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{{Short description|Soviet writer (1884–1942)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox writer
| name        = Alexander Belyaev
| image       = Alexander Belayev.jpg
| caption     = Alexander Belyaev
| birth_name   = Александр Романович Беляев
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1884|3|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Smolensk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1942|1|6|1884|3|16|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Pushkin (town)|Pushkin]], [[USSR]]
| occupation  = [[Lawyer]], [[Novelist]]
| nationality = [[Russia]]n ([[USSR]])
| genre       = [[Science fiction]], [[adventure novel]]
| notableworks = [[The Air Seller]], [[Professor Dowell's Head]], [[Amphibian Man]], [[Ariel (novel)|Ariel]]
}}

'''Alexander Romanovich Belyaev''' ({{langx|ru|Алекса́ндр Рома́нович Беля́ев}}, {{IPA|ru|ɐlʲɪkˈsandr rɐˈmanəvʲɪtɕ bʲɪˈlʲæɪf|}}; {{OldStyleDate|16 March|1884|4 March}} – 6 January 1942) was a [[USSR|Soviet]] [[Russia]]n writer of [[science fiction]]. His works from the 1920s and 1930s made him a highly regarded figure in [[Russian science fiction and fantasy|Russian science fiction]], often referred to as "Russia's [[Jules Verne]]".<ref>{{Cite dictionary |year=2000 |title=Русские писатели и поэты |encyclopedia=Краткий биографический словарь |location=Moscow |language=ru |trans-title=Russian writers and poets}}</ref> Belyaev's best known novels include ''[[Professor Dowell's Head]]'', ''[[Amphibian Man]]'', ''[[Ariel (novel)|Ariel]]'', and ''[[The Air Seller]]''.

==Biography ==
[[File:1894. Александру Беляеву 10 лет.jpg|left|thumb|258x258px|Belyaev at age 10]]
Alexander Belyaev was born in [[Smolensk]] in the family of an [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] [[priest]]. His father, after losing two other children (Alexander's sister Nina died at childhood from [[sarcoma]] and his brother Vasiliy, a veterinary student, drowned during a boat trip), wanted him to continue the family tradition and enrolled Alexander into Smolensk [[seminary]]. Belyaev, on the other hand, didn't feel particularly religious and even became an [[atheist]] in seminary. After graduating he didn't take his vows and enrolled into a law school. While he studied law his father died and he had to support his mother and other family by giving lessons and writing for theater.

After graduating from the school in 1906 Belyaev became a practicing lawyer and made himself a good reputation. In that period his finances markedly improved, and he traveled around the world extensively as a vacation after each successful case. During that time he continued to write, albeit on small scale. Literature, however, proved increasingly appealing to him, and in 1914 he left law to concentrate on his literary pursuits. However, at the same time, at the age of 30, Alexander became ill with [[tuberculosis]].

Treatment was unsuccessful; the infection spread to his spine and resulted in [[paralysis]] of the legs. Belyaev suffered constant pain and was paralysed for six years. His wife left him, not wanting to care for the paralyzed. In search for the right treatment he moved to [[Yalta]] together with his mother and old nanny. During his convalescence, he read the work of [[Jules Verne]], [[H. G. Wells]], and [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], and began to write poetry in his hospital bed.

By 1922 he had overcome the disease and tried to find occupation in Yalta. He served a brief stint as a police inspector, tried other odd jobs such as a librarian, but life remained difficult, and in 1923 he moved to [[Moscow]] where he started to practice law again, as a consultant for various Soviet organizations. At the same time Belyaev began his serious literary activity as writer of science fiction novels. In 1925 his first novel, ''Professor Dowell's Head'' (Голова Профессора Доуэля) was published. From 1931 he lived in Leningrad with his wife and oldest daughter; his youngest daughter died of meningitis in 1930, aged six. In Leningrad he met H. G. Wells, who visited the USSR in 1934.

In the last years of his life Belyaev lived in the [[Leningrad]] suburb of [[Pushkin (town)|Pushkin]] (formerly [[Tsarskoye Selo]]). At the beginning of the [[German invasion of the Soviet Union]] during the Second World War he refused to evacuate because he was recovering after an operation that he had undergone a few months earlier.

==Death==
Belyaev died of starvation in the Soviet town of Pushkin in 1942 while it was occupied by the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis.]] The exact location of his grave is unknown. A memorial stone at the Kazanskoe cemetery in the town of Pushkin is placed on the mass grave where his body is assumed to be buried.

His wife and daughter survived and were registered as [[Volksdeutsche]] (Belyaev's wife's mother was of Swedish descent). Near the end of the war they were taken away to [[Poland]] by the Nazis. Due to this, after the war, Soviets treated them as collaborators: they were exiled to [[Barnaul]] (Western Siberia) and lived there for 11 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Миров |first=Сергей |date=2001-06-28 |title=Материк Погибших Кораблей |url=http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/44n/n44n-s15.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110155149/http://2001.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2001/44n/n44n-s15.shtml |archive-date=2013-11-10 |access-date=2015-07-07 |work=[[Novaya Gazeta]] |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Александр Романович Беляев (1942-1984) |url=http://www.alexandrbelyaev.ru/content/view/16/184/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116212439/http://www.alexandrbelyaev.ru/content/view/16/184/ |archive-date=2016-11-16 |access-date=2015-07-07 |website=Alexandrbelyaev.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

==Posthumous copyright dispute==
According to the [[Copyright law of the Soviet Union|Soviet copyright law]] in effect until 1964, Belyaev's works entered the [[public domain]] 15 years after his death. In the post-Soviet era, [[Copyright law of Russia|Russia's 1993 copyright law]] granted copyright protection for 50 years after the author's death. With the adoption of Part IV of the [[Civil Code of Russia]] in 2004, copyright protection was extended to 70 years after the author's death, and by an additional 4 years for authors who worked or fought during the [[Great Patriotic War]]. And a 2006 law stated that the Civil Code's copyright protections described under articles 1281, 1318, 1327, and 1331 do not apply to works whose 50 year ''[[post mortem auctoris|p.m.a.]]'' copyright term expired before the 1993 law came into force.<ref>{{Cite act|date=2006|title=Федеральный закон от 18.12.2006 № 231-ФЗ|url=https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/Федеральный_закон_от_18.12.2006_№_231-ФЗ|language=ru|access-date=2017-11-04|via=[[WikiSource]]}}</ref> All of this contributed to confusion about whether or not Belyaev's works are protected by copyright, and for how long.

In 2008, Terra publishing company acquired exclusive rights to print Belyaev's works from his heirs, and proceeded to sue Astrel and AST-Moskva publishing companies (both part of [[AST (publisher)|AST]]) for violating those exclusive rights. The Moscow arbitration court found in favor of Terra, awarding 7.5 billion rubles in damages and barring Astrel from distributing the "illegally published" works.<ref name="pravo_2011">{{Cite news |last1=Шиняева |first1=Наталья |date=2011-10-05 |title=Два года войны продлили срок защиты авторского права фантаста Беляева - решение ВАС |url=https://pravo.ru/news/view/61949/ |accessdate=2017-11-04 |work=[[Pravo.ru]] |language=ru}}</ref> An appellate court found that the awarded damages were calculated unjustifiably and dismissed them.<ref name="pravo_2011"/> On further appeal, a federal arbitration court found that Belyaev's works entered the public domain on 1 January 1993, and could not enjoy copyright protection at all. In 2010, a Krasnodar cassation panel agreed that Belyaev's works are in the public domain.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-07-22 |title=Суд признал "Человека-амфибию" народным достоянием |url=https://lenta.ru/news/2010/07/22/belyaev/ |accessdate=2017-11-04 |work=[[Lenta.ru]] |language=ru}}</ref> Finally, in 2011 the [[High Court of Arbitration of Russia]] found that Belyaev's works are protected by copyright until 1 January 2017 due to his activity during the Great Patriotic War, and remanded the case to lower courts for retrial.<ref name="pravo_2011"/> In 2012 the parties have come to a [[settlement (litigation)|settlement]].<ref>[https://kad.arbitr.ru/Document/Pdf/d95961f2-5ca6-4c29-9199-406c9d0e5e30/f9188c3f-f7f2-4b0a-984e-7660aac8ac37/A40-99593-2009_20120426_Opredelenie.pdf ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ о прекращении производства по делу]</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Selected works===
* ''[[Professor Dowell's Head]]'' (Голова профессора Доуэля, short story — 1924, novel — 1937), New York, Macmillan, 1980. {{ISBN|0-02-508370-8}}
* ''The Ruler of the World'' (Властелин мира, 1926)
* ''The Shipwreck Island''  ([[:ru:Остров погибших кораблей]], 1926) Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012. {{ISBN|1480000310}}
* ''[[Amphibian Man|The Amphibian Man]]'' (Человек-амфибия, 1928), Moscow, Raduga Publisher, 1986. {{ISBN|5-05-000659-7}}
* ''{{ill|The Last Man from Atlantis|ru|Последний человек из Атлантиды}}'' (Последний человек из Атлантиды, 1926)
* ''{{Ill|Battle in the Ether|ru|Борьба в эфире}}'' (Борьба в эфире, 1928; 1st edition named ''Radiopolis'' — 1927)
* ''Eternal Bread'' (Вечный хлеб, 1928)
* ''The Man Who Lost His Face'' (Человек, потерявший лицо, 1929)
* ''[[The Air Seller]]'' (Продавец воздуха, 1929)
* ''Underwater Farmers'' (Подводные земледельцы, 1930)
* ''Jump into the Void'' (Прыжок в ничто, 1933)
* ''The Wonderful Eye'' (Чудесное око, 1935)
* ''The Air Vessel'' (Воздушный корабль, 1935)
* ''KETs Star'' (Звезда КЭЦ, 1936) (KETs are the initials of [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky|Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky]])
* ''The W Lab'' (Лаборатория Дубльвэ, 1938)
* ''The Man Who Found His Face'' (Человек, нашедший своё лицо, 1940)
* ''[[Ariel (novel)|Ariel]]'' (Ариэль, 1941)
*''[[Professor Wagner's Inventions]]'' series
** ''[[Hoity Toity (novel)|Hoity Toity]]''  (Хойти-Тойти, 1930)

===Anthologies edited===
*''A Visitor from Outer Space'' (2001)
{{wikisource|ru|Александр Романович Беляев}}

==Film adaptations==
* ''[[Amphibian Man (film)|Amphibian Man]]'' («Человек-амфибия», 1961)
* ''{{ill|The Air Seller (film)|ru|Продавец воздуха (фильм)}}'' («Продавец воздуха» 1967)
* ''[[Professor Dowell's Testament]]'' («Завещание профессора Доуэля», 1984)
* ''[[Island of Lost Ships]]'' («Остров погибших кораблей», 1987)
* ''A Satellite of planet Uranus'' («Спутник планеты Уран», 1990)
* ''{{ill|Ariel (1992 film)|ru|Ариэль (фильм, 1992)}}'' («Ариэль», 1992)
* ''{{ill|Rains in the Ocean|ru|Дожди в океане}}'' («Дожди в океане», 1994)
* ''Amphibian Man: The Sea Devil'' («Человек-амфибия: Морской Дьявол», 2004)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{ISFDB name|Alexander_Beliaev}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belyaev, Alexander}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by starvation]]
[[Category:People from Smolensk]]
[[Category:Russian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Soviet science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Soviet male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian writers]]
[[Category:Russian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian novelists]]
[[Category:Victims of the Siege of Leningrad]]
[[Category:Alexander Belyaev]]