View source for Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence

{{Short description|Duke of Florence from 1532 to 1537}}
{{about|the first Duke of Florence|the Alessandro de' Medici who was pope|Pope Leo XI}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Alessandro de' Medici
| succession   = [[Duke of Florence]]
| reign        = {{nowrap|1 May 1532 – 6 January 1537}}
| coronation   = 
| cor-type     = 
| predecessor  = [[Ippolito de' Medici]]
| successor    = [[Cosimo I de' Medici]]
| image        = Jacopo Pontormo 056.jpg
| caption      = ''Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici, duke of Florence'', painted by [[Pontormo]], [[oil on canvas]], c. 1534–1535, [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philamuseum.org/collection/object/102656|title=Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|accessdate=7 May 2023}}</ref>
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Margaret of Parma]]|1536}}
| issue        = {{ubl|[[Giulio de' Medici (died 1600)|Giulio de' Medici]] {{small|(illegitimate)}}|[[Giulia de' Medici]] {{small|(illegitimate)}}|[[Porzia de' Medici]] {{small|(illegitimate)}}}}
| full name    = 
| house        = [[Medici]]
| father       = [[Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino]]
| mother       = [[Simonetta da Collevecchio]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=y|1510|7|22}}
| birth_place  = [[Florence]], [[Republic of Florence]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=y|1537|1|6|1510|7|22}}
| death_place  = Florence, [[Duchy of Florence]]
| religion     = [[Catholicism]]
}}
'''Alessandro de' Medici''' (22 July 1510 – 6 January 1537), nicknamed "'''il Moro'''" due to his dark complexion, [[Duke]] of [[Penne, Abruzzo|Penne]] and the first [[Duke of the Florentine Republic]] (from 1532), was ruler of [[Florence]] from 1530 to his death in 1537.<ref name="VAM" /> The first [[House of Medici|Medici]] to rule Florence as a hereditary monarch, Alessandro was also the last Medici from the senior line of the family to lead the city. His assassination at the hands of distant cousin [[Lorenzino de' Medici|Lorenzaccio]] caused the title of Duke to pass to [[Cosimo I de Medici]], from the family's junior branch.

==Life==
Born in Florence, Alessandro was recognized by a plurality of his contemporaries as the only son of [[Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino]], grandson of [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] "the Magnificent".<ref name="Fell1993">{{cite book|author=A. London Fell|title=Origins of legislative sovereignty and the legislative state: Modern origins,developments, and perspectives against the Background of "Machiavellism".Book I: Pre-Modern "Machiavellism"|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Oso4AQAAIAAJ |access-date=12 January 2012|year=1993|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-93975-5}}</ref> Others believed him to be the illegitimate son of Giulio de' Medici (later [[Pope Clement VII]]), but at the time and today that was a minority view.<ref name="Fletcher">Catherine Fletcher, ''The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici'' (London: Bodley Head, 2016), pp. 16, 280–81.</ref> [[Scipione Ammirato]], the court historian of the Medicean grand duchy writes that "...some whose authority is credible and that have obtained this secret from penetralia servants, think he was son of Clement, born of a servant of the house when he was a knight of Saint John."

His nickname "il Moro" is attributed to his relatively dark pigmentation.<ref name="Hibbert Mauro">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3doAAAAMAAJ|title=The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=0-688-00339-7|pages=151–|author=Christopher Hibbert|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Williams2004">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mq7ctwMNdoC&pg=PA74|title=Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes|year=2004|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-2071-1|pages=74–|author=George L. Williams|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=Frontline1>{{cite web |url= https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/medici.html |title= The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families: Alessandro De Medici |publisher= [[Frontline (American TV program)|Frontline]] |date= c. 1995 |access-date= 22 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Frontline2">{{Cite web |title=A View On Race And The Art World {{!}} FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/mediciupdate.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>[[J. A. Rogers|Rogers, J. A.]], ''World's Great Men of Color, Volume 2'', p. 31 (Touchstone, 1996), {{ISBN|0684815826}}</ref><ref>Caroline P. Murphy, ''Murder of a Medici Princess'', p. 9 (Oxford University Press, 2008), {{ISBN|978-0-19-531439-7}}</ref>

Some historians, such as [[Christopher Hibbert]], present two hypotheses as to Alessandro de Medici's ancestry: he was "rumoured to be [[Pope Clement VII|Cardinal Giulio's]] son by either a Moorish slave or a peasant woman from the [[Roman Campagna]]".<ref name="Hibbert Descent">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3doAAAAMAAJ|title=The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall|year=2003|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=0-688-00339-7|pages=236–|author=Christopher Hibbert|access-date=10 June 2022}}</ref><ref name=Frontline2/> His mother was identified in documents as [[Simonetta da Collevecchio]], a servant of [[Alfonsina Orsini]], grandmother of Alessandro.<ref>So named because for being a native or living in [[Collevecchio]], a small town in the historical region of [[Sabina (region)|Sabina]], in the [[Papal States]]</ref> French author Jean Nestor reported in the 1560s that the claim of a Moorish slave origin was a false rumor first spread by Alessandro's exiled enemies in Naples.<ref name=":0">Jean Nestor, ''Histoire des hommes illustres de la maison de Medici'', 1564, p. 187.</ref> [[University of Florence]] historian [[:it:Giorgio Spini|Giorgio Spini]] too described this rumour as unfounded, instead tracing Alessandro's mother to a peasant from the Roman countryside who would later go on to marry a carrier from Lazio.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Spini |first1=Giorgio |title=ALESSANDRO de' Medici, primo duca di Firenze |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-de-medici-primo-duca-di-firenze_(Dizionario-Biografico) |website=The Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti |publisher=Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> 

[[File:Nashorn.medici.jpg|thumb|left|Emblem of [[Alessandro de' Medici]], based on ''[[Dürer's Rhinoceros]]''. Motto: "Non vuelvo sin vencer" (old Spanish for "I shall not return without victory")<ref>{{cite book |last=Bedini |first=Silvano A. |title=The Pope's Elephant |year=1997 |publisher= Carcanet Press |page=192|location=Manchester |isbn=978-1-85754-277-6}}.</ref> (From [[Paolo Giovio]]'s ''Dialogo dell'imprese militari et amorose'', 1557) ]]

===Early life===
Alessandro spent his early childhood in Rome, where he received a humanist education by [[Pierio Valeriano Bolzani]], under the supervision of [[Pope Leo X]] and Cardinal Giulio de’ Medici.<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal |last1=Gallucci |first1=Mary |title=Mistaken Identities?: Alessandro de' Medici and the Question of "Race" |journal=Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies |date=Summer 2015 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=44 |doi=10.1353/jem.2015.0023 |s2cid=153239187 |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:15716/CONTENT/alessandro-article-15.3.gallucci.pdf/|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During those years, a number of unexpected deaths occurred in the Medici family’s senior line: [[Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours]] (1516); [[Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino]] (1519); and eventually Pope Leo X (1521). This prompted Cardinal Giulio (then Gran Maestro of Florence, later Pope Clement VII), to relocate the remaining Medici heirs to [[Poggio a Caiano]], near Florence: Alessandro; his half-sister [[Catherine de' Medici|Catherine]], (later Queen Consort of France); and his cousin [[Ippolito de Medici|Ippolito]], (later Vice-Chancellor of the Catholic Church).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Catherine |title=The Black Prince of Florence |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=9780190612726 |pages=33–40}}</ref> In 1522, Cardinal Giulio purchased the title 'Duke of Penne' for Alessandro from [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/2016/03/alessandro-de-medici-duke-of-florence.html|title=The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence|date=March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063448/http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/2016/03/alessandro-de-medici-duke-of-florence.html|archive-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

When Cardinal Giulio became Pope Clement VII in 1523, he left leadership of Florence to Alessandro and Ippolito, under the regency of Papal representative Cardinal [[Silvio Passerini]]. Unfortunately, Alessandro and Ippolito were “alike in one respect only, their mutual hatred of each other.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Staley |first1=Edgcumbe |title=The Tragedies of the Medici |publisher=Project Gutenberg |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10877/10877-h/10877-h.htm}}</ref> They openly feuded throughout their short lives.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10877/10877-h/10877-h.htm|title=The Tragedies of the Medici, by Edgcumbe Staley|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> Passerini was extremely unpopular with the anti-Medici faction in Florence, as well as with members of the Medici family such as [[Clarice Strozzi]], daughter of [[Piero the Unfortunate]]. She disparaged not only Passerini but Alessandro as well, calling him unworthy of the family name. Outrage over the Medici-backed Passerini regency led to a popular revolt four years later.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/2016/03/alessandro-de-medici-duke-of-florence.html|title = The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence|date = March 2016}}</ref>

During the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|Sack of Rome]] in 1527, a faction of Florentines overthrew the Medici and installed a theocratic, [[Girolamo Savonarola|Savonarola]]-influenced [[Republic of Florence|Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alessandro |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro |website=Britannica |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=11 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="auto4"/> Alessandro and [[Ippolito de' Medici]] were advised to leave the city with Cardinal Passerini. Many of the Medicis’ main supporters fled Florence; but eight-year-old Catherine de' Medici was left behind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://longreads.com/2018/09/27/queens-of-infamy-the-early-trials-of-catherine-de-medici/|title=Queens of Infamy: The Rise of Catherine de' Medici|date=27 September 2018}}</ref> Alessandro lived in exile for the next three years.<ref name=robey/>

===Duke of Florence===
[[File:Alessandro de Medici Ruestung.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Alessandro de’ Medici, by [[Giorgio Vasari]] (1534).]]
In 1530, after a nearly ten month [[Siege of Florence (1529–30)|siege of Florence]] supported by [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] troops, Alessandro was named head of state.<ref name="VAM">{{cite web|access-date=6 May 2018|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/africans-in-medieval-and-renaissance-art-duke-alessandro-de-medici/|title=Africans in Medieval & Renaissance Art: Duke Alessandro de' Medici|work=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]]|url-status=live|archive-date=5 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105114523/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/africans-in-medieval-and-renaissance-art-duke-alessandro-de-medici/|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Pope Clement VII chose him for the position over Ippolito, who was made [[Roman Catholic cardinal|cardinal]]. Clement’s choice increased tension between the Medici cousins; for the rest of Ippolito’s life, he spoke openly about wanting to overthrow Alessandro and lead Florence.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro|title = Alessandro &#124; duke of Florence}}</ref> Alessandro arrived in Florence to rule on 5 July 1531. Nine months later he was made hereditary duke by Charles, as Tuscany was technically part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. This ended the Florentine Republic and started over 200 years of Medici monarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Hibbert|1999|pp=250–252}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Schevill|1936|pp=482, 513–514}}.</ref>

The Florentine Constitution of 1532 consolidated Duke Alessandro’s power.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=aa69|title = History of Florence}}</ref> While Clement lived, Alessandro ruled "with the advice of elected councils, trying to calm the nerves of the defeated republicans"; however, as his reign progressed he showed authoritarian tendencies.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://madmonarchist.blogspot.com/2016/03/alessandro-de-medici-duke-of-florence.html|title=The Mad Monarchist: Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence|date=March 2016}}</ref> In 1534, he ordered construction of Florence’s [[Fortezza da Basso]], “to secure the Medici’s control of the city following their recent return after the Siege of Florence, and to provide lodging for a massive contingent of troops.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.florencebiennale.org/en/fortezza-da-basso/|title=Fortezza da Basso|access-date=16 April 2023|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926222032/https://www.florencebiennale.org/en/fortezza-da-basso/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Duke Alessandro’s government drew both praise and criticism. His “common sense and his feeling for justice won his subjects’ affection”; and he “enjoyed some status as the champion of the poor and the helpless, as ballads and novelle record.”<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto3" /> He was also a patron of the arts, commissioning notable works by [[Giorgio Vasari]], [[Jacopo Pontormo]], [[Benvenuto Cellini]], and [[Antonio da Sangallo the Younger]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themedicifamily.com/Alessandro-de-Medici.html|title = Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence – the Medici Family}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.45489.html|title=Alessandro de' Medici, 1512-1537, 1st Duke of Florence 1523 [obverse]|website=www.nga.gov}}</ref> Conversely, Florence’s vocal exile community judged his rule as harsh, depraved, and incompetent, an assessment debated by historians.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last=Fletcher |first=Catherine |date= 2020 |title=The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici |location= Oxford|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 9780190092146}}</ref> In 1535, the exiles enlisted Cardinal Ippolito to meet with Emperor Charles V to denounce Alessandro's government; however, en route to the meeting, Ippolito died under questionable circumstances. Rumors spread that he was poisoned on Alessandro's orders.<ref>{{harvnb|Hibbert|1999|p=254}}.</ref> After the exiles voiced their complaints to Charles, Florentine diplomat [[Francesco Guicciardini]] responded, “his Excellency’s virtue, his fame, the opinion of him held throughout the city, of his prudence, of his virtuous habits, are a sufficient reply".<ref name="auto2"/> Emperor Charles dismissed the complaints, continuing to support Alessandro.

In 1536, Emperor Charles kept a promise to Pope Clement by marrying his daughter, [[Margaret of Parma|Margaret of Austria]], to Duke Alessandro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro|title=Alessandro &#124; duke of Florence|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> He seems to have remained faithful to one mistress, [[Taddea Malaspina]], who bore him two children: [[Giulio de' Medici (died 1600)|Giulio de' Medici]] (c. 1533/37–1600), and [[Giulia de' Medici]].<ref>Langdon, Gabrielle (2006). ''Medici Women: Portraits of Power, Love, and Betrayal''. University of Toronto Press, p. 233. {{ISBN|0-8020-3825-5}}</ref>

==Assassination==
[[File:Alessandro-the-moor.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Alessandro de' Medici in the [[Uffizi]].]]
[[File:MargarethevonParma02.jpg|thumb|left|Margaret of Austria]]

In 1537, Duke Alessandro's distant cousin and close friend [[Lorenzino de' Medici]], "{{langr|it|Lorenzaccio}}" ('bad Lorenzo'), assassinated him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lorenzino-de-Medici|title = Lorenzino de' Medici &#124; Italian writer and assassin}}</ref> 

On 5/6 January, the Night of Epiphany, Lorenzino entrapped Duke Alessandro through the ruse of a promised sexual encounter with a beautiful widow.<ref>Baker, Nicholas Scott. 2010. "Power and Passion in Sixteenth-century Florence: The Sexual and Political Reputations of Alessandro and Cosimo I De' Medici". Journal of the History of Sexuality 19 (3). University of Texas Press: 432–57.</ref> As Duke Alessandro waited alone and unarmed, Lorenzino and his servant Piero di Giovannabate, also called Scoronconcolo, ambushed him and "stabbed Alessandro with a dagger several times while the Duke fought back to the point that he bit off a significant portion of one of Lorenzino's fingers. Eventually, Alessandro succumbed to his wounds and Lorenzino and Scoronconcolo fled from the palace – after locking the door to the chamber to prevent their crime from being discovered too quickly."<ref name="auto1"/><ref name=robey>{{cite thesis
|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/d66a5424ef4eb151237b522cd6e6a2ea/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750|title=Glory and Infamy: Making the Memory of Duke Alessandro de' Medici in Renaissance Florence|author=Tracy E. Robey|year=2012|location=The City University of New York|degree=PhD|page=10}}</ref>

For fear of starting an uprising if news of his death became public, Medici officials wrapped Alessandro's corpse in a carpet and secretly carried it to the cemetery of [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence|San Lorenzo]], where it was hurriedly buried.<ref name="auto1"/> In [[Valladolid]], Spain, at the imperial court of Charles V, a solemn funeral was held for Alessandro.<ref>Cfr. Pascual Molina, Jesús F. (2009). "Alexander Florentiae Dux: el primer duque de Florencia y el Imperio. Muerte, política y arte" en ''Parrado del Olmo'', J. M.ª y Gutiérrez Baños, F. (coords.), Estudios de historia del arte. Homenaje al profesor De la Plaza Santiago. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid. pp. 161–66. {{ISBN|978-84-8448-521-6}}.</ref>

Lorenzino, in a declaration published later, said that he had killed Alessandro to preserve the Republic of Florence. When Florence's anti-Medici faction failed to rise, Lorenzino fled to [[Venice]], where he was killed in 1548 at the direct orders of Emperor Charles V.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prlog.org/12512918-renaissance-mystery-solved-lorenzino-de-medicis-assassination-was-ordered-by-the-emperor-charles-habsburg.html|title=A Renaissance Mystery Solved: Lorenzino de' Medici's assassination was ordered by the Emperor Charles V Habsburg|first=University of|last=Leeds|website=PRLog}}</ref> Florence's Medici supporters – called [[Palleschi]] from the balls on the Medici arms – ensured that power passed to [[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo]], the first of the "junior" branch of the Medici to rule [[Florence]].<ref name="VAM" />

Alessandro was survived by two illegitimate children: son [[Giulio de' Medici (died 1600)|Giulio]] (aged four at the time of his father's death) married to Angelica [[Malaspina family|Malaspina]], and daughter [[Giulia de' Medici|Giulia]], married firstly to [[Francesco Cantelmo]], the Duke of [[Popoli]], and then to [[Bernadetto de' Medici]], the [[Princes of Ottajano|Prince of Ottajano]]. Some months after his death, he had an other illegitimate daughter by unknown mother: [[Porzia de' Medici|Porzia]], who took vows and became abbess.

== Popular culture ==
Alessandro’s assassination is the subject of [[Alfred de Musset]]’s play ''[[Lorenzaccio]]''; [[Alexandre Dumas]]’ play ''Lorenzino''; and the basis for [[Thomas Middleton]]’s play ''[[The Revenger's Tragedy]]'', among other works.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/01/25/lorenzaccio-murder-most-medici/d51ebaea-3cb4-411e-83ba-e2e9fa20b0a8|first=Peter|last=Marks|date=25 January 2005|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|title='Lorenzaccio': Murder Most Medici}}/</ref><ref name=auto3/>

The 2023 Italian short film ''Il Moro'' directed by Daphne di Cinto is based on Alessandro de' Medici's life. The film has won several awards and was considered for the [[96th Academy Awards]] in the [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film|Best Live Action Short Film]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nittoli |first=Silvia |date=2024-01-09 |title=Italian director Daphne Di Cinto's short movie, The Moor, longlisted for the 2024 Academy Awards |url=https://italoamericano.org/daphne-di-cintos-the-moor/ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=[[L'Italo-Americano]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Il Moro - The Moor |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/International-History/Events/2023/Il-Moro-The-Moor |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=London School of Economics and Political Science |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Hibbert |author-link=Christopher Hibbert |title=The House of Medici, Its Rise and Fall |year=1999 |publisher=Morrow |isbn=978-0-688-00339-5}}
*{{cite book |first=Ferdinand |last=Schevill |author-link=Ferdinand Schevill |title=History of Florence: from the founding of the city through the Renaissance |publisher=[[Harcourt, Brace and Co]] |year=1936 |edition=1st |location=New York}}
*Brackett, John (2005) "Race and Rulership: Alessandro de' Medici, first Medici Duke of Florence, 1529–1537," in T.F. Earle and K.J.P. Lowe, ''Black Africans in Renaissance Europe.''
*{{cite book |first=Catherine |last=Fletcher |title=The Black Prince of Florence: The Spectacular Life and Treacherous World of Alessandro de' Medici |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-19-061272-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Alessandro de' Medici}}
*[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/medici.html Alessandro de Medici] [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] online page discussing his ancestry, and his heirs (Note: this article is known to contain at least one elementary error, involving the well-known Medici tombs.). Updated in [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/mediciupdate.html A View on Race and the Art World].

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{{succession box|title=[[Duke of Florence]]|before=new office|after=[[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo I]]|years=1532–1537}}
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{{Medici}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medici, Alessandro De}}
[[Category:1510 births]]
[[Category:1537 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1537]]
[[Category:House of Medici|Alessandro]]
[[Category:Dukes of Florence]]
[[Category:16th-century people from the Republic of Florence]]
[[Category:16th-century Italian nobility]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:16th-century monarchs in Europe]]
[[Category:Burials at San Lorenzo, Florence]]
[[Category:Assassinated heads of state in Europe]]
[[Category:16th-century murdered monarchs]]
[[Category:Historical figures with disputed parentage]]