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{{Short description|French political figure}}
{{for|the Australian medicinal chemist|Adrien Albert}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name        = Adrien Albert Marie, Comte de Mun
| image       = Image:Albert de Mun by Isidore Alphonse Chalot.jpg
| caption     = Comte Albert de Mun
| birth_date  = February 28, 1841
| birth_place = [[Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux]], [[Seine-et-Marne]], [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]
| death_date  = {{Death date and age|1914|10|6|1841|02|28|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bordeaux]], [[Third French Republic]]
| party       = [[Popular Liberal Action]] 1901-1914
| signature    = Albert de Mun - signature.jpg
}}
{{Conservatism in France|Politicians}}
{{Christian Democracy sidebar|Politicians}}
'''Adrien Albert Marie, Comte de Mun''' ({{IPA|fr|adʁjɛ̃ albɛʁ maʁi kɔ̃t də mœ̃}}, 28 February 1841{{snd}}6 October 1914), was a French [[political figure]], nobleman, journalist, and social reformer of the nineteenth century. Born into a noble family de Mun joined the French army at a young age serving during the [[French conquest of Algeria]], the [[Franco-Prussian War]] and the suppression of the [[Paris Commune]]. A devout Catholic, de Mun became interested in [[Catholic Social Teaching]] while he was a prisoner of war in [[German Empire|Germany]].

After this experience de Mun dedicated himself to advancing the Church's teaching in French society and supporting the working class. De Mun's created a Catholic Workmen's association and later was elected to [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]]. In the chamber de Mun was regarded as one its finest orators defending the Church, the army, and the lower classes.

As an advocate of [[social Catholicism]] de Mun was initially a [[Legitimist]], before supporting the  [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]] following [[Pope Leo XIII]]'s encyclical ''[[Au milieu des sollicitudes]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nord |first=Phillip |date=October 1984 |title=Three Views of Christian Democracy in Fin de Siecle France|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/260333 |journal= Journal of Contemporary History|volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=714–715|doi=10.1177/002200948401900407 |jstor=260333 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> De Mun was a key figure in the creation of France's modern labor laws during the Third Republic.

==Biography==

===Early years===
[[File:Claude Adrien Helvétius.png|thumb|left|Materialist philosopher Helvétius. De Mun's paternal great-grandfather]]
Albert was born at [[Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux]], [[Seine-et-Marne]], son of the Marquis de Mun. He became a brother-in-law of the [[Duke of Ursel]] when his sister [[Antonine de Mun, Duchess d'Ursel|Antonine de Mun]] married him and left to live in Belgium. De Mun's great-grandfather was the philosopher [[Claude Adrien Helvétius|Helvetius]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barthou |first=Louis |date=March 1923 |title=Albert de Mun|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44846257 |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=274–275|jstor=44846257 }}</ref> His maternal grandfather was [[Auguste, comte de La Ferronays]], foreign minister under [[Charles X of France|Charles X]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=5}}</ref> His aunt was the writer [[Pauline Marie Armande Craven]].

He entered the [[French Army]], saw service in [[French rule in Algeria|Algeria]] (1862). In 1869 he received his lieutenant commission from [[Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial|Prince Imperial Louis-Napoléon]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barthou |first=Louis |date=March 1923 |title=Albert de Mun|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44846257 |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=277|jstor=44846257 }}</ref> In 1870 he took part in the fighting around [[Siege of Metz (1870)|Metz]] (during the [[Franco-Prussian War]]). On the surrender of Metz, he was sent as a [[prisoner of war]] to [[Aachen]] ([[Aix-la-Chapelle]]),<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Mun, Adrien Albert Marie de|volume=19|page=1}}</ref> where he met [[François-René de La Tour du Pin, Chambly de La Charce|René de La Tour du Pin]]. While in Germany he became aware of and inspired by work the social teachings of Bishop [[Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler]]. De Man and du Pin became determined to respond to the dilemmas of the working class upon their release from prison.<ref name="Sister Miriam 13–24">{{cite journal |last=Sister Miriam |first=O.S.U |date=March 1953 |title=Count Albert de Mun: His Theory of the Social Apostolate|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3707002 |journal= The American Catholic Sociological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–24 |doi=10.2307/3707002 |jstor=3707002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Commune de Paris éxécution de communards caserne Lobau.jpg|thumb|Mass execution of Communard prisoners in the Lobau barracks, engraving by [[Frédéric Lix]]. The suppression of the Commune had a profound impact on de Mun.]]
After the war he took part in the suppression of the [[Paris Commune]] serving on the staff of General [[Paul de Ladmirault]].<ref name="EB1911"/> During the suppression de Mun was appalled by the violence of both forces, impressed by the fervor of the communards, and angered by the indifference of the upper classes to the problems of the working class.<ref name="Sister Miriam 13–24"/> Testifying at a parliamentary investigation into the origins of the Commune the Count said:

{{Blockquote|The evil from which our society suffers derives from two causes. On the one hand there is a profound hatred of the upper classes by the working class, and on the other a complete apathy among the bourgeoisie for the welfare of the workers and a complete lack of ability on their part to distinguish error from truth. Between the classes there is today a profound abyss that can be filled only by time and by a better moral education. I do not believe that force alone can bring about any amelioration.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |pages=12–13}}</ref>}}

The following year he and du Pin organized a Catholic Workers' club, under the name "L'Oeuvre des Cercles Catholiques d'Ouvriers" ([[Society of Catholic Worker Circles]]), at the request of [[Maurice Maignen]] (founder of the Brothers of St. Vincent de Paul). The clubs spread quickly throughout France. These "circles" or clubs brought together the wealthy and the workers from a given locale for prayer, socializing and lectures by members of the aristocracy.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Politics===
====Legitimist in the Republic==== 

A fervent [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], Albert devoted himself to advocating [[Catholic social teaching|Social Catholicism]]. His attacks on [[Third French Republic]]'s [[social policy]] ultimately gave rise to a prohibition from the [[List of Defense Ministers of France|Minister of War]]. He thereupon resigned his commission (November 1875) and in the following February stood as [[Legitimists|Royalist]] and Catholic candidate for [[Pontivy]]. The influence of the Church was exerted to secure his election and, during the proceedings, he was awarded the [[Order of Saint Gregory the Great]] by [[Pope Pius IX]]. He won the next elections for the same constituency, but the result was declared invalid. De Mun was re-elected however in the following August and for many years was the most conspicuous leader of the anti-Republican party. "We form", he said on one occasion, "the irreconcilable [[Counterrevolutionary|Counter-Revolution]]".<ref name="EB1911"/>

In March 1876 de Mun delivered his maiden speech in the French assembly. Within a few weeks de Mun established himself as the leading defender of the Church and earning the respect of the anti-clericals with his oratory and strong personality. Soon after de Mun was being called the "Gambetta of the Right" with [[Leon Gambetta|Gambetta]] himself praising the young man as another [[Charles Forbes René de Montalembert|Montalembert]].<ref>{{Cite book |title= Church and Revolution: Catholics in the Struggle for Democracy and Social Justice |author=Thomas Bokenkotter |page=205}}</ref> 

In 1878, he had declared himself opposed to [[universal suffrage]], a declaration that lost him his seat from 1879 to 1881. For much of his career de Mun was a committed [[Legitimist]]. The Legitimist pretender to the French throne, [[Henri, Count of Chambord]], was godfather to one of the de Mun's children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tuchman |first1=Barbara W. |title=The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914; Barbara W. Tuchman's Great War Series |date=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=212}}</ref> He spoke strongly against the exile of the French princes (after the [[Philippe, Comte de Paris|Count of Paris]] gave rise to suspicions that he was preparing to claim the throne), and it was chiefly through his influence that the support of the Royalist party was given to [[Georges Boulanger]]. 

====Ralliement====
As a faithful Catholic, he obeyed the [[encyclical]] of 1892, ''[[Au milieu des sollicitudes]]'', and declared his readiness to [[rally to a republican government]], provided that it respected religion. In the following January, he received from [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]] a letter commending his actions and encouraging him in his social reforms.<ref name="EB1911"/> De Mun's embrace of the Republic led to a break with his old friend [[Édouard Drumont]]. In Durmont's newspaper [[La Libre Parole]] the count and [[Apostolic Nunciature to France|Papal Nuncio]] Cardinal [[Domenico Ferrata]] were denounced liked common criminals.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Byrnes | first=Robert F. |date= January 1949 |title=Antisemitism in France before the Dreyfus Affair |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464787 |journal= Jewish Social Studies |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=65| jstor=4464787 }}</ref>

He was defeated at the general election of that year, but in 1894 was elected in [[Finistère]] ([[Morlaix]]). In 1897, he succeeded [[Jules Simon]] as a member of the [[Académie française]], owing to the quality and eloquence of his speeches which, with a few [[pamphlet]]s, form the bulk of his published work. In ''Ma vocation sociale'' (1908) he wrote an explanation and justification of his career.<ref name="EB1911"/>

He was also a resolute opponent of Socialism: "Socialism is logical Revolution and we are Counter-Revolution. There is nothing in common between us."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tuchman |first1=Barbara W. |title=The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914; Barbara W. Tuchman's Great War Series |date=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=213}}</ref> Despite this stance Du Mon occasionally found common ground with the [[French Workers' Party]] who praised his 'integrity and idealism". In his inaugural parliamentary speech [[Paul Lafargue]], [[Karl Marx]]'s son in law, praised the Count for having "delivered the best socialist speech ever given in this chamber." Some anti-clerical leftists even suspected an alliance between the POF and the Social Catholic movement.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Robert |date=September 1999 |title=Jesus the Sans-Culotte': Marxism and Religion during the French Fin de Siècle|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020918 |journal=The Historical Journal |volume=42 |issue=3 |page=714|doi=10.1017/S0018246X99008511 |jstor=3020918 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The social reform de Mun supported included:<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sister Miriam |first=O.S.U |date=March 1953 |title=Count Albert de Mun: His Theory of the Social Apostolate|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3707002 |journal= The American Catholic Sociological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=21|doi=10.2307/3707002 |jstor=3707002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*Limiting the working week to 58 hours with all Sundays off
*Banning night work for women
*Four weeks of breaks for women after childbirth
*Abolition of child labor
*Old age pensions
*Accident and Health insurance
*Minimum wages for sweatshops
*Joint arbitration councils
*International agreements on labor legislation.

In 1883 the de Mun spoke in favor of the bill to legalize trade unions in France.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moonu |first=Parker Thomas |date=April 1921 |title=The Social Catholic Movement in France under the Third Republic|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011732 |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=30|jstor=25011732 }}</ref>

====Dreyfus affair====

The issue of [[Alfred Dreyfus]] first came to de Mun's attention in May 1897 when Alfred's brother, Matthieu Dreyfus, appeared at the Count's door to ask for help in reversing his brother's court-martial.<ref>{{Cite book |title= Church and Revolution: Catholics in the Struggle for Democracy and Social Justice |author=Thomas Bokenkotter |page=220-223}}</ref> De Mun was the first person Matthieu went to due his respect for the army and his support for the downtrodden. However, the Count was extremely loyal to the army high command and refused to entertain the idea that they were wrong. The conversation ended with de Mun telling Matthieu "I have nothing to say to you on the subject.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |pages=115}}</ref>  

This loyalty to the army made de Mun one of the leading [[Anti-Dreyfusard]]. This was reinforced by his [[antisemitism]] believing the Jews were plotting an international conspiracy and casually referred to them as ''youtres'' (French equivalent of "kikes").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arnal |first1=Oscar L. |title=Ambivalent Alliance: The Catholic Church and the Action Française, 1899-1939 |date=1985 |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |pages=31–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Ruth |title=Dreyfus: Politics, Emotion, and the Scandal of the Century |date=2010 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |pages=182–183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Passmore |first1=Kevin |title=The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=62}}</ref>

===Later years===
[[File:Congrès de 1899, par Malteste (Monde illustré, 1899-02-22).jpeg|thumb|right|A political cartoon from Le Monde depicting a meeting at Versailles. De Mun is fourth from the right.]] 
In 1896 de Mun denounced the [[Hamidian massacres]] against the Armenians by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Count's denouement led him to make common cause with his political rivals [[Jean Jaurès]] and [[Georges Clemenceau]], along with the Republican historian [[Ernest Lavisse]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=112}}</ref>  
In order to form a united front against the anti-clericals between French Catholics de Mun and [[Jacques Piou]] formed the [[Popular Liberal Action]] party in 1901.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sister Miriam |first=O.S.U |date=March 1953 |title=Count Albert de Mun: His Theory of the Social Apostolate|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3707002 |journal= The American Catholic Sociological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=23|doi=10.2307/3707002 |jstor=3707002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Despite ideological and religious differences de Mun was good friends with Prime Minister [[Louis Barthou]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barthou |first=Louis |date=March 1923 |title=Albert de Mun|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44846257 |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=274|jstor=44846257 }}</ref>

====The Great War====
[[File:Albert de Mun - photographe inconnu.jpg|thumb|left|The Count in his later years.]]
Since 1911, de Mun had predicted a coming war against the [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] with the Balkans being the source of the outbreak. However, exhausted by his work, the [[1914 French legislative election|last election]], and his illness, de Mun was dismissive of the significance of the [[assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] in 1914. By the end of July de Mun was convinced that war was upon the nation, but confident that no Frenchman would hesitate in their duty.<ref name="Martin 1978 288-289">{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=290}}</ref>

Despite their often-bitter political differences de Mun condemned the [[Assassination of Jean Jaurès]] sending a "touching" letter to his widow expressing his condolences. Biographer Benjamin Martin described this as the first step in the formation of the [[Sacred Union]] during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=289}}</ref> In further support of the Union, after the French chamber voted for war, de Mun crossed the chamber and grasped the hand of socialist [[Édouard Vaillant]] a former communard who had never before spoken to the former cavalry officer who had taken part in the suppression of the Commune.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=290}}</ref>

Outside the chamber another of de Mun's former enemies [[Théophile Delcassé]], who had engineered France's break with the [[France–Holy See relations|Vatican]], was receiving congratulations for success in forging the [[Entente Cordiale]]. Upon seeing de Mun among the crowd Delcassé leaned in and asked "And will God be with us too?" to which, de Mun replied "Yes you may rest easy. God forgives, and he takes into account the sacrifices of Catholics. He will grant their prayers."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=290}}</ref>

During the fighting in [[French conquest of Morocco|Morocco]] de Mun has lobbied for the restoration of army chaplains. In May 1913 War Minister [[Eugène Étienne]] decreed that 4 chapins could be assigned to each army corp. This number was entirely insufficient for the fighting on the [[Battle of the Frontiers|Western Front]] and the troops demanded more. Prime Minister [[René Viviani]] responded by authorizing de Mun to recruit 250 priests for service, but without pay and for an indefinite length. De Mun was given an office at the [[French Red Cross]] headquarters in Paris. By August 27 the first chaplains' corps ready and sent to the front with a thousand more priests waiting for the next round of army formations. All expenses were paid by subscriptions to de Mun's paper, L'Echo de Paris, amounting to more than one hundred thousand francs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=290-291}}</ref>

At the end of August Poincare urged Viviani to broaden his ministry by bringing in [[Aristide Briand]], [[Alexandre Millerand]], and de Mun. Viviani accepted the first two, but not de Mun. Millerand, with the prime minister's support, instead appointed de Mun to oversee the army's supply system. De Mun, who was disappointed that his age and health prevented him from rejoining the fight was thrilled by the decision for it allowed him to work directly with the army again. In any case the position effectively made de Mun an unofficial minister. Furthermore, his daily wartime editorials significantly improved morale with the War ministry flooded with messages from soldiers and citizens praising the Count's writings. This led the nation to call him the "Minister of Public Confidence".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=290-291}}</ref>

Confident in the ultimate victory of [[Joseph Joffre|Marshal Joffre]], de Mun had to be ordered by President Poincare to leave Paris with the rest of the government for Bordeaux. On October 6th after celebrating Joffre's counteroffensive and finishing his next editorial de Mun passed away.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=292-294}}</ref>

==Legacy==
    
Upon his death [[Edmond Rostand]] told his widow "Madam, the souls of the France crowd around your heart."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Barthou |first=Louis |date=March 1923 |title=Albert de Mun|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44846257 |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=300|jstor=44846257 }}</ref> [[Pope Benedict XV]] sent his condolences to the funeral.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=299}}</ref>

De Mun's funeral took place on October 10th at Notre Dame de Bordeaux and presided over by Archbishop [[Pierre Andrieu]]. In an extraordinary break with precedent President [[Raymond Poincaré]], Prime Minister [[René Viviani]], Delcassé, and the majority of deputies and senators attended the service. At the cemetery [[Paul Deschanel]], speaker of the chamber, in a eulogy called the count "the immortal honor of France". During the address Poincaré was openly weeping and embraced Deschanel after he finished speaking. Another one by Piou concluded with "He spent his life defending the unpopular, but he died the most popular man in France."<ref>{{Cite book |title=Count Albert de Mun Paladin of the Third Republic |last=Martin |first=Benjamin F. |date=1978 |page=295-296}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Louis Barthou]] said that the count was "the collaborator and even sometimes the precursor of all the great labor laws of the Republic."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sister Miriam |first=O.S.U |date=March 1953 |title=Count Albert de Mun: His Theory of the Social Apostolate|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3707002 |journal= The American Catholic Sociological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=20|doi=10.2307/3707002 |jstor=3707002 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Charles De Gaulle]] was influenced by the Count's political views.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Bertram M. |title=The Formation of de Gaulle's Political Philosophy: Legacies of the Belle Epoque. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41298959 |journal=Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques |date=1993 |volume=19 |issue=1 |page=65 & 72|jstor=41298959 }}</ref> American historian [[Barbara Tuchman]] called him a "sincere and honorable man of lofty ideals"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tuchman |first1=Barbara W. |title=The Proud Tower: A Portrait of the World Before the War, 1890-1914; Barbara W. Tuchman's Great War Series |date=2011 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |page=210}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Catholic Social Teaching]]
* [[Rerum novarum]]
* [[René de La Tour du Pin]]
* [[Jacques Piou]]
* [[Popular Liberal Action]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*A. M. A. “Count de Mun.” The Irish Monthly 43, no. 500 (1915): 102–5. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20503687 online].
*Barthou, Louis. “ALBERT DE MUN.” Revue Des Deux Mondes (1829-1971) 14, no. 2 (1923): 273–300. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/44846257 online].
*Brown, Marvin L. “Catholic-Legitimist Militancy in the Early Years of the Third French Republic.” The Catholic Historical Review 60, no. 2 (1974): 233–54. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25019541 online].
*Burns, E. M. “The French Minimum Wage Act of 1915.” Economica, no. 9 (1923): 236–44. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2548137 online].
*Dordevic, Mihailo. “Archbishop Ireland and the Church-State Controversy in France in 1892.” Minnesota History 42, no. 2 (1970): 63–67. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20178085 online.]
*Gordon, Bertram M. “The Formation of de Gaulle's Political Philosophy: Legacies of the Belle Epoque.” Historical Reflections / Réflexions Historiques 19, no. 1 (1993): 63–80. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/41298959 online].
*Flower, J. E. “Forerunners of the Worker-Priests.” Journal of Contemporary History 2, no. 4 (1967): 183–99. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/259829 online.]
*Kselman, Thomas. “Funeral Conflicts in Nineteenth-Century France.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 30, no. 2 (1988): 312–32. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/178837 online].
* Martin, Benjamin F. "The Creation of the Action Libérale Populaire: an Example of Party Formation in Third Republic France." ''French Historical Studies'' 9.4 (1976): 660-689. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/286210 online]
*Martin, Benjamin F., and Albert de Mun. “A Letter of Albert de Mun on the Papal Condemnation of the Sillon.” The Catholic Historical Review 64, no. 1 (1978): 47–50. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25020240 online].
*Moon, Parker Thomas. “The Social Catholic Movement in France under the Third Republic.” The Catholic Historical Review 7, no. 1 (1921): 24–34. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25011732 online].
*Nord, Philip G. “Three Views of Christian Democracy in Fin de Siecle France.” Journal of Contemporary History 19, no. 4 (1984): 713–27. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/260333 online].
*Perkins, Alfred. “From Uncertainty to Opposition: French Catholic Liberals and Imperial Expansion, 1880-1885.” The Catholic Historical Review 82, no. 2 (1996): 204–24. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25024664 online].
*Porch, Douglas. “The French Army Law of 1832.” The Historical Journal 14, no. 4 (1971): 751–69. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638105 online].
*Sister Miriam, O. S. U. “Count Albert de Mun: His Theory of the Social Apostolate.” The American Catholic Sociological Review 14, no. 1 (1953): 13–24. [https://doi.org/10.2307/3707002 online].
*Stuart, Robert. “‘Jesus the Sans-Culotte’: Marxism and Religion during the French Fin de Siècle.” The Historical Journal 42, no. 3 (1999): 705–27. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3020918 online].
*Ua Ceallaigh, A. “Albert de Mun.” The Irish Monthly 49, no. 573 (1921): 100–104. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/20505648 online].

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Adrien Albert Marie de Mun}}

{{Académie française Seat 8}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mun, Adrien Albert Marie de}}
[[Category:1841 births]]
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