View source for Albert Forster

{{Short description|Gauleiter of Danzig during WW2, executed for war crimes}}
{{other people|Forster|Forster (surname)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Albert Forster
| image               = Albert Forster.jpg
| imagesize           = 200px
| caption             = As SS-''Gruppenführer''  {{circa}}&nbsp;1939
| order               = ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of the [[Free City of Danzig]]
| term_start          = 15 October 1930
| term_end            = 26 October 1939
| predecessor         = [[Arthur Greiser]]
| successor           = ''Position abolished''
| order2              = Head of state of the [[Free City of Danzig]]
| term_start2         = 23 August 1939
| term_end2           = 1 September 1939
| predecessor2        = Arthur Greiser
| successor2          = ''Position abolished''
| order3              = ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' and ''[[List of Gauleiters|Gauleiter]]'' of [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia|Danzig-West Prussia]]
| term_start3         = 26 October 1939
| term_end3           = 27 March 1945
| appointed3          = [[Adolf Hitler]]
| predecessor3        = ''Positions established''
| successor3          = ''Positions abolished''
| birth_date          = 26 July 1902
| birth_place         = [[Fürth]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date          = 28 February 1952 (aged 49)
| death_place         = [[Mokotów Prison]], [[Warsaw]], [[Polish People's Republic]] 
| death_cause= [[Execution by hanging]]
| party               = [[Nazi Party]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|Gertrud Deetz|May 1934}}
| rank                = SS-''[[Obergruppenführer]]''
}}

'''Albert Maria Forster''' (26 July 1902 &ndash; 28 February 1952) was a German [[Nazi Party]] politician, member of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] and war criminal.  During the [[Second World War]], under his administration as the ''[[Gauleiter]]'' and ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' of [[Danzig-West Prussia]] (the other German-annexed section of occupied Poland aside from the [[Warthegau]]), the local non-German populations of Poles and Jews were classified as sub-human and subjected to extermination campaigns involving [[ethnic cleansing]], [[mass murder]], and in the case of some Poles with German ancestry, forceful [[Germanisation]]. Forster was directly responsible for the extermination of non-Germans and was a strong supporter of Polish [[genocide]], which he had advocated before the war. Forster was tried, convicted and hanged in [[Warsaw]] for his crimes, after Germany was defeated.

==Early life==
Forster was born in [[Fürth]], where he attended ''[[Volksschule]]'' and  the ''Humanistisches [[Gymnasium (Germany)|Gymnasium]]'' from 1908 to 1920. He then trained in banking for two years and began working at a Fürth bank in 1922. In November 1923, he joined the [[Nazi Party]], becoming the leader of its local branch in Fürth; he also became a member of the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] at that time. In May 1924 he was dismissed from the bank for his Nazi activities, including [[antisemitic]] agitation.  Following the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] when the Nazi Party was outlawed, he became a member of a Nazi [[front organization]], the [[Greater German People's Community]], and served as its local leader. During this time he was befriended by [[Julius Streicher]], the Party leader of northern Bavaria, and became a part-time journalist for Streicher's weekly antisemitic paper ''[[Der Stürmer]]''.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2012|p=184}} He was a spectator of the [[treason]] trial of [[Adolf Hitler]], [[Erich Ludendorff]], and eight others ''putschists'' from 26 February to 1 April 1924 in the [[Munich]] court.

==Nazi Party career==
===Franconia===
Forster was in attendance in Munich when the Nazi Party was refounded by Hitler on 27 February 1925, and he again became the ''[[Ortsgruppenleiter]]'' (Local Group Leader) in Fürth. He officially rejoined the Party on 5 April 1925 (membership number 1,924); as an early Party member he was considered an ''[[Alter Kämpfer]]'' and would later be awarded the [[Golden Party Badge]]. He soon became a ''Parteiredner'' (Party orator) giving speeches throughout the area. On 12 May 1926, he joined the ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS), forming and leading the SS Group "Nurnberg-Fürth" in July 1926. From February 1928, Forster was employed as a payment office official by the [[German National Association of Commercial Employees]] (''Deutschnationaler Handlungsgehilfen-Verband'', DHV), a nationalist and anti-Semitic trade union. Forster unsuccessfully sought a seat in the ''[[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]'' at the [[1928 German federal election|20 May 1928 election]]. However, that year he advanced to Party ''[[Bezirksleiter]]'' (District Leader) for [[Middle Franconia]], while also retaining his leadership in Fürth; he would continue to hold these positions through December 1929. At the [[1930 German federal election|14 September 1930 election]], Forster was elected to the ''Reichstag'' from electoral constituency 26, [[Franconia (electoral district)|Franconia]], the seat he would retain until July 1940. He was made the expert advisor on labor and clerical employee issues to the Nazi ''Reichstag'' faction. When elected, he was the youngest deputy in the ''Reichstag''.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2012|pp=185–186}}

===Free City of Danzig===
[[File:Greiser, von dem Bach, Forster, Hacker, Koppe.jpg|thumb|left|Albert Forster with [[Arthur Greiser]], [[Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski]], {{Interlanguage link multi|Heinrich Hacker|de}} and [[Wilhelm Koppe]] in the late 1930s]]
On 15 October 1930, Forster became the Nazi Party's ''[[Gauleiter]]'' of the [[Free City of Danzig]] (now [[Gdańsk]], [[Poland]]), replacing [[Arthur Greiser]] who then became the Deputy ''Gauleiter''. This touched off a feud between them and Greiser was to remain Forster's lifelong nemesis. Many residents resented Forster as an interloper who had replaced Greiser, a native Danziger. Forster immediately embarked on an aggressive propaganda campaign and membership drive. In November 1930, he became the founder and publisher of the ''Danziger Beobachter'' (Danzig Observer). From December 1930 to December 1932, he increased the Danzig Party membership from 1,310 to 9,519, and the local SA from 150 to 1,500 members.{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2012|pp=186–187}} 

After the [[Nazi seizure of power]], Forster spearheaded the Nazi takeover of Danzig in spring 1933, attaining an absolute majority for the Nazi Party in the Danzig Senate. Hitler rewarded him with the leadership of the DHV on 10 May 1933, making him the head of all clerical employee organizations within the [[German Labor Front]]. On 15 September he was appointed to the [[Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)|Prussian State Council]] and in January 1934, he was made honorary ''Führer'' of the 36th SS-''[[Standarte]]'' in Danzig. In January 1935, he was named chairman of the Danzig branch of the ''[[Nordische Gesellschaft]]'' (Nordic Society) charged with strengthening German-Nordic cultural and political cooperation. On 23 January 1936, he became a member of the personal staff of ''[[Reichsführer-SS]]'' [[Heinrich Himmler]].{{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2012|pp=188–192}}

In 1937 Forster boasted about his fight against communists and other "subhumans".<ref>Yad Washem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance - Issue 5 - Page 162, 1963. "Thus, for example, in 1937, Albert Forster, the Gauleiter of Danzig, told Carl J. Burckhardt, the League of Nations High Commissioner for Danzig, how he "fought hard Communists and other Untermenschen ..."</ref>

In 1939, following orders from [[Berlin]], Forster led the agitation in Danzig to step up pressure for annexation by [[Nazi Germany]] and proclaimed that in future "Poland will be only a dream".<ref>LIFE Magazine 21 August 1939</ref> On 23 August Forster replaced Greiser as Danzig's head of state. The Danzig issue was one of the pretexts used for the Nazi [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland in 1939]]. He was hateful of Jews whom he called "dirty and slippery race" and he expressed his desire to control parts of Poland after Poles would be expelled from them.<ref>Richard Hargreaves, ''Blitzkrieg w Polsce, wrzesien 1939'', page 93.</ref>

Before [[World War II]], Forster had tried and failed to gain control over the organisation of the irredentist activities of the ethnic German population in the [[Polish Corridor]] neighbouring [[Freie Stadt Danzig]], which was created in 1920 by the [[Treaty of Versailles]]; rather it was the SS-dominated ''[[Volksdeutsche]] Mittelstelle'' that won control. With Forster and Himmler engaged in a power struggle, this rendered the (ethnic) Germans suspicious of Forster. When these territories were annexed after the Invasion of Poland and they became Reichsgau Danzig – West Prussia, Forster's distrust of the local Nazi leaders led him to deny them political power. Forster filled all the significant positions with his allies from the pre-war Free City of Danzig. This snub provoked bitterness among the local Germans in addition to Forster's Germanisation policies, which denied them a higher status than local Poles.<ref>The Nazis: A warning from history: The Wild East.</ref>

In May 1934 Forster married Gertrud Deetz. The wedding took place in the Berlin chancellery, with Hitler and [[Rudolf Hess]] as witnesses and wedding guests. However, a 1943–44 report on Hitler titled ''[[Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler]]'' by psychoanalyst [[Walter C. Langer]] asserts that Forster "is known to be a homosexual" and was often addressed as "Bubi," a common term of affection among German homosexuals of the era.<ref>Langer, Walter C. (1943) [http://www.iiit.ac.in/~bipin/files/Dawkins/Psychology%20-%20Psychological%20Analysis%20Of%20Hitler.pdf A Psychological Analysis of Adolph Hitler: His Life and Legend] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807144006/http://www.iiit.ac.in/~bipin/files/Dawkins/Psychology%20-%20Psychological%20Analysis%20Of%20Hitler.pdf |date=2015-08-07 }} Office of Strategic Services, p. 149; name is spelled "Foerster" and he is identified as the "Danzig Gauleiter"</ref>

===World War II===
Immediately following the German invasion of Poland, Forster on 8 September was appointed [[Chief of Civil Administration]] in the military district of Danzig-West Prussia, which subsequently was annexed to the German Reich on 8 October 1939. The military administration ended and he was then appointed ''Gauleiter'' of the newly created [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia]] on 21 October. At the same time, he was also named ''[[Reichsstatthalter]]'' (Reich Governor) of the new territory, thereby uniting under his control the highest party and governmental offices in his jurisdiction. Additionally, he was appointed [[Reich Defense Commissioner]] of the newly established ''[[Wehrkreis]]'' (Military District) XX, consisting of the new ''Reichsgau''. On  7 July 1940 he became a member of the ''[[Reichstag (Nazi Germany)|Reichstag]]'' as a representative for Danzig-West Prussia and would retain this seat until the end of the Nazi regime. A member of the SS since 1926, Forster was promoted to SS-''[[Obergruppenführer]]'' on 31 December 1941. In September 1944, he was given command of the ''[[Volkssturm]]'' forces in his ''Reichsgau''. He would retain these posts until fleeing Danzig on 27 March 1945 ahead of the invading Soviet [[Red Army]] forces. {{sfn|Miller|Schulz|2012|pp=184, 197–203}}

===Extermination and ethnic cleansing===
Adolf Hitler instructed the ''Gauleiters'', namely Forster and his rival Arthur Greiser, ''Gauleiter'' in the [[Warthegau]], to Germanise the area, promising that "There would be no questions asked" about how this "[[Germanisation]]" was to be accomplished.<ref>Rees, Laurence (1997), ''The Nazis: A Warning From History'', New York: New Press, pages 141&ndash;.</ref> Forster's goal was to make the area fully Germanised within ten years,<ref>Dieter Schenk: ''Albert Forster. Gdański namiestnik Hitlera.'' Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Oskar, 2002, page 251. {{ISBN|83-86181-83-4}}.</ref> and he was directly responsible for extermination policy in the region.<ref>Danuta Drywa (2001), ''Zagłada Żydów w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof''. Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie. "Politykę eksterminacyjną na Pomorzu Gdańskim miał bezpośrednio realizować gauleiter Okręgu Gdańsk-Prusy Albert Forster."</ref>

Forster was directly responsible for the extermination of non-Germans in [[Danzig-West Prussia]]. He personally believed in the need to engage in genocide of Poles and stated that, "We have to exterminate this nation, starting from the cradle"<ref>Eugenia Bozena Klodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziólkowski (1 Jan 2003), ''Bylem numerem: swiadectwa z Auschwitz'', page 14. Wydawn. Sióstr Loretanek.</ref><ref>[[Barbara Bojarska]] (1989), ''Piasnica, miejsce martyrologii i pamieci: z badan nad zbrodniami hilerowskimi na Pomorzu''. Page 20.  "Szczególny niepokój wywolala wsród mieszkanców jego wyrazna zapowiedz akcji zaglady Polaków, streszczajaca sie chocby w tym jednym zdaniu: Musimy ten naród wytepic od kolyski poczawszy."</ref><ref>Dieter Schenk (2002), ''Albert Forster: gdanski namiestnik Hitlera : zbrodnie hitlerowskie w Gdansku i Prusach Zachodnich'', POLNORD - Gdansk, page 388.</ref> and declared that Poles and Jews were not human.<ref>Danuta Drywa (2001), ''Zaglada Zydów w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie.'' "Polityke eksterminacyjna na Pomorzu Gdanskim mial bezposrednio realizowac gauleiter Okregu Gdansk-Prusy Albert Forster."</ref><ref>Dieter Schenk (2002), ''Albert Forster: gdanski namiestnik Hitlera'', page 221. "...postawe Forstera, który nie poczuwal sie do jakiejkolwiek winy, zwlaszcza w przypadkach, gdy chodzilo - w jego mniemaniu - o „podludzi" w rodzaju prostytutek, Polaków i Zydów, o których zazwyczaj mówiono ''element''".</ref>

Around 70 camps were set up for Polish people in [[Pomerania]] where they were subjected to murder, torture and, in the case of women and girls, rape before being executed.<ref>Maria Wardzynska: ''Byl rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczenstwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion.'' Warszawa: Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, 2009. {{ISBN|978-83-7629-063-8}} page 17</ref><ref>[[Barbara Bojarska]]: ''Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim'', page 67.</ref> Between the 10th and 15th of September, Forster organised a meeting of top Nazi officials in his region and ordered the immediate removal of all "dangerous" Poles, all Jews, and all Polish clergy.<ref name="Dieter Schenk 2002. page 212-213">Dieter Schenk (2002): ''Albert Forster. Gdanski namiestnik Hitlera.'' Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Oskar. {{ISBN|83-86181-83-4}}, pages 212-213.</ref> In some cases Forster ordered executions himself.<ref name="Dieter Schenk 2002. page 215">Dieter Schenk (2002): ''Albert Forster. Gdanski namiestnik Hitlera.'' Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Oskar. {{ISBN|83-86181-83-4}}, page 215.</ref> On the 19th of October he reprimanded Nazi officials in the city of Grudziadz for not "spilling enough Polish blood."<ref>[[Barbara Bojarska]]: ''Eksterminacja inteligencji polskiej na Pomorzu Gdanskim'', page 66.</ref>
 		 	
The total number of victims of what [[Christopher Browning]] calls an "orgy of murder and deportation" cannot be precisely estimated. Forster reported that 87,000 people had been "evacuated" from the region by February 1940.<ref name="Browning page 33">Browning, page 33.</ref>

====Piaśnica====
[[File:Piaśnica execution.jpg|right|thumb|Mass execution in Piaśnica]]
Forster was one of those responsible for the [[mass murders in Piaśnica]], where approximately 12,000 to 16,000 Poles, Jews, Czechs, Kashubians and even Germans were killed in the winter of 1939–1940. 
Forster personally encouraged such violence; in a speech at the Prusinski Hotel in [[Wejherowo]] he incited ethnic Germans to attack Poles by saying "We have to eliminate the lice-ridden Poles, starting with those in the cradle. In your hands I give the fate of the Poles; you can do with them what you want". The crowd gathered before the hotel chanted "Kill the Polish dogs!" and "Death to the Poles".<ref name=bpgw>Elżbieta Grot, {{cite web |url=http://www.bpgw.org.pl/?s=akt&id=168 |title=Biblioteka Publiczna Gminy Wejherowo im. Aleksandra Labudy w Bolszewie |access-date=2010-06-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209125956/http://bpgw.org.pl/?s=akt |archive-date=2010-02-09 }} "Ludobójstwo w Piaśnicy z uwzględnieniem losów mieszkańców powiatu wejherowskiego."] (Genocide in Piaśnica with a discussion of the fate of the inhabitants of Wejherow county", Public Library of [[Wejherowo]],</ref> The ''[[Selbstschutz]]'' later participated in the massacres as Piaśnica.<ref name=bpgw/> In 1946 a Polish National Tribunal in Gdańsk held Forster responsible for the murders at Piasnica.

====Role in the Jewish Holocaust====
Forster at the outbreak of the war declared that "Jews are not humans, and must be eradicated like vermin...mercy towards Jews is reprehensible. Any means of destruction of Jews is desirable."<ref>Aleksandra Namysło [red.]: ''Zagłada Żydów na polskich terenach wcielonych do Rzeszy''. Warszawa: [[Instytut Pamięci Narodowej]], 2008, page 117. {{ISBN|978-83-60464-66-3}}</ref> Jews were killed locally or deported to the General Government. By November 1939 Danzig-West Prussia was declared "Judenfrei".<ref>Dieter Schenk: ''Albert Forster. Gdański namiestnik Hitlera.'' Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Oskar, 2002, page 312 {{ISBN|83-86181-83-4}}.</ref> It is estimated that up to 30,000 Jews from Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany in Pomerania and attached to Danzig-West Prussia were murdered during the war.<ref>Aleksandra Namysło [red.]: ''Zagłada Żydów na polskich terenach wcielonych do Rzeszy''. op.cit., page 135</ref>

====Germanisation policies====
The terror policy instituted by Forster offered only two possibilities to the Polish population: extermination or Germanisation, genocide and forced [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]].<ref name="Rees, Laurence pages 141-142">Rees, Laurence ''The Nazis: A Warning From History'', New York: New Press, 1997 pages 141-142</ref> At the start of the war Forster planned ethnic cleansing from his Gau of all Poles originating from Congress Poland and all Jews by February 1940, but unforeseen problems with agriculture workers and the inadequate character of German settlers forced him to revise his policies.<ref>Wladze i spoleczenstwo niemieckie na Pomorzu Wschodnim i Kujawach w latach okupacji niemieckiej (1939-1945): materialy XIV sesji popularnonaukowej w Toruniu w dniu 13 listopada 2004 roku Katarzyna Minczykowska, Jan Sziling Fundacja "Archiwum i Muzeum Pomorskie Armii Krajowej oraz Wojskowej Sluzby Polek",page 54, 2005</ref><ref>The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War By Halik Kochansk</ref> Forster was willing to accept as Germans any and all Poles who claimed to have "German blood":<ref name="Rees, Laurence pages 141-142" /> all Poles who stated to Party investigators that they had German ancestry were taken at face value with no documentation required.<ref>Rees, Laurence ''The Nazis: A Warning From History'', New York: New Press, 1997 pages 142</ref> Refusal of German identity was punishable by deportation to the [[General Government]] or imprisonment in a [[concentration camp]].<ref>Piotr Semków: "Pobór Polaków z Pomorza do Wehrmachtu." Biuletyn IPN nr 8 – 9 (67 – 68), Sierpień–Wrzesień 2006.</ref> In some cases whole settlements were classed German to meet  Forster's quotas.<ref name="Mazower, M 2008 P197">Mazower, M (2008) Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe, Penguin Press P197</ref> Practical issues like food production could influence Forster's expulsion decisions.<ref>Kochanski, H (2012), ''The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, p. 106.</ref>

[[File:Forster (HistoriaPolski str.261).jpg|thumb|Albert Forster making a speech in 1939]]

[[File:1948 admission card to the trial of Albert Forster.jpg|thumb|1948 admission card to the trial of Albert Forster.]]

[[Arthur Greiser]] complained to [[Heinrich Himmler]], Reich Commissioner for the Strengthening of Germandom, that Forster's assimilation policy was against Nazi racial theory. When Himmler approached Forster over this issue, Forster simply ignored him, realizing that Hitler allowed each Gauleiter to run his area as he saw fit. Greiser and Himmler then complained to Hitler that thousands of Poles were being classified as Germans, but Hitler told them to sort out their problems with Forster on their own. Himmler's attempts to cajole Forster met with resentment and contempt. In a discussion with [[Richard Hildebrandt]], Forster scoffed, "If I looked like Himmler, I wouldn't talk about race."<ref>{{cite book|author=Valdis O. Lumans|title=Himmler's Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933-1945|year=2010|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807865644|page=40}}</ref>

As a result, two-thirds of the ethnic Polish population of Forster's Gau was classed as German under the ''[[Deutsche Volksliste]]''.<ref name="Mazower, M 2008 P197"/>

Although far fewer Poles would be removed from Danzig-West Prussia than in the neighbouring [[Warthegau]]<ref>[[Mark Mazower|Mazower, M]] (2008) ''Hitler's Empire: How the Nazis Ruled Europe'', [[Penguin Press]] P85</ref> it is estimated that by the end of the war, up to 60,000 people had been murdered in the region<ref>Paweł Kosiński, Barbara Polak: Nie zamierzam podejmować żadnej polemiki – wywiad z prof. Witoldem Kuleszą. Biuletyn IPN nr 12-1 (35-36), grudzień-styczeń 2003-2004, pages 4-23.</ref> and between 35,000 and 170,000 expelled.<ref>Bogdan Chrzanowski: Wypędzenia z Pomorza. ''[[Biuletyn IPN]]'' nr 5/2004, maj 2004</ref><ref>Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, P27</ref> Forster himself reported that 87,000 people had been "evacuated" from the region by February 1940.<ref name="Browning page 33"/>

====Conflict with SS and colonisation policies====
Forster's conflict with the SS soured his attitude toward [[ethnic German]] refugees. During the war, hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were moved by Nazi-Soviet agreement from the Soviet Union into Poland and used as colonists in [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Nazi-occupied Poland]]. While Greiser did all he could to accommodate them in his Reichsgau, Forster viewed them with hostility, claiming that his region needed young farmers while the refugees were old and urbanised. He initially refused to admit any of them. When a ship bearing several thousand ethnic Germans from the [[Baltic states]] arrived at Danzig, he refused them entry unless Himmler promised that they would not be settled in [[Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia|Danzig-West Prussia]] but proceed immediately elsewhere, an assurance that Himmler could not provide. It was only following a lengthy telephone consultation with the desperate Himmler that Forster allowed the passengers to disembark, on the understanding that their stay would be temporary, though most did not ultimately leave. In time he had to relent, and by June 1944, 53,258 colonists had settled in Danzig-West Prussia, though far fewer than the 421,780 settled in the Warthegau. One of Forster's motives may have been that his Germanization policies left less free land and housing than Greiser's mass expulsions, although his perception of the ethnic German refugees as wards of the SS clearly played in his attitude.{{citation needed|date=May 2019}}

==Trial and death==
At the end of the war, Forster took refuge in the [[British occupation zone in Germany|British Occupation Zone]] of Germany. The British handed him over to the [[Polish People's Republic|Republic of Poland]]. 

In 1948, Forster was [[death penalty|condemned to death]] by the Polish [[Supreme National Tribunal]] for [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]], with his sentence deferred. Forster was moved from Gdańsk to [[Mokotów Prison]] in [[Warsaw]], where he was [[hanging|hanged]] on 28 February 1952. His wife, who had not heard from him since 1949, was informed of his death in 1954.

==See also==
{{Portal||Germany|Politics}}
*[[Register of SS-Leaders in general's rank#List SS-Obergruppenführer|List SS-''Obergruppenführer'']]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Bibliography'''
*Levine, Herbert S. (1969) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4545547  "Local Authority and the SS State: The Conflict over Population Policy in Danzig-West Prussia, 1939-1945"] in ''Central European History'' 2#2 pp.&nbsp;331–355
*McNamara, Paul (2009) ''Sean Lester, Poland, and the Nazi Takeover of Danzig'' Dublin and Portland, Oregon: Irish Academic Press.
*{{cite book |last1= Miller |first1= Michael D. |last2= Schulz |first2= Andreas |title=Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945 |volume=1 (Herbert Albrecht - H. Wilhelm Hüttmann) |publisher=R. James Bender Publishing |year=2012 |isbn= 978-1-932-97021-0}}
*Rees, Laurence (1997) ''The Nazis: A Warning From History'' New York: New Press. {{ISBN|1-56584-551-X}}

==External links==
* {{PM20|FID=pe/005397}}
* {{ReichstagDB|118684221}}

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