View source for Alberto Moravia

{{Short description|Italian novelist and journalist (1907–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
| name             = Alberto Moravia
| image            = Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico - BEIC 6361580.jpg
| caption          = Moravia photographed by [[Paolo Monti]] in 1982
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1907|11|28|df=y}}
| birth_name       = Alberto Pincherle
| birth_place      = Rome, [[Kingdom of Italy]]
| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1990|09|26|1907|11|28}}
| death_place      = Rome, [[Italy]]
| resting_place    = [[Campo Verano]], Rome
| occupation       = Novelist, journalist, playwright, essayist, film critic
| notableworks     = ''[[Gli indifferenti]]'' (''Time of Indifference'', 1929)<br />''Il conformista'' (''[[The Conformist]]'', 1947)<br />''[[Racconti romani]]'' (''Roman Tales'', 1954)<br />''La ciociara'' (''[[Two Women (novel)|Two Women]]'', 1957)
| awards           = [[Strega Prize]] (1952)<br />Premio Marzotto (1957)<br />[[Viareggio Prize]] (1961)<br />Premio Mondello (1982)
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Elsa Morante]]|1941|1985|end=died}}
*{{marriage|Carmen Llera|1986}}}}
| partner          = [[Dacia Maraini]] (1962–1978)
| portaldisp       = y
}}

'''Alberto Pincherle''' ({{IPA|it|alˈbɛrto ˈpiŋkerle|lang}}; 28 November 1907 – 26 September 1990), known by his pseudonym '''Alberto Moravia''' ({{IPAc-en|US|m|oʊ|ˈ|r|ɑː|v|i|ə|,_|-|ˈ|r|eɪ|v|-}} {{respell|moh|RAH|vee|ə|,_-|RAY|-}};<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Moravia, Alberto|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Moravia|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/moravia|title=Moravia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|it|moˈraːvja|lang}}), was an Italian novelist and journalist. His novels explored matters of modern [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], [[social alienation]] and [[existentialism]]. Moravia is best known for his [[debut novel]] ''[[Gli indifferenti]]'' (''The Time of Indifference'' 1929) and for the anti-fascist novel ''Il conformista'' (''[[The Conformist]]'' 1947), the basis for the film ''[[The Conformist (film)|The Conformist]]'' (1970) directed by [[Bernardo Bertolucci]]. Other novels of his adapted for the cinema are ''Agostino'', filmed with the same title by [[Mauro Bolognini]] in 1962; ''[[Il disprezzo]]'' (''A Ghost at Noon'' or ''Contempt''), filmed by [[Jean-Luc Godard]] as ''Le Mépris'' (''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]'' 1963); ''La noia'' (''Boredom''), filmed with that title by [[Damiano Damiani]] in 1963 and released in the US as ''[[The Empty Canvas]]'' in 1964 and ''[[Two Women (novel)|La ciociara]]'', filmed by [[Vittorio De Sica]] as ''[[La ciociara|Two Women]]'' (1960). [[Cédric Kahn]]'s ''[[L'Ennui]]'' (1998) is another version of ''La noia''.

Moravia once remarked that the most important facts of his life had been his illness, a tubercular infection of the bones that confined him to a bed for five years and [[Italian fascism|Fascism]] because they both caused him to suffer and do things he otherwise would not have done. "It is what we are forced to do that forms our character, not what we do of our own free will."<ref name=Accrocca /> Moravia was an atheist.<ref name=Viola /> His writing was marked by its factual, cold, precise style, often depicting the malaise of the ''[[bourgeoisie]]''. It was rooted in the tradition of nineteenth-century narrative, underpinned by high social and cultural awareness.<ref name=Dego /> Moravia believed that writers must, if they were to represent reality, ‘a more absolute and complete reality than reality itself’, "assume a moral position, a clearly conceived political, social, and philosophical attitude" but also that, ultimately, "A writer survives in spite of his beliefs".<ref name=Burnside /> Between 1959 and 1962 Moravia was president of [[PEN International]], the worldwide association of writers.

==Biography==

===Early years===
Alberto Pincherle was born in Via Sgambati in Rome, Italy, to a wealthy middle-class family. His chosen pen name "Moravia" equals to [[Moravia]], which is one of historic [[Czech lands]], and was linked to his paternal grandmother. His [[Jew]]ish [[Venice|Venetian]] father, Carlo, was an architect and a painter. His [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Ancona|Anconitan]] mother, Teresa Iginia de Marsanich, was of [[Dalmatia]]n origin. His family had interesting twists and developed a complex cultural and political character. The brothers [[Carlo Rosselli|Carlo]] and [[Nello Rosselli]], founders of the [[Anti-fascism|anti-fascist]] [[resistance movement]] [[Giustizia e Libertà]], murdered in France by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s order in 1937, were paternal cousins and his maternal uncle, [[Augusto De Marsanich]], was an undersecretary in the [[National Fascist Party]] cabinet.<ref name=Rose />

Moravia did not finish conventional schooling because, at the age of nine, he contracted [[tuberculosis]] of the bone, which confined him to bed for five years. He spent three years at home and two in a sanatorium near [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], in north-eastern Italy. Moravia was an intelligent boy, and devoted himself to reading books and some of his favourite authors were [[Giosuè Carducci]], [[Giovanni Boccaccio]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[James Joyce]], [[Ludovico Ariosto]], [[Carlo Goldoni]], [[William Shakespeare]], [[Molière]], [[Nikolai Gogol]] and [[Stéphane Mallarmé]]. He learned French and German and wrote poems in French and Italian.

In 1925 at the age of 18, he left the sanatorium and moved to [[Brixen|Bressanone]]. During the next three years, partly in Bressanone and partly in Rome, he began to write his first novel, ''Gli indifferenti'' (''Time of Indifference''), published in 1929. The novel is a realistic analysis of the moral decadence of a middle-class mother and two of her children. In 1927, Moravia met [[Corrado Alvaro]] and [[Massimo Bontempelli]] and started his career as a journalist with the magazine [["900", Cahiers d'Italie et d'Europe|''900'']]. The journal published his first short stories, including ''Cortigiana stanca'' (''The Tired Courtesan'' in French as ''Lassitude de courtisane'', 1927), ''Delitto al circolo del tennis'' (''Crime at the Tennis Club'', 1928), ''Il ladro curioso'' (''The Curious Thief'') and ''Apparizione'' (''Apparition'', both 1929).

===''Gli indifferenti'' and Fascist ostracism===

[[File:Moravia & Morante.jpg|thumb|180px|Moravia and Elsa Morante, Capri, 1940s]]
''Gli indifferenti'' was published at his own expense, costing 5,000 [[Italian lira]]. Literary critics described the novel as a noteworthy example of contemporary Italian narrative fiction.<ref>Moravia, Alberto (1985). L'uomo che guarda. Milan: Bompiani. Foreword by Giorgio Cavallini.</ref> The next year, Moravia started collaborating with the newspaper ''[[La Stampa]]'', then edited by author [[Curzio Malaparte]]. In 1933, together with Mario Pannunzio, he founded the literary review magazines ''Caratteri'' (''Characters'') and ''[[Oggi (magazine)|Oggi]]'' (''Today'') and started writing for the newspaper ''[[Gazzetta del Popolo]]''. The years leading to World War II were difficult for Moravia as an author; the [[National Fascist Party|Fascist regime]] prohibited reviews of ''Le ambizioni sbagliate'' (1935), seized his novel ''La mascherata'' (''Masquerade'', 1941) and banned ''Agostino'' (''Two Adolescents'', 1941). In 1935 he travelled to the United States to give a lecture series on [[Italian literature]]. ''L'imbroglio'' (''The Cheat'') was published by [[Bompiani]] in 1937. To avoid Fascist censorship, Moravia wrote mainly in the surrealist and [[allegory|allegoric]] styles; among the works is ''Il sogno del pigro'' (''The Dream of the Lazy''). The Fascist seizure of the second edition of ''La mascherata'' in 1941, forced him to write under a pseudonym. That same year, he married the novelist [[Elsa Morante]], whom he had met in 1936. They lived in [[Capri]], where he wrote ''Agostino''. After the [[Armistice with Italy|Armistice]] of 8 September 1943, Moravia and Morante took refuge in [[Fondi]], on the border of [[province of Frosinone]], a region to which fascism had arbitrarily imposed the name "ciociaria"; the experience inspired ''[[Two Women (novel)|La ciociara]]'' (1957) (''Two Woman'', 1958).

===Return to Rome and national popularity===

In May 1944, after the liberation of Rome, Alberto Moravia returned. He began collaborating with Corrado Alvaro, writing for important newspapers such as ''Il Mondo'' and ''[[Il Corriere della Sera]]'', the latter publishing his writing until his death. After the war, his popularity steadily increased, with works such as ''La Romana'' (''The Woman of Rome'', 1947), ''La Disubbidienza'' (''Disobedience'', 1948), ''L'amore coniugale e altri racconti'' (''Conjugal Love and other stories'', 1949) and ''Il conformista'' (''The Conformist'', 1951). In 1952 he won the [[Premio Strega]] for ''I Racconti'' and his novels began to be translated abroad and ''La Provinciale'' was adapted to film by [[Mario Soldati]]; in 1954 [[Luigi Zampa]] directed ''La Romana'' and in 1955 Gianni Franciolini directed ''I Racconti Romani'' (''The Roman Stories'', 1954) a short collection that won the Marzotto Award. In 1953, Moravia founded the literary magazine ''Nuovi Argomenti'' (''New Arguments''), which featured [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] among its editors. In the 1950s, he wrote prefaces to works such as [[Giuseppe Gioachino Belli|Belli]]'s ''100 Sonnets'', [[Vitaliano Brancati|Brancati]]'s ''Paolo il Caldo'' and [[Stendhal]]'s ''Roman Walks''. From 1957, he also reviewed and criticised cinema for the weekly magazines ''[[L'Europeo]]'' and ''[[L'Espresso]]''. His criticism is collected in the volume ''Al Cinema'' (''At the Cinema'', 1975).

===''La noia'' and later life===
{{redirect|La noia|the film|The Empty Canvas{{!}}''The Empty Canvas''|the song|La noia (song)}}
In 1960, Moravia published ''La noia'' (''Boredom'' or ''The Empty Canvas''), the story of the troubled sexual relationship between a young, rich painter striving to find sense in his life and an easygoing girl in Rome. It became one of his most famous novels, and won the [[Viareggio Prize]]. [[The Empty Canvas|An adaptation]] was filmed by [[Damiano Damiani]] in 1962. Another adaptation of the book is the basis of [[Cédric Kahn]]'s film ''[[L'Ennui]]'' (1998). Several films were based on his other novels: in 1960, [[Vittorio De Sica]] adapted ''La ciociara'' (''[[Two Women]]''), starring [[Sophia Loren]]; in 1963, [[Jean-Luc Godard]] filmed ''Il disprezzo'' (''[[Contempt (film)|Contempt]]''); and in 1964, [[Francesco Maselli]] filmed ''Gli indifferenti'' (''[[Time of Indifference]]''). In 1962, Moravia and Elsa Morante parted, despite never divorcing. He went to live with the young writer [[Dacia Maraini]] and concentrated on theatre. In 1966, he, Maraini and [[Enzo Siciliano]] founded ''Il porcospino'', which staged works by Moravia, Maraini, [[Carlo Emilio Gadda]] and others.

In 1967 Moravia visited China, Japan and [[Korea]]. In 1971 he published the novel ''Io e lui'' (''I and He'' or ''The Two of Us'') about a screenwriter, his independent penis and the situations to which he thrusts them and the essay ''Poesia e romanzo'' (''Poetry and Novel''). In 1972 he went to Africa, which inspired his work ''A quale tribù appartieni?'' (''Which Tribe Do You Belong To?''), published in the same year. His 1982 trip to Japan, including a visit to [[Hiroshima]], inspired a series of articles for ''L'Espresso'' magazine about the [[atomic bomb]]. The same theme is in the novel ''L'uomo che guarda'' (''The Man Who Looks'', 1985) and the essay ''L'inverno nucleare'' (''The Nuclear Winter''), including interviews with some contemporary principal scientists and politicians.

The short story collection, ''La Cosa e altri racconti'' (''The Thing and Other Stories''), was dedicated to Carmen Llera, his new companion (forty-five years his junior), whom he married in 1986, after Morante's death in November 1985. In 1984, Moravia was elected to the [[European Parliament]] as a member of the [[Italian Communist Party]]. His experiences at [[Strasbourg]], which ended in 1988, are recounted in ''Il diario europeo'' (''The European Diary''). In 1985 he won the title of European Personality. Moravia was a perennial contender for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]], having been nominated 13 times between 1949 and 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=6403|title=Nomination%20archive|date=April 2020}}</ref> In September 1990, Alberto Moravia was found dead in the bathroom of his [[Lungotevere]] apartment, in Rome. In that year, Bompiani published his autobiography, ''Vita di Moravia'' (''Life of Moravia'').

== Themes and literary style ==
Moral aridity, the hypocrisy of contemporary life and the inability of people to find happiness in traditional ways such as love and marriage are the regnant themes in the works of Alberto Moravia. Usually, these conditions are pathologically typical of middle-class life; marriage is the target of works such as ''Disobedience'' and ''L'amore coniugale'' (''Conjugal Love'', 1947). Alienation is the theme in works such as ''Il disprezzo'' (''Contempt'' or ''A Ghost at Noon'', 1954) and ''La noia'' (''The Empty Canvas'') from the 1950s, despite observation from a rational-realistic perspective. Political themes are often present; an example is ''La Romana'' (''The Woman of Rome'', 1947), the story of a prostitute entangled with the Fascist regime and with a network of conspirators. The extreme sexual realism in ''La noia'' (''The Empty Canvas'', 1960) introduced the psychologically experimental works of the 1970s.

Moravia's writing style was highly regarded for being extremely stark and unadorned, characterised by elementary, common words in an elaborate syntax. A complex mood is established by mixing a proposition constituting the description of a single psychological observation mixed with another such proposition. In the later novels, the inner monologue is prominent.

==Works==
* ''[[Gli indifferenti]]'' (1929), novel (''The Time of Indifference'', trans. Angus Davidson (1953), Tami Calliope (2000))
* ''Le ambizioni sbagliate'' (1935), novel (''Wheel of Fortune'' (original) or ''Mistaken Ambitions'' (Moravia's preference), trans. [[Arthur Livingston]] (1938))
* ''La bella vita'' (1935), short stories
* ''I sogni del pigro'' (1940), short stories
* ''La mascherata'' (1941), novel (''The Fancy Dress Party'', trans. Angus Davidson (1947))
* ''La cetonia'' (1944), short stories
* ''Agostino'' (1944), novel (''Agostino'', trans. [[Beryl de Zoete]] (1947), Michael F. Moore (2014); frequently coupled with ''La disubbidienza'' as ''Two Adolescents'')
* ''L'epidemia'' (1944), short stories
* ''La romana'' (1947), novel (''[[The Woman of Rome]]'', trans. Lydia Holland (1949), revised and updated by Tami Calliope (1999))
* ''La disubbidienza'' (1948), novel (''Luca'' (U.S.) or ''Disobedience'' (UK), trans. Angus Davidson (1950); frequently coupled with ''Agostino'' as ''Two Adolescents'')
* ''L'amore coniugale'' (1949), novel (''[[Conjugal Love (novel)|Conjugal Love]]'', trans. Angus Davidson (1951), Marina Harss (2007))
* ''Il conformista'' (1951), novel (''[[The Conformist]]'', trans. Angus Davidson (1952), Tami Calliope (1999))
* ''I racconti, 1927–1951'' (1952), short stories (first selection, made in consultation with Moravia: ''Bitter Honeymoon and Other Stories'', trans. [[Frances Frenaye]], Baptista Gilliat Smith and Bernard Wall (1954); supplementary selection: ''The Wayward Wife and Other Stories'', trans. Angus Davidson (1960); the two English selections present sixteen of the twenty-four stories in the Italian original) 
* ''[[Racconti romani]]'' (1954), short stories (selection: ''Roman Tales'', trans. Angus Davidson (1954))
* ''[[Il disprezzo]]'' (1954), novel (''A Ghost at Noon'' (original) or ''Contempt'' (to align with [[Contempt (film)|the film]]), trans. Angus Davidson (1954))
* ''La ciociara'' (1957), novel (''[[Two women (novel)|Two Women]]'', trans. Angus Davidson (1958))
* ''[[Beatrice Cenci]]'' (1958), play (''Beatrice Cenci'', trans. Angus Davidson (1965))
* ''Nuovi racconti romani'' (1959), short stories (selection: ''More Roman Tales'', trans. Angus Davidson (1963))
* ''La noia'' (1960), novel (''The Empty Canvas'' (original) or ''Boredom'' (reissue), trans. Angus Davidson (1961))
* ''L'automa'' (1962), short stories (''The Fetish'', trans. Angus Davidson (1964))
* ''L'uomo come fine e altri saggi'' (1964), essays (''Man as an End: A Defense of Humanism: Literary, Social and Political Essays'', trans. Bernard Wall (1965))
* ''L'attenzione'' (1965), novel (''The Lie'', trans. Angus Davidson (1966))
* ''Una cosa è una cosa'' (1967), short stories (''Command, and I Will Obey You'', trans. Angus Davidson (1969))
* ''La rivoluzione culturale in Cina. Ovvero il Convitato di pietra'' (1967), essay (''The Red Book and the Great Wall: An Impression of Mao's China'', trans. Ronald Strom (1968)) 
* ''Il dio Kurt'' (1969), play
* ''La vita è gioco'' (1969), play
* ''Il paradiso'' (1970), short stories (''Paradise and Other Stories'' (UK) or ''Bought and Sold'' (U.S.), trans. Angus Davidson (1971)) 
* ''Io e lui'' (1971), novel (''The Two of Us'' (UK) or ''Two: A Phallic Novel'' (U.S.), trans. Angus Davidson (1972))
* ''A quale tribù appartieni'' (1972), essays (''Which Tribe Do You Belong To?'', trans. Angus Davidson (1974)), "collection of articles from 10 years' junketing in Africa"<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/08/archives/which-tribe-do-you-belong-to-by-alberto-moravia-translated-from-the.html Review] by [[Paul Theroux]]</ref> 
* ''Un'altra vita'' (1973), short stories (''Lady Godiva and Other Stories'' (original) or ''Mother Love'' (reissue), trans. Angus Davidson (1975))
* ''Al cinema'' (1975), essays
* ''Boh'' (1976), short stories (''The Voice of the Sea and Other Stories'', trans. Angus Davidson (1978))
* ''La vita interiore'' (1978), novel (''Time of Desecration'', trans. Angus Davidson (1980))<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alter |first=Robert |date=1980-06-01 |title=The Erotic Terrorist; Moravia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/01/archives/the-erotic-terrorist-moravia.html |access-date=2024-04-21 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
* ''Impegno controvoglia'' (1980), essays
* [[1934 (novel)|''1934'']] (1982), novel (''1934'', trans. [[William Weaver]] (1983))
* ''La cosa e altri racconti'' (1983), short stories (''Erotic Tales'', trans. [[Tim Parks]] (1985))
* ''L'uomo che guarda'' (1985), novel (''The Voyeur'', trans. Tim Parks (1986))
* ''L'inverno nucleare'' (1986), essays and interviews
* ''Il viaggio a Roma'' (1988), novel (''Journey to Rome'', trans. Tim Parks (1989))
* ''La villa del venerdì e altri racconti'' (1990), short stories

==Reviews==
* [[James Kelman|Kelman, James]] (1980), review of ''Desecration'', in ''[[Cencrastus]]'' No. 4, Winter 1980–81, p.&nbsp;49, {{issn|0264-0856}}

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century|''Le Monde''{{'}}s 100 Books of the Century]], a list which includes ''Contempt'' or ''A Ghost at Noon''.

==References==
<references>
<ref name=Viola>
{{cite journal
| last = Viola | first = Carmelo R.
| title = Alberto Moravia o del "realismo borghese"
| journal = Fermenti
| issue = 203
| publisher = Fermenti Editricce
| location = Rome
| year = 1991
| language = it
| url = http://www.fermenti-editrice.it/schede/Speciale_Moravia.htm 
| access-date = 2013-12-04
}}</ref>
<ref name=Accrocca>
{{cite book
| last = Accrocca | first = E.F. | author-link = Elio Filippo Accrocca 
| title = Roma allo specchio nella narrativa Italiano da De Amicis al primo Moravia, Istituto Storia Romana, Rome 1958
| at = Reprinted in Giuliano Dego, Moravia (Writers and Critics Series), Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1966, page 3, ASIN B0000CN5PF
}}</ref>
<ref name=Dego>
{{cite book
| last = Dego | first = Giuliano
| title = Moravia (Writers and Critics Series)
| at = Foreword
| publisher = Oliver & Boyd
| location = Edinburgh
| year = 1966
}}</ref>
<ref name=Burnside>
{{cite news |last=Burnside |first=John |date=8 July 2011 |title= My hero Alberto Moravia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/08/alberto-moravia-hero-john-burnside |newspaper=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media |access-date=2013-12-04 }}</ref>
<ref name=Rose>
{{cite book
| last = Rose | first = Peter Isaac
| title = The Dispossessed: An Anatomy Of Exile
| pages = 138–139
| publisher = University of Massachusetts Press
| location = Amherst & Boston
| year = 2005
| isbn = 1558494669}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}
* [http://theparisreview.org/viewinterview.php/prmMID/5093 The Paris Review Interview]
* {{Books and Writers |id=moravia |name=Alberto Moravia}}
* [https://archive.today/20130103180657/http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=141&tpl=/eng/autore.tpl.html Listen to ''Pioggia di Maggio'' by Alberto Moravia] free download on mp3
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024446/http://www.radio.rai.it/radioscrigno/trasmettiamo/trasmettiamo_lancio.cfm?Q_IDSCHEDA=183 Listen to ''Romolo e Remo''], one of Moravia's ''Racconti Romani''
* [http://pen-international.org/ PEN International]

{{s-start}}
{{s-npo}}
{{succession box|before=[[André Chamson]]|title=International President of [[PEN International]]|after=[[Victor E. van Vriesland]]|years=1959–1962}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Awards received by Alberto Moravia
|list1=
{{Strega Prize}}
{{Viareggio Prize}}
{{Mondello Prize}}
}}

{{Venice Film Festival jury presidents}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moravia, Alberto}}
[[Category:Alberto Moravia| ]]
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Rome]]
[[Category:Italian film critics]]
[[Category:Italian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Italian male journalists]]
[[Category:Italian erotica writers]]
[[Category:Strega Prize winners]]
[[Category:PEN International]]
[[Category:Italian Communist Party MEPs]]
[[Category:MEPs for Italy 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Viareggio Prize winners]]
[[Category:Italian Communist Party politicians]]
[[Category:Italian atheists]]
[[Category:Italian people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People of Venetian descent]]
[[Category:Italian psychological writers]]
[[Category:Burials at Campo Verano]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian male writers]]
[[Category:Italian essayists]]
[[Category:Italian male essayists]]
[[Category:Italian male novelists]]
[[Category:Italian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian short story writers]]
[[Category:Italian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Italian magazine founders]]
[[Category:Jewish Italian politicians]]