View source for Alan García

{{short description|President of Peru (1985–1990 and 2006–2011)}}
{{other people}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Alan García
| order               = 
| office              = 53rd and 57th [[President of Peru]]
| image               = Alan García presidente del Perú.jpg
| caption             = García in 2010
| predecessor         = [[Alejandro Toledo]]
| primeminister       = [[Jorge Del Castillo]]<br>[[Yehude Simon]]<br>[[Javier Velásquez]]<br>[[José Antonio Chang]]<br>[[Rosario Fernández]]
| successor           = [[Ollanta Humala]]
| vicepresident       = {{Small|'''1st Vice President'''}}<br>[[Luis Giampietri]]<br>{{Small|'''2nd Vice President'''}}<br>[[Lourdes Mendoza]]
| signature           = Alan García signature.svg
| office5             = [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|President of the Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| party               = [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|Peruvian Aprista]]
| predecessor1        = [[Fernando Belaúnde]]
| primeminister1      = [[Luis Alva Castro]]<br>[[Guillermo Larco Cox]]<br>[[Armando Villanueva]]<br>[[Luis Alberto Sánchez]]
| successor1          = [[Alberto Fujimori]]
| vicepresident1      = {{Small|'''1st Vice President'''}}<br>[[Luis Alberto Sánchez]]<br>{{Small|'''2nd Vice President'''}}<br>[[Luis Alva Castro]]
| office2             = [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Senator for Life]]<br>{{Small|as Former President of the Republic}}
| office3             = [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Member of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| constituency3       = [[Lima]]
| office4             = [[Constituent Assembly of Peru|Member of the Constituent Assembly]]
| birth_name          = Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1949|5|23|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Lima]], Peru
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2019|4|17|1949|5|23|df=y}}
| death_place         = Lima, Peru
| death_cause         = [[Suicide by gunshot]]
| otherparty          = [[Popular Alliance (Peru)|Popular Alliance]] {{Small|(2015–2016)}}
| spouse              = Carla Buscaglia (divorced)<br>{{Marriage|[[Pilar Nores de García|Pilar Nores]]|1978}}
| children            = 6<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/18/alan-garcia-obituary|title=Alan García obituary|date=18 April 2019|author=Nick Caistor|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419151928/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/18/alan-garcia-obituary|archive-date=19 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| alma_mater          = [[National University of San Marcos]] ([[LLB]])
| height              = 1.88 m<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alan García: El caudillo latinoamericano|trans-title=Alan García: The Latin American caudillo|url=https://www.uss.cl/derecho-ciencias-sociales/alan-garcia-caudillo-latinoamericano/|website=[[San Sebastián University]]|date=13 October 2015|access-date=29 August 2022|language=es|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829134101/https://www.uss.cl/derecho-ciencias-sociales/alan-garcia-caudillo-latinoamericano/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| term_start          = 28 July 2006
| term_end            = 28 July 2011
| term_start1         = 28 July 1985
| term_end1           = 28 July 1990
| term_start2         = 28 July 1990
| term_end2           = 5 April 1992
| term_start3         = 26 July 1980
| term_end3           = 26 July 1985
| term_start4         = 28 July 1978
| term_end4           = 13 July 1979
| term_start6         = 7 June 2004
| term_end6           = 17 April 2019
| predecessor6        = Position reestablished
| successor6          = [[César Trelles]]
| term_start7         = 15 July 1985
| term_end7           = 23 December 1988
| predecessor7        = Position established
| successor7          = Position abolished
| office8             = [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|General Secretary of the <br/> Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| term_start8         = 15 February 1992
| term_end8           = 23 December 1992
| predecessor8        = [[Luis Alva Castro]]
| successor8          = [[Agustín Mantilla]]
| term_start9         = 9 October 1982
| term_end9           = 15 July 1985
| predecessor9        = [[Fernando León de Vivero]]
| successor9          = [[Armando Villanueva]]
}}
{{Alan García series}}
'''Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez'''{{family name footnote|García|Pérez|lang=Spanish}} ({{IPA|es-419|ˈalaŋ ɡaβˈɾjel luðˈwiɣ ɣaɾˈsi.a ˈpeɾes|lang}}; 23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as [[President of Peru]] for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011.<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110202075344/http://english.aljazeera.net// García wins to become Peru president] [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]], 5 June 2006</ref> He was the second leader of the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA), and was its only member to have served as [[List of Presidents of Peru|President]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/|title=Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people|date=2 June 2010|website=[[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-04-18|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Mentored by the founder of the APRA, [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]], he served in the [[Constituent Assembly of Peru|Constituent Assembly of 1978–1979]]. Elected to the [[Peruvian Congress]] in [[1980 Peruvian general election|1980]], he rose to the position of General Secretary of the APRA in 1982, and was elected to the presidency in [[1985 Peruvian general election|1985]] in a landslide.

García's first presidential term was marked by a severe economic crisis, social unrest, corruption, and violence. At the conclusion of his first presidency, he was accused and investigated for corruption and [[illicit enrichment]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-195860|title=Alan García acusado de enriquecimiento ilícito|newspaper=El Tiempo|access-date=9 January 2022|df=dmy-all|date=1991-11-03}}</ref> In 1992, he filed for asylum following president [[Alberto Fujimori]]'s self-coup, and exiled himself with his family in Colombia and France for the next nine years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaeconomia.com/politica-sociedad/politica/el-dia-en-que-alan-garcia-se-asilo-en-colombia-tras-su-primera|title=El día en que Alan García se asiló en Colombia tras su primera administración|last=ELESPECTADOR|date=9 January 2021|website=americaeconomia.com|language=es|access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> In the aftermath of Fujimori's downfall, he made a political comeback as he ran for the presidency in [[2001 Peruvian general election|2001]], although he lost in the second round to [[Alejandro Toledo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2001/01/27/internacional/980635794.html|title=Alan García vuelve a Perú para iniciar la campaña presidencial|newspaper=El Mundo|access-date=9 January 2022|df=dmy-all|date=2001-01-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2001/06/04/internacional/991605604_850215.html|title=Toledo vence a García en las elecciones de Perú, según los primeros datos|last=Relea|first=Francisco|date=4 June 2001|website=El País|language=es|access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> In [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]], he was again elected to the presidency after defeating [[Ollanta Humala]], a feat considered an unexpected political resurrection  due to the failure of his first term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/americas/05lima.html|title=Ex-President Wins in Peru in Stunning Comeback|last=Alvarado|first=Iván|date=5 June 2006|website=The New York Times|language=en|access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>

Throughout García's second term, Peru experienced a steady economy, becoming the fastest growing country in [[Latin America]] in 2008, surpassing [[China]] in terms of rising GDP. The economic success of his presidency would be acclaimed as a triumph by world leaders, and poverty was reduced from 48% to 28% nationally.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2008/11/25/actualidad/1227567602_850215.html|title=Rusia añade con éxito a Perú en su estrategia para Latinoamérica|work=El País|date=24 November 2008|access-date=24 March 2021|first=Cordero|last=Jaime}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://rpp.pe/economia/economia/peru-logro-record-en-reduccion-de-pobreza-segun-presidente-garcia-noticia-297288|title=Perú logró récord en reducción de pobreza|work=Radio Programs del Perú|date=22 September 2010|access-date=24 March 2021|first=Redacción|last=RPP Noticias}}</ref> In addition, Peru signed [[free trade]] agreements with the United States and China during García's presidency, but accusations of corruption would persist throughout his term and beyond. He was succeeded by his former 2006 run-off rival [[Ollanta Humala]] in 2011. He withdrew from party politics after failing to advance to the second round of the [[2016 Peruvian general election|2016 general election]], placing fifth in his bid for a record third presidential term under the [[Popular Alliance (Peru)|Popular Alliance]] coalition between his party and the [[Christian People's Party (Peru)|Christian People's Party]], which included former rival [[Lourdes Flores]] as one of his running mates.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-05|title=They register the Electoral Alliance 'Popular Alliance' in the Registry of Political Organizations of the National Jury of Elections|url=https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/normaslegales/inscriben-a-la-alianza-electoral-alianza-popular-en-el-reg-resolucion-no-004-2016-dnropjne-1330546-1/|website=busquedas.elperuano.pe}}</ref> On 17 April 2019, García died from a self-inflicted gunshot to the head as police officers under a prosecutor's orders were preparing to arrest him over matters relating to the [[Operation Car Wash#Peru|Odebrecht scandal]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icij.org/investigations/bribery-division/bribery-division-what-is-odebrecht-who-is-involved/ |title=Bribery Division: What is Odebrecht? Who is Involved? |author1=Fergus Shiel |author2=Sasha Chavkin |date=25 June 2019 |publisher=International Consortium of nvestigative Journalists| access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

García is considered one of the most controversial yet talented politicians of Peru's history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/17/peru-alan-garcia-ex-president-shoots-himself-critical-condition|title=Alan García: former Peru president dies after shooting himself before arrest|work=The Guardian|date=17 April 2019|access-date=30 June 2020|first1=Tom|last1=Phillips|first2=Dan |last2=Collyns}}</ref> He was known as an immensely charismatic orator,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-garcia/perus-former-leader-garcias-political-life-at-risk-over-pardons-idUSBRE93H0YL20130418|title=Peru's former leader Garcia's political life at risk over pardons|work=Reuters|date=19 April 2013|access-date=30 June 2020|first=Marco|last=Aquino}}</ref> but nonetheless, a 2017 poll named García and his government as considered by Peruvians to be the most corrupt.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/86b707cd8b1a49d38d8bd44d8546d4fc|title=Encuesta: Gobierno de Alan García, el más corrupto de Perú|trans-title=Poll: Alan García's government, the most corrupt of Peru|agency=Associated Press|date=September 28, 2017|language=es}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in the Maison de Santé Clinic of the [[Barranco District]] into a middle-class family, García met his father for the first time when he was five due to his father's imprisonment at [[El Sexto Prison]] for being a member of the [[Peruvian Aprista Party]].<ref name=bioES>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/g/garcia_alan.htm|title=Biografia de Alan García|website=biografiasyvidas.com|access-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417191744/https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/g/garcia_alan.htm|archive-date=2019-04-17|url-status=live}}</ref> His mother founded the party's base in the [[Camaná Province]] of the [[Arequipa Region]]. From a very young age, he accompanied his father to party meetings and became acquainted with future leaders of the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA),<ref name=britbio>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Garcia|title=Alan Garcia {{!}} Biography & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100919/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alan-Garcia|archive-date=2018-11-29|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[Luis Alva Castro]] and [[Mercedes Cabanillas]]. At age 14, he was already an immensely talented [[orator]] when he first gave a speech in honour of party founder [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]], whom he admired and followed until his death.<ref name=bioES/>

García studied law, first at the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]] and later earning a bachelor's degree from the [[National University of San Marcos]] in 1971.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/elecciones/alan-garcia-hizo-llegar-tesis-bachiller-derecho-392305|title=Alan García nos hizo llegar su tesis de bachiller en Derecho|date=2016-02-11|website=El Comercio|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417190223/https://elcomercio.pe/politica/elecciones/alan-garcia-hizo-llegar-tesis-bachiller-derecho-392305|archive-date=2019-04-17|url-status=live|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> A year later, he left Peru for [[Spain]], where he pursued a doctoral degree in constitutional law under the guidance of [[Manuel Fraga]]. For years García claimed to have earned the degree;  in 2014, however, documents from the university proved he never finished the work for it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/se-resolvio-misterio-alan-garcia-no-doctor-noticia-1744876|title=Se resolvió el misterio: Alan García no es doctor|newspaper=El Comercio |date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206233656/http://elcomercio.pe/politica/actualidad/se-resolvio-misterio-alan-garcia-no-doctor-noticia-1744876|archive-date=6 December 2016|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1974, he moved to [[France]] with other members of the APRA to study at the [[Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3]] and the [[:fr:Institut des Hautes Etudes de l´Amérique latine|Institut des Hautes Etudes de l´Amérique latine]] (IHEAL).<ref name=bioES/> After earning a diploma in [[sociology]] from IHEAL, he was called by [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]] to come back to Peru in order to run for the [[1978 Peruvian Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly election in 1978]]. García was elected a Member of the Assembly, where he impressed his colleagues with his oratory and skillful [[rhetoric]].<ref name=bioES/> As APRA's Secretary of Organization, he was assigned to conduct the party's public affairs in the wake of Haya de la Torre's death in 1979.<ref name=britbio/>

From his first marriage, García had one daughter, [[Carla García|Carla]], who is also active in Peruvian politics since 2014.<ref name=pilarsepa>{{cite web|last=Tapia C.|first=Alejandro|url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/hija-de-alan-garcia-irrumpe-con-programa-politico-en-peru/|title=Daughter of Alan García bursts with political program in Peru|publisher=La Tercera|language=es|date=21 June 2014|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417155339/https://www.latercera.com/noticia/hija-de-alan-garcia-irrumpe-con-programa-politico-en-peru/|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With his second wife Pilar Nores, from whom he separated in 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://peru.com/2012/08/13/actualidad/mi-ciudad/alan-garcia-sobre-pilar-nores-aun-no-estoy-divorciado-solo-separado-video-noticia-80551|title=Alan García sobre Pilar Nores: Aún no estoy divorciado, solo separado|language=es|date=13 August 2012|access-date=17 April 2019|website=peru.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212075753/https://peru.com/2012/08/13/actualidad/mi-ciudad/alan-garcia-sobre-pilar-nores-aun-no-estoy-divorciado-solo-separado-video-noticia-80551|archive-date=12 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> García had four children.<ref name=pilarsepa /> He also had another child from an [[Extramarital sex|extramarital]] affair with economist Roxanne Cheesman.<ref name=pilarsepa/>

Already recognized as a young leader with a bright future in the country, he was elected to [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]] in 1980.<ref name=britbio/> Two years later, he was elected General Secretary of the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|Peruvian Aprista Party]]. He was elected to serve as president of the Republic in the [[1985 Peruvian general election|1985 general elections]].<ref name=britbio/>

==First presidency (1985–1990)==
{{see also|First presidency of Alan García}}
García won the presidential election on 14 April 1985 with 45% of the votes. Since he did not receive the 50% of the votes required for a first-round victory, a run-off was scheduled between him and [[Alfonso Barrantes Lingán|Alfonso Barrantes]] (the former mayor of Lima) of the [[United Left (Peru)|United Left]] party. Barrantes, however, withdrew and decided not to enter the run-off, saying he did not want to prolong the country's political uncertainty. García was thus declared President on 1 June and officially took power on 28 July 1985. For the first time in its sixty-year history, the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] party came to power in Peru. Aged 36, García was dubbed "[[Latin America]]'s [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]", becoming the region's youngest president at the time,<ref name=britbio/> and the second youngest president in Peruvian history (the youngest was [[Juan Crisostomo Torrico]] in 1842, aged 34).
[[File:Felipe González recibe al presidente de Perú. Pool Moncloa. 30 de enero de 1987.jpeg|thumb|left|Alan García and Spanish Prime Minister [[Felipe González]] at [[Palace of Moncloa|Moncloa Palace]], January 1987.]]
His economic policy was based on APRA's initial anti-imperialist values with García distancing Peru from international markets, resulting in lower investment in the country.<ref name=":1" /> Despite his initial popularity among voters, García's term in office was marked by bouts of [[hyperinflation]], which reached 7,649% in 1990<ref name=britbio/> and had a cumulative total of 2,200,200% over the five years, which destabilized the Peruvian economy. Foreign debt under García's administration increased to $19 billion by 1989.<ref name=":1" /> Owing to this [[chronic inflation]], the Peruvian currency, the [[Peruvian sol (1863–1985)|sol]], was replaced by the [[Peruvian inti|inti]] in February 1985 (before his presidency began), which itself was replaced by the [[Peruvian nuevo sol|nuevo sol]] ("new sun") in July 1991, at which time the new sol had a cumulative value of one billion (1,000,000,000) old soles.

According to studies by the [[INEI|National Institute of Statistics and Informatics]] and the [[United Nations Development Programme]],<ref>[http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm Perú] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050411234724/http://www.yachay.com.pe/especiales/internet/index1.htm |date=2005-04-11 }}, Atlas Internet ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])</ref> around the start of his presidency, 41.6% of Peruvians lived in poverty. During his presidency, this percentage increased by 13% (to 55%) in 1991. García also made an attempt to [[nationalization|nationalise]] the banking and insurance industries. The [[International Monetary Fund]] and the financial community recoiled after García's administration unilaterally declared a limit on debt repayment equal to 10% of the [[Gross National Product]], thereby isolating Peru from international financial markets.

His presidency was marked by corruption and world-record hyperinflation with the annual rate exceeding 13,000 percent per year. The administration devastated the local economy as well as all governmental institutions. Hunger, corruption, injustice, abuse of power, partisan elitism, and social unrest raised to dramatic levels spreading throughout the whole nation due to García's misdeeds and incompetence, spurring terrorism. The economic turbulence exacerbated social tensions and contributed in great part to the rise of the violent [[Maoist]] rebel movement known as the [[Shining Path]], which launched the [[internal conflict in Peru]] and began attacking electrical towers, causing a number of blackouts in Lima. The period also saw the emergence of the [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] (MRTA).<ref>[[BBC News]].  "Peru Guerrilla Leader Convicted." 22 March 2006.  [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4832034.stm Available online] . Retrieved 3 February 2007.</ref> The García administration unsuccessfully sought a military solution to the growing terrorism, allegedly committing human rights violations, which are still under investigation. These include the [[Accomarca massacre]], where 47 [[Peasant|campesinos]] were gunned down by armed forces in August 1985;<ref name="ipsnews">{{cite web|title=IPS News |url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35141 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212144427/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35141 |archive-date=2012-02-12 }}</ref> the [[Cayara massacre]] (May 1988), in which some thirty people were killed and dozens disappeared;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr46%2f015%2f1994&language=en|title=The Cayara Massacre: The Cover-Up|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417222527/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/document/?indexNumber=amr46%2f015%2f1994&language=en|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Peruvian prison massacres|the summary execution of more than 200 inmates]] during prison riots in Lurigancho, San Juan Bautista ([[El Frontón]]) and Santa Bárbara in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20VII/Casos%20Ilustrativos-UIE/2.67.FRONTON%20Y%20LURIGANCHO.pdf|title=The extrajudicial executions of "PENAL DE EL FRONTÓN" and "PENAL DE LURIGANCHO" (1986)|website=cverdad.org.pe|access-date=17 April 2019|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210042149/http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20VII/Casos%20Ilustrativos-UIE/2.67.FRONTON%20Y%20LURIGANCHO.pdf|archive-date=10 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=HRW>{{cite web |title=World Prison Massacres |url=https://www.hrw.org/advocacy/prisons/killings.htm |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206022018/http://www.hrw.org/advocacy/prisons/killings.htm |archive-date=February 6, 2008 }}</ref> According to an official inquiry, an estimated 1,600 [[forced disappearance]]s took place during García's presidency. His own personal involvement in these events is not clear. García was allegedly{{By whom|date=January 2020}} tied to the paramilitary [[Rodrigo Franco Command]], which is accused of carrying out political murders in Peru during García's presidency. A U.S. [[classified information|declassified]] report, written in late 1987, said that García's party, APRA, and top government officials were running a [[paramilitary]] group, responsible for the attempted bombing of the ''[[El Diario (Peru)|El Diario]]'' newspaper, then linked to Shining Path, had sent people to train in [[North Korea]] and may have been involved in executions.<ref name=Ko>[[Lucy Komisar]], [http://thekomisarscoop.com/2007/12/05/peru-us-govt-document-links-garcia-to-1980s-death-squads/ Peru: US Gov’t Document Links García to 1980s Death Squads] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704060626/http://thekomisarscoop.com/2007/12/05/peru-us-govt-document-links-garcia-to-1980s-death-squads/ |date=2008-07-04 }}, [[Inter Press Service]], 5 December 2007.</ref> According to investigative journalist [[Lucy Komisar]], the report made it clear that it believed García had given the orders.<ref name=Ko/>

Alan García's historical economic failures were used by economists [[Rudi Dornbusch]] and [[Sebastian Edwards]] to coin the term [[macroeconomic populism]].<ref name="paper">{{cite journal |title=Macroeconomic Populism |first1=Rudiger |last1=Dornbusch |first2=Sebastian |last2=Edwards |journal=[[Journal of Development Economics]] |volume=32 |issue=2 |year=1990 |pages=247–277 |doi=10.1016/0304-3878(90)90038-D }}</ref> Because of García's unpopularity by the end of his first term, at García's farewell speech on 28 July 1990, he was booed by the entire opposition forces and was almost prevented from speaking. The opposition force would slam their folders in their desks to interrupt García. Some opposition members even left the congress. The anecdotical event was televised. 

Later that same day, the board of the Chamber of Deputies requested the creation of a special committee to investigate García's presidency, accusing him of massive corruption and illicit enrichment. The committee attacked García with numerous proven accusations involving embezzlement, misappropriation and bribery, based -among other trustworthy sources- on a U.S. congressional investigation that linked García with the [[Bank of Credit and Commerce International|BCCI]] scandal and had found millions of illicitly-obtained dollars in BCCI as well as other banks. 

In 1991, New York District Attorney [[Robert Morgenthau]] charged García officially. Later in 1992, then-U.S. Senator [[John Kerry]] presided over the BCCI scandal report,<ref>{{cite web |title=The BCCI Affair |date=December 1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheBCCIAffair |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> which concluded García was not only guilty of corruption, but directly involved in an international racketeering network with activities that included drug and arms trafficking. Finally, the [[Supreme Court of Peru|Peruvian Supreme Court]] declared null all the probes and constitutional accusations gathered against García, allowing him to return to Peru after a 9-year self-imposed exile.

==Exile==
On 5 April 1992, [[Alberto Fujimori]] conducted a [[1992 Peruvian coup d'état|self-coup]], through which he dissolved the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Peruvian Congress]] unconstitutionally and intervened in the Judiciary and other public institutions. Due to these actions, various politicians were persecuted and prevented from leaving their homes. García had been serving as [[Senator for life]] since 1990, although he was unable to perform his duty due to the accusations of the Chamber of Deputies.  On 18 October 1991, the Senate debated the proposal made by the lower house to indict García for alleged crimes of illicit enrichment and against the public faith, allegedly committed when he was performing public functions. The full Senate decided to suspend former President Alan García from the exercise of his functions as senator for life and put him on trial for alleged illicit enrichment during his presidential term with 38 votes in favor and 17 against.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Comas|first=José|date=1991-10-19|title=El Senado peruano levanta la inmunidad de Alan García|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1991/10/20/internacional/687913208_850215.html|access-date=2021-05-26|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> He was able to return to the Senate in March 1992, after the [[Supreme Court of Peru|Supreme Court]] dropped all constitutional charges against him. According to [[Jorge Del Castillo]] in 2008, Alberto Fujimori ordered [[Vladimiro Montesinos]] to capture and assassinate García on the day of the coup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/elmundo/4-97704-2008-01-19.html|title = Página/12 :: El mundo :: "Fujimori mandó a matar a Alan García"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/3194456/afirman-que-gobierno-de-fujimori-quiso-asesinar-a-alan-garc237a|title = Afirman que gobierno de Fujimori quiso asesinar a Alan Garc&#237a|date = 19 January 2008}}</ref> According to his own testimony, García escaped his home while military tanks took over the bloc where he lived.

After weeks of hiding in a construction site, he was able to enter the [[List of diplomatic missions of Colombia|residence of the Colombian Ambassador]] at the end of May, where he requested political asylum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/noticia/325537.afirman-que-fujimori-quiso-asesinar-a-alan-garcia.html|title = Afirman que Fujimori quiso asesinar a Alan García| date=18 January 2008 }}</ref> The request was granted on 1 June, by the government of President [[César Gaviria]]. The former president left Peru through a pass that allowed him to board a [[Colombian Air Force]] jet that transferred him to [[Bogotá]], along with then congressman [[Jorge Del Castillo]].
García arrived at Catam military airport and in statements to the press promised to fight against the dictatorship of Alberto Fujimori.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/04/internacional/707608813_850215.html|title=Alan García promete luchar contra la dictadura peruana desde su exilio en Colombia|first=Pilar|last=Lozano|date=June 3, 1992|work=El País}}</ref> The regime opened judicial processes to investigate illicit enrichment and for various accusations of corruption; after that, the extradition of García was requested from the Colombian government, which was denied.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-30774|title=ALAN GARCÍA NO SERÁ EXTRADITADO|first=Casa Editorial El|last=Tiempo|date=February 2, 1993|website=El Tiempo}}</ref>

In 1994, the Human Rights Commission of the [[Organization of American States]] denounced the Fujimori government for violation of the rights to liberty, security and due defense of Alan García and asked the Peruvian government to nullify the processes initiated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1994/05/29/internacional/770162402_850215.html|title=La OEA denuncia al Gobierno peruano por su persecución de Alan García|date=May 28, 1994|work=El País}}</ref>

In April 1995, Congress lifted Alan García's parliamentary immunity in response to accusations of him having received bribes from the Italian consortium Tralima for the construction of the [[Lima Metro]]. Based on this, the Civil Sector of the [[Supreme Court of Peru|Supreme Court]] once again made a request to the Government of Colombia for García's extradition, which was denied because García went to live in [[Paris]] for the rest of his exile.

During the years between 1993 and 2001, Alan García did not actively participate in Peruvian politics, except in the publication of some works on his first presidency, and a literary work entitled "El Mundo de Maquiavelo" (The World of [[Niccolò Machiavelli|Machiavelli]]). He continued denouncing the human rights violations committed by the Fujimori administration. On rare occasions, Alan García appeared on Peruvian television and radio from Bogotá, Colombia.

In 2001, the Supreme Court declared the allegations that were imputed to him at the end of his first term had been annulled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1125214.stm |title=Peru court lifts Garcia corruption charge |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 January 2001 |publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

== Return to politics ==

=== 2001 Peruvian national election ===
Alan García returned to Lima on January 27, 2001, at 5:35pm. His return caused so much anticipation that a huge crowd of supporters was waiting for him at the airport chanting his name and showing support with hundreds of signs with the words "ALAN VUELVE". That same day at 8:30pm a rally was called in the Plaza San Martin de Lima where Garcia gave a speech in front of a large crowd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/330429-ante-multitud-en-la-plaza-san-martin-planteo-acabar-con-modelo-neoliberal-impuesto-por-el-fujimo/|title=Ante multitud en la Plaza San Martín planteó acabar con modelo neoliberal impuesto por el fujimo|date=27 January 2001}}</ref> Some say{{Who|date=August 2020}} there were around 20,000 people that night. Garcia ran for president in the new elections called by the interim president [[Valentín Paniagua]], and in a 60-day election campaign he finished in second place in the first round behind [[Alejandro Toledo]], qualifying him for the second round. Toledo's popularity remained stable, while Garcia's popularity was based on his innovative proposals on the issue of the agrarian bank,{{Explain|date=August 2020|reason=Need to at least explain what "the issue of the agrarian bank" was.}} not continuing with a [[neoliberal]] model, etc. However, it was not enough to acquire more endorsements and support from Peruvian voters and Alejandro Toledo won the general elections in the second round with 53.1% of the vote against Garcia's 46.9%. After the [[2001 Peruvian general election|2001 election]], Garcia, as leader of the APRA party, became Leader of the Opposition.<ref name = britbio />

=== 2006 Peruvian national election ===
[[Image:Peru 2006 2nd Rnd.png|right|200px|thumb|Geographic distribution of second-round votes in the 2006 election, by winning candidate.<br /> {{legend|#C80000|Alan García, >2/3 of valid votes}}
{{legend|#FF6464|Alan García, <2/3 of valid votes}}
{{legend|#0050CD|Ollanta Humala, >2/3}}
{{legend|#5AAFFF|Ollanta Humala, <2/3}}]]

García officially started his campaign for the [[2006 Peruvian general election|April 2006 presidential election]] in Lima on 20 April 2005. [[Ollanta Humala]] won the first round with 32.50% of the valid votes, followed by García, who got 24.32% (against [[Lourdes Flores]]' 23.81%). As no candidate won a majority, a run-off election was held on 4 June 2006 between Humala and García. Preliminary official results gave García an advantage over his run-off opponent, who conceded defeat.<ref name=britbio/>

On 28 April 2006, prior to the run-off, García had become involved in a dispute with [[Venezuela]]n President [[Hugo Chávez]]. For the second time in Peruvian presidential election, Chávez declared his support for Ollanta Humala, García's opponent, and referred to García as a "robber", a "bandit", and "the [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] of Peru". In response, García stated that Chávez was "not acting as a statesman" and challenged Chávez to a debate to be hosted by [[CNN]]. García called on the [[Organization of American States]] to intervene in the matter.<ref>{{lang|es|[http://www.eluniversal.com/2006/04/28/pol_ava_28A700911.shtml García reta a Chávez a polemizar por CNN]}}, ''[[El Universal (Caracas)|El Universal]]'', 28 April 2006 ([[Spanish language|Spanish]])</ref><ref>[http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/026151.php Alan García in Dispute with Hugo Chávez] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504183346/http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/026151.php |date=2006-05-04 }}, [[University of British Columbia]]—Peru Elections 2006, 28 April 2006</ref>

On 31 May 2006, a few days before the run-off election, García's economic adviser Enrique Cornejo told the media that if García won in the second round, his government would renew a US$422&nbsp;million aid package with the [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=aamnzC.ydw6g "Peru's García Pledges to Renew IMF Loan Agreement (Update2)"], [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]], 31 May 2006</ref> [[Anoop Singh (economist)|Anoop Singh]], the IMF's Western Hemisphere Director, responded positively by saying he was "impressed by the vision of the president-elected for Peru, especially his commitment to applying prudent economic policy."<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2006 |title=IMF says "impressed" with Peru's Garcia's vision |work=[[Reuters]] |url=http://today.reuters.com/investing/FinanceArticle.aspx?type=bondsNews&storyID=2006-06-14T173726Z_01_N14243851_RTRIDST_0_ECONOMY-PERU-IMF-URGENT.XML |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712194130/http://today.reuters.com/investing/FinanceArticle.aspx?type=bondsNews&storyID=2006-06-14T173726Z_01_N14243851_RTRIDST_0_ECONOMY-PERU-IMF-URGENT.XML |archive-date=July 12, 2006}}</ref>

==Second presidency (2006–2011)==
{{see also|Second presidency of Alan García}}
[[Image:Garciaalan09112006-1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Alan García in Brasilia right after winning his second presidency.]]
On 28 July 2006, García was sworn in as president, after winning approximately 53% of the nationwide vote in the elections held on 4 June against [[Ollanta Humala]].<ref name=britbio/> He would spend the majority of his second term attempting to improve his reputation compared to his first term.<ref name=":1" />

He won in the capital city, Lima, and the northern coast, a geographical base of the APRA party, but lost in the southern region (mostly impoverished but including major cities such as [[Cuzco]] and [[Arequipa]]) and the [[rainforest]] areas, considered Humala's strongholds. A third of the voters said that voting for him was "voting for the lesser of two evils": although many Peruvians had a very negative impression of García after his first term, they were frightened by rumours that Humala would create a government based on [[Fidel Castro]]'s [[Cuba]] and would turn [[Hugo Chávez]], President of Venezuela, into the virtual ruler of Peru, due to Chavez's patronage of Humala's party. These fears were accompanied by declarations of militarization, the re-introduction of the death penalty and criminalization and disrespect for LGBT communities. Humala denied these rumours, but his conflicting statements about his government's vision and Chávez's strong campaigning for him created enough suspicions among voters to cost him the [[Two-round system|ballotage]]. With 36 seats, APRA was the second largest bloc in the 120-seat unicameral [[Congress of Peru|Congress]] which was sworn in a couple of days before the President. With 45 seats, Humala's [[Union for Peru]] Party, although divided into three factions, was the largest bloc.<ref>[http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/027538.php Exit Poll Results: Alan García in First Place] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618131022/http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/027538.php |date=2006-06-18 }} [[University of British Columbia]] profile of the 2006 Peruvian election. 4 June 2006.</ref>

On 28 June, one month before García was sworn in, his party provided 25 of the 79 votes, nearly a third, ratifying the [[Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement]] in the [[Peruvian Congress]]. This was a month prior to the new legislature that would include the Union for Peru congressmen, who opposed the agreement with the USA. The [[U.S. Congress]] ratified the agreement on 4  December 2007; it came into effect on 1 February 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1573.pdf |title= Presidential Proclamation 8341—To Implement The United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement And for Other Purposes |access-date= 2019-04-17 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120214170911/http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/2009/pdf/E9-1573.pdf |archive-date= 2012-02-14 |url-status= live }}, published at 74 FR 4105, 22 January 2009.</ref>

In his first speech as president, García declared he would appoint a Finance Minister who was neither "an orthodox market liberal" nor a person "excessively in favour of state intervention in the economy". The position of prime minister was given to [[Jorge Del Castillo]]. According to the [[BBC]], in private interviews García had stated his interest in a possible future trade agreement with Brazil, and considered himself "an admirer" of Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula da Silva]].<ref name=BBC>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_5053000/5053786.stm "García desestima roces con Chávez"] , 6 June 2006 ''BBC Mundo''.</ref>

In press conferences with the foreign press, García acknowledged that the support Humala received in the election "could not be ignored". García, in a recognition of future domestic politics with a UPP-controlled Congress, was quoted as saying "Mr. Humala is an important political figure, and a President should consult with different political factions".<ref name=BBC/> However, Humala said he wouldn't salute the winner personally, adding that "he and his party will constitute the principal opposition bloc, not to fight Mr. García, but to defend the interests of the State and watch the government".<ref>[http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionImpresa/Html/2006-06-08/ImpPortada0519174.html "Humala says he won't give García truce"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623074116/http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionImpresa/Html/2006-06-08/ImpPortada0519174.html |date=2006-06-23 }}, [[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]], 8 June 2006.</ref>

[[Image:Alan Garcia with G.W. Bush.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Alan García and [[George W. Bush]] at the [[White House]] in October 2006.]]
President Chávez of Venezuela responded to García's comments on his show ''[[Aló Presidente]]'' by stating that it was García who owed him an apology, saying: "the only way relations between the two countries can be restored is if Peru's elected President [García] gives an explanation and offers an apology to the Venezuelan people. He started throwing stones". Chávez questioned the legitimacy of the election, citing 1.2 million invalid ballots and a margin of victory of 600,000 votes, although offering no evidence for his comments.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=auW9d5zYWIf8&refer=latin_america "Peru President-Elect García Owes Venezuela Apology, Chavez Says"], 11 June 2006, ''[[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg]]''</ref> García, invited to meet Brazilian president Lula da Silva, responded to Chávez: "Accept your defeat in silence. Don't ask me to apologize for something arising from interference and remarks that are unacceptable under international law."<ref>[http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=winterOlympics&storyID=2006-06-13T204316Z_01_N13404272_RTRUKOC_0_US-PERU-GARCIA-VENEZUELA.xml "Peru's García refuses to apologize to Chavez"]{{dead link|date=July 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, 13 June 2006. [[Reuters]]</ref> Differences with Chávez were left behind after the two ended their dispute at the second [[South American Community of Nations]] Summit.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/america/LA_GEN_Peru_Making_Friends.php "Peru's García cozies up to Ecuador, Venezuela"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221071249/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/10/america/LA_GEN_Peru_Making_Friends.php |date=2006-12-21 }}, December 9, 2006 ''[[International Herald Tribune]]''</ref><ref>[http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2837 "García and Hugo Chavez set differences aside"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319200956/http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2837 |date=2007-03-19 }}, 9 December 2006. ''Living in Peru''</ref>

On 20 July 2006, García named [[Luis Carranza]], a former executive at [[Spain]]-based [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria]] and Central Bank director and deputy finance chief from August 2004 to August 2005 in [[Alejandro Toledo]]'s government, as finance minister. The appointment was welcomed by some critics of García's fiscal policies during his first administration. However, Mario Huamán Rivera, the President of the [[Confederación General de Trabajadores del Perú]] (General Workers Confederation of Peru), the country's largest [[trade union]], attacked the appointment, stating that "it looks as though Alan García is not going to fulfill his promise to change economic policy".<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=a9ekLgWB7qoI&refer=latin_america "García Names Carranza Peru's Next Finance Minister"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930070409/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=a9ekLgWB7qoI&refer=latin_america |date=2007-09-30 }}, 20 July 2006. ''[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]''</ref><ref>Hal Weitzman, [https://www.ft.com/content/1b7eb492-191f-11db-b02f-0000779e2340 "García's choice of finance minister cheered"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312211909/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/1b7eb492-191f-11db-b02f-0000779e2340.html |date=2007-03-12 }}, 22 July 2006. ''[[Financial Times]]''</ref>

On the day before his inauguration, García formally named his cabinet, including former Secretary-General of the APRA party and re-elected Congressman [[Jorge del Castillo]] as prime minister, Luis Carranza as minister of finance and economy, and [[José Antonio García Belaúnde]] as foreign affairs minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plenglish.com/article.asp?ID=%7B86307643-394F-4096-B318-E03BCCB9351E%7D&language=EN|title=Noticias de Prensa Latina|date=2016-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310185105/http://www.prensa-latina.cu/|archive-date=2016-03-10|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-03-23}}</ref> García was inaugurated as president on 28 July 2006.<ref>Tyler Bridges, [http://www.miami.com/mld/miamiherald/15147459.htm "Alan García inaugurated as president of Peru"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 28 July 2006. ''[[The Miami Herald]]''</ref>

During his campaign, García had declared that he supported the [[death penalty]] for rapists of minors;<ref>[http://www.lostiempos.com/noticias/21-09-06/21_09_06_inter3.php "Alan García envía al Congreso propuesta para pena de muerte"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093326/http://www.lostiempos.com/noticias/21-09-06/21_09_06_inter3.php |date=2007-09-28 }}, 21 September 2006. ''[[Los Tiempos]]''</ref> he reiterated this stance while in office, pushing a law on the issue, which would modify the criminal code.<ref>Cecilia Rosales Ferreyros, [http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionImpresa/Html/2006-08-09/ImEcPolitica0555518.html "García plantea volver a aplicar pena de muerte"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319033107/http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionImpresa/Html/2006-08-09/ImEcPolitica0555518.html |date=2007-03-19 }}, 9 August 2006. ''[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]''</ref> Although the issue seemed to be stalled, García widened the range of his proposal for the death penalty by including terrorists in the list of those who could receive it.<ref>[http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2666 "Peru's President in favor of death penalty for terrorists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172814/http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2666 |date=2007-09-27 }}, 2 November 2006 ''Living In Peru''</ref><ref>[http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionImpresa/Html/2006-11-02/ImEcPolitica0607142.html "Alan García: guerra avisada, señores, no mata gente"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318103121/http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionImpresa/Html/2006-11-02/ImEcPolitica0607142.html |date=2007-03-18 }}, 2 November 2006 ''[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]''</ref>

García faced his first major political defeat of his second term in office on 11 January 2007, when his proposal to introduce the death penalty as a punishment for captured [[Shining Path]] rebels was rejected by the [[Congress of Peru|congress]] in a vote of 49 to 26. García had promised to introduce the death penalty for Shining Path rebels during the [[2006 Peruvian national election|2006 Presidential election]]. Following the defeat of the proposal, he suggested a national referendum on the issue, but it was blocked by Congress. Legislators who voted against the bill stated that it would be a breach of the [[American Convention on Human Rights]], to which Peru is a signatory. Approximately 3,000 supporters of the proposal marched in Lima, holding up photos of victims of attacks by the Shining Path.<ref>[https://archive.today/20070528033610/http://www.elcomercioperu.com.pe/EdicionOnline/Html/2007-01-19/onEcPortada0654596.html "Presidente García insiste en aplicar la pena de muerte"], 19 January 2007 ''[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]]''</ref>
[[File:Conmemoración 189 aniversario independencia nacional 3.jpg|thumb|The 189th [[Fiestas Patrias (Peru)|anniversary of Peru's independence]] from Spain in July 2010]]
On 5 June 2009, García ordered police and military forces to stop Amazonian indigenous protesters from blocking roads in the [[Bagua Province|Bagua]] region. They had been demonstrating against the signing by Alan García of special decrees that allowed foreign corporations to enter Indigenous lands for oil drilling, mining and logging. As a result of the protests and armed military incursion, more than 100 native civilians<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-08/up-to-100-dead-in-amazon-clashes-activist/1707648?section=world|title=Up to 100 dead in Amazon clashes: activist|newspaper=ABC News|date=8 June 2009|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503215019/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-06-08/up-to-100-dead-in-amazon-clashes-activist/1707648?section=world|archive-date=3 May 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and 14 policemen were killed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8093729.stm|title=Peru polarised after deadly clashes|date=10 June 2009|access-date=10 March 2018|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201108/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8093729.stm|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The government claimed, in a redacted television commercial, that several policemen were killed after being taken prisoner,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/world/americas/12peru.html|title=Protesters Gird for Long Fight Over Opening Peru's Amazon|first=Simon|last=Romero|date=11 June 2009|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021750/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/world/americas/12peru.html|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> while protesters claimed the bodies of the murdered [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Native Amazonians]] had been dumped into the river.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/0330-avatar-director-james-cameron-returns-from-a-visit-to-belo-monte-dam-site-on-the-xingu-river|title=Avatar Director James Cameron Returns from a Visit to Belo Monte Dam Site on the Xingu River|website=Amazon Watch|date=30 March 2010|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201647/https://amazonwatch.org/news/2010/0330-avatar-director-james-cameron-returns-from-a-visit-to-belo-monte-dam-site-on-the-xingu-river|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/8/peruvian_police_accused_of_massacring_indigenous|title=Peruvian Police Accused of Massacring Indigenous Protesters in Amazon Jungle|website=[[Democracy Now!]] |access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311021927/https://www.democracynow.org/2009/6/8/peruvian_police_accused_of_massacring_indigenous|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

With the passage of time, studies of human rights violations in Peru have discovered a close relationship between García and forces within Peru who promote impunity for human rights violators, through his involvement in appointing judges who would be sympathetic to perpetrators of human rights violations.  García was also supportive of efforts to punish judges who handed down indictments of perpetrators.  García himself was in the presidency during many gross violations of human rights and was quite hostile to [[human rights organizations]] and to judicial actors who sought justice for victims of human rights violations.  During his presidency, García sought to tilt the legal playing field in favour of the military and against victims.  He also tried to make life difficult for [[NGO]]s seeking to help victims: he offered extensive resources to defendants and military officers, while creating new laws that would make it difficult for human rights NGOs to do their jobs, receive necessary resources, and pursue the advancement of judicial action that attempted to bring human rights violators to justice.<ref>Ezequiel A. Gonzalez-Ocantos, 'Shifting Legal Visions:  Judicial Change and Human Rights Trials in Latin America, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, 2016, Chap 4 esp pp 169-172.
</ref>

===Foreign affairs===
[[Image:Dmitry Medvedev in Peru 24-25 November 2008-7.jpg|thumb|García with [[President of Russia]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in Lima on 24 November 2008]] 
[[Image:PRESIDENTES DEL PERÚ Y ESTADOS UNIDOS DURANTE RECIENTE ENCUENTRO (4669636543).jpg|thumb|García with [[President of the United States]] [[Barack Obama]] in Washington, D.C., on 1 June 2010]]
[[File:Leaders of TPP member states.jpg|thumb|Leaders of the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]] member states in 2010]]
After being elected, in the months prior to his inauguration, García sought to heal Peru's relationship with [[Chile]], strained by the differences between the governments of [[Alejandro Toledo]] and [[Ricardo Lagos]] and severely impaired by former President [[Alberto Fujimori]]'s extradition affair.<ref>"Will Chile send Aparicio to Peru?", 5 January 2006. ''[[The Economist]]''</ref> García's intentions were well received by [[Michelle Bachelet]], President of Chile, as she and García met and struck some preliminary agreements.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_5108000/5108534.stm "Alan García se reunió con Bachelet"] , 23 June 2006. (''[[BBC]]'').</ref><ref>Noriega, Carlos [http://www.pagina12.com.ar/imprimir/diario/elmundo/4-68933-2006-06-24.html "Del odio al amor hay sólo un paso"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225505/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/imprimir/diario/elmundo/4-68933-2006-06-24.html |date=2007-09-26 }}, 24 June 2006. ''[[Página 12]]''</ref> These conversations eventually led to the final draft of a landmark economic agreement with Chile a month after García was sworn in.<ref>[http://www.direcon.cl/documentos/peru/Agosto22-TLC_Chile_Peru%20_firma_.pdf "Chile y Perú firman primer TLC entre países sudamericanos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061113215451/http://www.direcon.cl/documentos/peru/Agosto22-TLC_Chile_Peru%20_firma_.pdf |date=2006-11-13 }}, 22 August 2006. ''Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile''</ref><ref>[http://www.laultima.com/noticia.php?id=18020&seccion=Econom%C3%ADa&idcategoria=3 "Perú y Chile suscriben un 'histórico' acuerdo comercial"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070625163444/http://www.laultima.com/noticia.php?id=18020&seccion=Economía&idcategoria=3 |date=2007-06-25 }}, 24 August 2006. ''La Última''</ref>

On 9 November 2006, three months after being inaugurated, García signed 12 commercial agreements with President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] of [[Brazil]],<ref>[http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2704 "García: Peru and Brazil trust in the power of its people"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172837/http://www.livinginperu.com/news/2704 |date=2007-09-27 }} 9 November 2006 ''Living in Peru''</ref><ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/200611/10/eng20061110_320276.html "Brazil, Peru sign 12 cooperation agreements"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203071958/http://english.people.com.cn/200611/10/eng20061110_320276.html |date=2008-12-03 }}. 10 November 2006. ''People's Daily''.</ref> strengthening the relationship between the two countries. As part of the [[IIRSA]] programme and continuing integration efforts – including the August 2006 negotiations between [[Petrobras]] and [[Petroperú]]<ref>[http://www2.petrobras.com.br/ri/ing/noticias/notas/Notas_peru2.asp "Peru - Agreement with state companies from Peru"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928015947/http://www2.petrobras.com.br/ri/ing/noticias/notas/Notas_peru2.asp |date=2007-09-28 }} ''Petrobras - Investor News''</ref> – these new agreements sought to further bilateral cooperation.<ref>Andrade, Juliana [http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2006/11/09/materia.2006-11-09.5850440490/view "Após encontro, Lula e García firman acordos de cooperação bilateral"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070318182122/http://www.agenciabrasil.gov.br/noticias/2006/11/09/materia.2006-11-09.5850440490/view |date=2007-03-18 }}, 9 November 2006 ''[[Agência Brasil]]''</ref> García offered Peruvian [[hydropower]] to meet Brazil's growing energy needs, although further details were not disclosed.<ref>Clendenning, Alan [http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D8LAE3EG0.htm "Peru president offers energy to Brazil"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041646/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/financialnews/D8LAE3EG0.htm |date=2011-06-04 }}, 10 November 2006. ''Business Week''</ref>

==Post-presidency (2011–2019)==
García, as he offered during the 2011 electoral campaign, made himself available to the new Head of State to serve the interests of Peru in the manner required.<ref>{{Cite news|last=EFE|date=2011-06-18|title=El presidente saliente de Perú y Humala se reúnen en privado|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2011/06/18/actualidad/1308348005_850215.html|access-date=2021-05-17|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

In addition, he also dedicated himself to writing opinion articles, mainly on his internal and external vision, primarily aimed at reducing poverty in Peru, increasing foreign investment and issues related to the growth of the Peruvian economy with social sensitivity.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PERÚ|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|date=2012-01-25|title=Alan García y su artículo de opinión: "Contra el temor: invertir ahora" {{!}} POLITICA|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/alan-garcia-afirmo-que-gran-transformacion-posible-necesaria-noticia-1365463/|access-date=2021-05-18|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref>

The salary increase for ministers carried out in February 2014 was harshly criticized by the former president, who during his government cut the salary of his Cabinet members by half, which, according to official spokesmen, caused a talent drain of the state apparatus. Through his Twitter account, he described the measure as "the great deal."

García ran for a third term as president in the [[2016 Peruvian general election]] as the candidate of the criticized [[Popular Alliance (Peru)|Popular Alliance]] coalition which included APRA's old rival, the [[Christian People's Party (Peru)|Christian People's Party]] with [[Lourdes Flores]] as his first running mate. The election's first round polls gave García 5.83% of the popular vote, preventing him from participating in the [[Runoff (election)|runoff]] election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRPCP2016/Resultados-Ubigeo-Presidencial.html#posicion|title=ONPE - Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales|date=2016-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611043015/https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRPCP2016/Resultados-Ubigeo-Presidencial.html#posicion|access-date=2019-04-18|archive-date=2016-06-11}}</ref> [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] was ultimately elected.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-surprising-coalition-brings-a-new-leader-to-peru|title=A surprising coalition brings a new leader to Peru|last=Anderson|first=John Lee|date=10 June 2016|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=18 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612131909/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/a-surprising-coalition-brings-a-new-leader-to-peru|archive-date=12 June 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== Mega-commission ===
In 2013, a mega-commission was formed which lasted five years to investigate the alleged irregularities of the second government of Alan García, with the nationalist Sergio Tejada as head. Of the eight cases that the mega-commission analyzed, in none of them was the commission able to continue the investigations against the former president because he presented an [[Recurso de amparo|amparo action]] against the commission, alleging the violation of due process. Consequently, the judiciary annulled everything that had been done with regard to García, thus preventing the investigation from continuing.

=== Odebrecht scandal ===
{{See also|Operation Car Wash}}
[[File:PRESIDENTES DEL PERÚ Y BRASIL DURANTE ENCUENTRO EN MANAOS, EN QUE SE FIRMARON 12 ACUERDOS DE INTEGRACIÓN Y COOPERACIÓN (4707920134).jpg|thumb|García in 2010 with Brazilian president [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]]]]
The Peruvian press reported that in May 2012, after leaving office, García was paid US$100,000 to give a speech to Brazilian business leaders in São Paulo, money which was later characterized in the media as, and suspected by Peruvian prosecutors to be, a [[Kickback (bribery)|kickback]] from the [[Brazil]]ian construction company [[Odebrecht]]. Because García reported and paid taxes on each payment he received, and multiple organizations were willing to pay him to have him as speaker, his defense and lawyers were optimistic that they could show that the payments did not constitute bribery.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/facing-arrest-peru-ex-president-garcia-fatally-shoots-himself/
|title=Facing arrest, Peru ex-president Garcia fatally shoots himself
|publisher=AFP / Times of Israel
|date=17 April 2019
|access-date=18 April 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418183723/https://www.timesofisrael.com/facing-arrest-peru-ex-president-garcia-fatally-shoots-himself/
|archive-date=18 April 2019
|url-status=live
|df=dmy-all
}}
</ref>

In 2016 and 2017, five of García's former ministers were accused of [[corruption]] by the Peruvian justice system: [[Yehude Simon]] (Prime Minister), [[Rosario Fernández]] (Minister of Justice), [[Mercedes Cabanillas]] (Minister of the Interior), [[Ántero Flores Aráoz]] (Minister of Defence), and [[Luis Nava Guibert]] (Minister of Production).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://larepublica.pe/politica/892438-caso-odebrecht-cinco-ministros-de-alan-garcia-son-citados-por-la-fiscalia|title=Caso Odebrecht: Cinco ministros de Alan García son citados por la Fiscalía - LaRepublica.pe|first=Redacción|last=LR|date=5 July 2017|access-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812060737/http://larepublica.pe/politica/892438-caso-odebrecht-cinco-ministros-de-alan-garcia-son-citados-por-la-fiscalia|archive-date=12 August 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In November 2018, García was banned from leaving Peru by the courts due to the Odebrecht scandal investigation. He entered the residence of the Uruguayan ambassador on 17 November, requesting [[Asylum seeker|asylum]].  Thus, on 18 November, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru reported that the ambassador of the Eastern Republic of Uruguay had communicated the entry of the former president to his residence and the request for diplomatic asylum.<ref>{{Cite web|last=GESTIÓN|first=NOTICIAS|date=2018-11-18|title=Alan García pidió asilo político ante embajada de Uruguay {{!}} PERU|url=https://gestion.pe/peru/politica/alan-garcia-pidio-asilo-politico-embajada-uruguay-250263-noticia/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Gestión|language=es}}</ref> The Minister of Relations Uruguayan Foreign Ministry, [[Rodolfo Nin Novoa]], reported that Uruguay had decided to process the asylum application.  On 20 November, the Peruvian Foreign Ministry delivered a diplomatic note to the Uruguayan ambassador, Carlos Barros, on the request for diplomatic asylum presented by Alan García, expressing the position of the Peruvian government and denying the existence of political persecution.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cancillería entrega Nota Diplomática al Embajador de Uruguay sobre solicitud de asilo del ex Presidente Alan García|url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/22832-cancilleria-entrega-nota-diplomatica-al-embajador-de-uruguay-sobre-solicitud-de-asilo-del-ex-presidente-alan-garcia|access-date=2021-05-18|website=gob.pe|language=es}}</ref> However, on 3 December his request was denied, and he subsequently left the ambassador's residence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Peru corruption: Ex-President Alan García denied asylum |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46430050 |work=BBC News |publisher=3 December 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209172513/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46430050 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all |date=2018-12-03 }}</ref> On January 4, 2019, García appeared before the prosecutor's office as a witness to testify in the investigation carried out against Miguel Atala (former vice president of PetroPerú), for having received a bribe from the [[Novonor|Odebrecht company]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=PERÚ|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|date=2019-01-04|title=Alan García se presenta ante fiscalía por caso de Miguel Atala {{!}} POLITICA|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/alan-garcia-presenta-fiscalia-caso-miguel-atala-noticia-594085-noticia/|access-date=2021-05-18|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref>

The scandal also led to arrests, [[extradition request|where possible]], of all of the other [[President of Peru#Living former presidents of Peru|living former presidents of Peru]] who had served since 2000: [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]], [[Ollanta Humala]], and [[Alejandro Toledo]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Alan Garcia, Peru's former president, fatally shoots himself before arrest in corruption probe |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-alan-garcia-arrest-20190417-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417173232/https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-alan-garcia-arrest-20190417-story.html |archive-date=17 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Suicide ==
On 17 April 2019, García shot himself in the head while hiding in his bedroom as he was being presented with a ten-day preliminary arrest warrant related to investigations for corruption and bribes his presidential secretary allegedly received from Odebrecht.<ref name=timeline/> Initial reports stated that officers had violated protocol, allowing García to be alone with the excuse that he was going to talk with his lawyer.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=timeline/> He was taken to the Casimiro Ulloa hospital and underwent an emergency surgical procedure, during which he experienced three [[cardiac arrest]]s.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulzo.com/mundo/tomografia-craneo-alan-garcia-PP680702|title=Tomografía a cráneo de Alan García muestra el grave daño que se causó al dispararse|last=Alvarado|first=Iván|date=17 April 2017|website=pulzo.com|language=es|access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> After four hours, his death was announced by the heads of the [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance]] (APRA) political party and Nidia Vílchez, with the cause being a "massive" [[cerebral hemorrhage]] and cardiorespiratory arrest.<ref name=timeline>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestate.com/news/article229368279.html|title=The Latest: Peru declares 3 days of mourning for García|publisher=The State|date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418040453/https://www.thestate.com/news/article229368279.html|archive-date=18 April 2019|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/04/17/el-ex-presidente-peruano-alan-garcia-se-disparo-en-la-cabeza-tras-recibir-una-orden-de-arresto-y-esta-en-grave-estado/|title=El ex presidente peruano Alan García se disparó en la cabeza tras recibir una orden de arresto y está en grave estado|date=17 April 2019|website=[[Infobae]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417125700/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/04/17/el-ex-presidente-peruano-alan-garcia-se-disparo-en-la-cabeza-tras-recibir-una-orden-de-arresto-y-esta-en-grave-estado/|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live|access-date=2019-04-17|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/world/americas/alan-garcia-dead-peru.html|title=Ex-President Alan García of Peru Is Dead After Shooting Himself During Arrest|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417161630/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/17/world/americas/alan-garcia-dead-peru.html|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47965867|title=Alan García: Peru's former president kills himself ahead of arrest|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 April 2019|access-date=17 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417153642/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47965867|archive-date=17 April 2019|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to police sources, García had shot himself with his [[Colt Anaconda]] revolver, which had been given to him as a gift by the [[Peruvian Navy]] during his second term, and was among nine other firearms that the former president was licensed to own.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amazonica.pe/3336/ultimo-minuto/arma-acabo-vida-alan-garcia-habria-sido-obsequiada-marina-guerra|title=Arma con el acabó con su vida Alan García habría sido obsequiada por la Marina de Guerra del Perú|date=April 18, 2019|website=amazonica.pe|language=es|publisher=Amazónica.pe|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

A few hours after his death was announced, García's body was taken in a wooden casket to the APRA headquarters in Lima, where a memorial service was held on the same day.<ref name=memorial>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-peruvian-president-vizcarra-leader-died-62458716|title=The Latest: Memorial held for ex-Peru leader who killed self|work=ABC News|date=April 17, 2019|access-date=April 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418035230/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/latest-peruvian-president-vizcarra-leader-died-62458716|archive-date=April 18, 2019|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> President [[Martín Vizcarra]] declared a three-day mourning period.

Various Peruvian and foreign authorities and personalities expressed their condolences to the family for the death of the former president.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PERÚ|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|date=2019-04-17|title=Presidentes de América Latina lamentaron la muerte de Alan García {{!}} POLITICA|url=https://elcomercio.pe/politica/murio-alan-garcia-sebastian-pinera-evo-morales-lamentaron-muerte-ex-presidente-noticia-nndc-627540-noticia/|access-date=2021-05-26|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref> On social media and on the Peruvian diaspora, public opinion was more polarized.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proceso.com.mx/internacional/2019/4/20/el-suicidio-de-alan-garcia-polariza-peru-con-cinco-expresidentes-procesados-por-corrupcion-223645.html|title=El suicidio de Alan García polariza a Perú con cinco expresidentes procesados por corrupción|website=Proceso|language=es-MX|date=April 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.univision.com/local/nueva-york-wxtv/las-reacciones-encontradas-que-ha-generado-el-suicidio-del-expresidente-alan-garcia-entre-la-comunidad-peruana-de-paterson-video|title=Las reacciones encontradas que ha generado el suicidio del expresidente Alan García entre la comunidad peruana de Paterson|website=Univision|language=es|date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>

==Public image==
García was 2008 ''[[Latin Business Chronicle]]''{{'}}s "leader of the year" at a time when Peru was ranked as Latin America's third-best country for business.<ref>[http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=2975 "Special Report"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231080930/http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=2975 |date=2008-12-31 }}, 23 December 2008. (''[[Latin Business Chronicle]]'') by Joachim Bamrud.</ref><ref>[http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=71 "Peru's Outlook"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128063609/http://latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=71 |date=2010-11-28 }}, 23 June 2006. (''[[Latin Business Chronicle]]'').</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
*{{Flag|Bolivia}}:
**[[File:BOL_Order_of_Condor_of_the_Andes_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|60px]] Grand Collar of the [[Order of the Condor of the Andes]] - 2010<ref>{{cite web | url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-bolivia-concede-condecoracion-orden-condor-los-andes-a-presidente-garcia-323306.aspx | title=Bolivia concede condecoración Orden Cóndor de los Andes a presidente García | date=19 October 2010 }}</ref>
*{{Flag|Ecuador}}:
**[[File:National_Order_of_Merit_(Ecuador)_-_ribbon_bar.gif|60px]] Grand Collar of the [[National Order of Merit (Ecuador)|National Order of Merit]] - 2011
*{{Flag|Paraguay}}:
**[[File:National_Order_of_Merit_(Paraguay)_-_ribbon_bar.png|60px]] Grand Collar of the [[National Order of Merit (Paraguay)|National Order of Merit]] - 2010<ref>{{cite web | url=https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-presidente-del-paraguay-condecorara-a-jefe-del-estado-alan-garcia-304830.aspx | title=Presidente del Paraguay condecorará a Jefe del Estado, Alan García|work=Andina|date=6 July 2010|access-date=17 October 2024|language=es}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Spain}}:
**[[File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg|60px]] Collar of the [[Order of Isabella the Catholic]] - 2008
*{{flag|South Korea}}:
**[[File:Grand Order of Mugunghwa (South Korea) - ribbon bar.svg|60px]] Recipient of the [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]] - 2009
===Honorary doctorate===
* Doctor Honoris Causa - [[University of Delhi]] (1987)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://larepublica.pe/politica/856348-alan-garcia-su-abogado-afirma-que-expresidente-si-puede-firmar-como-doctor//|title=Alan García: Su abogado afirma que expresidente sí puede firmar como doctor|date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

==Published works==
García was the author of several books on Peruvian and Latin American affairs. Most of them may be found in the [[National Library of Peru]]. His published works include the following: 
* 1981{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|A la Inmensa Mayoría: Discursos}}
* 1982{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|El Futuro Diferente}}
* 1987{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|El Desarme Financiero: Pueblo y Deuda en América Latina}}
* 1990{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|La Revolución Regional}}
* 1991{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|La Defensa de Alan García}}
* 1992{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|El Nuevo Totalitarismo}}
* 1994{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|El Mundo de Maquiavelo}}
* 1997{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|La Falsa Modernidad}}
* 1997{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Siete Tesis Erróneas del Neoliberalismo en América Latina}}
* 1999{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Mi Gobierno Hizo la Regionalización}}
* 2000{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|La Década Infame: Deuda Externa 1990–1999}}
* 2003{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Modernidad y Política en el Siglo XXI: Globalización con Justicia Social}}
* 2005{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Sierra Exportadora: Empleo, Modernidad y Justicia en Los Andes}}
* 2011{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Contra el Temor Económico: Creer en el Perú}}
* 2012{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Pida la Palabra: Por la Libertad, la Plenitud y el Exito}}
* 2012{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Pizarro, el Rey de la Baraja: Política, confusión y dolor en la Conquista}}
* 2013{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Noventa años de aprismo: Hay, hermanos, muchísimo que hacer}}
* 2013{{nbsp|2}}{{lang|es|Confucio y la globalización: Comprender China y crecer con ella}}
*2014   {{lang|es|Sierra Exportadora: La creación de la Alianza del Pacífico}}
*2015  {{lang|es|Obras completas IX volúmenes}}
*2019 {{lang|es|Metamemorias}}

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Year
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Office
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Type
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Main opponent
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | Party
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=4 | Votes for García
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" rowspan=2 | Result
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" colspan=2 rowspan=2 | [[Swing (politics)|Swing]]
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | Total
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | %
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | {{abbr|2=Position|P}}.
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | {{tooltip|2=Change in percentage value since previous election|±%}}
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 1978
| [[Constituent Assembly of Peru|Constituent Deputy]]
| Parliamentary
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| Santiago Castellano Bedoya
| style="background-color:{{party color|Christian People's Party (Peru)}};" |
| [[Christian People's Party (Peru)|Christian People's Party]]
| 958
| 35.34%
| 1st
| N/A
| {{yes2|Won}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| '''Gain'''<ref>{{cite web|title="ELECCIONES ASAMBLEA CONSTITUYENTE 1978 - CONSTITUYENTE"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-asamblea-constituyente-1978-constituyente_candidatos-y-resultados_7rCGtUi8QjU=CU}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 1980
| [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|National Deputy]] from [[Lima Metropolitan Area|Lima]]
| General
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| Francisco Belaúnde Terry
| style="background-color:{{party color|Popular Action (Peru)}};" |
| [[Popular Action (Peru)|Popular Action]]
| 333,901 (List)
| 22.57%
| 2nd
| −4.59%
| {{yes2|Won}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| '''Gain'''<ref>{{cite web|title="ELECCIONES GENERALES 1980 - DIPUTADOS"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-1980-diputados_candidatos-y-resultados_MjbED4TP@@U=b4}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 1985
| [[President of Peru]]
| General
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| [[Alfonso Barrantes]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|United Left (Peru)}};" |
| [[United Left (Peru)|United Left]]
| 3,457,030
| 53.11%
| 1st
| +25.71%
| {{yes2|Won}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| '''Gain'''<ref>{{cite web|title="ELECCIONES GENERALES 1985 - PRESIDENCIAL"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-1985-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_7Ssnc+xPt@s=s+}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2001
| [[President of Peru]]
| General
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| [[Alejandro Toledo]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Possible Peru}};" |
| [[Possible Peru]]
| 2,732,857
| 25.77%
| N/A
| +24.40%
| N/A
| colspan=2 | N/A<ref>{{Cite web|title="ELECCIONES GENERALES 2001 - PRESIDENCIAL"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-2001-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_+kvFvkuAfuw=vk}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2001
| [[President of Peru]]
| General (second round)
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| [[Alejandro Toledo]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Possible Peru}};" |
| [[Possible Peru]]
| 4,904,929
| 47.37%
| 2nd
| +21.60%
| {{no2|Lost}}
| colspan=2 | N/A<ref>{{Cite web|title="SEGUNDA VUELTA DE LA ELECCIÓN PRESIDENCIAL 2001 - PRESIDENCIAL"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/segunda-vuelta-de-la-elecci%C3%B3n-presidencial-2001-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_3F8G0syb5XE=8s}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2006
| [[President of Peru]]
| General
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| [[Ollanta Humala]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Union for Peru}};" |
| [[Union for Peru]]
| 2,985,858
| 24.32%
| 2nd
| −23.05%
| N/A
| colspan=2 | N/A<ref>{{cite web|title="ELECCIONES GENERALES 2001 - PRESIDENCIAL"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-2006-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_bgnkVFt+VRk=nF}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2006
| [[President of Peru]]
| General (second round)
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| [[Ollanta Humala]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Union for Peru}};" |
| [[Union for Peru]]
| 6,965,017
| 52.62%
| 1st
| +28.30%
| {{yes2|Won}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|American Popular Revolutionary Alliance}};" |
| '''Gain'''<ref>{{cite web|title="SEGUNDA VUELTA DE ELECCIÓN PRESIDENCIAL 2011 - PRESIDENCIAL"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/segunda-vuelta-de-la-elecci%C3%B3n-presidencial-2011-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_0xj1o+1NixM=j+}}</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:#EAECF0;" | 2016
| [[President of Peru]]
| General
| style="background-color:{{party color|Popular Alliance (Peru)}};" |
| [[Popular Alliance (Peru)|Popular Alliance]]
| [[Keiko Fujimori]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Popular Force}};" |
| [[Popular Force]]
| 894,278
| 5.83%
| 5th
| N/A
| {{no2|Lost}}
| colspan=2 | N/A<ref>{{Cite web|title="ELECCIONES GENERALES 2016 - PRESIDENCIAL"|url=https://infogob.jne.gob.pe/Eleccion/FichaEleccion/elecciones-generales-2016-presidencial_candidatos-y-resultados_LY8odlbsty4=8l}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of heads of state and government who committed suicide]]
*[[First presidency of Alan García]]
*[[Second presidency of Alan García]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.presidencia.gob.pe Office of the President of the Republic of Peru official website]
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.la-tribuna.org/ APRA's official site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081231080930/http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=2975 ''Latin Business Chronicle''], "Leader of the Year 2008: Alan García", 23 December 2008
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/alan_garcia_perez Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307045716/http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/peru/alan_garcia_perez |date=2009-03-07 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060418221337/http://weblogs.elearning.ubc.ca/peru/archives/024210.php#more Peru Election 2006 profile]. ''The University of British Columbia''
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1140885.stm  "Exiled García back in Peru"], [[BBC News Online]], 28 January 2001
*[http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20III/Cap.%202%20Los%20actores%20polIticos/2.2%20PARTIDO%20APRISTA.pdf cverdad.org] (A brief report made by the ''[[Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)|Peruvian Commission of Truth]]'' involving Alan García)
*[http://www.janes.com/regional_news/americas/news/fr/fr060623_1_n.shtml "Extract from article discussing García's 2006 election victory"], 23 June 2006
*[http://www.coha.org/2006/10/05/welcome-to-washington-mr-peruvian-president-alan-garcia-perez%e2%80%99s-regional-foreign-policy "Welcome to Washington, Mr. Peruvian President: Alan García Perez’s Regional Foreign Policy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820160928/http://www.coha.org/2006/10/05/welcome-to-washington-mr-peruvian-president-alan-garcia-perez%e2%80%99s-regional-foreign-policy/ |date=2008-08-20 }}, Analysis by the [[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]], 5 October 2006

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Fernando León de Vivero]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = General Secretary of the [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| years = 1982–1985
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Armando Villanueva]]<br />[[Luis Negreiros]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Armando Villanueva]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=APRA nominee for President of Peru|years=[[1985 Peruvian general election|1985]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Luis Alva Castro]]}}
|-
{{s-ttl
| title = President of the [[Peruvian Aprista Party]]
| years = 1985–2019
}}
{{s-aft|after=[[César Trelles]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Abel Salinas]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=APRA nominee for President of Peru|years=[[2001 Peruvian general election|2001]], [[2006 Peruvian general election|2006]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mercedes Aráoz]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Mercedes Aráoz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=APRA nominee for President of Peru|years=[[2016 Peruvian general election|2016]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nidia Vílchez]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Presidents of Peru|President of Peru]]
| years = 1985–1990
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Alberto Fujimori]]
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Alejandro Toledo]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Presidents of Peru|President of Peru]]
| years = 2006–2011
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Ollanta Humala]]
}}
|-
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[John Howard]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Chairperson of [[APEC]]
| years = 2008
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Lee Hsien Loong]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Presidents of Peru}}
{{Alan García cabinet}}
{{Operation Car Wash}}
{{Peruvian political crisis}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garcia, Alan}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Peruvian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Peruvian politicians]]
[[Category:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance politicians]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Peru]]
[[Category:Heads of state who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]
[[Category:Members of the Democratic Constituent Congress]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of Peru]]
[[Category:Opposition to Hugo Chávez]]
[[Category:Politicians from Lima]]
[[Category:Peruvian politicians who died by suicide]]
[[Category:Presidents of Peru]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in Peru]]
[[Category:Peruvian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Peruvian people of Mestizo descent]]
[[Category:Peruvian people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Peruvian people of Basque descent]]
[[Category:2019 suicides]]
[[Category:Exiled politicians]]
[[Category:Peruvian Roman Catholics]]