View source for Alexander Suvorov

{{short description|Russian military commander (1729/30–1800)}}
{{Redirect|Suvorov||Suvorov (disambiguation)|and|Alexander Suvorov (disambiguation)}}
{{family name hatnote|Vasilyevich|[[House of Suvorov|Suvorov]]|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Very long|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Generalissimo]]'', Prince
| name          = Alexander Suvorov
| honorific_suffix = [[Victory titles#Modern victory titles#Russian Empire|Rymniksky]]
| native_name   = Александр Васильевич Суворов
| other_name    = Aleksandr Vasilevich Suvorov{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=14}}
| native_name_lang = ru
| image         = Joseph Kreutzinger - Portrait of Count Alexander Suvorov - WGA12281.jpg
| image_size    = 250
| caption       = A.V. Suvorov by [[Joseph Kreutzinger]] (1799)
| placeofburial_coordinates = <small>{{coord|59.92093|30.38800}}</small>
| nickname      = {{plainlist |
*General Forward
*Sword of Russia
*God of War}}
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1730|11|24|df=y}}
| birth_place   = Moscow, [[Moscow Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1800|05|18|1730|11|24|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[St. Petersburg]], [[Saint Petersburg Governorate]], Russian Empire
| placeofburial = [[Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra|Annunciation Church]], [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]], St.&nbsp;Petersburg
| allegiance    = {{flag|Russian Empire}}<br/>{{flag|Holy Roman Empire}}<br/>{{flagicon image|State Flag of the Savoyard States (late 16th - late 18th century).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]
| branch        = {{army|size=20px|Russian Empire}}<br/>{{flagdeco|size=20px|Holy Roman Empire}} [[Austrian Army during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars|Imperial Austrian Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1745–1800
| rank          = ''[[Generalissimus]]''<br/>(Russian Empire)<br/>''[[Feldmarschall]]''<br/>(Holy Roman Empire)
| unit          = 
| commands      = [[11th Fanagoriysky Grenadier Regiment]]<br/>[[Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799|Coalition Forces in Italy]]
| battles       = See: [[#Military record|§ Military record]]
| awards        = See: [[#Progeny and titles|§ Progeny and titles]]
| alma_mater    = [[First Cadet Corps]]
| spouse        = {{Marriage|{{ill|Varvara Ivanovna Prozorovskaya|lt=Varvara Suvorova|ru|Суворова, Варвара Ивановна|vertical-align=sup}}|1774}}
| children      = [[Arkady Suvorov]]<br>{{ill|Natalya Suvorova|lt=Natalya Zubova|ru|Суворова, Наталья Александровна|vertical-align=sup}}
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
| signature     = Signatur Alexander Wassiljewitsch Suworow.PNG
}}
<!-- End of Infobox military person -->

{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|50|28}}
| zoom = 2
| float = right
| nolabels = 1
| width = 307
| height = 100
| title = Selected military actions
| caption = Opponents:<br>{{legend0|black|[[Prussia]]}} {{legend0|#8B0000|[[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]]}} {{legend0|#006400|[[Turkish Empire|Turkey]]}} {{legend0|#0018A8|[[Crimean Khanate|Crimea]]}} {{legend0|blue|[[First French Republic|France]]}}

| shapeD = n-circle
| shape-outlineD = white
| shape-colorD = navy
| label-colorD = navy
| label-sizeD = 0
| label-posD = left
| label-offset-xD = 0
| label-offset-yD = 0

| label1 = Kolberg
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|54.1758777|15.5831961}}
| mark-title1 = [[Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)#Third siege (1761)|Siege of Kolberg]] from 24 Aug. to 16 Dec. 1761;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1761|8|24}} years old.
| mark-description1 = [[Kolberg]]
| shape-color1 = black
| label-color1 = black

| label2 = Lanckorona
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|49.8456791|19.7152582}}
| mark-title2 = [[Battles of Lanckorona|Clashes at Lanckorona]] on 20 Feb. 1771 & 21 May 1771;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1771|5|21}} years old.
| mark-description2 = [[Lanckorona]]
| shape-color2 = #8B0000
| label-color2 = #8B0000

| label3 = Stołowicze
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|53.2144702|26.0393034}}
| mark-title3 = [[Battle of Stołowicze]] on 24 Sep. 1771;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1771|9|24}} years old.
| mark-description3 = [[Stalovichy|Stołowicze]]
| shape-color3 = #8B0000
| label-color3 = #8B0000

| label4 = Kozludzha
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|43.3316207|27.5916159}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Kozludzha]] on 20 Jun. 1774;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1774|6|20}} years old.
| mark-description4 = [[Kozludzha|Kozludža]]
| shape-color4 = #006400
| label-color4 = #006400

| label5 = Laba
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|45.134028|39.7379334}}
| mark-title5 = [[Battle of the Laba]] on 1 Oct. 1783;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1783|10|1}} years old.
| mark-description5 = [[Laba River]]
| shape-color5 = #0018A8
| label-color5 = #0018A8

| label6 = Kinburn
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|46.5075834|31.7787963}}
| mark-title6 = [[Battle of Kinburn (1787)|Battle of Kinburn]] from 11 to 12 Oct. 1787<br> (incl. the [[bombardment]] of the 11th);<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1788|10|12}} years old.
| mark-description6 = [[Kinburn Peninsula]]
| shape-color6 = #006400
| label-color6 = #006400

| label7 = Ochakov
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|46.6268623|31.5462863}}
| mark-title7 = [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)|Siege of Ochakov]] until 17 Dec. 1788;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1788|12|17}} years old.
| mark-description7 = [[Özi]]
| shape-color7 = #006400
| label-color7 = #006400

| label8 = Focsani
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|45.7017104|27.2116007}}
| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Focșani]] on 1 Aug. 1789;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1789|8|1}} years old.
| mark-description8 = [[Focșani]]
| shape-color8 = #006400
| label-color8 = #006400

| label9 = Rymnik
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|45.3813536|27.0373803}}
| mark-title9 = [[Battle of Rymnik]] on 22 Sep. 1789;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1789|9|22}} years old.
| mark-description9 = [[Râmnicu Sărat]]
| shape-color9 = #006400
| label-color9 = #006400

| label10 = Izmail
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|45.3650713|28.8597574}}
| mark-title10 = [[Siege of Izmail|Storming of Izmail]] from 21 to 22 Dec. 1790<br> (incl. the bombardment with artillery duel of the 21st);<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1790|12|22}} years old.
| mark-description10 = [[Izmail]]
| shape-color10 = #006400
| label-color10 = #006400

| label11 = Brest
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|52.0732363|23.6081051}}
| mark-title11 = [[Battle of Brest (1794)|Battle of Brest]] on 19 Sep. 1794;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1794|9|19}} years old.
| mark-description11 = [[Terespol]]
| shape-color11 = #8B0000
| label-color11 = #8B0000

| label12 = Praga
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|52.2496578|21.0426748}}
| mark-title12 = [[Battle of Praga|Storming of Praga]] from 2 to 4 Nov. 1794<br> (incl. the skirmish of the 2nd and the bombardment with artillery duel of the 3rd);<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1794|11|4}} years old.
| mark-description12 = [[Praga]]
| shape-color12 = #8B0000
| label-color12 = #8B0000

| label13 = Adda
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|45.6099437|9.5244474}}
| mark-title13 = [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Battle of the Adda]] from 26 to 28 Apr. 1799;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1799|4|27}} years old.
| mark-description13 = [[Adda River]]
| label-color13 = blue
| shape-color13 = blue

| label14 = Trebbia
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|45.0471135|9.6224905}}
| mark-title14 = [[Battle of the Trebbia (1799)|Battle of the Trebbia]] from 17 to 20 Jun. 1799;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1799|6|17}} years old.
| mark-description14 = [[Trebbia River]]
| label-color14 = blue
| shape-color14 = blue

| label15 = Novi
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|44.7659421|8.7734706}}
| mark-title15 = [[Battle of Novi]] on 15 Aug. 1799;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1799|8|15}} years old.
| mark-description15 = [[Novi Ligure]]
| label-color15 = blue
| shape-color15 = blue

| label16 = Saint-Gotthard
| mark-coord16 = {{coord|46.5833428|8.5832731}}
| mark-title16 = [[Battle of Gotthard Pass|Battles at the Saint-Gotthard]] from 23 to 27 Sep. 1799;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1799|9|23}} years old.
| mark-description16 = [[Saint-Gotthard Massif]]
| label-color16 = blue
| shape-color16 = blue

| label17 = Muottental
| mark-coord17 = {{coord|46.974444|8.758889}}
| mark-title17 = [[Battle of Muottental|Battle of the Muottental]] from 30 Sep. to 1 Oct. 1799;<br> Suvorov is {{age|1730|11|24|1799|9|30}} years old.
| mark-description17 = [[Muotathal|Muttental]]
| label-color17 = blue
| shape-color17 = blue
}}<!-- End of OSM Location map -->

{{Infobox emblem
|name             = Coat of arms of Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy
|image            = Suvorov 4-7.png
|image_width      = 150
}}<!-- End of Infobox emblem -->

'''Count Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov-Rymniksky, Prince of Italy'''{{sfn|Polevoy|1897|p=13}}{{efn|{{lang-rus|Князь Итали́йский граф Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров-Ры́мникский|r=Knjazj Italijskij graf Aleksandr Vasiljevič Suvorov-Rymnikskij|p=knʲæsʲ ɪtɐˈlʲijsʲkʲɪj graf ɐlʲɪkˈsandr vɐˈsʲilʲjɪvʲɪtɕ sʊˈvorəf ˈrɨmnʲɪksʲkʲɪj|IPA}}}}{{efn|The Prince of Italy is the [[anglicised]] [[Victory title#Modern victory titles|victory title]] of "Knyaz Italiysky". In Russian language, ''Italiysky'' comes from the [[Latin]] and Italian word ''[[Roman Italy|Italia]]'' and is equivalent to the English word ''[[Italic (disambiguation)#Italy|Italic]]''.}} ({{OldStyleDate|24 November|1729 or 1730|13 November|1729}}{{snd}}{{OldStyleDate|18 May|1800|6 May|1800}}) was a Russian general and [[military theorist]] in the service of the [[Russian Empire]].

Born in Moscow, he studied [[military history]] as a young boy and joined the [[Imperial Russian Army]] at the age of 17. Promoted to colonel in 1762 for his successes during the [[Seven Years' War]], his victories during the [[War of the Bar Confederation]] included the capture of [[Kraków]] and victories at [[Battle of Orzechowo|Orzechowo]], [[Battles of Lanckorona#Third clash (Battle of Lanckorona)|Lanckorona]], and [[Battle of Stołowicze|Stołowicze]]. His reputation rose further when, in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774]], he [[Stormings of Turtucaia|captured Turtukaya twice]] and won a decisive victory at [[Battle of Kozludzha|Kozludzha]]. After a period of little progress, he was promoted to general and led Russian forces in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)|Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792]], participating in the [[Siege of Ochakov (1788)|siege of Ochakov]], as well as victories at [[Battle of Kinburn (1787)|Kinburn]] and [[Battle of Focșani|Focșani]].

Suvorov won a decisive victory at the [[Battle of Rymnik]], and afterwards decisively defeated the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in the [[Siege of Izmail|storming of Izmail]]. His victories at Focșani and Rymnik established him as the most brilliant general in Russia, if not in all of Europe.{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=164}} In 1794, he put down the [[Kościuszko Uprising|Polish uprising]], defeating them at the [[battle of Praga]] and elsewhere. After [[Catherine the Great]] died in 1796, her successor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] often quarrelled with Suvorov. After a period of ill-favour, Suvorov was recalled to a [[Field marshal (Russian Empire)|field marshal]] position at the outbreak of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. He was given command of the Austro-Russian army, and after a series of victories, such as the [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)|battle of the Trebbia]], he captured [[Milan]] and [[Turin]], and nearly erased all of [[Napoleon]]'s [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars#Bonaparte's war|Italian conquests of 1796–97]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://thecharnelhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/gregory-fremont-barnes-the-encyclopedia-of-the-french-revolutionary-and-napoleonic-wars_-a-political-social-and-military-history-2006.pdf |title=The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2006 |isbn=1-85109-651-5 |editor-last=Fremont-Barnes |editor-first=Gregory |pages=11 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=107}} After an Austro-Russian army was [[Second Battle of Zurich|defeated]] in Switzerland, Suvorov, ordered to reinforce them, was cut off by [[André Masséna]] and later surrounded in the [[Swiss Alps]]. Suvorov's successful extraction of the exhausted, ill-supplied, and heavily-outnumbered Russian army was rewarded by a promotion to ''[[generalissimo]]'' ({{Langx|ru|генералиссимус|generalissimus|links=no}}). The most prominent battle was [[Battle of Muottental|in the Muottental]]. According to one statement, Masséna himself would later confess that he would exchange all of his victories for [[Suvorov's Swiss campaign|Suvorov's passage of the Alps]];{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=288}} as per another, Masséna said that he would never forgive him for crossing won by him in Switzerland.<ref>{{slink|Suvorov's Swiss campaign#Legacy of the campaign}}</ref> Suvorov died in 1800 of illness in [[Saint Petersburg]]. He was instrumental in expanding the Russian Empire, as his success ensured Russia's conquering of [[Kuban]], [[Crimea]], and [[Novorossiya|New Russia]].<ref name="Uzefovich-1931" />

One of the foremost generals in all of military history, and considered the greatest military commander in Russian history. [[#Military record|Undefeated in major engagements]], he has been described as the best general [[French First Republic|Republican France]] ever fought against,{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=108}} and noted as "one of those rare generals who were consistently successful despite suffering from considerable disadvantages and lack of support and resources."{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=11, 305}} Suvorov was also admired by his soldiers throughout his whole military life, and was respected for his honest service and truthfulness.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n389/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=3 |place=Saint Petersburg |page=376 |language=ru}}</ref>

== Early life ==

=== Origins ===
{{main|House of Suvorov}}
Alexander Suvorov was born into a noble family originating from [[Novgorod]] at the Moscow mansion in [[Arbat District|Arbat]], given as dowry from his maternal grandfather, {{ill|Fedosey Manukov|ru|Мануков, Феодосий Семёнович|vertical-align=sup}}. His father, {{ill|Vasily Suvorov|lt=Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov|ru|Суворов, Василий Иванович (генерал-аншеф)|vertical-align=sup}}, was a [[general-in-chief]] and a senator in the [[Governing Senate]], and was credited with translating [[Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban|Vauban]]'s works into Russian.<ref name=spalding>{{cite journal |last= Spalding |year=1888 |title=Suvóroff |journal= Illustrated Naval and Military Magazine |volume= VII |pages=328–340 |url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/QA8AAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA328 |access-date= June 29, 2009 }}</ref> 

His mother, Avdotya Fedoseyevna (née Manukova), was the daughter of judge Fedosey Manukov, and was an ethnic Russian.<ref name="Melik-Shakhnazarov-2007">{{Cite journal |last=Мелик-Шахназаров |first=Арсен Ашотович |date=2007-11-04 |title="Варанда – сердце Арцаха" |url=http://m.aniv.ru/archive/35/varanda-serdtse-artsaha-arsen-melik-shahnazarjan/ |journal=Анив |issue=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Цветков |first=Сергей |author-link=Sergey Tsvetkov |date=2019-03-22 |title=Армянские корни Суворова — правда или миф? |url=https://sergeytsvetkov.livejournal.com/960269.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=sergeytsvetkov.livejournal.com |language=en-us}}</ref> According to a family legend his paternal ancestor named Suvor<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ajnuAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA3 Chamber's repository], 1857, v. 6, p. 3.</ref> had emigrated from [[Karelia]], at the time ruled by the [[Swedish Empire]], with his family in 1622 and enlisted at the Russian service to serve [[Tsar]] [[Michael Feodorovich Romanov|Michael Feodorovich]] (his descendants became [[House of Suvorov|Suvorovs]]).<ref>Mandich, Donald R. Russian Heraldry and Nobility, 1992, p. 271</ref><ref name="spalding" /> Suvorov himself narrated for the record the historical account of his family to his aide, colonel [[Johann Friedrich Anthing|Anthing]], telling particularly that his Swedish-born ancestor was of noble descent, having engaged under the Russian banner in the [[Russo-Crimean Wars|wars against the Tatars]] and [[Russo-Polish Wars|Poles]]. These exploits were rewarded by Tsars with lands and [[Russian peasants|peasants]].{{sfn|Anthing|1813|p=6}} This version, however, was questioned recently by prominent Russian [[linguists]], professors [[Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)|Nikolay Baskakov]] and {{ill|Alexandra Superanskaya|ru|Суперанская, Александра Васильевна|vertical-align=sup}}, who pointed out that the word ''Suvorov'' more likely comes from the ancient Russian male name ''Suvor'' based on the adjective {{transliteration|ru|suvory}}, an equivalent of {{transliteration|ru|surovy}}, which means "severe" in Russian. Baskakov also pointed to the fact that the Suvorovs' family [[coat of arms]] lacks any Swedish symbols, implying its Russian origins.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/1460/|title=Наука и жизнь. №8, 2005|publisher=[[Nauka i Zhizn]] magazine |date=2005 |access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> 

Among the first of those who pointed to the Russian origin of the name were [[Empress Catherine II]], who noted in a letter to [[Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann|Johann von Zimmerman]] in 1790: "It is beyond doubt that the name of the Suvorovs has long been noble, is Russian from time immemorial and resides in Russia", and Count [[Semyon Vorontsov]] in 1811, a person familiar with the Suvorovs.<ref name="Osipov">Осипов К. ([[:ru:Куперман, Иосиф Миронович|И. М. Куперман]]). Александр Васильевич Суворов. Изд. 3-е, испр. М.: 1955. С. 3–5</ref> Their views were supported by later historians: it was estimated that by 1699 there were at least 19 Russian landlord families of the same name in Russia, not counting their namesakes of lower status, and they all could not descend from a single foreigner who arrived only in 1622.<ref name="Osipov" /> 

Moreover, genealogy studies indicated a Russian landowner named Suvor mentioned under the year 1498, whereas documents of the 16th century mention Vasily and Savely Suvorovs, with the last of them being a proven ancestor of General Alexander Suvorov.<ref name="Osipov" /> The Swedish version of Suvorov's genealogy had been debunked in the ''[[:Ru:Родословный сборник русских дворянских фамилий|Genealogical collection of Russian noble families]]'' by V. Rummel and V. Golubtsov (1887) tracing Suvorov's ancestors from the 17th-century [[Tver]] gentry.<ref name="Mogilnikov-2003">''В. Могильников.'' [https://subscribe.ru/archive/archive.fhpevfyjd/200407/23165505.html Новая версия происхождения полководца А. В. Суворова] // Генеалогический вестник. №13, 2003.</ref> In 1756 Alexander Suvorov's first cousin, Sergey Ivanovich Suvorov, in his statement of background (''skazka'') for his son said that he did not have any proof of nobility; he started his genealogy from his great-grandfather, Grigory Ivanovich Suvorov, who served as a ''dvorovy'' [[Boyar scions|boyar scion]] at [[Kashin (town)|Kashin]].<ref name="Mogilnikov-2003" />

[[File:Hannibal and Suvorov.png|thumb|right|Suvorov speaking with [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal|General Gannibal]].<br>Spalding|163x163px]]

=== Childhood ===

As a boy, Suvorov was a sickly child and his father assumed he would work in civil service as an adult. However, he proved to be an excellent learner, avidly studying mathematics, literature, philosophy, and geography, learning to read French, German, [[Polish language|Polish]], and Italian, and with his father's vast library devoted himself to intense study of [[military history]], strategy, tactics, and several military authors including [[Plutarch]], [[Quintus Curtius]], [[Cornelius Nepos]], [[Julius Caesar]], and [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]]. This also helped him develop a good understanding of engineering, [[siege warfare]], [[artillery]], and [[fortification]].{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} His father, however, insisted that he was unfit for military affairs. However, when Alexander was young, [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal|General Gannibal]] asked to speak to the child, and was so impressed with the boy that he persuaded the father to allow him to pursue the career of his choice.<ref name=spalding/>

== Early career ==
{{Main|Seven Years' War|Third Silesian War|Pomeranian War}}

=== First military experience ===

Suvorov entered the military in 1745 and served in the [[Semenovsky Regiment|Semyonovsky Lifeguard Regiment]] for nine years.{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|pp=4, 7}} During this period he continued his studies attending classes at [[Cadet Corps (Russia)|Cadet Corps]] of Land Forces.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/7/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=8 |language=ru}}</ref> He spent most of his time in the [[barrack]]s: the troops loved him, though everyone considered him eccentric.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/17/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=17 |language=ru}}</ref> Besides, he was sent with diplomatic dispatches to [[Dresden]] and [[Vienna]]; to carry out these assignments on 16 March 1752, he received a diplomatic courier passport, signed by the [[Chancellor of the Russian Empire|Chancellor]] [[Count]] [[Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin]].{{Sfn|Kipnis|2021|pp=38–40}} From 1756 to 1758 Alexander next worked on the [[College of War]]; from 1758 he was engaged in forming [[Military reserve force|reserve units]], and was [[commandant]] of [[Klaipėda|Memel]].{{Sfn|Zolotaryov|2023}} Suvorov gained his first battle experience fighting against the [[Prussia]]ns during the [[Seven Years' War|Seven Years']] and the [[Third Silesian War|Third Silesian]] wars (1756–1763).{{efn|The term Third Silesian War is a narrow concept of the Seven Years' War: the place of action is limited to Europe. Swedish [[historiography]] also uses the term [[Pomeranian War]], which is confined only in [[Pomerania]].}} His first skirmish occurred on 25 July 1759 under [[Crossen an der Oder|Crossen]], when Suvorov with a [[cavalry]] [[Squadron (army)|squadron]] attacked and routed [[Prussia]]n [[dragoons]];—he was serving in [[General-Major]] [[Mikhail Volkonsky]]'s [[brigade]].{{sfn|Alexeyev|2010}}{{sfn|Mikhaylov|1973|pp=53–54}} The following month Suvorov participated in the complete victory over [[Frederick the Great]] at the [[battle of Kunersdorf]],{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=11}} after which the so-called [[Miracle of the House of Brandenburg]] happened.

At the time when [[Pyotr Semyonovich Saltykov]], upon his [[Kunersdorf]] victory, remained unmoved and did not even send [[Cossacks]] to pursue the fleeing enemy, Suvorov said to [[William Fermor]]: "if I were commander-in-chief, I would go to [[Berlin]] right now". Fortunately for Frederick, he did not face Suvorov.{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|pp=11–12}}

=== 1761 ===
[[File:Koenigsberg.png|thumb|[[Imperial Russian Army]] in the [[Seven Years' War]]. [[Königsberg]]. Uniform:<br>1. [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]] (Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov);<br>2. [[Musketeer]] of an [[infantry]] regiment;<br>3. [[Staff officer]] of a [[dragoon]] regiment (Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov).<br>Kirill S. Vasilyev]]

Then, Alexander served under the command of General-Major {{ill|Maxim Berg|ru|Берг, Максим Васильевич|vertical-align=sup}}. Suvorov successfully defended his positions at [[Reichenbach im Eulengebirge|Reichenbach]], but contrary to his future rules did not pursue the retreating enemy, if the only surviving account of this action is accurate. At the skirmish of [[Świdnica|Schweidnitz]], in a third assault, Suvorov managed to take the hill occupied by the [[hussar]] [[picket (military)|picket]]; in this clash 60 Cossacks opposed 100 hussars.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884a">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/29/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=29–30 |language=ru}}</ref> For another example, in the combat of [[Landsberg an der Warthe|Landsberg]] on 15 September 1761, his Cossack-hussar cavalry unit defeated 3 squadrons of the Prussian hussars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Бой при Ландсберге |trans-title=Combat of Landsberg |url=https://runivers.ru/conflicts/actions/boy_pri_landsberge/ |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[Runivers]] |series=Военные конфликты, кампании и боевые действия русских войск 860–1914 гг. |language=ru}}</ref> On leaving the Friedberg Forest, he hit General [[Dubislav Friedrich von Platen|Platen]]'s side units and took many prisoners.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884a" /> He also fought minor battles at [[Bunzelwitz]], Birstein, Weisentine,{{efn|Weisentin?}} [[Kiełcz|Költsch]], and seized the small fortified town of Golnau.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884b">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/31/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=31–32 |language=ru}}</ref> After repeatedly distinguishing himself in battle Suvorov will become a colonel in 1762, aged around 33.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Soon afterwards, following the capture of Golnau, he was given temporary command of the {{ill|Tver Carabinier Regiment (1702)|lt=Tver Dragoon Regiment|ru|Тверской карабинерный полк (1702)|vertical-align=sup}} until the regimental commander recovered. Prussian observation detachments had spread far from [[Kolberg]]; Berg moved there in two columns, the left he led himself, and the right, which consisted of three Hussar, two Cossack, and Tver Dragoon regiments, he entrusted to Suvorov. In the village of [[Naugard]]{{efn|Neugarten? / Neigarten?}} the Prussians positioned themselves with 2 [[battalions]] of [[infantry]] and a weak dragoon regiment. Forming his unit in two lines, Suvorov began the attack. He felled the dragoons, struck one of the battalions, killed many on the spot and took at least a hundred prisoners. At [[Stargard]], Suvorov attacked the [[rearguard]] of Platen, during which Suvorov cut into the enemy cavalry and infantry, and it was reported that "many were taken and beaten from the enemy".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Н. |first=РОГУЛИН |date=2010 |title="...ПРОТИВУ НЕПРИЯТЕЛЯ ПОСТУПАЛ ВЕСЬМА С ОТЛИЧНОЙ ХРАБРОСТИЮ". СУВОРОВ В СЕМИЛЕТНЕЙ ВОЙНЕ |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=17897242 |journal=исторических наук |language=ru |issn=0235-7089}}</ref> Suvorov managed to avoid heavy losses.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884b" /> All the battles described took place at the same time as the [[Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)#Third siege (1761)|siege of Kolberg (1761)]] in [[Pomerania]].

=== Freemasonry, Berlin ===

It is stated that Suvorov visited Prussian [[Masonic lodge]]. But it is doubtful that he himself was ever a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/27/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=27 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Орехов |first=Дмитрий |title=Суворов и масоны |url=http://www.hrono.ru/statii/2008/suvorov_oreh.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.hrono.ru}}</ref> Just before his career in 1761, he took part in the [[1760 raid on Berlin|raid on Berlin]] by [[Zakhar Chernyshev]]'s forces (one year after the Kunersdorf). Suvorov took in a young boy, took care of him during the whole [[Military campaign|campaign]], and on arrival at the quarters sent to the widow, the boy's mother, a letter reading:{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=12}}

<blockquote>"Dear mother, your little son is safe with me. If you want to leave him with me, he will not lack anything and I will take care of him as if he were my own son. If you wish to keep him with you, you can take him from here or write me where to send him."</blockquote>

== Wars against Poland–Lithuania ==

=== Dissolution of the Bar Confederation (1768–1772) ===
{{Main|Bar Confederation}}

==== Outbreak of war and setbacks ====

Suvorov next served in [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] during the [[Confederation of Bar]]. Leading a unit of the army of {{ill|Ivan Ivanovich Weymarn|ru|Веймарн, Иван Иванович|vertical-align=sup}}, he dispersed the Polish forces under [[Kazimierz Pułaski|Pułaski]] [[Battle of Orzechowo|at Orzechowo]], captured [[Kraków]] (1768), overthrew the Poles of Moszyński near [[Nawodzice]] in the spring of 1770, before defeating Moszyński's Polish troops at [[Opatów]] in July.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/87/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=87 |language=ru}}</ref> The following year Alexander Suvorov won a small combat with [[Charles François Dumouriez|Charles Dumouriez]]'s army at [[Battles of Lanckorona#First clash (Combat of Lanckorona)|Lanckorona]], but he failed in the [[Battles of Lanckorona#Second clash (Storming of the Lanckorona Castle)|storming of the Lanckorona Castle]], being injured here; and then on 20 May 1771, he [[Action of the Tyniec Abbey|unsuccessfully stormed]] the mountain near [[Tyniec|Tyniec Abbey]], which included a strong [[redoubt]] enclosed by a [[palisade]], [[trou de loup|trous de loup]],{{sfn|Petrov|1874|p=222}} and strengthened with two guns.{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|pp=48–49}} The Russians under Suvorov and [[Lieutenant Colonel]] Shepelev captured the fortification twice, but were beaten back. Fearing to lose a lot of troops and time, Suvorov retreated.{{sfn|Petrov|1874|p=222}} It were among the few tactical setbacks in his career, however, these were not field engagements.

Slightly earlier than at Tyniec, however, Suvorov had won small victories over the Confederates at [[Annopol-Rachów|Rachów]] and [[Kraśnik]] (27 & 28 February 1771), capturing an entire [[wagon train]] in the first of these clashes. By a "happy coincidence", Suvorov survived in it. After their failure at the [[Lanckorona Castle]], {{ill|62nd Suzdal Infantry Regiment|lt=Suzdalian infantrymen|ru|Суздальский 62-й пехотный полк|vertical-align=sup}}, the victors at Orzechowo, restored their reputation in Suvorov's eyes, not only at Kraśnik but also in Rachów. He wrote to Weymarn:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00298524/page/97/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Saint Petersburg |pages=98–99 |language=ru}}</ref>

<blockquote>The infantry acted with great subordination, and I made my peace with them.</blockquote>

[[File:Краков сдаётся Суворову.jpg|thumb|Surrender of the [[Wawel Royal Castle]]. [[Kingdom of France|French]] [[officer (armed forces)|officer]]s pass their swords to Alexander V. Suvorov; author I. D. Schubert]]

==== Retaliatory strike ====

Follow-up clashes rectify Suvorov's situation: the [[Battles of Lanckorona#Third clash (Battle of Lanckorona)|battle of Lanckorona]] one day after an incident at [[Tyniec]], where Dumouriez, the future hero of the [[French First Republic|French Republic]], was severely defeated; the combat of [[Zamość]] on 22 May 1771;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/103/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=104–105 |language=ru}}</ref> the [[battle of Stołowicze]]; and the [[Siege of Kraków Castle|siege of the Wawel Castle]] ([[Kraków Castle]]), where the [[Kingdom of France|French]] and the ''[[szlachta]]'', under the leadership of [[Brigadier]] [[Marquess]] Gabriel de Claude, made a [[sortie]] from the fortifications, and a force of Tyniec moved towards them – the Poles and their French allies were "defeated by brutal shooting and put to flight",<ref>{{Cite web |title=24.01.1772 г. – Начало осады Краковского замка |trans-title=The Beginning of the Siege of the Kraków Castle |url=https://runivers.ru/victories-dates/?month=1&day=24 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Runivers]] |series=Календарь побед Русской армии |language=ru}}</ref> paving the way for the [[first partition of Poland]] between [[Danubian monarchy|Austria]], [[Prussia]] and [[Imperial Russia|Russia]].<ref name="readerscomp">{{cite book
|editor1=Cowley, Robert |editor2=Parker, Geoffrey | title = The Reader's Companion to Military History
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qOEu4ALwR-IC
| access-date = 2006-09-10
| year = 2001
| publisher = [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin Books]]
| isbn = 978-0-618-12742-9
| page = 457
}}</ref> Suvorov meanwhile reached the rank of [[major-general]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

[[File:Suvorov near Praga 1794.JPG|thumb|left|230px|Suvorov near [[Praga]]; by [[Daniel Chodowiecki]]]]
[[File:Suvorov entering Warsaw 1794.PNG|thumb|left|230px|Suvorov entering [[Warsaw]] in 1794]]

=== Battles against Polish uprising (1794) ===
{{Main|Kościuszko Uprising}}

==== Turning victories ====

More than two years after the signing of the [[Treaty of Iași|treaty of Iași (Jassy)]] with the [[Ottoman Empire]], Suvorov was yet again transferred to Poland where he assumed the command of one of the corps and led the victorious battles of [[Dyvin|Dywin]], [[Kobryn|Kobryń]], [[Battle of Krupczyce|Krupczyce]], and the [[Battle of Brest (1794)|battle of Brest]] where he vanquished the forces of the Polish commander {{ill|Karol Sierakowski|pl|Karol Sierakowski|vertical-align=sup}}; afterwards, Suvorov won the battle [[Battle of Kobyłka|at Kobyłka]]. The cavalry attacks at [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]] and [[Kobyłka]] resemble of Suvorov's offence at [[Lanckorona]] 22 years earlier, which ended in the defeat of Dumouriez. The battle showed that there was stability in his tactical rules, and he did not act on momentary impulse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294790/page/n101/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=2 |place=Saint Petersburg |page=96 |language=ru}}</ref>

Suvorov was praised and exalted, anecdotes were told about him, his letters were quoted. It became known that he wrote a letter to [[Platon Zubov]], in which, congratulating Zubov "with local victories," he proceeded: "I recommend to your favour my brothers and children, squires of the Great Catherine, who is so illustrious thanks to them". Suvorov sent to his daughter poems, where he described his working life:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294790/page/n77/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=2 |place=Saint Petersburg |pages=71–72 |language=ru}}</ref>

<blockquote>The heavens have given us<br>Twenty-four hours.<br>I do not indulge my fate,<br>But sacrifice it to my Monarch,<br>And to end [die] suddenly,<br>I sleep and eat when at leisure.<br>Hello, {{ill|Natalya Suvorova|lt=Natasha|ru|Суворова, Наталья Александровна|vertical-align=sup}} and her household.</blockquote>

==== Triumph and tragedy in Praga ====

On 4 November 1794, Suvorov's forces stormed [[Warsaw]], held by [[Józef Zajączek]]'s troops, and [[Battle of Praga|captured Praga]], one of its boroughs (a suburb or the so-called ''[[faubourg]]''). The massacre of 12,000<ref name="Petrush">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294790/page/n129/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=2 |place=Saint Petersburg |pages=122–123 |language=ru}}</ref>{{Efn|Petrushevsky: "According to a Polish source, 8,000 Poles in arms and 12,000 [[Praga]] residents killed."<br>Or up to 20,000.<ref>Ledonne, 2003, p. 144 [https://books.google.com/books?id=oMpmAjRFh88C&q=Praga Google Print] and Alexander, 1989, p. 317 [https://books.google.com/books?id=Wpncp9oZx0AC&q=Praga&pg=PA317 Google Print (broken link)]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Only the killing of 20,000 Poles is indicated, without specifying civilians or Poles in arms.}} civilians in Praga broke the spirits of the defenders and soon put an end to the [[Kościuszko Uprising]]. During the event, Russian forces looted and burned the entire borough. This carnage was committed by the troops in revenge for the slaughter of the Russian [[garrison]] in Warsaw during the [[Warsaw Uprising (1794)|Warsaw Uprising in April 1794]], when up to 4,000 Russian soldiers died.<ref>See [[Battle of Praga#Massacre]]</ref> According to some sources<ref name="Bushko">{{in lang|ru}} Alexander Bushkov [http://libereya.ru/biblus/bushkov/r2/ ''Russia that never existed''], cites [[Adam Jerzy Czartoryski]]'s memoirs that Suvorov was trying to prevent the massacre  {{webarchive |url=https://archive.today/20070927082452/http://libereya.ru/biblus/bushkov/r2/ |date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref> the massacre was the deed of [[Cossack]]s who were semi-independent and were not directly subordinate to Suvorov. Suvorov supposedly tried to stop the massacre and even went to the extent of ordering the destruction of the bridge to Warsaw over the [[Vistula|Vistula River]]<ref name="Petrush2">{{cite book|last=Petrushevsky|first=Alexandr Fomich|script-title=ru:Генералиссимус князь Суворов|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Mu0iAQAAIAAJ|access-date=9 October 2016|year=2005|publisher=Русская Симфония|language=ru|isbn=978-5-98447-010-0|chapter=17. Польская война: Прага; 1794.|author-mask=|trans-title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov|orig-date=1884|trans-chapter=Polish war: Prague; 1794.|chapter-url=http://history.scps.ru/suvorov/pt17.htm}}</ref> with the purpose of preventing the spread of violence to Warsaw from its suburb. Other historians dispute this,<ref name="Tazbir">{{in lang|pl}} [[Janusz Tazbir]], ''Polacy na Kremlu i inne historyje'' (Poles on Kreml and other stories), Iskry, 2005, {{ISBN|978-83-207-1795-2}}, [http://www.iskry.com.pl/fragmenty/polacy-kreml.rtf fragment online]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325095603/http://www.iskry.com.pl/fragmenty/polacy-kreml.rtf |date=March 25, 2012 }}</ref> but most sources make no reference to Suvorov either deliberately encouraging or attempting to prevent the massacre.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=Europe: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0198201710|year=1996|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0060974680|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA722 722]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=Simon|title=The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN052137961X|year=1999|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=052137961X|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7SeNvABpQxYC&pg=PA41 41]}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="How">John Leslie Howard, ''Soldiers of the Tsar: Army and Society in Russia, 1462–1874'', Keep, Oxford University Press, 1995, {{ISBN|978-0-19-822575-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=X7aBrrs4iOMC&dq=Soviet+looting+Poland&pg=PA216 Google Print, p. 216]</ref> "I have shed rivers of blood," the troubled Suvorov confessed, "and this horrifies me".{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} A total of 11,000 to 13,000 Poles were taken prisoner (approximately 450 [[officer (armed forces)|officer]]s), including captured with weapons, unarmed and wounded. Of the men taken alive and wounded, more than 6,000 were sent home; up to 4,000 were sent to [[Kiev]], – from the [[regular army]], without the [[scythemen]], who were set at liberty with other non-military men.<ref name="Petrush"/>

[[File:Rzez Pragi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Massacre of Praga]], uncontrolled by Suvorov. It is considered a personal revenge of the enraged Russian soldiers for [[Warsaw Uprising (1794)|Warsaw Uprising]] events.<br/>[[Aleksander Orłowski]]]]

Many writers call the storming of [[Praga]] a simple slaughterhouse. As historian [[Alexander Petrushevsky]] notes, Suvorov's [[Order of battle|dispositions of the troops]] were characterised by remarkable thoroughness; such was that of Praga according to Petrushevsky. "It is homogeneous with the [[Siege of Izmail|Izmail]]ian at its core and identical to it in many basic details. Both show a remarkable military calculation, which includes not only figures, but knowledge of the enemy's character, properties and general strength, a correct estimation of their own resources, moral and material, and a choice of means based on these data. But even more than the plan (the storming programme), what is striking is its execution, in which some features of the plan turned out to be additional steps to the Russian victory. Only troops who are perfectly trained and between whom and their leader there is complete harmony can act in this way".<ref name="Petrush"/>

==== Culmination, impact of campaign ====

Despite early successes on a battlefield, the organizer of the [[uprising]], [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]], was captured by the [[Don Cossacks|Don Cossack]] general {{ill|Fyodor Denisov|lt=Fyodor P. Denisov|ru|Денисов, Фёдор Петрович|vertical-align=sup}} at the [[battle of Maciejowice]], where Kościuszko was defeated at the hand of [[Baron]] [[Ivan Fersen|Fersen's]] larger forces. Suvorov's and other Russians' victories led to the [[third partition of Poland]]. He sent a report to his sovereign consisting of only three words:{{sfn|Bantysh-Kamensky|1840|p=136}}

<blockquote>''"Hurrah, Warsaw's ours!"'' ({{langx|ru|Ура, Варшава наша!}})</blockquote>

Catherine replied in two words:{{sfn|Bantysh-Kamensky|1840|p=136}}

<blockquote>''"Hurrah, Field-Marshal!"'' ({{langx|ru|Ура, фельдмаршал!}}{{snd}}that is, awarding him this rank)</blockquote>

The newly appointed [[field marshal]] remained in Poland until 1795, when he returned to Saint Petersburg. But his sovereign and friend Catherine died in 1796, and her son and successor [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] dismissed the veteran in disgrace.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Wars with the Ottoman Empire ==

=== 1st war against the Ottomans ===
{{Main|Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774}}

==== Developments ====

[[File:Сражение при Козлуджи.jpg|thumb|left|Battle of [[Kozludzha]] (now Suvorovo in memory of Suvorov's victory).<br>[[Johann Friedrich Anthing]]]]

By this time period, the Ottoman Turkish empire had become significantly weakened militarily and politically.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/143/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=144–145 |language=ru}}</ref>

The [[Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774|Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774]] saw his first successful campaigns against the Turks between 1773 and 1774, and particularly in the [[battle of Kozluca|battle of Kozludža (1774)]]; Suvorov laid the foundations of his reputation there.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} During the same conflict, the [[Imperial Russian Navy]] triumphed over the [[Ottoman Navy]] at the [[Battle of Chesma|battle of Cheshme]], and [[Peter Rumyantsev|Peter (Pyotr) Rumyantsev]], likewise one of the most capable Russian commanders of the [[Era#Historiography|era]] as per statistician [[Gaston Bodart]] and historian {{Ill|K. Osipov|ru|Куперман, Иосиф Миронович|vertical-align=sup}}, routed the Ottomans at the [[battle of Kagul]]. Petrushevsky states the following: "The battles of [[Battle of Larga|Larga]], [[Çeşme|Chesma]], and [[Cahul|Kagul]] were balm for the Russian heart of Suvorov, but at the same time a vexation stirred up in him from the fact that he had not participated there. While in Poland, Suvorov's displeasure, inflated by his self-love and unsatisfied thirst for activity, was fed by news from the Turkish [[theatre of war]]. There was (or he thought there was) what he wanted, that "comfort" about which he wrote to [[Yakov Bulgakov]] in January 1771. Especially strong was to ignite in Suvorov is the desire to go to the main army after [[1770 in Russia|its glorious deeds of 1770]]". It was then that he had already started pushing for a transfer from Poland to Turkey.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00298524/page/89/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=90–91 |language=ru}}</ref>

His later earned victories against the Ottomans bolstered the morale of his soldiers who were usually outnumbered, such as the [[Stormings of Turtucaia|stormings of Turtukaya]] from 21 May to 28 June 1773, and the repelling of the [[Storming of Hirsovo|assault on Hirsovo fortress]] with a subsequent counterattack on 14 September that year.{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1912|pp=323–325}} In Suvorov's first [[reconnaissance]] to [[Tutrakan|Turtukaya]] the troops pulled up to the [[Land lot|tract]] of [[Oltenița]], not far from the [[Danube]], waiting for dawn. Suvorov stayed at the [[outpost (military)|outpost]]s, wrapped himself in a cloak and went to bed not far from the Danube shore. It was not yet daybreak when he heard loud shouts: "alla, alla"; jumping to his feet, he saw several Turkish horsemen, who with raised sabres were rushing towards him. He had barely time to jump on his horse and gallop away. [[Carabinier]]s were immediately sent to assist the attacked Cossacks, and those first-mentioned attacked the Turks in the flank, while they, having struck down the Cossacks, carried on to the heights. The Turks were repulsed, throwing themselves to the ships and hurriedly departed from the shore; there were only 900 of them, of whom 85 were killed, more were sunk; several men were taken prisoners, including the chief of the detachment. According to the testimony of the prisoners Suvorov managed to find out how many men were in the Turtukaya stronghold,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/149/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=149 |language=ru}}</ref> and following its capture, even before sunrise, Suvorov wrote in pencil on a small piece of paper and sent to [[Lieutenant-General]] [[Ivan Saltykov|Count Ivan Saltykov]], in whose [[Division (military)|division]] he served, the following short report: "Your [[Excellency]], we have won; thank God, thank you". Suvorov also sent another report to the [[Commander-in-Chief]] Rumyantsev, consisting of couplets:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/153/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=153 |language=ru}}</ref>{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=47}}

<blockquote>Glory to God, glory to you,<br>Turtukaya is taken and I am there too.</blockquote>

The war ended with the [[treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]].

Suvorov's astuteness in war was uncanny and he also proved a self-willed subordinate who acted upon his own initiative. Rumyantsev's putting Suvorov on trial for his arbitrary reconnaissance of Turtukaya belongs to the realm of pure fiction. Rumyantsev was not dissatisfied with Suvorov, but with Ivan Saltykov.<ref name=P154155>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/153/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=154–155 |language=ru}}</ref> There was inactivity in [[Wallachia]] after Suvorov's initial capture of Turtukaya; Saltykov did not take advantage of the successful Turtukaya engagement despite the insistence of Rumyantsev; and Ottoman [[lines of communication|communication]]s on the Danube became unimpeded. Lieutenant-General [[Mikhail Kamensky]], with whose help Suvorov defeated the Turks at [[Kozludzha]], not liking Suvorov, at the same time teased Ivan Saltykov with the mention of Alexander Vasilyevich. In one "decent, but rather unpleasant" letter to Saltykov, he amuses himself about the second Turtukaya victory of Suvorov and the inaction of Saltykov himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/165/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=166 |language=ru}}</ref> Plus, a little earlier several reconnaissances had been made from Saltykov's division and one of them very unsuccessful. Colonel Prince [[Repnin]] was taken prisoner with 3 [[staff officers]], more than 200 Russians were killed and missing, 2 ships, and 2 cannons were recaptured.<ref name=P154155/>

=== 2nd war against the Ottomans ===
{{Main|Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792}}

==== Beginning ====

[[File:Suvorov fall.jpg|thumb|right|260px|A wounded Suvorov saved by [[Grenadier]] Novikov at the [[Battle of Kinburn (1787)|Battle of Kinburn]].<br>From ''Generalissimo Prince Suvorov'', composed by [[Alexander Petrushevsky|Alexander F. Petrushevsky]]<br>[[Mikhail Stasyulevich|M. M. Stasyulevich]] [[Printing press|Press]]]]

[[File:Бой у Кинбурна.jpg|thumb|260px|Struggle around the [[Kinburn Spit]].<br>[[Christian von Mechel]]]]

From 1787 to 1791, under the overall command of [[Grigory Alexandrovich Potemkin]], he again fought the [[Ottoman Turks|Turks]] during the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787–1792|Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792]] and won many victories; he was wounded twice at the hard-won [[Siege of Kinburn (1787)|Kinburn]] [[engagement (military)|engagement]] (1787) and saved only thanks to the intervention of the [[grenadier]] Stepan Novikov. Novikov heard the call of his chief, threw himself at the Turks; he stabbed one, shot another and turned to the third, but that one fled, and with him the rest. The retreating Russian grenadiers noticed Suvorov, shouted: "Brothers, the general stayed in front!" and rushed again upon the Ottomans. The fight resumed, and the bewildered Turkish soldiers began again to rapidly lose one [[Defensive fighting position|trench]] after another.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/309/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=309 |language=ru}}</ref> Suvorov suffered greatly from grievous wounds and huge loss of blood; although he kept on his feet, he often fainted, and this went on for a month.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/311/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=311 |language=ru}}</ref>

Suvorov was also soon involved in the costly [[siege of Ochakov (1788)|siege of Ochakov (Özi)]]. Energetic and courageous as usual, Alexander Suvorov proposed to take the fortress by storm, but Potemkin was cautious. "That's not how we beat the Poles and the Turks," Suvorov said in a close group of people; "one look will not take the fortress. If you had listened to me, [[Ochakov]] would have been in our hands long ago".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/325/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=325 |language=ru}}</ref> The siege that took place was [[Naval actions at the Siege of Ochakov (1788)|supported by a blockade]] of the [[Black Sea Fleet|Black Sea]] [[flotilla]] of [[Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen|Charles Henri de Nassau-Siegen]] under [[John Paul Jones]], a renowned fighter for [[American independence]]. After a fierce [[naval combat]], the Russian rowing vessels surrounded the [[flagship]] and took it; only [[Kapudan Pasha|''Kapudan-ı Derya'']] [[Hasan Pasha of Algiers|Hasan Pasha]] managed to escape.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/321/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=1 |place=Saint Petersburg |page=321 |language=ru}}</ref> However, when great damage was done to the Ottoman fortress plus fleet, "as if inviting" the besiegers to storm, Potemkin still continued the siege, which Rumyantsev wryly called the ''[[siege of Troy]]'', and Suvorov described in couplet that he was: <blockquote>Sitting on a stone so cold,<br/>Watching Ochakov as of old.{{efn|In Edith Bone's translation of Osipov's book, the meaning is slightly changed for rhyme in English. In the original (Petrushevsky and Longworth include this as well) it reads:<br/>"I am sitting on a rock<br/>And at Ochakov I look."{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=148}}}}</blockquote> The mortality rate was extreme, from one cold 30–40 people a day: the soldiers were stiff in their [[dugout (shelter)|dugout]]s, suffering terrible want of essentials, and so were the horses. During Potemkin's visit to the camp, the soldiers took the courage to personally ask him to storm, but this did not work. At last there was a deafening murmur among the whole army. Only having reached such a hopeless situation Potemkin decided to storm, setting it for 17 December,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/331/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=332 |language=ru}}</ref>{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=76}} in which Suvorov did not participate due to a bullet wound that penetrated his neck and stopped at the back of his head. This happened during a successful Ottoman sortie from the fortress.{{efn|The Russians lost 365 men in it, although Ottoman losses were greater.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/325/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=326–327 |language=ru}}</ref>

[[File:Suvorov by Schteiben.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''Alexander Suvorov'' by [[Charles de Steuben]] (1815)]]

==== The apex of military deeds ====

In 1789, after the joint Russian and [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] victorious [[battle of Focșani]], he and the talented [[Habsburg Empire|Austro]]-[[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavarian]] general [[Josias of Coburg]] fought most decisive victories in their career. First at the [[battle of Rymnik]], where, despite the vast inferiority in numbers (a Russian–Austrian force of 25,000 against 100,000 Turks), Suvorov persuaded the Austrian commander to attack;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/351/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=351–352 |language=ru}}</ref> with the bold [[flanking maneuver]] of Suvorov and the resilience of the Austrians, together they routed the Ottoman army within a few hours, losing only 500 men in the process. Suvorov earned the nickname "General Forward" in the ranks of the Austrian corps for the latter victory; the word combination came to his attention and gave him sincere pleasure, as he later recalled this martial assessment of his person, smugly grinning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/359/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=360 |language=ru}}</ref> Suvorov's [[11th Fanagoriysky Grenadier Regiment]] was formed from soldiers who took part at Rymnik. Catherine the Great, in turn, made Suvorov a count with the name [[victory title|''Rymniksky'']] (or ''Rimniksky''<ref name="Britannica">Longworth, Philip. "[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aleksandr-Vasilyevich-Suvorov-Graf-Rimniksky Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Count Rimniksky]". ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 14 May. 2023. Accessed 26 June 2023.</ref>) as a [[victory title]] in addition to his own name, and the Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] made him a count of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

The second one came at the [[Siege of Izmail|storming of Izmail]] in [[Bessarabia]] on 22 December 1790. On 20 December Suvorov convened a [[Council of war|military council]]. Petrushevsky writes as follows: "Suvorov had nothing to consult about, but by doing so, he acted on the basis of the law and used this means to communicate his decision to others, to make his view their view, his conviction – their conviction." Petrushevsky further observes: "This is very difficult for ordinary commanders who do not tower over their subordinates in anything other than their position; but easy for such as Suvorov. There is no need for ranting, or intricately woven evidence; it is the winning authority that persuades, the unbending will that fascinates". Suvorov spoke a little in council and nevertheless brought everyone into raptures, he enthralled the very people who a few days ago considered the same assault unrealisable. The youngest of those present, Brigadier [[Matvei Platov|Platov]], said the word ''assault'', and the decision to assault was taken by all 13 persons without exception. The council determined:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/385/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=386 |language=ru}}</ref>

<blockquote>"approaching Izmail, according to the disposition to storm it without delay, in order to give the enemy no time for further strengthening, and therefore there is no need for reference to his lordship the commander-in-chief [Grigory Potemkin]. ''[[Serasker]]'''s request is to be refused. The siege must not be turned into a blockade. Retreat is reprehensible to [[Her Imperial Majesty]]'s victorious troops. By virtue of chapter fourteen of {{ill|Land Forces Regulations of Peter I|lt=the military regulations|ru|Воинский устав Петра I|vertical-align=sup}}."</blockquote>

Turkish forces inside the fortress had the orders to stand their ground to the end and haughtily declined the Russian ''[[ultimatum]]''. Despite the fact that [[Aydoslu Mehmed Pasha|Mehmed Pasha]] was a resolute and firm commander, and inflicted serious losses on the Russians, his army was destroyed. Their defeat was seen as a major catastrophe in the [[Ottoman Empire]], and in [[Russian military history]] there has never been a similar instantaneous storming of a fortress in terms of numbers and casualties as that of Izmail, much less without a proper siege. An unofficial Russian national anthem in the late 18th and early 19th centuries "[[Grom pobedy, razdavaysya!]]" ("Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!"; by [[Gavrila Derzhavin]] and [[Józef Kozłowski]]) immortalized Suvorov's victory and 24 December is today commemorated as a [[Days of Military Honour|Day of Military Honour]] in Russia. In this war [[Fyodor Ushakov]] also won many famous naval victories, as in the [[battle of Tendra]], which deprived the Ottomans of Izmail's support from the Danube. Suvorov announced the capture of Ismail in 1791 to the Empress Catherine in a [[doggerel]] couplet.{{sfn|Goodwin|1998}}

The war ended with the [[treaty of Jassy]].

{{Panorama
| image = File:Взятие Измаила. Иванов.jpg
| fullwidth = 12569
| fullheight = 600
| caption = {{center|''The capture of [[Izmail]] by Russian troops under the command of [[General-in-Chief]] A. V. Suvorov on 11 December 1791'', [[Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov|Mikhail Ivanov]]}}
| alt = Storming of Izmail in 1791
| height = 300
}}

== Cossack Rebellion (1774) ==

From 1774 to 1797, Suvorov stayed and served in Russia itself, that is, in [[Transvolga]] or "Zavolzhye", in [[Astrakhan]], [[Kremenchug]], the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] capital [[Saint Petersburg]]; in [[Crimean Khanate|Crimea]], or, more accurately, [[Tartary|Little Tartary]] ([[Kuban]] which is in the [[North Caucasus]], and [[Kherson]]); in the recently former [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]] ([[Tulchin]], [[Kobrin]]); and in the [[Vyborg Governorate]], on the border with [[Swedish Finland]].

=== In the footsteps of Pugachev ===
{{Main|Pugachev's Rebellion}}

In 1774, Suvorov was dispatched to suppress [[Pugachev's Rebellion]], whose leader [[Yemelyan Pugachev]] claimed to be the assassinated Tsar [[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]]. Count [[Petr Ivanovich Panin|Pyotr Panin]], appointed for operations against Pugachev, asked to appoint a general to assist him, who could replace him in case of illness or death. On the very day of the news' arrival of Pugachev's passage to the right bank of the [[Volga]], Rumyantsev sent orders – to send Suvorov to Moscow as soon as possible. Suvorov, who was in [[Moldavia]], immediately rushed out at full speed, met in Moscow with his wife and father. On the order left by Panin, in one caftan and without luggage, raced to the village of [[Ukholovo]], between [[Shatsk, Russia|Shatsk]] and [[Pereyaslavl Ryazansky]]. He arrived in Ukholovo on September 3 ([[Old Style and New Style dates|NS]]), just at the time when Panin received notice of Alexander Vasilyevich's appointment. Panin gave him broad powers and ordered the military and civil authorities – to execute all Suvorov's orders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/187/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=188 |language=ru}}</ref>

[[File:Simonov Pugachev.jpg|thumb|400px|''[[Colonel]] Ivan Yakovlevich Simonov, [[commandant]] of [[Yaitsk]], transfers [[Yemelyan Pugachev|Y. I. Pugachev]] to A. V. Suvorov on September 16, 1774.'' By [[Christian Gottlieb Geyser]].]]

After receiving instructions, Suvorov the same day set out on the road, in the direction of [[Arzamas]] and [[Penza]] to [[Saratov]], with a small escort of 50 men. Panin reported to the Empress on the rapid performance of his new subordinate, which "promised in the circumstances of the time a lot of good ahead and therefore worthy of attention". Thanking him for such zeal and speed, the Empress granted him 2,000 [[chervonets]] to equip the crew. Reaching Saratov, Suvorov learned that tireless [[Johann von Michelsohnen|Ivan Mikhelson]], who "like a shadow" followed everywhere after Pugachev and repeatedly defeated him, again defeated him badly. Strengthening his detachment here, Suvorov hurried to [[Volgograd|Tsaritsyn]], but a lot of horses went to Pugachev, there was a lack of them, and Suvorov was forced to continue the journey by water. Defeated by Mikhelson, Pugachev slipped away; having somehow crossed the Volga with a small number of his loyalists, he disappeared into the vast [[steppe]]. Hasty arrival of Suvorov in Tsaritsyn drew the attention of the Empress, who announced her pleasure to Count Panin. But Suvorov was still essentially late. However, Suvorov did not stop it, he assigned to his detachment 2 [[Squadron (army)|squadrons]], 2 Cossack [[sotnia]]s, using horses captured by Mikhelson put on horseback 300 infantrymen, seized 2 light guns, and after spending less than a day on it all, crossed the Volga. Apparently, for reconnaissance on the rebels, he first moved upriver, came to a large village, which kept the Pugachev side, took 50 oxen, and then seeing that around the quiet, turned to the steppe. This vast steppe, which stretched for several hundred km., desolate, woodless, homeless, was a "dead desert, where even without the enemy's weapons was threatened with death". Suvorov had very little bread; he ordered to kill, salt and bake on fire some of the taken cattle and use the slices of meat for people instead of bread, as he did in the last campaign of the Seven Years' War. Thus secured for some time, Suvorov's detachment went deeper into the steppe. "They followed the sun by day and the stars by night; there were no roads, they followed the traces and moved as fast as they could, not paying attention to any atmospheric changes, because there was no place to hide from them". In different places Suvorov was overtaken and joined by several detachments, who went before him from Tsaritsyn; on 23 September, he came to the [[Maly Uzen]] River, divided his squad into four parts and went to the [[Bolshoy Uzen]] in different directions. Soon they stumbled on Pugachev's trail; they found out that Pugachev was here in the morning, that his men, seeing an unstoppable pursuit, lost faith in the success of their cause, revolted, tied Pugachev and took him to [[Yaitsk]], to extradite the leader to save themselves. And indeed Pugachev was arrested, as it turned out later, at this time, some {{convert|53|km|abbr=on}} from Suvorov.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/187/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=188–191 |language=ru}}</ref> Suvorov arrived at the scene only in time to conduct the first interrogation of the rebel leader, but Suvorov missed the chance to defeat him in battle, who had been betrayed by his fellow Cossacks and was eventually beheaded in Moscow.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Kuban and Crimea ==

=== Kuban ===
{{Main|Kuban Nogai Uprising}}

[[File:Подавление Ногайского восстания.jpg|thumb|250px|Suppression of the [[Nogais|Nogai]] [[rebellion]].<br>Johann F. Anthing]]

As a result of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774]], the [[Crimean Khanate]] became independent of the Ottomans, but in fact became a Russian [[protectorate]] (1774 to 1783). The Russian-imposed [[Şahin Giray]] proved unpopular. The [[Kuban]] [[Nogais]] remained hostile to the Russian government.{{sfn|Gutakov|2007}} From the end of January 1777, Suvorov set about building new fortifications at Kuban, despite the severe cold and predator raids, suggesting that the entire cordon should be shortened, and that it should be connected to the {{ill|Azov-Mozdok fortified line|ru|Азово-Моздокская укреплённая линия|vertical-align=sup}}. There were only about 12,000 men under Suvorov's command. He explored the region, more than 30 fortifications were built, and the order of service at the cordon was changed. Attacks from across the Kuban ceased; [[Tatars]], guarded against the unrest of Turkish {{ill|Zakuban Plain|lt=Zakuban|ru|Закубанская равнина|vertical-align=sup}} emissaries and from the raids of predators, were pacified, and began to make sure that the Russians really had good intentions towards them. But the peace was short-lived, however. "Intelligent Rumyantsev could not fail to appreciate the fruitful activities of Suvorov in Kuban" and spoke of him with pleasure and praise.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/201/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=201 |language=ru}}</ref>

By 1781, the situation in the Crimean Khanate, especially in the [[North Caucasus|North-West Caucasus]], had "heated up to the limit". Dissatisfaction with the [[Khan (title)|Khan]] and the withdrawal of Russian troops led to an uprising of the Kuban Nogais at the beginning of the year. By July 1782, the uprising had spread to [[Crimea]]. In September to October 1782, Suvorov was engaged in "restoring order" on the territory of north-west Caucasus. The first insurrection was suppressed by the force of returning Russian troops directly by Alexander Suvorov and [[Anton de Balmen]] at the end of 1782 (Balmen put down a rebellion on the [[Crimean Peninsula]] territory). In 1783, Suvorov with complete surprise for the rebels crossed the [[Kuban River]] and in the battle of the [[Laba (river)|Laba]] on 1 October (near [[Kermenchik tract]]) decisively quelled the second [[Kuban Nogai Uprising|Nogai uprising]], which, in turn, was triggered by Catherine's [[manifesto]], declaring Crimea, [[Taman Peninsula|Taman]], and Kuban as Russian possessions.{{sfn|Gutakov|2007}} At the Laba, Nogai losses amounted to 4,000.{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1915|p=447}}

[[File:Dmitry Levitzky 07.jpg|thumb|center|260px|Suvorov, Alexander Vasilyevich (Aleksandr Vasilyevitch); 1786; by [[Dmitry Levitzky|Dmitry Levitsky]]]]

=== Crimea (Little Tartary) ===

==== Christian resettlement ====
{{Main|Emigration of Christians from the Crimea (1778)}}

On behalf of Empress Catherine II, Suvorov participated in an incident – the forced resettlement of Christians from Crimea.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} The possession of Crimea did not seem secure for Russia at that time. Russia had to extract all it could from Crimea, and this was achieved by resettling Christians, mainly of [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Armenians|Armenian]] nationalities, from Crimea: they had industry, horticulture and agriculture, which constituted a significant part of the Crimean Khan's income. The fact that the Crimean Christians were burdened "to the last degree" by the Khan's extortions and, therefore, the tax exemption granted to them in the new place should have inclined them in favor of the measure conceived by the Russian government, was in favor of the feasibility of resettlement. Thus the matter was resolved and Suvorov was entrusted with its execution.{{Sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|pp=116–117}} In the second half of September 1778 the resettlement ended. More than 31,000 souls were evicted; the Greeks were mostly settled between the rivers {{ill|Berda|uk|Берда (річка)|vertical-align=sup}} and [[Kalmius]], along the river {{ill|Solona (Sea of Azov)|lt=Solyonaya|uk|Солона (Азовське море)|vertical-align=sup}} and all the way to [[Azov]]; the Armenians near [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]] and generally on the [[Don (river)|Don]]. Rumyantsev reported to the Empress that "the withdrawal of the Christians can be regarded as a conquest of a noble province". 130,000 [[ruble]]s were spent for transportation and food. Petrushevsky suggests that food itself cost very cheap, because Suvorov bought from the same Christians 50,000 quarters of bread, which, coming locally to the shops, cost half as much as delivered from Russia, what resulted in savings of 100,000 rubles. "Suvorov's orders were distinguished by remarkable and calculated prudence, he had put his heart into this business". More than half a year later, when the case was almost submitted to the archives, Suvorov still felt as if he had a moral obligation towards the settlers and wrote to Potemkin:{{Sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=119}}

<blockquote>"The Crimean settlers suffer many shortcomings in their present state; look upon them with a merciful eye, who have sacrificed so much to the throne; relish their bitter remembrance."</blockquote>

After Suvorov organized the resettlement of Armenian migrants displaced from Crimea, Catherine gave them permission to establish a new city, named [[Nakhichevan-on-Don|Nor Nakhichevan]] by the Armenians. In addition, Alexander Suvorov would later found the city of [[Tiraspol]] (1792), now the capital of [[Transnistria]].

In 1778 Alexander as well prevented a Turkish landing on the Crimean Peninsula, thwarting another Russo-Turkish war.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} In 1780 he became a [[lieutenant-general]] and in 1783 – [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]], upon completion of his tour of duty in the Caucasus and Crimea.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==== Kherson ====

Going to [[Kherson]] (1792), Suvorov received quite a detailed instruction. He was entrusted with command over the troops in the [[Yekaterinoslav Governorate]], [[Taurida Oblast]] and the territory newly annexed from [[Ottoman Turkey]], with the responsibility to manage the fortification works there. [[Black Sea]] Fleet was under the command of [[Vice-Admiral]] [[Nikolay Mordvinov (admiral)|Nikolay Mordvinov]], and a rowing fleet under the command of General-Major [[José de Ribas|Osip Deribas]], who was dependent on Suvorov only for troops in the fleet. Suvorov was ordered to inspect the troops to ascertain their condition and replenish what was missing, to survey the coast and borders, and submit his opinion on bringing them to safety from accidental attack; he was also allowed to change the disposition of the troops without giving any reason for neighbors to think that the Russians were anxious; – finally, he was ordered to collect and submit notifications from abroad.{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=280}}

[[File:Русский полководец Суворов Александр Васильевич. Лит.Уткин.1818г ГИМ e1.jpg|thumb|200px|Russian commander Alexander V. Suvorov. [[Lithography]], 1818. By [[Nikolai Utkin]] (the [[engraving]] after the [[pastel]] portrait of Alexander Suvorov by J.H. Schmidt, 1800)]]

Engineering occupied the most prominent place in Suvorov's activities in the south, as well as in Finland. The plans signed by him were preserved: the project of the [[Phanagoria]] fortress, three projects of fortifications of the [[Kinburn Spit]] and the [[Dnieper–Bug estuary]], the plan of the {{ill|Kinburn Fortress|ru|Кинбурн|vertical-align=sup}}, the main [[logistics center]] of Tiraspol, the [[Fortification#Forts|fort]] of [[Ovidiopol|Hacıdere]] (Ovidiopol) on the [[Dnieper]]–[[Southern Bug|Bug]] estuary, [[Khadjibey]] (Odessa) and [[Sevastopol]] (Akhtiar) fortifications. Some of these were built during his time there and have progressed considerably, others had only just begun; there were also fortifications remained in the project due to short time and lack of money. At Sevastopol four forts were started, including 2 [[casemate]]d; in Khadjibey was placed a military harbor with a merchant pier, according to [[François Sainte de Wollant]]'s plans, under the direct supervision of Deribas and supreme surveillance of Suvorov.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294790/page/n13/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=2 |page=6 |language=ru}}</ref>

==== Tulchin ====

In [[Tulchin]] he contributed to the training of troops (1796). On arriving in Tulchin, Suvorov first of all paid attention to the welfare of the soldiers. There were "huge numbers" dying, as in epidemic times, especially at work in the [[port of Odessa]], where the annual percentage of deaths reached up to 1/4 of the entire staff of the troops, and one separate team died out almost entirely. The reason: "many generals were suppliers to the troops"; the builder of [[Odessa]] Deribas capitalised "terribly" on this. Against all the "evils" detected, Suvorov took immediate measures, akin to those of the previous ones, and watched their execution vigilantly. Barely two months have passed before the death rate in Odessa fell fourfold, and in some other places the percentage of deaths was closer to normal, and in August it was below normal.{{Sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=418}}

== Finland (1791–1792) ==

A feast was held in Russia to commemorate glorious military exploits, especially the storming of Izmail. A few days before the feast, 6 May 1791, Suvorov received from Potemkin command of the Empress – to go around Finland to the Swedish border, to design a border fortifications. Suvorov went willingly, "just to get rid of his inactivity"; the region was familiar to him, as 17 years ago he had already traveled around the Swedish border, and although the present task seemed more difficult, but with his usual energy and diligence, Suvorov completed it in less than 4 weeks.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884c">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/405/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=406–407 |language=ru}}</ref> The Empress treated with full approval of Suvorov's construction works.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/409/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=410 |language=ru}}</ref>

[[File:Kyminlinna, near the south-western gate.jpg|thumb|right|185px|Suvorov founded the fortress of [[Kyminlinna#History|Kymmenegård]]]]

During the harsh Finnish spring, he traveled in sledges in the wild backwoods of the Russian–Swedish border, enduring hardships that "a military man of high position does not know even in wartime". Repeated the same old thing: Suvorov had already traveled in winter inclement weather, riding on a Cossack horse, without luggage, to Izmail.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884c" />

Suvorov, besides building and repairing fortresses, had troops and a [[flotilla]] on his hands. The greater part of the rowing flotilla was in the [[Skerry|skerries]], the smaller on [[Lake Saimaa]]. At first the flotilla was commanded by Prince Nassau-Siegen, but in the summer of 1791, he absented himself from Catherine on the [[Rhine]] to offer his services to the [[French nobility|French princes]] for the war against the [[French Revolutionaries|Republicans]]. The flotilla was numbering upwards of 125 vessels of various names and sizes, with 850 [[Naval artillery in the Age of Sail|guns]]; it was under the command of [[Counter-Admiral]] Marquess [[Ivan de Traverse|de Traversay]] and General-Major [[Johann Hermann von Fersen|Hermann]], subordinates to Suvorov. He was responsible for manning ships, for training people, for conducting naval exercises and maneuvers. Suvorov was never a nominal chief; he endeavoured to familiarise himself, as much as possible, with marine speciality. Some practical information he had acquired earlier, in the Dnieper–Bug estuary, where a flotilla was also under his command, and continued in Finland to look into naval affairs. On his first trip here he took private lessons, about which he wrote to Military Secretary {{ill|Pyotr Turchaninov|lt=Turchaninov|ru|Турчанинов, Пётр Иванович|vertical-align=sup}}; later, according to some reports, he jokingly asked to test himself in naval knowledge and passed the exam "quite satisfactorily".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/411/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=412 |language=ru}}</ref>

Suvorov lived in different places in Finland, depending on the need: in [[Vyborg]], {{ill|Kyminkartano|lt=Kymmenegård|fi|Kyminkartano|vertical-align=sup}}, [[Ruotsinsalmi sea fortress|Ruotsinsalmi]]. In Kymmenegård he left a memory of his concern for the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]]: he sent a church choir director from St.&nbsp;Petersburg to train local choristers, bought different church things for several hundred rubles. Here he formed a circle of acquaintances, free from service time spent fun; Suvorov often danced, and in a letter to [[Dmitry Khvostov]] bragged that once he "[[contradance]]d for three hours straight".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/443/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=443 |language=ru}}</ref>

== Relations with Paul ==

[[File:Suvorov4.jpg|175px|thumb|left|Alexander Suvorov in disgrace]]

Suvorov remained a close confidant of Catherine, but he had a negative relationship with her son and heir apparent [[Paul I of Russia|Paul]]. "Paranoid" Paul even had his own regiment of Russian soldiers whom he dressed up in Prussian-style uniforms and paraded around. Suvorov was strongly opposed to these uniforms and had fought hard for Catherine to get rid of similar uniforms that were used by Russians up until 1784.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=66}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

[[File:Geller Suvorov.jpg|250px|thumb|An exiled Suvorov receiving orders to lead the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Army]] against [[Napoleon]]. By {{ill|Pyotr Isaakovich Geller|lt=P. Isaakovich Geller|ru|Геллер, Пётр Исаакович|vertical-align=sup}}]]

When Catherine died of a stroke in 1796, Paul I was crowned [[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor]] and brought back these outdated uniforms instead of the comfortable clothing introduced by Potemkin.{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=66}} It is considered that in the same year {{ill|Golden Age (Russian nobility)|lt=the Golden Age|ru|Золотой век российского дворянства|vertical-align=sup}} of [[Russian nobility]] and of the Russian Empire came to an end, along with Catherine the Great.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Onion |first1=Amanda |last2=Sullivan |first2=Missy |last3=Mullen |first3=Matt |last4=Zapata |first4=Christian |date=September 21, 2017 |title=Romanov Family |url=https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/romanov-family |access-date=June 22, 2023 |website=HISTORY |publisher=A&E Television Networks}}</ref> Suvorov was not happy with Paul's reforms and disregarded his orders to train new soldiers in the Prussian military manner (it also included severe punishments), which he considered cruel and useless.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}{{efn|See [[Prussian Army]]}} Paul was infuriated and dismissed Suvorov, exiling him to his estate {{ill|Konchanskoye-Suvorovskoye|lt=Konchanskoye|ru|Кончанское-Суворовское|vertical-align=sup}} near [[Borovichi]] and kept under surveillance. His correspondence with his wife, who had remained at Moscow because their marriage was unhappy, was also tampered with. It is recorded that on Sundays he tolled the bell for church and sang among the rustics in the village choir. On weekdays he worked among them in a [[smock-frock]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

[[File:Н.А Шабунин — Отъезд А.В.Суворова цз села Кончанского в поход 1799 г..jpg|thumb|right|Suvorov's departure from the village of Konchanskoye for the 1799 campaign. [[Oil painting]] by {{ill|Nikolay Shabunin|ru|Шабунин, Николай Авенирович|vertical-align=sup}}.<br>[[Suvorov Museum|Suvorov Memorial Museum]]]]

== Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799 ==
{{Main|French Revolutionary Wars|War of the Second Coalition}}

=== Italian campaign ===
{{Main|Italian and Swiss expedition}}

==== General coverage of events ====
[[File:Suvorov in Milan.jpg|thumb|left|275px|Suvorov in [[Milan]], April 1799; by [[Adolf Charlemagne]]]]

In February 1799, Paul I, worried about the victories of [[First French Republic|France]] in Europe during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and at the insistence of the [[Coalition war|coalition]] leaders, was forced to reinstate Suvorov as field marshal.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Alexander Suvorov was given command of the Austro-Russian army and sent to drive France's forces out of [[Italy (geographical region)|Italy]]. For subordination of the Austrian soldiers to a general of foreign service, it was deemed necessary to place him a step above the most senior Austrian generals of the army of Italy, also granting the [[Generalfeldmarschall|field-marshal]] of the [[HRE]].{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=519}}

Suvorov and [[Napoleon]] never met in battle because Napoleon was [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaigning in Egypt and Syria]] at the time. However, in 1799, Suvorov erased practically all of the gains Napoleon had made for France in [[northern Italy]] during [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars#Bonaparte's war|1796 and 1797]], defeating some of the republic's top generals: [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau|Moreau]] and [[Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer|Schérer]] at the [[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Adda River]] ([[Lecco]], [[Vaprio d'Adda]], [[Cassano d'Adda]], [[Verderio Superiore]]), again Moreau at [[First Battle of Marengo (1799)|San Giuliano]] ([[Spinetta Marengo]]{{Efn|The place where, a year later, Bonaparte would score his [[Battle of Marengo|famous victory]].}}), [[Jacques MacDonald|MacDonald]] near the rivers of [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)#Tidone River – 17 June|Tidone]], [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)#Trebbia River – 18 June|Trebbia]], [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)#Nure River – 20 June|Nure]] at the [[Battle of the Trebbia (1799)|Trebbia battle]], and [[Barthélemy Catherine Joubert|Joubert]] along with Moreau at [[Battle of Novi|Novi]];{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} but the Russians lost the [[Battle of Bassignana (1799)|battle of Bassignana]]. All the major battles (Adda, Trebbia, Novi) are of the most decisive nature.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=322}} Besides, the following Italian fortresses fell before Suvorov: [[Capture of Brescia|Brescia]] (21 April); [[Peschiera del Garda]], [[Tortona]], [[Pizzighettone]] (April); [[Alessandria]], [[Siege of Mantua (1799)|Mantua]] (July). Suvorov captured [[Milan]] and [[Turin]], as well as [[citadel]]s of these cities, and became a hero to those who opposed the [[French Revolution]]. Allied forces also took the towns of [[Parma]] and [[Modena]], the capitals of the [[Duchies]] of [[Duchy of Parma|Parma–Piacenza]] and [[Duchy of Modena|Modena–Reggio]] respectively. The British drawn many [[caricature]]s dedicated to Suvorov's expedition.{{efn|'''Examples of Suvorov caricatures'''
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Suvorov_caricature_1799.jpg "''General Swallow-all-o Feasting on a French Fricassee!!''"]<br>Library of Congress description: "Print shows a gigantic Russian soldier, possibly a gross caricature of Field Marshal Aleksandr Vasil'evich Suvorov, eating the severed head of a French soldier, another oversized man, a chef, holds a platter containing several more heads; refers to the defeat of the French in Italy by Russian forces under the command of Suvorov".
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bodleian_Libraries,_General_Swarrow,_towing_the_French_Directory_into_Russia.jpg "''General Swarrow, towing the French Directory into Russia!!''"]<br>Suvorov took the [[French Directory]] captive. On Suvorov's uniform, on the right sleeve, a round red-yellow patch with the inscription "WARSAW" (reference to the [[Battle of Praga#Massacre|Praga massacre]]).
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Cruikshank_-_Gen%5El_Swallow_Destroying_the_French_Army_-_B1981.25.1210_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg  "''Gen'l Swallow Destroying the French Army.''"]<br>Giant Suvorov in a pirate hat catches the fleeing French troops with a forks, devours them and tramples others. Just below Suvorov, a French soldier hides under a cannon.
For others, see [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caricatures_of_Alexander_Suvorov the related Wikicommons section]:
}}

The French [[client state]]s [[Cisalpine Republic]] and [[Piedmontese Republic]] collapsed in the face of Suvorov's onset. [[Admiral]] Ushakov, sent to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] for support to Suvorov, in 1799 completed the five-month [[siege of Corfu (1798–1799)]] and put an end to the [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|French occupation of the Ionian Islands]] in Greece. On receiving news of the capture of [[Corfu (city)|Corfu]], Suvorov exclaimed:{{sfn|Novikov|1948|p=153}}

<blockquote>Our [[Peter the Great|Great Peter]] is alive! What he, after defeating the Swedish fleet [[Battle of Gangut|near Åland in 1714]], said, namely that nature has produced only one Russia: she has no rival, — we see it now. Hooray! To the Russian fleet!.. I now say to myself: why wasn't I at least a [[midshipman]] at Corfu?</blockquote>

==== Two resounding victories: Trebbia and Novi ====
[[File:Suvorov Trebbia.jpg|thumb|250px|Suvorov victorious at the [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)|Battle of the Trebbia]]. Painting by [[Alexander Kotzebue]].<br>[[Hermitage Museum]]]]
[[File:Battle of Novi.jpg|thumb|250px|The heaviest battle in the career of Suvorov: [[Battle of Novi|at Novi]], 15 August 1799. Painting by Alexander Kotzebue.<br>Hermitage Museum]]

The [[sister republic]] in the south, the [[Parthenopean Republic|Parthenopean]], also fell before the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Royal Navy]], [[Fyodor Ushakov|Ushakov]]'s naval [[squadron (naval)|squadron]], and the local rebels, since Jacques MacDonald at the head of the ''[[Army of Naples]]'' was forced to abandon [[southern Italy]] to meet Suvorov at the Trebbia, leaving only weak [[garrison]]s in the Neapolitan lands. MacDonald attacked [[Peter Karl Ott von Bátorkéz|Ott]]'s small force, whereupon Suvorov quickly concentrated most of his army against MacDonald and threw his men into the fray immediately after a hard march. This confrontation near the Trebbia proved to be the toughest French defeat of Suvorov's Italian campaign: by the end of the retreat, MacDonald had barely 10,000 to 12,000{{efn|or up to 13,000{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=114}}}} men left out of an army of 35,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elchaninov |first=A. |title=История русской армии |publisher=Полигон |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |publication-place=St. Petersburg |page=412 |language=ru}}</ref> The battle of Novi, on the other hand, is the most difficult victory in Suvorov's career, largely because the French had strong defensive positions and the Allies could not fully deploy their superior cavalry as a consequence;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Semyonov |first=Boris |date=15 August 2019 |title=Битва при Нови. Самая трудная победа Суворова |trans-title=Battle of Novi. Suvorov's most difficult victory |url=https://histrf.ru/read/articles/bitva-pri-novi-samaia-trudnaia-pobieda-suvorova |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=История.РФ |publisher=Russian Military Historical Society |language=ru}}</ref> however, the Russo-Austrian victory turned into a complete [[rout]] for the French army. Its troops lost 16,000 of their comrades-in-arms (in total) and were driven from Italy, save for a handful in the [[Maritime Alps]] and around [[Genoa]].{{sfn|Bogolyubov|1939|p=118}} But the ''[[Hofkriegsrat]]'' did not choose to take advantage, and sent Suvorov with his Austrian and Russian forces to [[Helvetic Republic|Switzerland]]. Suvorov himself gained the title of "Prince of the [[House of Savoy]]" and the rank of [[grand marshal]] of the Piedmont troops from the [[Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia|King of Sardinia]],{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=627}} and after the [[Trebbia]]n battle – the title of "Prince of Italy" (or ''[[Knyaz]] Italiysky'').<ref>See [[Battle of the Trebbia (1799)#Result]]</ref>

==== Detailed assessment of all battles ====

Like [[Gustavus Adolphus]], [[Turenne]], [[Frederick II the Great]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Hannibal]], and [[Caesar]], in military affairs Alexander Vasilyevich was not vulnerable at any point, rushing with speed to the most important places, and carefully observed the principle of [[force concentration]] all his life:{{sfn|Orlov|1892|pp=315, 331}} at [[:it:San Giuliano Vecchio|San Giuliano Vecchio]] (1st Marengo), for example, his troops gathered more than double superiority,<ref>See [[First Battle of Marengo (1799)]]</ref> and at Novi not so considerable, but at least reaching about 38 per cent, which was still offset by the French army's favourable position.<ref>See [[Battle of Novi (1799)]]</ref> The combat of Lecco, fought as a diversionary maneuver, brought virtually no advantage to either side, but at the beginning, before the reinforcements, the Russian troops were far inferior in numbers. At the combat of Vaprio (part of Cassano), passing through a river obstacle, the [[Coalition Wars|Coalition]] eventually managed to concentrate four thousand more troops in practice than the French did, largely also at the expense of the Cossacks; although in the middle of the battle the French had a twofold preponderance in numbers. In the end there were about 11,000 Austrians and Cossacks versus 7,000 French; but French troops began to give up their footholds before the remaining Austrian battalions arrived. Notwithstanding all, the outcome of the combat at Vaprio d'Adda could have been the only outcome: the timely arrival of 3,000 from [[Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier|Sérurier's]] division, 6,000 from [[Claude Victor-Perrin|Victor's]] division (2,000 he could have left at Cassano d'Adda on the way), would be 16,000 French, led by Moreau, against 11,000 of the enemy.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|pp=92–93}} At Cassano d'Adda, Suvorov allocated about 13,000 Austrians against approximately 3,000 French from the divisions of [[Paul Grenier]] and Claude-Victor (along with reinforcements), who had taken up strong defences behind the stream; but it was the combat of Vaprio that was decisive and pivotal. At [[Verderio]] the Sérurier detachment, cut off during the combat at Vaprio d'Adda, was surrounded and pinned down by the river. Thus, with roughly equal strength overall, having a minimum of 65,000 men at his disposal against the 58,000 available for active operations in the field{{Sfn|Duffy|1999|p=40}} as part of the French [[Army of Italy (France)|''Army of Italy'']], Suvorov was able to use every advantage he had in the [[Theater (warfare)|theater]] to win a complete victory at the battle of Cassano.<ref>See [[Battle of Cassano (1799)]]</ref> The blame lies with Barthélemy Schérer: he scattered an even cordon along the whole river; on the more important stretch from Lecco to Cassano d'Adda, {{convert|42|km|abbr=on}}, there were no more than 12,000; meanwhile Suvorov had 42,000 on the same stretch.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=73}}

[[File:Portrait of Alexander Suvorov by J H Schmidt 1800.jpg|thumb|200px|The portrait of Suvorov in Austrian uniform, by Johann Heinrich Schmidt]]

Near the Trebbia, in contrast to the above, MacDonald had one and a half superiority; this circumstance is explained by the fact that [[Paul Kray|Kray]], despite the order of Suvorov, did not send him reinforcements, based on the direct command of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] not to separate any forces before the surrender of [[Mantua]]. It was too late for the commander-in-chief to find out.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=332}} At the battle of the Trebbia on the first day at the [[Tidone|Tidone River]], the French had 19,000 men against his 14–15,000,{{sfn|Milyutin|1852|p=254}} and were thrown back. By the Trebbia River itself on the second day the forces were equal, and on the third day Suvorov, with some 22,000 men, beat MacDonald's force of 33,000–35,000. Suvorov then rushed into a fighting pursuit, and at the [[Nure|Nure River]], similar to Verderio, an entire [[Auvergne Regiment]] was captured after a short battle.<ref>See [[Battle of the Trebbia (1799)]]</ref>

Despite the restraining influence of the ''[[Hofkriegsrat]]'', Suvorov always held the initiative in his hands when dealing with the enemy. If the French sometimes tried to catch him (e.g., the movements of Moreau and MacDonald to join at Tortona), the Allies concentrated and dealt brutal blows like at the Trebbia. As for Novi, Joubert, advancing from Genoa to Tortona and expecting to catch the ''Allied Field Army'' scattered, unexpectedly met Suvorov and his "strike fist" behind [[Novi Ligure]].{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=337}} But perseverance in the battle of Novi came to the point that when the Russian attacks were unsuccessful, Suvorov got off his horse and, rolling on the ground, shouted: "dig a grave for me, I will not survive this day", and then resumed his attacks. Moreau spoke of Suvorov in this way:{{sfn|Orlov|1892|pp=322–323}}

<blockquote>"What can you say of a general so resolute to a superhuman degree, and who would perish himself and let his army perish to the last man rather than retreat a single pace."</blockquote>

==== Campaign environment ====

As a disadvantage to his decisiveness, [[Field Marshal]] Suvorov, famous for the storming of Izmail, did not want to storm the citadels of Italian cities, and preferred to resort, in accordance with the situation, to blockade and siege.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=323}} Nevertheless, during the Italian campaign of 1799 Suvorov's talent expressed itself fully and comprehensively. [[Nikolay Orlov (military writer)|Nikolay Orlov]] describes: "When assessing Suvorov's actions, one must always keep in mind the unfavourable situation for the commander, the environment in which he was:—meaning mainly the inconvenience of commanding the Allied troops, originating from the difference in political aspirations of the Allied governments, and the binding influence of the ''Hofkriegsrat"''.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=316}}

The Polish forces had a no small quantity of [[militias]], and the Turks and Tartars were largely "unstable hordes". True, "all these opponents were characterised by fanatical bravery, it was not easy for Suvorov to overcome them; the wars brought Suvorov practice, from which he took out extensive experience, his talent gradually developed and strengthened in this fight, the commander learned the essence, the spirit of war".{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=315}} In 1799, Suvorov's enemies were troops purely [[Regular army|regular]], crowned with the glory of victories over the [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] armies (considered themselves the best in Europe), and were led by some of the best generals of the time,{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=316}} including Jean Victor Moreau, "a man in the prime of life" (35), who was generally respected in the army, distinguished by his theoretical knowledge of the art of war and combat experience, affability and high intelligence. "He was not a high-minded genius, but the presence of mind and unwavering equanimity gave him the ability to come out with honour from the most critical circumstances. At any rate, after Bonaparte, he was the best French general of the time" (the talented [[Lazare Hoche]] was no longer alive),{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=83}} winning the famous victory [[Battle of Hohenlinden|at Hohenlinden]] a year later. The theater of war was not like those [[steppe]]s, swamps and forests, among which the commander had hitherto fought.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=316}} In the war with the French Suvorov was not only commander-in-chief, independently acting in the theater of operations, but in addition he was in charge of the allied army – a matter even more difficult for a commander,{{sfn|Orlov|1892|p=316}} and in the battles of Cassano and Novi the Austrians formed the bulk of the army, while at Cassano only [[Irregular army|irregular]] Cossack troops participated from the Russian side, including the encirclement of the French detachment at Verderio. It should also be noted that Suvorov, being fiery and irritable, was able to restrain himself in many cases.{{sfn|Orlov|1892|pp=322–323}}

=== Swiss campaign ===
{{Main|Suvorov's Swiss campaign}}

[[File:Vasily Surikov - Suvorov Crossing the Alps in 1799 - Google Art Project.jpg|240px|thumb|''[[Suvorov crossing the Alps|Russian troops under Generalissimo Suvorov crossing the Alps in 1799]]'' (by [[Vasily Surikov]], 1899)]]

==== Defeat of the allied armies ====

After the victorious Italian theater, Suvorov planned to march on Paris, but instead was ordered to Switzerland to join up with the Russian forces already there and drive the French out. The Russian army under [[Alexander Korsakov|General Korsakov]] was defeated by [[André Masséna]] at [[Second Battle of Zurich|Zürich]], and [[Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze|Friedrich von Hotze]]'s Austrian army was defeated by [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]] at the [[battle of Linth River|Linth River]] before Suvorov could reach and unite with them all. "…I have defeated myself [[Franjo Jelačić|Jelačić]] and Lincken who are now pinned down in [[Glarus]]. Marshal Suvorov is surrounded on all sides. He will be the one forced to surrender!"—said [[Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor]] to [[Franz Xaver von Auffenberg|Franz von Auffenberg]] and [[Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration]].<ref>See [[Suvorov's Swiss campaign#The march to Glarus]]</ref>

Surrounded by Masséna's 77,000 French troops,<ref>See [[Suvorov's Swiss campaign|Suvorov's Swiss campaign (infobox)]]</ref> Suvorov with a force of 18,000 Russian regulars and 5,000 Cossacks, exhausted and short of provisions, led a strategic withdrawal from the [[Alps]] while fighting off the French.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}

[[File:Suvorov Gotthard.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Fieldmarshal Suvorov on the peak of the [[Gotthard Pass]], by Adolf Charlemagne]]

==== Early achievements ====

Early on in the path, going to join with the not yet defeated Korsakov, he struggled against general [[Claude Lecourbe]] and overcame the [[Battle of Gotthard Pass|St. Gotthard]] and [[Oberalp Pass|Oberalp]] (that goes round [[Oberalpsee]]) [[mountain pass]]es. Suvorov's troops beat the French out of [[Hospental]] (situated in the [[Urseren|Urseren valley]]), followed by the so-called ''[[Battle of Devil's Bridge|Teufelsbrücke]]'', or "Devil's Bridge", located in the [[Schoellenen Gorge]], and the [[:de: Urnerloch|Urnerloch]] rock tunnel. All these interventions were not without great losses for Suvorov; but in his main attack, where he concentrated some 6,700 against 6,000 Frenchmen, he suffered relatively the same casualties as his opponent.<ref>See [[Battle of Gotthard Pass]]</ref> However, Suvorov's troops were at their wits' end.

[[File:Вид на Чертов мост 6 сентября 1799 года - panoramio.jpg|240px|thumb|left|Fighting for the [[Teufelsbrucke|Devil's Bridge]]]]

Russian troops of [[Andrei Rosenberg|Andrey Grigoryevich Rosenberg]] crossed the [[Lukmanier Pass]], Austrian troops of Franz Auffenberg overcame the [[Chrüzli Pass]], while Suvorov himself also later traversed more remote passes such as [[Kinzig Pass|Chinzig]] and [[Pragel Pass|Pragel (Bragell)]], before climbing the 8,000-foot mountain [[Rossstock]].<ref name="efn-1">See [[:it:Campagna svizzera di Suvorov#/media/File:Campagna Suvorov svizzera 1799.png|Suvorov's Swiss campaign route (map)]]</ref> Marching over rocks had worn out the soldiers' inadequate footwear, of which many were now even deprived, uniforms were often in tatters, rifles and bayonets were rusting from the constant dampness, and the men were starving for lack of adequate supplies,—they were exhausted, surrounded by impassable mountains in freezing cold, and, one way or another, faced a French army far superior in numbers and equipment. Cossack reconnaissance units instead of the Austrians of Lincken found the French there. France's forces, meanwhile, blocked off many important places for troop movements;<ref name="efn-2">See [[Suvorov's Swiss campaign#The crossing of Chinzig]]</ref> and on September 29 (18 [[Old Style and New Style dates|OS]]), still uncertain but informed about the fate of Korsakov and Hotze (from the testimony of French prisoners), Suvorov assembled a [[council of war]] in the refectory of the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] monastery of [[Saint Joseph]], which decided to pave the way for the army toward Glarus. During the council the Russian commander showed himself extremely resolute not to surrender, blamed the Austrian allies for all the hardships they were forced to suffer, and proposed what appeared to him to be the only possible solution. Suvorov dictated the disposition: in the vanguard appointed to go Auffenberg, who came out on the 29th, and the next day the rest of the troops, except for Rosenberg's corps and {{ill|Ivan Förster|lt=Foerster's|ru|Ферстер, Иван Иванович|vertical-align=sup}} division, which remained in the rearguard and must hold the enemy coming out of [[Schwyz]] until all the [[Pack saddle|pack]]s had passed over the mountain Bragell. Rosenberg was ordered to hold firm,—to repel the French with all his strength, but not to pursue him beyond Schwyz.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884d">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n275/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=262 |language=ru}}</ref> Alexander Suvorov's speech was written down from the words of Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration, made a huge impression on everyone who attended<ref name=SCS>See [[:ru:Швейцарский поход Суворова]]</ref> (especially angry and menacing looked [[Wilhelm Derfelden|Derfelden]] and Bagration<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884d"/>):

<blockquote>We are surrounded by mountains… surrounded by a strong enemy, proud of victory… Since the [[Pruth River Campaign|Pruth expedition]], under the Sovereign Emperor Peter the Great, Russian troops have never been in such a perilous position…<ref name=SCS /> To go back is dishonorable. I have never retreated. Advancing to Schwyz{{Efn|When Suvorov was unaware of Korsakov's defeat, in the absence of news he preferred not to stop to let his exhausted army rest, which he directed instead, as early as the early hours of September 27, toward the [[Kinzig Pass|Chinzig Chulm]], counting on bypassing the French by reaching Schwyz from the village of [[Muotathal]] (Mutten).}} is impossible: Masséna commands more than 60,000 men and our troops do not reach 20,000. We are short of supplies, ammunition and artillery… We cannot expect help from anyone. We are on the edge of the precipice! All we have left is to rely on Almighty God and the courage and spirit of sacrifice of my troops! We are Russians! God is with us!<ref name="efn-2" /></blockquote>

==== Salvation and breakthrough ====
[[File:Suworow Gotthardhospiz.jpg|200px|thumb|In the Altkirch [[Barrack]]s in [[Andermatt]], a mural painted in 1917 by [[Hans Beat Wieland]] in the officers' canteen commemorates the arrival of the Suvorov troops at the St. Gotthard Hospice on September 24, 1799, during the [[War of the Second Coalition]].<br>Andermatt, Altkirch Barracks, [[Canton of Uri|UR]]]]
[[File:Ludwig Hess Kosaken am Klöntalersee 1799.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Cossacks]] over [[Klöntalersee]] by [[Ludwig Hess]].<br>[[Zurich Central Library]], Prints and Drawings Department and Photo Archive]]
[[File:Сражение в Мутенской долине.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Battle of Muottental|Battle of the Muotatal]] (Muttental), painting by Alexander von Kotzebue]]
[[File:Suvorov_pannix.jpg|200px|thumb|''Suvorov crossing the [[Panix Pass]]'', painting by Alexander von Kotzebue]]
[[File:Popov swiss.jpg|200px|thumb|''Suvorov Bidding Farewell to the Swiss People.'' Painting by [[Andrei Andreyevich Popov]] (1896).]]

Between 30 September and 1 October 1799, Suvorov's [[vanguard]] of 2,100 men, led by Bagration, was able to break through the [[Battle of Klöntal|Klöntal]] [[valley]],—with [[Klöntalersee]] inside,—and reached the goal. It inflicted 1,000 killed or wounded, and another 1,000 captured to a French force of 6,500 men.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=108}} However, Bagration [[Battle of Glarus (1799)|tried to push further]] than Glarus, failing to do so: he was finally stopped by Molitor's troops.

When Molitor took up a position at [[Netstal]], he held for a long time, in spite of Bagration's persistent attacks. Finally driven out of Netstal with the loss of a cannon, a [[Military colours, standards and guidons|banner]] and 300 prisoners, Molitor retreated to [[Näfels]], on both banks of the river [[Linth]]. Here the French took a strong position, where they again repulsed Bagration long and hard. No matter how weakened Bagration's troops were by the previous battles and heavy march through the mountains, they had so far gained superior numbers over Molitor's detachment. Molitor had gone into full retreat, but the long-expected advance troops of [[Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière|Gazan]] soon came to his aid. The French now received an overwhelming strength and knocked them out of Näfels. Bagration in turn attacked Näfels and drove off the French, who then went on the attack again. Five or six times the village passed from hand to hand, and when last time it was occupied by the Russians, Bagration received orders from Suvorov to withdraw to Netstal, where at that time the rest of Derfelden's troops were already concentrated. It was evening when Bagration came out of Näfels; noticing this, Gazan moved all his forces to the attack and himself led the grenadiers to the bayonets; but this time the French were also repulsed, and Bagration's troops retreated quite calmly to Netstal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n277/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=265–266 |language=ru}}</ref>

Meanwhile, on the same days, the rearguard of 7,000 men{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=108}}{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=344}} out of a total of 14,000, commanded by Andrey Rosenberg, who, according to plan, was assigned the task of deterrence, [[Battle of Muottental|met]] with Masséna's forces, which numbered up to 15,000 men{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=108}} out of 24,000 in the [[Muotathal|Muotatal]] ([[Muota]] valley), formerly Muttental. Suvorov ordered to hold on there at all costs, and the rearguard, suffering 500{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=344}} to 700{{sfn|Rostunov|1989|p=496}} casualties, routed the French by inflicting them between 2,700{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=108}} and 4,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n283/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=269–270 |language=ru}}</ref> losses in two days. More than 1,000 prisoners alone were taken, including a general and 15 officers. Suvorov reported to Paul 6,500 French dead, wounded and prisoners of war in two days of fighting: 1,600 – September 30 and 4,500 – October 1.<ref>See [[:ru:Сражение в Мутенской долине]]</ref> While Suvorov was fighting the French, the short-lived [[Roman Republic (1798–1799)|Roman sister republic]] had also fallen before the troops of the restored [[Kingdom of Naples]].

Despite all the Russian successes on the battlefield, they were not going to win the campaign. Suvorov hoped to make the way for his exhausted, ill-supplied troops over the Swiss passes to the Upper ([[Alpine Rhine|Alpine]]) Rhine and arrive at [[Vorarlberg]], where the army, much shattered after a lot of crossing and fighting, almost destitute of horses and artillery, went into winter quarters.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} When Suvorov battled his way through the snow-capped Alps his army was checked but never defeated. Suvorov refused to call it a retreat and commenced a trek through the deep snows of the [[Panixer Pass|Panixer (Ringenkopf) Pass]] and into the 9,000-foot mountains of the [[Graubünden|Bündner Oberland]], by then deep in snow. Thousands of Russians slipped from the cliffs or succumbed to cold and hunger, eventually escaping encirclement and reached [[Chur]] on the [[Rhine]], with the bulk of his army intact at 16,000 men.<ref>{{cite journal|title=War of the Second Coalition |date=December 1999 |journal=Military History |author=Latimer, Jon |pages=62–69}}</ref> After the troops reached Chur, they crossed another pass in the form of the [[St. Luzisteig]], and hence left the territory of present-day Switzerland.<ref name="efn-1"/>

For this marvel of strategic retreat, earning him the nickname of the Russian [[Hannibal]], Suvorov became the fourth ''[[Generalissimo]]'' of Russia on 8 November 1799 (28 [[Old Style and New Style dates|OS]]).{{sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=697}} Historian [[Christopher Duffy]], on the back cover of his book ''Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799'', called Suvorov's whole Italian and Swiss adventure a kind of Russian "[[Crusades|crusade]]" against the forces of revolution.{{sfn|Duffy|1999}}

==== Consequences ====

Recently, beginning with his involuntary stay in the village of Konchanskoye, Suvorov often felt unwell; when he returned to duty, he seemed to have recovered, but by the end of the Italian campaign again began to grow weak. Before the Swiss campaign, his weakness was so great that he could hardly walk, his eyes began to hurt more often than before; old wounds started making themselves felt, especially on his leg, so that he could not always put on a boot. The Swiss campaign made him sicker; he began to complain of cold, which had never happened before; the cough, which had become attached to him some months before, did not leave him either, and the wind became particularly sensitive.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n355/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=343 |language=ru}}</ref> He was officially promised a military [[Roman triumph|triumph]] in Russia, but Emperor Paul cancelled the ceremony and recalled the Russian armies from Europe, including the [[Batavian Republic]] after the unsuccessful [[Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland]]; and ultimately the French would regain all of their captured possessions on the [[Italian Peninsula]], though with heavy casualties.

== On the road from Switzerland to Russia ==

The return journey of Suvorov to Russia lasted more than three months.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n329/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=317–318 |language=ru}}</ref>

Suvorov's name, which had grown during the Italian campaign, took on a double luster after the Swiss campaign, and when he retired from the theatre of war and entered [[Holy Roman Empire]] (Germany), he became the centre of attention. Travellers, diplomats and soldiers flocked to his destinations, especially on his longer stops in [[Lindau]], [[Augsburg]] and [[Prague]]. "A general reverence bordering on awe", ladies sought out the honour of kissing his hand, and he did not particularly resist this. Everywhere he was welcomed and seen off, though he avoided it; every social gathering was eager to have him as its guest.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n331/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=318 |language=ru}}</ref>

Russian society was proud of its hero and worshipped him enthusiastically. The Emperor Paul was a "true" representative of the national mood; he accompanied all his rescripts with expressions of the most gracious disposition to the ''Generalissimo'', spoke of his unanimity with him, asked advice, and apologised for giving instructions himself. "Forgive me, Prince Alexander Vasilievich," wrote the tsar, "may the Lord God preserve you, and you preserve the Russian soldiers, of whom some were everywhere victorious because they were with you, and others were not victorious because they were not with you". In other rescript it has told:

<blockquote>"…excuse me, that I have taken it upon myself to give you advice; but as I only give it for preservation of my subjects, which have rendered me so much merit under your leadership, I am sure, that you with pleasure will accept it, knowing your affection to me."</blockquote>

In the third:

<blockquote>"I shall be pleased if you will come to me to advice and to love, after you have bring the Russian troops into our borders."</blockquote>

The fourth reads:

<blockquote>"It is not for me, my hero, to reward you, you are above my measures, but for me to feel it and appreciate it in my heart, giving you your due."</blockquote>

The Tsar had extended his courtesy to the point that, in reply to Suvorov's New Year greetings, he asked him to share them with his troops if he, the Tsar, was "worthy of it" and expressed his desire "to be worthy of such an army".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n331/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=319 |language=ru}}</ref>

=== Suvorov, Nelson, Coburg, and Charles ===

The famous [[Admiral Lord Nelson]], who, according to the Russian ambassador in London, was at that time together with Suvorov the "idol" of the English nation, also sent the ''Generalissimo'' an enthusiastic letter. "There is no man in Europe," he wrote, "who loves you as I do; all marvel, like Nelson, at your great exploits, but he loves you for your contempt of wealth". Someone called Suvorov "the land Nelson"; Nelson was very flattered by this. Someone else said that there is a very great similarity in appearance between the Russian ''Generalissimo'' and the British Admiral. Rejoicing at this, Nelson added in a letter to Suvorov that although his, Nelson's, deeds can not equal with those of Suvorov, but he asked Suvorov not to deprive him of the dear name of a loving brother and sincere friend. Suvorov answered Nelson in the same way, and expressed his pleasure that their portraits certify the similarity existing between the originals, but in particular was proud of the fact that the two were alike in their way of thinking.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884e">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n333/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=320–321 |language=ru}}</ref>[[File:Крюков канал 23 01.jpg|thumb|Martha Fomina' House, where Alexander V. Suvorov repeatedly stayed in 1791, 1798 and died in 1800: Kryukov channel, 23, [[Admiralteysky District]].|175x175px]]He also received a warm welcome from his old associate, the Prince of Coburg. The [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich|Grand Duke Constantine]] went to [[Coburg]], through whom Suvorov conveyed a letter or bow to the Prince and via the same [[Grand Duke]] received a reply. The Prince called him the greatest hero of his time, thanked him for his memory, lamented the Russian army's removal to the fatherland and lamented the bitter fate of Germany. Suvorov replied to the Prince and said among other things that the entire reason for the failure lies in the differences of systems, and if the systems do not come together, there is no point in starting a new campaign.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884e" />

Furthermore, a little earlier he had correspondence with [[Archduke Charles]], which, however, was of a sharp nature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n299/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=286 |language=ru}}</ref> Suvorov received greetings and congratulations even from strangers.<ref name="Petrushevsky-1884e" />

=== St.&nbsp;Petersburg ===

Early in 1800, Suvorov returned to Saint Petersburg. Paul, for some reason, refused to give him an audience, and, worn out and ill, the old veteran died a few days afterwards on 18 May 1800, at Saint Petersburg.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The main reason for the newly emerged disfavor of Emperor Paul to Suvorov remains uncertain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n375/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=363 |language=ru}}</ref> Suvorov was meant to receive the funeral honors of a ''Generalissimo'', but was buried as an ordinary field marshal due to Paul's direct interference. [[Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth|Lord Whitworth]], the British ambassador, and the poet [[Gavrila Derzhavin]] were the only persons of distinction present at the funeral. Suvorov lies buried in the [[Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra|Church of the Annunciation]] in the [[Alexander Nevsky Monastery]], the simple inscription on his grave stating, according to his own direction, "Here lies Suvorov".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

== Military record ==

;Key to opponent flags
{|
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Prussia|1750}} {{Clear}}[[Kingdom of Prussia]]{{Clear}} <small>(1701–1918)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} {{Clear}}[[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]{{Clear}} <small>(1569–1795)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} {{Clear}}[[Kingdom of France]]{{Clear}} <small>(987–1792)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} {{Clear}}[[Holy Roman Empire]]{{Clear}} <small>(800/962–1806)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]] {{Clear}}[[Ottoman Empire]]{{Clear}} <small>({{circa}} 1299–1922)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon image|Nogai flag.svg|size=22px}} {{Clear}}[[Crimean Khanate]]{{Clear}} <small>(1441–1783)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Ottoman Algeria}} {{Clear}}[[Regency of Algiers]]{{Clear}} <small>(1516–1830)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}} {{Clear}}[[Crimean Tatars]]{{Clear}}
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|French First Republic}} {{Clear}}[[French First Republic|French Republic]]{{Clear}} <small>(1792–1804)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Poland}} {{Clear}}[[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]]{{Clear}} <small>(1797–1815)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon|Helvetic Republic}} {{Clear}}[[Helvetic Republic]]{{Clear}} <small>(1798–1803)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblic of Alba (vertical stripes).svg}} {{Clear}}[[Piedmontese Republic]]{{Clear}} <small>(1798–1799)</small>
|width="130" valign="top" align="center"|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Cisalpina.svg|size=22px}} {{Clear}}[[Cisalpine Republic]]{{Clear}} <small>(1797–1802)</small>
|}
;Key to outcome
<span style="margin:0px;padding-bottom:1px;font-size:90%;display:block;"><span style="border:#AAAAAA solid 1px;background-color:#90EE90;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Indicates a favorable outcome</span>
<span style="margin:0px;padding-bottom:1px;font-size:90%;display:block;"><span style="border:#AAAAAA solid 1px;background-color:#FF91A4;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Indicates an unfavorable outcome</span>
<span style="margin:0px;padding-bottom:1px;font-size:90%;display:block;"><span style="border:#AAAAAA solid 1px;background-color:#F8DE7E;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Indicates an uncertain or mixed outcome</span>
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|+ Summary (''incomplete'')
|-
!№
! scope="col" | Date(s)
! scope="col" | Clash(es)
! scope="col" | Type(s)
! scope="col" | Conflict(s)
! scope="col" | Opponent(s)
! scope="col" | Location(s)
! scope="col" | Outcome(s)
|-
|<small>1.</small>
| 25 July 1759 || '''Combat of Crossen''' 
|Open [[Battle]] ||[[Seven Years' War ]]
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| [[Margraviate of Brandenburg]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>2.</small>
| 12 August 1759 || '''[[Battle of Kunersdorf]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Margraviate of Brandenburg || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>3.</small>
| October 1760 || '''[[1760 raid on Berlin|Raid on Berlin]]'''
|[[Raid (military)|Raid]];<br/>[[Military occupation|Occupation]] ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Margraviate of Brandenburg || bgcolor=#90EE90|[[Berlin]] occupied for three days
|-
|<small>4.</small>
| 1761 || '''Combat of Reichenbach''' 
|Open Battle ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| [[Austrian Silesia]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>5.</small>
| 1761 || '''Skirmish of Schweidnitz''' 
|Open Battle ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Austrian Silesia || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>6.</small>
| 15 September 1761 || '''Combat of Landsberg''' 
|Open Battle ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Margraviate of Brandenburg || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>7.</small>
| 1761 || '''Combat of the Friedberg Forest''' 
|Open Battle ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| [[Prussia]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>8.</small>
| 11 October 1761 || '''Storming of Golnau{{sfn|Anthing|1813|p=16}}''' 
|Storming [[Fortification]]s ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Prussia || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>9.</small>
| 20–21 November 1761 || '''Assault on Neugarten'''
|[[FIBUA]]||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Margraviate of Brandenburg || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory<ref>{{Cite web |title=А. В. СУВОРОВ |url=http://az.lib.ru/s/suworow_a_w/text_1953_prilozhenia_ko_4_tomu.shtml |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=az.lib.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|<small>10.</small>
| 1761 || '''Combat of Stargard''' 
|Open Battle ||Seven Years' War 
|| {{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| [[Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)|Province of Pomerania]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>11.</small>
| 24 August – 16 December 1761 || '''[[Siege of Kolberg (Seven Years' War)#Third siege (1761)|Third Siege of Kolberg]]'''
|[[Siege]] ||Seven Years' War
||{{flagicon|Prussia|1750}}|| Province of Pomerania || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>12.</small>
| 13 September 1769 || '''[[Battle of Orzechowo]]''' 
|Open Battle ||[[War of the Bar Confederation]]|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| [[Brest Litovsk Voivodeship]]|| bgcolor="#90EE90" |Decisive victory
|-
|<small>13.</small>
| 1770 || '''Combat of Nawodzice''' 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| [[Sandomierz Voivodeship]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>14.</small>
| July 1770 || '''Combat of Opatów''' 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| Sandomierz Voivodeship || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>15.</small>
| 20 February 1771 || {{ubl|[[Battles of Lanckorona|Lanckorona clashes]]|{{*}}'''[[Battles of Lanckorona#First clash (Combat of Lanckorona)|Combat of Lanckorona]]'''}} 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}}|| [[Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)|Kraków Voivodeship]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>16.</small>
| 20 February 1771 || {{ubl|Lanckorona clashes|{{*}}'''[[Battles of Lanckorona#Second clash (Storming of the Lanckorona Castle)|Storming of the Lanckorona Castle]]'''}} 
|Storming Fortifications ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}}|| Kraków Voivodeship || bgcolor=#FF91A4 |Defeat{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=56}}
|-
|<small>17.</small>
| 27 February 1771 || '''Assault on Rachów''' 
|FIBUA ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} || [[Lublin Voivodeship]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>18.</small>
| 27–28 February 1771 || '''Combat of Kraśnik''' 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} || Lublin Voivodeship || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>19.</small>
| 20 May 1771 || '''[[Action of Tyniec Abbey|Action of the Tyniec Abbey]]''' 
|Storming Fortifications ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} {{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}}{{Sfn|Petrushevsky|1900|p=48}} || Kraków Voivodeship || bgcolor=#FF91A4|Defeat<ref>{{Cite web |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |url=http://az.lib.ru/p/petrushewskij_a_f/text_1884_generalissimus_suvorov.shtml |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=az.lib.ru |language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|<small>20.</small>
| 21 May 1771 || {{ubl|Lanckorona clashes|{{*}}'''[[Battles of Lanckorona#Third clash (Battle of Lanckorona)|Battle of Lanckorona]]'''}} 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation|| {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} {{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}}|| Kraków Voivodeship || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>21.</small>
| 22 May 1771 || '''Combat of Zamość''' 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| [[Ruthenian Voivodeship]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>22.</small>
| 24 September 1771 || '''[[Battle of Stołowicze]]''' 
|Open Battle ||War of the Bar Confederation||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| [[Nowogródek Voivodeship (1507–1795)|Nowogródek Voivodeship]]|| bgcolor="#90EE90" |Decisive victory
|-
|<small>23.</small>
| 24 January – 26 April 1772 || {{ubl|'''[[Siege of Kraków Castle|Siege of the Kraków Castle]]'''|{{*}}Storming of the Krakow Castle}}  
|Siege ||War of the Bar Confederation||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}}|| Kraków Voivodeship || bgcolor=#F8DE7E|{{ubl|Victory|{{*}}Defeat in the [[Storming (disambiguation)|storming]]}}
|-
|<small>24.</small>
| 8 May 1773 || '''Combat of Oltenița''' 
|Open Battle ||[[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)|Sixth Russo-Turkish War]]||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| [[Wallachia]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>25.</small>
| 21 May 1773 || {{ubl|[[Stormings of Turtucaia|Turtukaya engagements]]|{{*}}'''First Storming of Turtukaya'''}} 
|Open Battle;<br>Storming Fortifications
|Sixth Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| [[Ottoman Bulgaria]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>26.</small>
| 28 June 1773 || {{ubl|Turtukaya engagements|{{*}}'''Second Storming of Turtukaya'''}} 
|Storming Fortifications;<br>Open Battle
|Sixth Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| Ottoman Bulgaria || bgcolor="#90EE90" |Decisive victory
|-
|<small>27.</small>
| 14 September 1773 || '''[[Storming of Hirsovo|Defence of Hirsovo]]{{sfn|Pares|1926|p=309}}''' 
|Storming Fortifications;<br>Open Battle ||Sixth Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| [[Dobruja]]|| bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>28.</small>
| 20 June 1774 || '''[[Battle of Kozludzha]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Sixth Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| Ottoman Bulgaria || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>29.</small>
| 1 October 1783 || '''Battle of the Laba''' 
|Open Battle ||[[Kuban Nogai uprising]]||{{flagicon image|Nogai flag.svg|size=22px}}|| [[Kuban]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>30.</small>
| 11–12 October 1787 || '''[[Battle of Kinburn (1787)|Battle of Kinburn]]''' 
|Storming Fortifications;{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=263}}<br>Open Battle ||[[Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)|Seventh Russo-Turkish War]]||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Algeria}}|| [[Silistra Eyalet]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>31.</small>
| May – 17 December 1788 || {{ubl|'''[[Siege of Ochakov (1788)|Siege of Ochakov]]'''|{{*}}Battle of 28 June 1788|{{*}}Sortie of 7 August 1788}} 
|Siege ||Seventh Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| Silistra Eyalet || bgcolor=#F8DE7E|{{ubl|Victory|{{*}}Defeat by the [[sortie]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/n341/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=326–327 |language=ru}}</ref>}}
|-
|<small>32.</small>
| 18 November 1788 || '''[[Battle of Berezan (1788)|Assault on Berezan Island]]''' 
|Storming Fortifications ||Seventh Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| [[Black Sea]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>33.</small>
| 1 August 1789 || '''[[Battle of Focșani]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Seventh Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| [[Moldavia]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>34.</small>
| 22 September 1789 || '''[[Battle of Rymnik]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Seventh Russo-Turkish War||[[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]]|| Wallachia || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>35.</small>
| 21–22 December 1790 || '''[[Siege of Izmail|Storming of Izmail]]''' 
|Storming Fortifications ||Seventh Russo-Turkish War|| [[File:1783_Ottoman_Flag.svg|23px]] {{flagicon|Crimea|tatar}}|| Silistra Eyalet || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>36.</small>
| 15 September 1794 || '''Combat of Kobryń''' 
|Open Battle ||[[Kościuszko Uprising|Polish Revolution of 1794]]||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| Brest Litovsk Voivodeship|| bgcolor="#90EE90" |Victory
|-
|<small>37.</small>
| 17 September 1794 || '''[[Battle of Krupczyce]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Polish Revolution of 1794||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| Brest Litovsk Voivodeship || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>38.</small>
| 19 September 1794 || '''Combat of Dywin''' 
|Open Battle ||Polish Revolution of 1794||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| Brest Litovsk Voivodeship || bgcolor="#90EE90" |Victory
|-
|<small>39.</small>
| 19 September 1794 || '''[[Battle of Terespol]]'''<br>(Battle of Brest)
|Open Battle ||Polish Revolution of 1794||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| Brest Litovsk Voivodeship || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>40.</small>
| 26 October 1794 || '''[[Battle of Kobyłka]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Polish Revolution of 1794||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| [[Masovian Voivodeship (1526–1795)|Masovian Voivodeship]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>41.</small>
| 2–4 November 1794 || '''[[Battle of Praga|Storming of Praga]]''' 
|Open Battle;<br>Storming Fortifications ||Polish Revolution of 1794||{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}}|| [[Warsaw]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>42.</small>
| 21 April 1799 || '''[[Capture of Brescia]]''' 
|[[Surrender (military)|Surrender]]||[[Italian and Swiss expedition#Italian campaign|Italian campaign]]<br>
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}||[[Cisalpine Republic]]|| bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>43.</small>
| {{ubl|26 April 1799|27–28 April 1799}}
| {{ubl|'''[[Battle of Cassano (1799)|Battle of the Adda River]]'''|{{*}}Combat of Lecco|{{*}}Battle of Cassano}} 
|Open Battle;<br>Storming Fortifications||Italian campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}} {{flagicon|Poland}} {{flagicon|Helvetic Republic}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblic of Alba (vertical stripes).svg}}|| Cisalpine Republic || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>44.</small>
| 16 May 1799 || '''[[First Battle of Marengo (1799)|Battle of San Giuliano]]'''<br>(First Battle of Marengo)
|Open Battle ||Italian campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}} {{flagicon|Helvetic Republic}} {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblic of Alba (vertical stripes).svg}}<ref>See [[First Battle of Marengo (1799)#Forces]]</ref>|| [[Piedmontese Republic]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>45.</small>
| till 20 June 1799 || '''Siege of Turin Citadel<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/page/n115/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |pages=103–134 |language=ru}}</ref>'''
|Siege ||Italian campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}} || [[Turin]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>46.</small>
| 17–20 June 1799 || {{ubl|'''[[Battle of the Trebbia (1799)|Battle of the Trebbia]]'''|{{*}}Combat of the Tidone|{{*}}Combats of the Trebbia|{{*}}Combat of the Nure}} 
|Open Battle ||Italian campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}} {{flagicon|Poland}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Cisalpina.svg|size=22px}}|| [[Duchy of Parma]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>47.</small>
| 15 August 1799 || '''[[Battle of Novi]]''' 
|Open Battle;<br>Storming Fortifications{{sfn|Velichko|Novitsky|Schwartz|Apushkin|1914|pp=21–24}} ||Italian campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}} {{flagicon|Poland}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Repubblica Cisalpina.svg|size=22px}}|| [[Piedmont]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>48.</small>
| 24 September 1799 || '''[[Battle of Gotthard Pass|Battle of the Gotthard Pass]]''' 
|Open Battle ||[[Suvorov's Swiss campaign|Swiss campaign]]
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| [[Saint-Gotthard Massif]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>49.</small>
| 24 September 1799 || '''Combat of Hospital{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=343}} / Hospental{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=177}}'''
|Open Battle ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| [[Canton of Waldstätten]]|| bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>50.</small>
| 24 September 1799 || '''Battle of Oberalpsee{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=343}} / the Oberalp Pass{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=181}}'''
|Open Battle ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| Canton of Waldstätten;<br>[[Canton of Raetia]] || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>51.</small>
| 25 September 1799 || '''Combat of the Urnerloch{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=188}}'''
|Open Battle ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| Canton of Waldstätten || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>52.</small>
| 25 September 1799 || '''[[Battle of Devil's Bridge|Battle of the Devil's Bridge]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| Canton of Waldstätten || bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>53.</small>
| 30 September – 1 October 1799 || '''[[Battle of Klöntal|Battle of the Klöntal]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| [[Canton of Linth]]|| bgcolor=#90EE90|Victory
|-
|<small>54.</small>
| 30 September – 1 October 1799 || '''[[Battle of Muottental|Battle of the Muttental]]''' 
|Open Battle ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}}|| Canton of Waldstätten || bgcolor=#90EE90|Decisive victory
|-
|<small>55.</small>
| 1 October 1799 || '''[[Battle of Glarus (1799)|Battle of Glarus]]<ref name="Mikaberidze-2003">{{Cite book |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |url=https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu%3A180645 |title=Lion of the Russian Army: Life and Military Career of Prince General Peter Bagration |publisher=Florida State University |year=2003 |pages=162–165 |language=en}}</ref>''' 
|Open Battle;<br>Storming Fortifications{{efn|[[Battle of Glarus (1799)#According to Milyutin]]}} ||Swiss campaign
||{{flagicon|French First Republic}} {{flagicon|Helvetic Republic}}|| Canton of Linth || bgcolor=#F8DE7E |Disputed
|}

== Progeny and titles ==
=== Honours ===
[[File:Мозаика Переход Суворова через Альпы в 1799 году.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mosaic]] ''Suvorov's Crossing the Alps in 1799'' on the Suvorov Museum facade.<br />By N. E. Maslennikov]]
[[File:Suvorov monument in Tiraspol.jpg|thumb|right|In 1792, Suvorov founded [[Tiraspol]], today the capital city of [[Transnistria]]. [[Suvorov Monument (Tiraspol)|An equestrian statue of Suvorov]] stands in [[Suvorov Square (Tiraspol)|Suvorov Square]], the central square of the city.]]
[[File:Суворов Александр Васильевич (1730-1800). Наука побеждать. Титул. 2е изд,1809г ГИМ.jpg|thumb|right|Suvorov. ''The Science of Victory/Winning''. Title page of the 2nd ed., 1809.]]

Suvorov's full name, titles (according to Russian pronunciation) and ranks are the following: "Aleksandr Vasilyevich Suvorov, Prince of [[Italian geographic region|Italy]], Count of the [[Râmnicul Sărat|Rymnik]], Count of the [[HRE|Holy Roman Empire]], Prince of [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Sardinia]], [[Generalissimus]] of Russia's Ground and Naval Forces, [[Marshal]] of the [[Austrian monarchy|Austrian]] and [[Sardinia]]n Armies, [[Grandee]] of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Crown]]";{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=7}} seriously wounded six times, he was the recipient of various honors, many of which are listed below.<ref name=Ordena>See [[:ru:Суворов, Александр Васильевич#Награды]]</ref>

'''Medals'''

* [[Order of Saint Andrew|Order of Saint Andrew, the Apostle First-Called]] (09.11.1787, for the victory [[battle of Kinburn (1787)|at Kinburn]]) + the diamond insignia of this order (03.11.1789, for the victory [[battle of Focsani|at Focsani]]);
* [[Order of Saint George|Order of Saint George, the Victory-bearer]]
** First Class (18.10.1789, for the victory [[Battle of Rymnik|at Rymnik]]),
** Second Class (30.07.1773, for the victories [[Stormings of Turtucaia|at Turtukaya]]),
** Third Class (19.08.1771, for the victories during the [[war of the Bar Confederation]] in 1770 & 1771);
* [[Order of Saint Vladimir]] First Class (28.07.1783, "for the accession of various {{ill|Zakuban Plain|lt=Zakuban|ru|Закубанская равнина|vertical-align=sup}} peoples to the [[All-Russian Empire]]");
* [[Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky]] (20.12.1771, for the victory [[battle of Stołowicze|at Stołowicze]]) + the star of this order with diamonds "from [[Her Imperial Majesty]]'s own clothes" (24.12.1780);
* [[Order of Saint Anna]] First Class (30.09.1770, for the victory [[Battle of Orzechowo|at Orzechowo]]);
* [[Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (Russia)|Order of Saint John of Jerusalem]] and Grand Commander's Cross (13.02.1799);
* [[Order of the Black Eagle]] (07.12.1794) & [[Order of the Red Eagle]] (07.12.1794) – Prussia;
* [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]] with Grand Cross (23.06.1799) & [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] with Grand Cross (23.06.1799) – Sardinia;
* [[Military Order of Maria Theresa]] First Class and Grand Cross (12.10.1799) – Austria;
* [[Order of Saint Hubert]] (21.01.1800) – Bavaria;
* [[Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united]] (13.02.1800, from the exiled [[Titular ruler|titular]] [[King Louis XVIII]]) – France.

'''Weapons'''

* [[Golden Weapon for Bravery]] with diamonds (29.07.1775, while celebrating peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1775);
* Golden Weapon for Bravery with diamonds and the inscription "To the victor of the [[Vizier]]" (26.09.1789, for the victory at Rymnik).

'''Other honours'''

* Gold [[Decorative box|snuff box]] with the portrait of Empress Catherine II (1778, for forcing the Ottoman [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] out of the [[Sevastopol harbor|Akhtiar harbour]]);
* Gold coin (05.11.1784, for the joining Crimea and [[Taman Peninsula|Taman]] to Russia in 1783);
* Gold snuff box with the [[monogram]] of Empress Catherine II, decorated with diamonds (06.1787);
* Diamond feather to the [[tricorne]] with the letter "K", meaning Kinburn (26 [<nowiki/>[[Old Style|15]]] April 1789);
* Gold snuff box with the monogram of the Austrian [[Emperor Joseph II]], decorated with diamonds (13.08.1789, for the victory at Rymnik);
* Decision on the establishment of a medal in honour of A. V. Suvorov (25.03.1791, for the [[Siege of Izmail|capture of Izmail]]; [[Medal of Suvorov|analogous medal]] was established on 02.03.1994);
* [[Governing Senate|The Senate]] was ordered to compile a letter of commendation with a list of Suvorov's exploits (25.03.1791);
* Diamond [[epaulettes]] and ring (02.09.1793, for strengthening the southern borders of Russia);
* Certificate of Appreciation (02.09.1793);
* As a demonstration of the Emperor's confidence, the Order of St. George of the 3rd degree is entrusted to be conferred on the worthiest of Suvorov's choice (02.09.1793);
* Diamond bow to the hat (26.10.1794, for victories at [[Battle of Krupczyce|Krupczyce]] and [[Battle of Brest (1794)|Brest]]);
* Three guns from among those captured from Polish insurgents (26.10.1794, for victories at Krupczyce and Brest);
* Gold snuff box from the [[Warsaw]] [[magistrate]] with the inscription "Warsaw to its deliverer, day 4 November 1794" (15.11.1794, a gift, as only monarchs had the right to award);
* Portrait of the Austrian [[Emperor Francis II]], decorated with diamonds (25.12.1794);
* The Senate was ordered to compose a letter of commendation outlining the merits of A. V. Suvorov in the [[Kościuszko Uprising|Polish Campaign]] (01.01.1795);
* Ring with the portrait of Emperor Paul I (14.05.1799);
* Portrait of Emperor Paul I to wear on the chest (13.07.1799).

Often found in the literature references to the awarding of Suvorov with the Polish Orders of the [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|White Eagle]] and [[Order of Saint Stanislaus|Saint Stanislaus]], the Prussian ''[[Pour le Mérite]]'', the Neapolitan [[Order of Saint Januarius]] and the Bavarian "Order of the Golden Lion" (perhaps referring to the [[Order of the Palatine Lion]]) do not correspond to reality.<ref name=Ordena/>

=== Progeny ===

27 (16 [[Old Style and New Style dates|OS]]{{sfn|Polovtsov|1912|p=1}}) January 1774, Suvorov was married to {{ill|Varvara Ivanovna Prozorovskaya|ru|Суворова, Варвара Ивановна|vertical-align=sup}} of the [[Prozorovsky]] and [[House of Golitsyn|Golitsyn]] noble families, and had a son [[Arkadi Suvorov]] and daughter {{ill|Natalya Suvorova|ru|Суворова, Наталья Александровна|vertical-align=sup}} (in marriage [[Zubov]]a), but his family life was not happy and he had an unpleasant relationship with his wife due to her infidelity. Suvorov's son, Arkadi Suvorov (1783–1811) served as a general officer in the Russian army during the [[Napoleonic Wars|Napoleon]]ic and [[Russo-Turkish wars|Ottoman]] wars of the early 19th century, and drowned in the same [[Râmnicul Sărat|river Rymnik]] in 1811 that had brought his father so much fame. The drowning of his son in the river is supported by [[Aleksey Yermolov (general)|Aleksey Yermolov]]'s memoirs,<ref>{{cite book |last=Mikaberidze |first=Alexander |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/3bt9AwAAQBAJ |title=Alexey Yermolov's Memoirs |publisher=Lulu.com |year=2011 |isbn=978-1105258183 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3bt9AwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA211 211] |author-link=Alexander Mikaberidze}}{{self-published source|date=February 2020}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}} as well as by the military historian Christopher Duffy.{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=86}} His grandson [[Alexander Arkadyevich Suvorov|Alexander Arkadievich]] (1804–1882) served as [[Governorate-General (Russian Empire)|Governor General]] of [[Riga]] in 1848–61 and Saint Petersburg in 1861–66. Suvorov's daughter Natalya Alexandrovna (1775–1844) known under her name ''Suvorochka'' married Count [[Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov|Nikolay Zubov]].

{{center|<gallery>
File:Varvara Prozorovskaya.jpg|Varvara Ivanovna, wife
File:Natalia Zubov (Suvorova)1.jpg|Natalya, daughter
File:Suvorov Arkadij.jpg|Arkady, son
File:Suvorov A A-bu Kruger.jpg|Alexander, grandson
</gallery>}}

== Character ==

Suvorov was one of the best-educated Russians of his time. He was well versed in mathematics, history and geography; spoke German, French, Italian, [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic]] and [[Finnish language|Finnish]]; he also had a thorough knowledge of philosophy, ancient and modern literature. His military erudition was impressive. He had studied all the important military works from [[Plutarch]] down to his own contemporaries, mastered the science of fortification and had also passed a naval qualifying examination.{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=190}}

Contrary to the belief that Suvorov was short, academic [[Vladimir Medinsky]] stated that Suvorov measured at 177&nbsp;cm, taller than the average soldier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Мединский назвал настоящий рост генералиссимуса Суворова – РИА Новости, 04.02.2021 |url=https://ria.ru/20210204/suvorov-1595957207.html |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=ria.ru |date=4 February 2021 |language=ru}}</ref>

==Political views==
His political views were centered around [[Enlightened absolutism|enlightened monarchy]]. However, Suvorov had no interest in pursuing politics and made his disdain for the court lifestyle and tendencies of [[aristocrat]]s well known: he lacked diplomacy in his dispatches, and his sarcasm triggered enmity among some courtiers.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} He joked with the men, calling common soldiers "brother" and shrewdly presented the results of detailed planning and careful strategy as the work of inspiration.{{sfn|Goodwin|1998}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="300px">
File:RusPortraits v3-183 Graf Aleksandr Vasil'evich Suvorov-Rymnikskii.jpg|''Graf Aleksandr Vasil'evich Suvorov-Rymnikskiy'' by Joseph Kreutzinger
File:О.В.Суворов (1729-1730-1800). Гравюра Д-Г Робінсона з малюнка Т.Г.Шевченко. 1844 р..tif|Suvorov by [[John Charles Robinson]] from a drawing by [[Taras Shevchenko]]
</gallery>

== Assessment ==
=== Suvorov's art of war ===
[[File:Alexander Suvorov.PNG|thumb|left|Alexander V. Suvorov,<br>end of XIX century.]]

Suvorov is widely considered to be the single greatest and most talented military commander in all of [[History of Russia|Russian history]],{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=789}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/makers-of-modern-strategy-from-machiavelli-to-the-nuclear-age-by-peter-paret-z-lib.org |title=Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1986 |isbn=0-691-09235-4 |editor-last=Paret |editor-first=Peter |editor-link=Peter Paret |pages=356–357 |language=en |editor-last2=Craig |editor-first2=Gordan A. |editor-link2=Gordon A. Craig |editor-last3=Gilbert |editor-first3=Felix |editor-link3=Felix Gilbert}}</ref><ref name="Millar-2004">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Encyclopedia of Russian History |publisher=Macmillan Reference |year=2004 |isbn=0-02-865693-8 |editor-last=Millar |editor-first=James R. |editor-link=James R. Millar |location=New York |pages=928, 1503–1504 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-09 |title=Александр Суворов признан лучшим полководцем в истории России |url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/1175860 |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=tass.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Шахмагонов |first=Николай Фёдорович |title=Генералиссимус Суворов |publisher=Вече |year=2020 |isbn=978-5-4484-8601-2 |pages=3, 52 |language=ru}}</ref> the most gifted commander of the eighteenth century,<ref name="Grant-2011b">{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |url=https://archive.org/details/epdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk |title=Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4053-3696-3 |pages=174 |language=en}}</ref> and one of the greatest generals in world history.{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=198}}{{sfn|Bodart|1908|p=789}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Шишов |first=Алексей |url=https://topreading.net/book-283695-aleksei-shishov-100-velikih-voenachalnikov |title=100 великих военачальников |publisher=Вече |year=2008 |isbn=978-5-9533-2594-3 |pages=188–193 |language=ru |trans-title=100 Great Military Leaders}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Рустамович |first=Моллаев Алимсолтан |date=2017-04-06 |editor-last=Салимовна |editor-first=Джелилова Саадат |title=Три самых ярких полководца в мировой истории |url=https://moluch.ru/young/archive/11/851/ |journal=Юный учёный |language=ru |volume=2 |issue=11}}</ref> Suvorov has also been described as the best general [[French First Republic|Republican France]] ever fought,{{sfn|Clodfelter|2017|p=108}} and the best [[War of the Second Coalition|Coalition]] general when he was active.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Зотов |first=Алексей |url=https://topreading.net/book-44009-aleksei-zotov-glavnyi-sopernik-napoleona-velikii |title=Главный соперник Наполеона. Великий генерал Моро |publisher=Вече |year=2012 |isbn=978-5-9533-5877-4 |pages=45 |language=ru |trans-title=Napoleon's Main Rival: The Great General Moreau}}</ref> Undefeated in battle,{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=11, 305}} he led and won 63 battles without suffering a major defeat or setback.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}<ref name="Volkovskiy-2003a">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |pages=441 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812. |chapter=Суворов — полководец и воспитатель}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Шахмагонов |first=Николай Фёдорович |title=Генералиссимус Суворов |publisher=Вече |year=2020 |isbn=978-5-4484-8601-2 |pages=3, 6 |language=ru}}</ref>

Suvorov won despite being outnumbered in almost all of his battles,<ref name="Volkovskiy-2003a" /> defeating many of the best commanders of the time period, those being [[André Masséna]], [[Étienne Macdonald]], and [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]] of France, and [[Koca Yusuf Pasha]], [[Cenaze Hasan Pasha]], and [[Aydoslu Mehmed Pasha]] of the Ottoman Empire. Notably, Suvorov defeated the [[French Revolutionary Army]] multiple times, which was regarded as the best in the world, and Masséna, arguably the best French Revolutionary general, who had superior forces in terms of experience, morale, and numbers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Богданов |first=Андрей Петрович |url=https://belkadet.by/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B.pdf |title=Суворов. Победитель Европы |publisher=Вече |year=2013 |isbn=978-5-4444-2234-2 |pages=2–5 |language=ru |trans-title=Suvorov: European Winner}}</ref>

Moreau ultimately ranked Suvorov alongside [[Napoleon]], while also describing Suvorov's [[Battle of Trebbia (1799)|victory at Trebbia]] as "the height of the art of war", while writer [[Eugen Binder von Krieglstein]] ranked Suvorov as one of the greatest commanders of all time, alongside Napoleon and [[Frederick the Great]].<ref name="Volkovskiy-2003b">{{Cite book |url=https://prussia.online/books/istoriya-russkoy-armii-7-1 |title=История русской армии: В 7 т. |publisher=ООО «Издательство Полигон» |year=2003 |isbn=5-89173-205-X |editor-last=Волковский |editor-first=Н. Л. |volume=1: От зарождения Руси до войны 1812 г. |pages=468–469 |language=ru |trans-title=History of the Russian Army: In 7 volumes. Volume 1: From the birth of Rus' to the War of 1812. |chapter=Суворов — полководец и воспитатель}}</ref> Renowned military officer and theorist [[Antoine-Henri Jomini]] called Suvorov "the true genius of war".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Савинкин |first=А.Е. |url=https://prussia.online/Data/Book/vo/voennaya-misl-v-izgnanii/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%B2%20%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%281999%29,%20OCR.pdf |title=Военная мысль в изгнании: Творчество русской военной эмиграции |publisher=Военный университет |year=1999 |isbn=5-85887-056-2 |editor-last=Домнин |editor-first=И.В. |pages=325 |language=ru |trans-title=Military thought in exile: Creativity of the Russian military emigration}}</ref> Naval officer [[John Paul Jones]], referred to as the "Father of the [[United States Navy|American Navy]]",  labeled Suvorov the "greatest warrior" and ranked him alongside [[Alexander the Great]], [[Hannibal]], [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], [[Gustavus Adolphus]] and Frederick the Great.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Богданов |first=Андрей Петрович |url=https://belkadet.by/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B.pdf |title=Суворов. Победитель Европы |publisher=Вече |year=2013 |isbn=978-5-4444-2234-2 |pages=5 |language=ru |trans-title=Suvorov: European Winner}}</ref> The British historian [[Simon Sebag Montefiore]] called Suvorov Russia's most brilliant general and ranked him as one of the modern military geniuses, along with Napoleon and Frederick the Great.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Montefiore |first=Simon Sebag |author-link=Simon Sebag Montefiore |url=https://archive.org/details/princeofprincesl0000seba |title=The Life of Potemkin: The Prince of Princes |publisher=Phoenix Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-84212-438-2 |pages=382–383, 491–492 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1799, Napoleon himself warned the [[French Directory|Directory]] that they would not be able to stop Suvorov unless they found generals with "special skill in fighting him".{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=311}} In 1807, Macdonald declared to the Russian ambassador at a reception with Napoleon and a crowd around that "This crew would never have seen the [[Tuileries Palace|Tuileries]] if you had had a second Suvorov".{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=152}}

While on a campaign, he reportedly lived as a private soldier, sleeping on straw and contenting himself with the humblest fare.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ross |first1=Steven T. |title=The A to Z of the Wars of the French Revolution (Volume 203 of The A to Z Guide Series) |last2=Ross |first2=P. Stewart Michael |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-0810876323 |pages=159 |author-link=Steven T. Ross}}</ref> Suvorov saw victory as dependent on the morale, training, and initiative of the front-line soldier. In battle he emphasized speed and mobility, accuracy of gunfire and the use of the bayonet, as well as detailed planning and careful strategy.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} His motto: ''[[coup d'œil|coup d'oeil]]'' (''glazomer''), speed (''bystrota''), impetus (''natisk'').{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=17}} He abandoned traditional drills, and communicated with his troops in clear and understandable ways. Suvorov also took great care of his army's supplies – what could not be done in Switzerland due to the [[Hofkriegsrat|Habsburg]] indifference to his army (see {{slink|Suvorov's Swiss campaign|The march to Switzerland|nopage=yes}}) – and living conditions, reducing cases of illness among his soldiers dramatically, and earning their loyalty and affection.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} A master of logistics, Suvorov ordered his officers, [[quartermasters]] and doctors to keep the welfare and fitness of the troops in the forefront of their attentions. He severely punished, often with [[courts-martial]], any officers who senselessly or cruelly drilled their troops or who failed to maintain his high sanitary and health standards. Although a strict disciplinarian, he took extenuating circumstances into account. Once a soldier or officer had been punished or reprimanded, Suvorov would do his utmost to rehabilitate him.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}

Suvorov "did not know retreat", he constantly acted offensively and in accordance with the situation was looking for a fight, not evaded it, but he did not overuse the battles, the fight always turned out to be appropriate, necessary in the [[military operation|operation]], and moreover decisive; if he got the chance to confront his enemy, he used it with all the energy.{{Sfn|Orlov|1892|p=337}} Suvorov's guiding principle was to detect the weakest point of an enemy and focus an attack upon that area. He would send forth his units in small groups as they arrived on the battlefield to sustain momentum. Suvorov used aimed fire instead of repeated barrages from [[line infantry]] and applied light infantrymen as [[skirmisher]]s and sharpshooters. He used a variety of army sizes and types of formations against different foes: [[Infantry square|squares]] against the Turks, [[Line (formation)|lines]] against Poles, and [[Column (formation)|columns]] against the French.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}

Suvorov believed that "a military man must know the languages of the nations with whom he is fighting," so he developed a fluent command of French, German, [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Ottoman Turkish]], Italian, [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[Latin]], as well as some knowledge of [[Arabic]], [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. He also rejected a suggestion that the Russian army rid itself of [[Martial music|its musicians]], saying,

<blockquote>"music doubles, trebles the force of an army."{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}</blockquote>

[[File:Suvorov Alex V.jpg|thumb|Alexander V. Suvorov by [[George Dawe]], painted no later than 1830. ]]

According to [[D. S. Mirsky]], Suvorov "gave much attention to the form of his correspondence, and especially of his orders of the day. These latter are highly original, deliberately aiming at unexpected and striking effects. Their style is a succession of nervous staccato sentences, which produce the effect of blow and flashes. Suvorov's official reports often assume a memorable and striking form. His writings are as different from the common run of classical prose as his tactics were from those of [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick]] or [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|Marlborough]]".<ref name="histrusslit">{{cite book
| last = Mirsky
| first = D.S.
| author-link = D. S. Mirsky
| title = A History of Russian Literature
| year = 1999
| publisher = [[Northwestern University Press]]
| isbn = 978-0-8101-1679-5
| pages = 60–61
}}</ref>

[[Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov]] declared that he based his teaching on Suvorov's practice, which he held as representative of the fundamental truths of war and of the military qualities of the Russian nation.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Keegan|first1=John|author1-link=John Keegan|last2=Wheatcroft|first2=Andrew|title=Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/YqCOAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0415260398|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqCOAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA79 79]}}</ref>

Suvorov's maneuvering of the Alps led him to be called the "Russian [[Hannibal]]",<ref name="Grant-2011a">{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |url=https://archive.org/details/epdf.pub_commanders-rg-grant-dk |title=Commanders: History's Greatest Military Leaders |publisher=DK Publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4053-3696-3 |pages=175 |language=en}}</ref> and was also referred to as the "Russian [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]" and "God of War".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-17 |title=Генералиссимус Суворов: от Державина до поэмы Симонова / / Независимая газета |url=https://www.ng.ru/ng_exlibris/2023-05-17/12_1174_suvorov.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=www.ng.ru}}</ref> The French king, [[Louis XVIII]], compared Suvorov to [[Attila]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skripnik |first=Oleg |date=2017-01-06 |title=Russia's military victories aren't just thanks to 'General Frost' |url=https://www.rbth.com/arts/2017/01/06/russias-military-victories-arent-just-thanks-to-general-frost_668511 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Suvorov and Napoleon ===

Suvorov considered [[Hannibal]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], and [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] to be the greatest military commanders of all time. Suvorov is seen as having anticipated Napoleon's tactics, and is regarded as being on par with him in terms of military genius.<ref name="Uzefovich-1931">{{Cite journal |last=Uzefovich |first=Alexis M. |date=1931 |title=Alexander V. Suvorov, Generalissimo |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44575916 |journal=The Military Engineer |volume=23 |issue=127 |pages=62–66 |jstor=44575916 |issn=0026-3982}}</ref>{{sfn|Osipov|1939|p=129, 153, 197}}{{sfn|Longworth|1966|p=12, 311}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=А.а |first=Гришин |date=2016 |title=Моральное наследие генералиссимуса |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/moralnoe-nasledie-generalissimusa |journal=Вестник Московского университета МВД России |issue=6 |pages=211–214 |issn=2073-0454}}</ref> Like Napoleon, Suvorov believed that opportunities in battle are created by fortune but exploited by intelligence, experience and an intuitive vision. To Suvorov, mastery of the art and science of war was not, therefore, purely instinctive. Suvorov kept up with events in Europe by subscribing to foreign newspapers and journals.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} He had written to one of his nephews in 1796:{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=269}}

<blockquote>"That young Bonaparte, how he moves! He is a hero, a giant, a magician. He overcomes nature and he overcomes men. He turned the Alps{{efn|[[Tyrolean Alps]], during his 1796–1797 campaign.}} as if they did not exist; he has hidden their frightful rocks in his pocket, and tucked up his army up the right sleeve of his uniform. The enemy scarcely catches sight his soldiers before he throws his troops at them like a thunderbolt from [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], spreading terror in all directions, and crushing the scattered bands of Austrians and Piedmontese. My God, how he moves! The first time he assumed command he cut to the heart of tactics like a sword slashing through the [[Gordian Knot]]. He disregards the odds against him, he attacks the enemy wherever they are to be found, and he [[Defeat in detail|defeats them in detail]]. He knows that shock is irresistibe—and that says it all. His enemies will continue in their old routine, [[Cabinet wars|subject to the scribblers in the Cabinet]], but as for him, he carries his council of war in his head. His operations are as free as the air he breathes… My conclusion is this. That as long as General Bonaparte keeps his wits about him he will be victorious; he possesses the higher elements of the military art in a happy balance. But if, unfortunately for him, he throws himself into the whirlpool of politics, he will lose the coference of his thoughts and he will be lost."</blockquote>

{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center|align=center
 | width1 = 250
 | width2 = 525
 | image1 = Suvorov with a Field-Marshal's batoon.jpg
 | caption1 = Suvorov with a Field-Marshal's [[Baton (military)|baton]] (unknown author)
 | image2 = Памятник Суворову А.В. - panoramio.jpg
 | caption2 = Monument to Suvorov, A. V., in Moscow
}}

Suvorov held Napoleon in high regard, despite not living to see the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. However, Napoleon did not reciprocate Suvorov's esteem, assessing Suvorov as having "the soul of a great commander, but not the brains. He was extremely strong willed, he was amazingly active and utterly fearless—but he was as devoid of genius as he was ignorant of the art of war".{{sfn|Duffy|1999|p=269}} Despite the two never facing each other, military historians often debate between Suvorov and Napoleon as to who was the superior commander.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Suvorov Grave Down.JPG|thumb|left|Suvorov's tomb at [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]] in Saint Petersburg|272x272px]]

Suvorov was buried in [[Saint Petersburg]] in the [[Alexander Nevsky Lavra]]. His gravestone states simply: "Here lies Suvorov".

Within a year after his death, [[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]] was murdered in his bedroom for his disastrous leadership by a band of dismissed officers and his son and successor [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] erected [[Suvorov Monument (Saint Petersburg)|a statue to Suvorov's memory]] in the [[Field of Mars (Saint Petersburg)|Field of Mars]].

[[File:Памятник Суворову возле Троицкого моста.jpg|thumb|right|[[Suvorov Monument (Saint Petersburg)|Monument to Suvorov]] as youthful [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[god of war]], by [[Mikhail Kozlovsky]] in St.&nbsp;Petersburg (1801)]]

Suvorov's revolutionary methods of waging war endure in his prodigious literary, documentary and [[Epistolary poem|epistolary]] output. He was famed for his military writings, the most well-known being ''The Science of Victory'' (''The Science of Winning''){{sup|[[:ru:Наука побеждать|[ru]]]}} and ''[[Suzdal]] Regulations'',{{sup|[[:ru:Полковое учреждение|[ru]]]}} and lesser-known works such as ''Rules for the Kuban and [[Crimean]] Corps'', ''Rules for the Conduct of Military Actions in the Mountains'' (written during his Swiss campaign), and ''Rules for the Medical Officers''.{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} Suvorov was also noted for several of his sayings:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexander Suvorov Quotes |url=https://www.azquotes.com/author/23845-Alexander_Suvorov |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=A-Z Quotes}}</ref>

<blockquote>"What is difficult in training will become easy in a battle."

"Perish yourself but rescue your comrade!"

"Fight the enemy with the weapons he lacks."

"One minute can decide the outcome of the battle, one hour — the outcome of the campaign, and one day — the fate of the country."

"He who is afraid is half beaten."

"To me death is better than the defensive."

"A strong pursuit, give no time for the enemy to think, take advantage of victory, uproot him, cut off his escape route."

"When the enemy is driven back, we have failed, and when he is cut off, encircled and dispersed, we have succeeded."</blockquote>

He taught his soldiers to attack instantly and decisively:{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}

<blockquote>"Attack with the cold steel! Push hard with the [[bayonet]]!"</blockquote>[[File:Spb 06-2017 img17 Suvorov Museum.jpg|thumb|190px|left|The [[Suvorov Museum]]]][[File:Gedenktafel Suworow Balzers 02 12.jpg|thumb|202px|right|[[Memorial plaque]] to the passage of Suvorov's army in October 1799 at the Hotel Hofbalzers in [[Balzers]]; [[Liechtenstein]]. The plaque is a donation of [[Eduard von Falz-Fein|Baron Eduard Alexandrowitsch von Falz-Fein]] and has been placed on 11 October 1985.]]A "Suvorov school" of generals who had apprenticed under him played a prominent role in the Russian military. Among them was future Field Marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] who led the [[Russian imperial army]] against Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars, including the [[French invasion of Russia]].{{sfn|Isinger|1996}} Suvorov, a follower of [[Peter I the Great]] and a pupil of Field Marshal [[Pyotr Rumyantsev|Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky]], brought up a pleiad of remarkable commanders and military leaders, among whom the most outstanding were, except for Kutuzov, Generals of the Infantry [[Pyotr Bagration|P. I. Bagration]], [[Mikhail Miloradovich|M. A. Miloradovich]]. On his ideas were brought up Field Marshal [[Dmitry Milyutin|D. A. Milyutin]], Generals of the Infantry [[Mikhail Dragomirov|M. I. Dragomirov]], [[Mikhail Skobelev|M. D. Skobelev]], [[General of the Cavalry]] [[Aleksey Brusilov|A. A. Brusilov]], and other famous military figures.{{Sfn|Zolotaryov|2023}}

The [[Suvorov Museum]] opened in Saint Petersburg in 1900 to commemorate the centenary of the general's death.{{sfn|Giangrande|Norwich|2003}} Apart from in St.&nbsp;Petersburg, other Suvorov museums and monuments have feature in [[Focșani]], [[Ochakiv]](-ov) [1907{{Efn|Year when the monument was built.}}], [[Sevastopol]] [1983], [[Tulchyn]](-in) [1954], [[Kobryn]](-in) [1949; 1950; 1964], [[Novaya Ladoga]] [1947], [[Kherson]] [1904], [[Timanovka (Tulchinsky district)|Tymanivka]] or Timanovka [1947; 1950], [[Simferopol]] [1984], [[Kaliningrad]] [1956], Konchanskoye-Suvorovskoye [1942], [[Râmnicu Sărat]] or Rymnik,{{Efn|{{Section link|Battle of Rymnik|Gallery}}}} [[Elm, Switzerland|Elm]] and [[Andermatt]] which are in the [[Swiss Alps]], etc.

During [[World War II]], the [[Soviet Union]] revived the memory of many pre-1917 Russian heroes to raise patriotism. Suvorov was the Tsarist military figure most often referred to by [[Joseph Stalin]], who also received (but did not personally use) the rank of ''Generalissimo'' that Suvorov had previously held. The [[Order of Suvorov]] was established by the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] on 29 July 1942, and it is still awarded to senior army personnel for exceptional leadership in combat operations against superior enemy forces.<ref name="Suvorov">{{cite web | title = Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 7, 1942 | publisher = Legal Library of the USSR | date = 1942-07-29 | url = http://www.libussr.ru/doc_ussr/ussr_4361.htm | language = ru | access-date =2012-03-26 }}</ref>

The town of [[Suvorovo]] in Varna Province, [[Bulgaria]], was named after Suvorov during the [[communist]] period, as was the Russian ship which discovered [[Suwarrow]] Island in the Pacific in 1814.

Various currency notes of the [[Transnistrian ruble]] depict Suvorov.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brezianu|first1=Andrei|last2=Spânu|first2=Vlad|title=The A to Z of Moldova|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1461672036|page=109|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsF94kyuHs4C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=Charles|title=Extreme Politics: Nationalism, Violence, and the End of Eastern Europe|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199708246|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ug2nkFP-B-0C}}</ref>

There is a [[Suvorov Square (Tiraspol)|Suvorov Square]] in [[Tiraspol]], [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic|Transnistria]], named after Alexander Vasilyevich, and [[Suvorov Square (Saint Petersburg)|another in Saint Petersburg]].

His prowess, military wisdom, and daring remain in high regard. Another of his many utterances are well known in the Russian military:

<blockquote>"Achieve victory not by numbers, but by knowing how."

"The bullet is a mad thing; only the bayonet knows what it is about."

"Train hard, fight easy. Train easy and you will have hard fighting."</blockquote>

"Train hard, fight easy" became a Russian [[proverb]].{{sfn|Isinger|1996}}

[[Alexander Petrushevsky]] in third volume of his work ''Generalissimo Prince Suvorov'' quoted a small song of Russian soldiers about Alexander Suvorov, Pyotr Rumyantsev, and Grigory Potemkin:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294791/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=3 |page=377 |language=ru}}</ref>

<blockquote>[[Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky|Count Rumyantsev]]-general<br>Lost a lot of strength.<br>Thief [[Potemkin]]-general<br>Was never in his own regiment,<br>He neglected all his strength:<br>Some of it he drank, some of it he squandered,<br>Some of it he lost at cards.<br>And Suvorov-general<br>Proved his strength,<br>He loaded a small cannon,<br>He took [[Stanisław August Poniatowski|the king]] prisoner.</blockquote>

In Russia, there are 12 secondary-level military schools called [[Suvorov Military School]] that were established during the USSR. There is also a military school in [[Minsk Suvorov Military School|Minsk]] named after Suvorov.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mil.by/en/media/photo/education/msvu/|title=Minsk Suvorov Military School|access-date=18 Dec 2014|archive-date=5 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805081326/http://www.mil.by/en/media/photo/education/msvu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In Soviet times, the 1941 film [[Suvorov (film)|''Suvorov'']] was made (released in the US as ''General Suvorov'').

Russia's former defence minister [[Sergei Shoigu]] has proposed that Suvorov be made a saint in the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-defender-18th-century-crimea-proposed-sainthood-2022-05-24/ | title=Russian defender of 18th-century Crimea proposed for sainthood | newspaper=Reuters | date=24 May 2022 }}</ref>

=== Miscellaneous art ===

==== Coins ====

<gallery>
File:RR5111-0083R А. В. Суворов.gif|[[Bank of Russia]] coin – Series: "Outstanding Russian Military Commanders"; ''A. V. Suvorov'', 3 rubles reverse.
File:RR5115-0021R А. В. Суворов.gif|Bank of Russia coin – Series: "Outstanding Russian Military Commanders"; ''A. V. Suvorov'', 25 rubles reverse.
File:RR5216-0028R А. В. Суворов.gif|Bank of Russia coin – Series: "Outstanding Russian Military Commanders"; ''Generalissimo A. V. Suvorov'', 50 rubles reverse.
</gallery>

==== Banknotes ====

<gallery>
File:5 Kupon ruble obverse.jpg|[[Transnistria]]<br>5 [[Transnistrian ruble]]s<br>[[Transnistrian Republican Bank]]. 1994 series.
File:Приднестровье тысяча рублей 1993 аверс.jpg|Transnistria<br>1,000 Transnistrian rubles<br>Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1993 series.
File:Приднестровье 100 тыс. 1996 аверс.jpg|Transnistria<br>100,000 Transnistrian rubles<br>Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1994 series.
File:Приднестровье 500 тысяч рублей 1997 аверс.jpg|Transnistria<br>500,000 Transnistrian rubles<br>Transnistrian Republican Bank. 1997 series.
</gallery>

==== Stamps ====

<gallery>
File:The Soviet Union 1950 CPA 1519 stamp (150th death Anniversary of Alexander Suvorov (1730-1800). 'Suvorov in the Alps' based on drawing by Nikolai Avvakumov, 1941) 2.jpg|[[USSR]] [[Postage stamp|stamp]], 2 rubles; 150th anniversary of Suvorov's death; Suvorov in the Alps (artist {{ill|Nikolay Mikhailovich Avvakumov|ru|Аввакумов, Николай Михайлович (1908)|vertical-align=sup}}, 1941, Moscow, [[Pushkin Museum]]).
File:Stamp of USSR 0802g.jpg|''Capture of Izmail''. USSR. 10 [[kopecks]]. "Death flees the saber and bayonet of the brave." (Alexander Suvorov).
File:Russia stamp 1999 № 528.jpg|[[Russian Post]]age stamp. 200th anniversary of Suvorov's crossing of the Alps. Suvorov with a group of officers and soldiers of the Russian army.
File:Rus Stamp Suvorov-2005.jpg|Russian postage stamp, 2005.
File:Stamp of Russia 2016 No 2171 Monument to Alexander Suvorov by Dmitry Tugarinov.jpg|The Monument to Alexander Suvorov and his Swiss assistant Antonio Gamma by {{ill|Dmitry Nikitovich Tugarinov|ru|Тугаринов, Дмитрий Никитович|vertical-align=sup}}. Bronze. The Gotthard Pass, Switzerland. 31 rubles.
File:USSR stamp A.V.Suvorov 1980 4k.jpg|USSR stamp, 1980. 250th anniversary of Suvorov's birth. 4 kopecks.
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="300px" caption="Additional Swiss memorials">
File:Auf dem Panixerpassweg bei Elm GL - Denkmal für russische Soldaten - 3.jpg|On the Panixer Pass way near Elm [[Canton of Glarus|GL]]: a memorial was inaugurated on 6 October 2012 at the Wichlen Shooting Range in [[Glarus Süd]] to commemorate the Russian soldiers who marched through here with General Alexander Suvorov during the Second Coalition War. The sculpture of a grenadier was placed on a rock, and a memorial plaque with an inscription is attached to the rock.
File:Russenfriedhof Weingarten-3909.jpg|Memorial stone, erected 1957, dedicated to the Russian soldiers of Suvorov's Italian campaign, who died in the hospital of the [[Weingarten Abbey]] 1799, and are buried here. [[Weingarten, Württemberg|Weingarten]], Baden-Württemberg, Germany. <br/> {{langx|ru|Здесь покоятся суворовские чудо-богатыри|lit=This is the resting place of Suvorov's wonder-[[bogatyr]]s}} <br/> {{langx|de|Hier Ruhen Suworow-Helden|lit=Suvorov's heroes rest here}}
</gallery>

=== Ukraine ===

Due to "[[Decommunization in Ukraine|decommunization policies]]" the street named after Suvorov in ([[Ukraine]]'s capital) [[Kyiv]] was renamed after [[Mykhailo Omelianovych-Pavlenko]] in 2016. Suvorov is not related to communism, but his name was used by the Soviet Union for propaganda purposes.<ref>{{in lang|uk}} [https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2021/04/22/7291176/ Bandera Avenue in Kyiv to be – the decision of the Court of Appeal], [[Ukrainska Pravda]] (22 April 2021)</ref>

In September 2022, a street that was named after Suvorov in [[Dnipro]] (Ukraine) was renamed to honor [[Alan Shepard]].<ref>{{cite web |author=|title=In the center of Dnipro, the street of Stepan Bandera appeared – the mayor|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/09/21/7368431/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=21 September 2022|access-date=18 October 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

In October 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Russian troops captured a monument to Suvorov in [[Kherson]] and took it with them as [[Liberation of Kherson#Russian withdrawal efforts|they fled the city]].<ref>{{cite web |author=|title=Occupiers steal monuments to Suvorov and Ushakov when fleeing Kherson|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/10/24/7373217/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]] |date=24 October 2022|access-date=3 December 2022|language=English}}</ref>

In December 2022, another street in Kyiv that was still named after Suvorov was renamed to [[Serhiy Kotenko]] Street.<ref>{{cite web |author=Oleksandr Shumilin|title=n Kyiv, 32 more streets were de-Russified, including Druzhby Narodiv Boulevard|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2022/12/8/7379893/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda]]|date=8 December 2022|access-date=8 December 2022|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

In January 2023, an image of Suvorov on a monument was removed in [[Odesa]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Oleksandr Shumilin|title=In Odesa, the images of the Russian tsar and admiral were dismantled|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/short/2023/01/3/162246/|website=[[Ukrainska Pravda|Istorychna Pravda ("Historical Truth")]]|date=3 January 2023|access-date=3 January 2023|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

In Kherson the Suvorivskyi Raion ([[Urban districts of Ukraine|urban district]]), named after General Suvorov, was renamed to Tsentralnyi (Central) Raion in October 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Kherson, the city's Suvorovsky district was renamed Central|url=https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-regions/3775416-u-hersoni-perejmenuvali-suvorovskij-rajon-mista-na-centralnij.html|date=18 October 2023|access-date=16 November 2023|language=Ukrainian|website=[[Ukrinform]]}}</ref>

== Literary references ==

Poet [[Alexander Shishkov]] devoted an epitaph to Suvorov, while [[Gavrila Derzhavin]] mentioned him in ''Snigir'' (Bullfinch) and other poems, calling Suvorov "an [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] by military prowess, a [[stoicism|stoic]] by valor". Suvorov was mentioned by [[Alexander Pushkin]] and [[Mikhail Lermontov]] and in the numerous works of other Russian poets of the 18th and 19th centuries, such as [[Ivan Dmitriev]], [[Apollon Maykov]], [[Dmitry Khvostov]], [[Yermil Kostrov]], [[Kondraty Ryleyev]], [[Vasili Popugaev]]. Kostrov, the first translator of [[Homer]] into Russian, wrote an [[ode]] in honor of Suvorov and an [[epistolary novel|epistolary]] on the capture of Izmail.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00294789/page/443/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |place=Saint Petersburg |edition=1st |volume=1 |page=444 |language=ru}}</ref> In 1795 poet and soldier {{ill|Irinarkh Zavalishin|ru|Завалишин, Иринарх Иванович|vertical-align=sup}}, who had fought under the command of Alexander Suvorov, wrote a heroic poem titled "Suvoriada", celebrating Suvorov's victories. Suvorov is one of the characters in the drama "Antonio Gamba, Companion of Suvorov in the Alpine Mountains" by [[Sergey Glinka]] which commemorates the Swiss expedition of 1799.<ref>Замостьянов А. А. Гений войны Суворов. «Наука побеждать». М. Эксмо, 2013, {{ISBN|978-5-699-62465-2}}</ref><ref>Суворовский сборник. Статьи и исследования. ред. А. В. Сухомлин, генерал-лейтенант. М. АН СССР. 1951</ref> In British literature, [[Lord Byron|Byron]] caricatured Suvorov in the seventh canto of ''[[Don Juan (poem)|Don Juan]]''. In [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s ''[[War and Peace]]'', old [[Prince Nicholas Bolkonski]] says: "Suvorov couldn't manage them so what chance has [[Mikhail Kutuzov|Michael Kutuzov]]?". Tolstoy also refers to Suvorov later on in the book. Suvorov is also mentioned by Capt. Ryków in [[Adam Mickiewicz]]'s poem ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]''.

== See also ==

* [[Suvorov Military School]]
* [[Suvorov military canals]]
* [[Suwarrow]]
* [[Suvorov Museum|Suvorov Museum, Saint Petersburg]]
* [[Suvorov Museum, Timanivka]]
* [[Order of Suvorov]]
* [[Medal of Suvorov]]
* [[Suvorov (film)|''Suvorov'' (film)]]
* [[Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov|Russian battleship ''Knyaz Suvorov'']]
* [[Soviet cruiser Aleksandr Suvorov|Soviet cruiser ''Aleksandr Suvorov'']]
* [[Aleksandr Suvorov (ship)|River cruise ship ''Aleksandr Suvorov'']]
* [[Russian submarine Generalissimus Suvorov|Russian submarine ''Generalissimus Suvorov'']]
* [[Suvorov's Swiss campaign]]

== Notes and refs ==

=== Notes ===

{{notelist}}

=== References ===

{{Reflist|30em}}

== Attribution ==

{{Refbegin}}
'''In English:'''
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Suvárov, Alexander Vasilievich|volume=26|pages=172–173}}
* {{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=J. |title=Lords of the Horizons |location=New York |page=244 |publisher=[[Henry Holt and Company]] |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8050-6342-4 |author-link=Jason Goodwin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Longworth |first=Philip |url=https://archive.org/details/artofvictorylife0000long/mode/1up |title=The Art of Victory: The Life and Achievements of Field-Marshal Suvorov, 1729-1800 |publisher=[[Holt, Rinehart and Winston]] |year=1966}}
* {{cite book |last=Ledonne |first=John P. |title=The Grand Strategy of the Russian Empire, 1650–1831 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |isbn=978-0-19-516100-7 |edition=Uitgawe and Revised |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Alexander |first=John T. |title=Catherine the Great: Life and Legend |url=https://archive.org/details/catherinegreatli0000alex |url-access=registration |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-506162-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Duffy |year=1999 |title=Eagles Over the Alps: Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland, 1799 |publisher=The Emperor's Press |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-1883476182}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pares |first1=Bernard |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183317/mode/2up |title=A History Of Russia |date=1926 |location=London |author-link=Bernard Pares |access-date=23 June 2023 |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]]}}
*{{Cite book |last=Anthing |first=Johann Friedrich |url=https://archive.org/details/historycampaign00anthgoog/mode/2up |title=History of the Campaigns of Count Alexander Suworow-Rymnikski |publisher=W. Green and T. Chaplin |year=1813 |location=London |author-link=Johann Friedrich Anthing |access-date=23 June 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Osipov |first1=K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208854 |title=Alexander Suvorov |publisher=[[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.]] |year=1939 |publication-place=London, New York, and Melbourne |language=en |translator-last=Bone |translator-first=Edith |access-date=26 September 2023 |translator-link=Edith Bone}}
* [[Peter Paret]], [[Gordon A. Craig]], [[Felix Gilbert]]. "Russian Military Thought: The Western Model and the Shadow of Suvorov" in the ''Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age''. [[Princeton University Press]], 1986, p.&nbsp;354.
* Fuller, William C. Jr. "Suvorov, Alexander" in ''The Reader's Companion to Military History''. Ed. by [[Robert Cowley]] & [[Geoffrey Parker (historian)|Geoffrey Parker]]. [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]. 1996. p.&nbsp;457.
* {{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=M. |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 |publisher=McFarland |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7 |edition=4th |location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}
* {{cite book|last1=Giangrande|first1=Cathy|last2=Norwich|first2=John Julius|title=Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/3G9uNdE-H84C|year=2003|publisher=Bunker Hill Publishing, Inc.|isbn=1593730004|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3G9uNdE-H84C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA71 71]}}
* Lieut.-Colonel Spalding, ''Suvorof'' (London, 1890).
* {{Cite web |title=Alexander Vasilyevitch Suvorov, a great Russian commander, was born |url=https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619751 |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Presidential Library |language=en}}
*{{Cite magazine |last=Isinger |first=Russell |date=October 1996 |title=Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy |url=https://www.historynet.com/aleksandr-suvorov-count-of-rymniksky-and-prince-of-italy/ |magazine=Military History}}
'''In Russian:'''
* {{Cite book |last=Polevoy |first=Nikolai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qadDAAAAYAAJ |title=История князя Италийского, графа Суворова-Рымникского, генералиссимуса российских войск |publisher=Типография Вильде |year=1897 |location=Moscow |trans-title=History of the Prince Italiysky, Count Suvorov-Rymniksky, Generalissimo of the Russian Forces |author-link=Nikolai Polevoy |access-date=26 June 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Petrov |first=Andrey |date=1874 |title=Война России с Турцией и Польскими конфедератами. С 1769—1774 год |trans-title=Russia's war with Turkey and the Polish confederates |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book9653/#page/1/mode/2up |volume=III |location=St. Petersburg |publisher=Типография К. В. Трубникова. Литейная, дом №42 |access-date=23 June 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Novikov |first=Nikolay Vasilyevich |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book477160/#page/1/mode/2up |title=Боевая летопись русского флота |publisher=Военное издательство министерства вооруженных сил союза ССР |year=1948 |location=Moscow |publication-place=Moscow |trans-title=Battle chronicle of the Russian navy |access-date=29 June 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Petrushevsky |first1=Alexander F. |author-link=Alexander Petrushevsky |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00299694/mode/2up |title=Генералиссимус князь Суворов |trans-title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |year=1900 |publication-place=Saint Petersburg |access-date=14 June 2023}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bogolyubov |first1=Aleksandr Nikolayevich |title=Полководческое искусство А.В. Суворова |date=1939 |location=Moscow |trans-title=A.V. Suvorov's art of leadership |publisher=[[Voenizdat]] |isbn=978-5-4484-0277-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rostunov |first1=Ivan I. |title=Генералиссимус Александр Васильевич Суворов: Жизнь и полководческая деятельность |date=1989 |location=Moscow |trans-title=Generalissimo Alexander Suvorov: Life and military activity |publisher=Voenizdat |isbn=5-203-00046-8}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Velichko |first1=Konstantin |last2=Novitsky |first2=Vasily |last3=Schwartz |first3=Alexey von |last4=Apushkin |first4=Vladimir |last5=Schoultz |first5=Gustav von |url=https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-8/mode/2up |title=Военная энциклопедия Сытина |trans-title=Sytin Military Encyclopedia |publisher=Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые |location=Moscow |year=1912 |access-date=23 June 2023 |author-link2=Vasily Fedorovich Novitsky}}
**{{Cite book |last1=Velichko |first1=Konstantin |last2=Novitsky |first2=Vasily |last3=Schwartz |first3=Alexey von |last4=Apushkin |first4=Vladimir |last5=Schoultz |first5=Gustav von |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00301196/mode/2up |title=Sytin Military Encyclopedia |publisher=Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=XIV: Круковский – Линта |location=Moscow |year=1915 |access-date=17 July 2023}}
***{{Cite book |last1=Velichko |first1=Konstantin |last2=Novitsky |first2=Vasily |last3=Schwartz |first3=Alexey von |last4=Apushkin |first4=Vladimir |last5=Schoultz |first5=Gustav von |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00053136/mode/2up |title=Sytin Military Encyclopedia |publisher=Тип. Т-ва И. Д. Сытина |volume=XVII: Нитроглицерин – Патруль |location=Moscow |year=1914 |access-date=3 July 2023}}
* {{Cite book |last=Orlov |first=Nikolay Aleksandrovich |author-link=Nikolay Orlov (military writer) |title=Разбор военных действий Суворова в Италии в 1799 году |publisher=Тип. Тренке и Фюсно |year=1892 |isbn=9785998994289 |location=St. Petersburg |trans-title=Analysis of Suvorov's military actions in Italy in 1799}}
* {{Cite book |last=Milyutin |first=Dmitry |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book27068/#page/1/mode/2up |publisher=Типография штаба военно-учебных заведений |year=1852 |author-link=Dmitry Milyutin |title=История войны России с Францией в царствование Императора Павла I в 1799 году |volume=II |location=St. Petersburg |trans-title=The history of Russia's war with France during the reign of Emperor Paul I in 1799 |access-date=12 August 2023}}
*{{Cite book |last=Polovtsov |first=Alexander |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book436326/#page/1/mode/2up |title=Russian Biographical Dictionary |date=1912 |publisher=Типография Товарищества "Общественная Польза" |volume=20: Суворова—Ткачев |location=St. Petersburg |author-link=Alexander Polovtsov |access-date=1 July 2023}}
*{{Cite book |last=Mikhaylov |first=Oleg Nikolaevich |title=Суворов |trans-title=Suvorov |date=1973 |publisher=[[Molodaya Gvardiya (publisher)|Young Guard]] |location=Moscow}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kipnis |first=Boris Grigoryevich |publisher=Издательский дом "Питер" |year=2021 |title=Непобедимый. Жизнь и сражения Александра Суворова |location=St. Petersburg |trans-title=Invincible. Life and battles of Aleksandr Suvorov |isbn=9785446112845}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bantysh-Kamensky |first=Dmitri |url=https://runivers.ru/bookreader/book174977/#page/1/mode/2up |publisher=Тип. Третьего Департамента Министерства Государственных Имуществ |year=1840 |author-link=Dmitri Bantysh-Kamensky |title=Биографии российских генералиссимусов и генерал-фельдмаршалов. с 48 портретами. – Часть вторая |location=St. Petersburg |trans-title=Biographies of Russian generalissimos and general-fieldmarshals. With 48 portraits – Part two |access-date=21 August 2023}}
* {{Cite web |last=Zolotaryov |first=V. A. |date=2023 |title=СУВОРОВ АЛЕКСАНДР ВАСИЛЬЕВИЧ |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/military_science/text/4171216 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia#Electronic version|Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version]]}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Gutakov |first=Vladimir |date=2007 |title=Русский путь к югу. Часть вторая |trans-title=Russian way to the south. Part 2 |url=https://magazines.gorky.media/vestnik/2007/21/russkij-put-k-yugu.html |magazine=Вестник Европы |issue=21 |access-date=11 July 2023}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Alexeyev |first=Alexander |date=2010 |title=Непобедимый полководец |trans-title=Invincible military commander |url=https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/17605/ |magazine=[[Nauka i Zhizn|Science and Life]] |issue=3 |access-date=21 August 2023 |location=Moscow}}
'''In German:'''
* {{Cite book |last=Bodart |first=Gaston |date=1908 |publisher=C. W. Stern |publication-place=Vienna and Leipzig |title=Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618–1905) |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ |author-link=Gaston Bodart |access-date=7 July 2022}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Acerbi|first1=Enrico|author1-link=|title=The 1799 campaign in Italy|year=2019|location=Bergamo|publisher=Luca Cristini Editore|isbn=978-8893274517|volume=1, 2, 3, 4}}
* {{Cite book |access-date=November 6, 2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028460792 |last1=Blease |first1=Lyon |author-link=Lyon Blease |title=Suvorof |year=1920 |location=London |publisher=[[Constable & Co Ltd]]}}
* [[Carl von Clausewitz|Clausewitz, Carl von]] (2020). ''Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: [[University Press of Kansas]]. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3025-7}}.
* Clausewitz, Carl von (2021). ''The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.'' Trans and ed. Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-3034-9}}.
* {{Cite book|last1=Macready|first1=Edward Nevil|author1-link=Edward Nevil Macready|title=A sketch of Suwarow and his last campaign : with observations on Mr. Alison's opinion of the Archduke Charles as a military critic, and a few objections to certain military statements in Mr. Alison's History of Europe|year=1851|location=London|publisher=[[Smith, Elder & Co.|Smith, Elder]]|url=https://archive.org/details/sketchofsuwarowh00macr}}
* [[Defense Technical Information Center|DTIC]] ADA [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA216366 216366]: ''Train Hard, Fight Easy: The Legacy of A. V. Suvorov and His "Art of Victory"'' by Dr. Bruce W. Menning
* Léger Marie Philippe comte de Laverne, ''The life of Field Marshal Souvarof; with reflections upon the principal events, political and military, connected with the history of Russia, during part of the eighteenth century'' (trans. from the French, Baltimore, 1814)
* [[Christopher Duffy|Duffy C.]] ''Russia's Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power 1700–1800''. [[Routledge & Kegan Paul]] Books Ltd. 1985.
* [[Johann Friedrich Anthing|J.F. Anthing]], ''Versuch einer Kriegsgeschichte des Grafen Suworow'' (Gotha, 1796–1799).
* G. von Fuchs, ''Suworows Korrespondenz, 1799'' (Glogau, 1835).
* Reding-Biberegg, ''Der Zug Suworows durch die Schweiz'' (Zürich, 1896).
* F. von Smitt, ''Suworows Leben und Heerzüge'' (Vilna, 1833–1834) and ''Suworow and Polens Untergang'' (Leipzig, 1858).
* ''Souvorov en Italie'' by Gachot, Masséna's biographer (Paris, 1903).
* The standard Russian biographies of Polevoi (1853; Ger. trans., Mitau, 1853); Rybkin (Moscow, 1874), Vasiliev (Vilna, 1899), Meshcheryakov and Beskrovnyi (Moscow, 1946), and Osipov (Moscow, 1955).
* The Russian examinations of his martial art, by Bogolyubov (Moscow, 1939) and Nikolsky (Moscow, 1949).
* "1799 le baionette sagge" by Marco Galandra and Marco Baratto (Pavia, 1999).
* "Suvorov – La Campagna Italo-Svizzera e la liberazione di Torino nel 1799" by Maria Fedotova ed. [http://www.pintore.com Pintore] (Torino, 2004).

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}{{Wikiquote}}

* [https://archive.today/20120801155559/http://www.ganesha.org/hall/suvorov.html Alexander V. Suvorov: Russian Field Marshal, 1729–1800]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041017035021/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1986/nov-dec/menning.html Speed, Assessment, and Hitting Power: Suvorov's Art of Victory]
* [https://suvorovmuseum.ru/en/ State memorial museum of Alexander Suvorov]
* [http://www.enlight.ru/camera/222/index_e.html Suvorov military museum in Saint Petersburg]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050315065905/http://voyage.home.nov.ru/suvorovskoe.htm Suvorov's home and family]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070504203036/http://napoleonistyka.atspace.com/FIELDMARSHAL_SUVOROV.htm Suvorov – the one man who could have stopped Bonaparte]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061109042940/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3036296.html Aleksandr Suvorov: Count of Rymniksky and Prince of Italy]
* [https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_003810154/ Alexander Suvorov: ''The Science of Victory''] (untranslated)

{{French Revolution}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suvorov, Alexander}}
[[Category:Alexander Suvorov| ]]
[[Category:1729 births]]
[[Category:1800 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]
[[Category:People from Moskovsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Suvorov family|Alexander]]
[[Category:Counts of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Counts of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Princes in Italy]]
[[Category:Military writers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Military theorists]]
[[Category:City founders from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Field marshals of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Field marshals of Austria]]
[[Category:Generalissimos]]
[[Category:Russian people of the Bar Confederation]]
[[Category:People of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]]
[[Category:Pugachev's Rebellion]]
[[Category:Russian people of the Kościuszko Uprising]]
[[Category:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars]]
[[Category:Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Andrew]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna]]
[[Category:Knights of Malta]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Burials at the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra]]