurion]]<br />(As [[Prime Minister of Israel]])}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High Commissioners of Palestine|High Commissioner of Palestine]]<br />[[High Commissioner for Trans-Jordan]]|years=21 November 1945 – 14 May 1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Knox Helm]]<br />(As [[List of ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Israel|British Ambassador to Israel]])}}
{{s-end}}{{British High Commissioners of Palestine}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cunningham, Alan}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:Burials at the Dean Cemetery]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:British Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:British high commissioners of Palestine]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Palestine Emergency]]
[[Category:British people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Commandants of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:People educated at Cheltenham College]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Military Cross]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Ethiopia]]