View source for Alfred Jodl

{{short description|German general and war criminal (1890–1946)}}
{{expand German|topic=bio||date=November 2024}}
{{redirect|Jodl|other people with the surname Jodl|Jodl (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = 
| name                = Alfred Jodl
| honorific_suffix    = 
| image               = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1971-033-01, Alfred Jodl (cropped).jpg
| image_size          = 
| image_upright       = 
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Jodl in 1940
| order               = 
| office              = Chief of the Operations Staff <br>of the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|''Wehrmacht'' High Command]]
| term_start          = 1 September 1939
| term_end            = 13 May 1945
| deputy              = [[Walter Warlimont]]
| order2              = 
| office2             = Chief of the [[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|''Wehrmacht'' High Command]]
| term_start2         = 13 May 1945
| term_end2           = 23 May 1945
| predecessor2        = [[Wilhelm Keitel]]
| successor2          = ''Office abolished''
| birth_name          = Alfred Josef Baumgärtler
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=y|1890|5|10}}
| birth_place         = [[Würzburg]], Bavaria, Germany
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=y|1946|10|16|1890|5|10}}
| death_place         = [[Nuremberg Prison]], Bavaria, Germany
| death_cause         = [[Execution by hanging]]
| resting_place       = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship         = 
| nationality         = 
| party               = 
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Irma Gräfin von Bullion{{sfn|Tofahrn|2008|pp=129–130}}|1913|1944|end=d.}}
* {{marriage|Luise von Benda{{sfn|O'Keeffe|2013|p=172}}|1945}}
}}
| partner             = <!--For those with a domestic partner and not married-->
| relations           = [[Ferdinand Jodl]] (brother)
| relatives           = [[Friedrich Jodl]] (uncle)
| residence           = 
| education           = 
| alma_mater          = 
| signature           = Alfred Jodl signature.svg
| signature_alt       = 
| website             = <!--Military service-->
| nickname            = 
| allegiance          = {{ubl|[[German Empire]]|[[Weimar Republic]]|[[Nazi Germany]]}}
| branch              = [[Imperial German Army]]<br />''[[Reichswehr]]''<br />[[German Army (1935-1945)|German Army]]
| serviceyears        = 1910–1945
| rank                = ''[[Generaloberst#Nazi Germany|Generaloberst]]'' 
| unit                = 
| commands            = 
| battles             = [[World War I]]
----
[[World War II]]
| mawards             = [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]]
| module              =  {{Infobox criminal
  |child      = yes
  |conviction = [[Crimes of aggression|Conspiracy to commit crimes against peace]]<br>[[Crimes of aggression]]<br>[[War crimes]]<br>[[Crimes against humanity]]
| trial       = Nuremberg trials
| conviction_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]
| conviction_status = [[Executed]]
}}
}}

'''Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl''' ({{IPA|de|ˈjoːdl̩|lang|De-Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl.oga}}; born '''Alfred Josef Baumgärtler''';{{sfn|Tofahrn|2008|p=129}} 10 May 1890 – 16 October 1946) was a German [[Wehrmacht Heer|Army]] ''[[Generaloberst]]'' (the rank was equal to a four-star full general) and [[Nuremberg trials|convicted]] [[War crime|war criminal]],  who served as the Chief of the Operations Staff of the ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'' – the German Armed Forces High Command – throughout [[World War II]].

After the war, Jodl was indicted on charges of conspiracy to commit [[Crime of aggression|crimes against peace]], planning, initiating and waging [[war of aggression|wars of aggression]], [[war crime]]s, and [[crimes against humanity]] at the Allied-organized [[Nuremberg trials]]. The principal charges against him related to his signing of the criminal [[Commando Order|Commando]] and [[Commissar Order]]s. Found guilty on all charges, he was sentenced to death and [[Nuremberg executions|executed in Nuremberg]] in 1946.

==Early life and career==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 136-B3513, Süddeutschland, Manöver der 5. und 7. Division.jpg|thumb|left|Alfred Jodl (second from right) as a captain of the ''Reichswehr'' with his brother Ferdinand (second from left), 1926]]
Alfred Jodl was educated at a military cadet school in [[Munich]], from which he graduated in 1910. [[Ferdinand Jodl]], who also became an army general, was his younger brother. He was the nephew of philosopher and psychologist [[Friedrich Jodl]] at the [[University of Vienna]].{{sfn|Jodl|1946|p=663}} Jodl was raised Roman Catholic but rejected the faith later in life.<ref>Railton, Nicholas M. "Henry Gerecke and the Saints of Nuremberg." Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte, vol. 13, no. 1, 2000, pp. 112–137. {{JSTOR|43750887}}. Accessed 8 Feb. 2021.</ref>

From 1914 to 1916, he served with a field artillery regiment on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], being awarded the [[Iron Cross]] 2nd Class for gallantry in November 1914, and for being wounded in action. In 1917, he served briefly on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] before returning to the West as a staff officer. In 1918, he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class for gallantry in action. After the defeat of the German Empire in 1918, he continued his career as a professional soldier with the much-reduced German Army (''[[Reichswehr]]'').{{sfn|Görlitz|1989|p=155}} Jodl married twice: in 1913 and (after becoming a widower) in 1944.{{sfn|Görlitz|1989|p=161}}

==World War II==
{{expand section|date=April 2025}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R99057, "Wolfsschanze", Adolf Hitler mit Stab.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|(front row, from l. to r.) ''Reichspressechef'' [[Otto Dietrich]], [[Wilhelm Keitel]], Hitler, Jodl, and [[Martin Bormann]], at the [[Führer Headquarters]] of [[Felsennest]], June 1940]]
Jodl's appointment as a [[Major (rank)|major]] in the operations branch of the ''[[Truppenamt]]'' ('Troop Office') in the Army High Command in the last years of the [[Weimar Republic]] put him under the command of General [[Ludwig Beck]].{{citation needed|date=June 2013}} In September 1939, Jodl first met [[Adolf Hitler]]. During the build-up to the Second World War, Jodl was nominally assigned as commander of the [[44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|44th Division]] from October 1938 to August 1939 after the ''[[Anschluss]]''.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

He was chosen by Hitler to be Chief of the Operations Staff of the newly formed ''[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht]]'' (OKW) on 23 August 1939, just prior to the German [[invasion of Poland]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica}} Jodl acted as chief of staff during the [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|invasion of Denmark]] and [[Operation Weserübung|Norway]]. Following the [[Battle of France|Fall of France]], Jodl was optimistic of Germany's success over Britain, writing on 30 June 1940 that "The final German victory over England is now only a question of time."{{sfn|Shirer|1990|p=758}}

Jodl signed the [[Commissar Order]] of 6 June 1941 (in which Soviet [[political commissar]]s were to be shot) and the [[Commando Order]] of 28 October 1942 (in which [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] [[commando]]s, including properly uniformed soldiers as well as [[combatant]]s wearing civilian clothes, such as [[Maquis (World War II)|Maquis]] and [[Partisan (military)|partisans]], were to be executed immediately without trial if captured behind German lines).{{fact|date=June 2025}}

[[File:Jodl surrender front view.JPG|thumb|left|Jodl, seated between [[Wilhelm Oxenius]] and [[Hans-Georg von Friedeburg]], signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] in Reims, 7 May 1945]]

Jodl spent most of the war at the [[Wolf's Lair]], Hitler's forward command post in [[East Prussia]]. On 1 February 1944, he was promoted to the rank of ''[[Generaloberst]]'' ('colonel general', a [[Military star ranking|four-star]] rank). He was among those slightly injured during the [[20 July plot]] of 1944 against Hitler, during which he suffered a concussion.{{sfn|Spartacus Educational}}{{better source|date=December 2020}}

On 6 May 1945, Jodl was awarded the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] by [[Grand admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]], who had succeeded Hitler on 30 April 1945 as head of Germany and its armed forces.{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=146}}

Following regional surrenders of German forces in Europe, Jodl was sent by Dönitz to respond to the demand for  "immediate, simultaneous and [[unconditional surrender]] on all fronts."<ref>Kershaw, Ian (2012). ''The End; Germany 1944–45''. Penguin. p. 370</ref>  Jodl signed the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] on 7 May 1945 in [[Reims]] on behalf of the OKW.{{sfn|Shepherd|2016|p=519}} The surrender to all the Allies was concluded on 8 May in Berlin. On 13 May, on the arrest of ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' [[Wilhelm Keitel]], Jodl succeeded him as Chief of OKW.<ref>{{cite web | title = After the Battle: The Flensburg Government | publisher = Battle of Britain International Ltd.| date = 2005| url = https://www.39-45.org/files3945c/8843_Flensburg2.pdf | page= 11 | access-date = 2 May 2021}}</ref>

==Trial and conviction==
[[File:Germany Under Allied Occupation BU6701.jpg|thumb|upright|Jodl being arrested by British troops on 23 May 1945, at the Sportschool of the [[Mürwik Naval School]] near [[Flensburg]]]]

Jodl was arrested, along with the rest of the [[Flensburg Government]] of Dönitz, by British troops on 23 May 1945 and transferred to [[Camp Ashcan]] and later put before the International Military Tribunal at the [[Nuremberg trials]]. He was accused of [[conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]] to commit [[crime against peace|crimes against peace]]; planning, initiating and waging [[war of aggression|wars of aggression]], [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]]. The principal charges against him related to his signature of the Commando Order and the Commissar Order, both of which ordered that certain classes of prisoners of war were to be summarily executed upon capture. When confronted with the 1941 mass shootings of [[German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet POWs]], Jodl claimed the only prisoners shot were "not those that could not, but those that did not want to walk".{{sfn|Crowe|2013|p=87}}

Additional charges at his trial included unlawful deportation and abetting execution. Presented as evidence was his signature on an order that transferred Danish citizens, including Jews, to [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Although he denied his role in this activity of the regime, the court sustained his complicity based on the evidence it had examined, with the French judge, [[Henri Donnedieu de Vabres]], dissenting.

[[File:Dead alfredjodl.jpg|thumb|Jodl's body after his execution, 16 October 1946]]
His wife Luise attached herself to her husband's defence team.{{sfn|tercer-reich.com|2011}}{{better source|date=December 2020}} Subsequently, interviewed by [[Gitta Sereny]], researching her biography of [[Albert Speer]], Luise alleged that in many instances the Allied prosecution made charges against Jodl based on documents that they refused to share with the defence. Jodl nevertheless proved that some of the charges made against him were untrue, such as the charge that he had helped Hitler gain control of Germany in 1933.{{sfn|Sereny|1995|p=578}}

Jodl pleaded not guilty "before God, before history and my people". Found guilty on all four charges, he was hanged at Nuremberg Prison on 16 October 1946.{{sfn|UMKC}}{{better source|date=December 2020}} Jodl's last words were reportedly "I salute you, my eternal Germany" ({{lang|de|"Ich grüße Dich, mein ewiges Deutschland"|italics=unset}}).{{sfn|Maser|2005|pp=349–350}}

His remains, like those of the other nine executed men and [[Hermann Göring]] (who had killed himself prior to his scheduled execution), were cremated at [[Ostfriedhof (Munich)|Ostfriedhof]] and the ashes were scattered in the [[Wenzbach]], a small tributary of the River [[Isar]]{{sfn|Darnstädt|2005|p=128}}{{sfn|Manvell|Fraenkel|2011|p=393}}{{sfn|Overy|2001|p=205}} to prevent the establishment of a permanent burial site which might be enshrined by [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazis]]. A cross commemorating him was later added to the family grave on the [[Frauenchiemsee]] in Bavaria. In 2018, the local council ordered the cross to be removed;{{sfn|Passauer Neue Pressee|2018}} however, in March 2019, a Munich Court upheld Jodl's relatives' right to maintain the family grave, while noting the family's willingness to remove his name.{{sfn|Der Spiegel|2019}}{{sfn|Bayerische Staatkanzlei|2019|loc=§ 40}}

==Posthumous legal action==
On 28 February 1953, after his widow Luise sued to reclaim her pension and his estate, a [[West Germany|West German]] [[denazification]] court posthumously declared Jodl not guilty of breaking international law, based on Henri Donnedieu de Vabres's 1949 disapproval of Jodl's conviction.{{sfn|Buchheim|Futselaar|2014|p=53}}{{sfn|Davidson|1997|p=363}} This not guilty declaration was revoked by the Minister of Political Liberation for [[Bavaria]] on 3 September 1953, following objections from the United States; the consequences of the acquittal on Jodl's estate were, however, maintained.{{sfn|Scheurig|1997|p=428}}

==Promotions==
* 10 July 1910 Fähnrich (Officer Cadet) 
* 28 October 1912 Leutnant (2nd Lieutenant)
** 26 September 1919 received new Patent from 28 October 1910
* 14 January 1916 Oberleutnant (1st Lieutenant) with Patent from 
* 28 September 1921 [[Rittmeister]] (Captain) with effect from 1 July 1921
** 1 February 1922 received Rank Seniority (RDA) from 18 October 1918 
** 30 August 1922 renamed to Hauptmann with effect from 1 October 1922
*** He was initially promoted to cavalry captain (Rittmeister) as he was serving in Fahr-Abteilung 7 in 1920. He rank designation changed to Hauptmann on being accepted as a general staff officer and on return to the artillery branch.
* 1 February 1931 Major with Rank Seniority (RDA) from 1 May 1929
* 1 October 1933 Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel)
* 1 August 1935 Oberst (Colonel)
* 31 March 1939 Generalmajor  (Major General) with effect from 1 April 1939
* 19 July 1940 Generalleutnant (Lieutenant General)  with Rank Seniority (RDA) from 1 July 1940 
** He was simultaneously promoted to Generalleutnant and General der Artillerie on the same day in effect skipping the former rank.
* 19 July 1940 [[General der Artillerie]] with Rank Seniority (RDA) from 1 July 1940
* 30 January 1944 [[Generaloberst]] with Rank Seniority (RDA) from 1 February 1944

==Awards and decorations==
* Bavarian Prince Regent Luitpold Medal in Bronze (''Prinzregent-Luitpold-Medaille'') on the ribbon of the Anniversary Medal for the Army<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=9Y7bmk1P4XsC&printsec=frontcover&vq=jodl&hl=de&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=jodl&f=false ''Militär-Handbuch des Königsreich Bayern''], 1914, p. 119</ref> on 3 March 1911
* [[Iron Cross]] (1914), 2nd and 1st Class
** 2nd Class on 20 November 1914
** 1st Class on 3 May 1918{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=328}}
* [[Military Merit Order (Bavaria)]], 4th Class with Swords (BMV4X/BM4X) on 12 August 1915
* [[Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)]], 3rd Class with War Decoration (ÖM3K) on 14 June 1917
* [[Wound Badge]] (1918) in Black
* Reich Sports Badge (''Deutsches Reichssportabzeichen'') in Bronze and Gold 
** Bronze in 1921
** Gold in 1931
* [[Chilean Order of Merit]], Officer's Cross on 16 March 1934
* [[Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918]] with Swords on 5 December 1934
* [[Wehrmacht Long Service Award]], 4th to 1st Class
* [[Order of the Crown of Italy]], Commander's Cross on 29 September 1937 (permission to accept and wear by [[Hitler]] on 18 November 1937)
** for supporting [[Mussolini]] and high-ranking Italian officers during the Wehrmacht maneuvers in September 1937; Jodl spoke and wrote Italian and French fluently
* Royal [[Hungarian Order of Merit]], Commander's Cross (permission to accept and wear by Hitler on 12 August 1938)
*[[Anschluss Medal]] on 21 November 1938
* [[Sudetenland Medal]]
* Repetition Clasp 1939 to the Iron Cross 1914, 2nd and 1st Class
** 2nd Class on 30 September 1939
** 1st Class on 23 December 1939{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=328}}
* [[Imperial Order of the Yoke and Arrows]], ''Encomienda con Placa'' No. 94 (Grand Commander / Grand Officer with star/plaque) on 20 January 1941
* [[Order of the Cross of Liberty]] (Finland), 1st Class with Star and Swords on 25 Match 1942
* [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]] (Japan), Grand Cross on 26 September 1942
* [[Golden Party Badge]] on 30 January 1943
* [[Order of Michael the Brave]] (Romania), 3rd and 2nd Class on 23 December 1943
* [[Wound_Badge#Wound_Badge_of_20_July_1944|Wound Badge "20 July 1944"]] in Black
* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]] on 10 May 1945 as ''[[Generaloberst]]'' and ''Chef des Wehrmachtführungsstabes im OKW''{{sfn|Scherzer|2007|p=146}} (Dönitz-Erlaß)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/meetthedefendants.html |title=Defendants in the Major War Figures Trial |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520053508/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/meetthedefendants.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |publisher=University of Missouri-Kansas City: School of Law |ref={{harvid|UMKC}} }}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Jodl |title=Alfred Jodl {{!}} German general |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=10 February 2018 |ref={{harvid|Encyclopedia Britannica}} }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/GERjodl.htm |title=Alfred Jodl |website=Alfred Jodl Second World War |access-date=14 January 2020 |ref={{harvid|Spartacus Educational}} }}
* {{Cite web |title=VG München, Urteil vom 26. März 2019 – M 12 K 18.1936 |trans-title=Administrative court Munich, judgment of 26 March 2019 |publisher=Bayerische Staatkanzlei |access-date=25 August 2020 |language=de |url=http://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/Y-300-Z-BECKRS-B-2019-N-5776?hl=true |ref={{harvid|Bayerische Staatkanzlei|2019}} |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416203941/http://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/Y-300-Z-BECKRS-B-2019-N-5776?hl=true |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |title=Los argumentos de la defensa de ALFRED JODL en los juicios de Nuremberg |url=http://www.tercer-reich.com/wehrmacht/los-argumentos-de-la-defensa-de-alfred-jodl-en-los-juicios-de-nuremberg/ |website=tercer-reich.com |access-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130155136/http://www.tercer-reich.com/wehrmacht/los-argumentos-de-la-defensa-de-alfred-jodl-en-los-juicios-de-nuremberg/ |archive-date=30 November 2018 |language=es |date=23 March 2011 |ref={{harvid|tercer-reich.com|2011}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=Streit über Gedenkstein: Familie von NS-Kriegsverbrecher darf Scheingrab behalten |trans-title=Disputed memorial stone: family of war criminal allowed to keep gravestone |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]], (newspaper) |date=8 April 2019 |access-date=25 August 2020 |language=de |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/alfred-jodl-kriegsverbrecher-grab-im-chiemsee-darf-bleiben-a-1261786.html |ref={{harvid|Der Spiegel|2019}} }}
* {{Cite news |title=Das Jodl-Kreuz auf der Fraueninsel kommt weg - Grab bleibt bestehen |trans-title=Jodl's cross on the Fraueninsel to be removed, grave will remain |publisher=Passauer Neue Pressee, (newspaper) |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=24 August 2020 |language=de |url=http://www.pnp.de/nachrichten/bayern/2846929_Das-Jodl-Kreuz-kommt-weg.html |ref={{harvid|Passauer Neue Pressee|2018}} |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710103126/https://www.pnp.de/nachrichten/bayern/2846929_Das-Jodl-Kreuz-kommt-weg.html |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Buchheim |first1=Eveline |last2=Futselaar |first2=Ralf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BvzEBgAAQBAJ&q=alfred+jodl+1953+trial&pg=PA53 |title=Under Fire: Women and World War II: Yearbook of Women's History/Jaarboek voor Vrouwengeschiedenis 34 |date=2014 |publisher=Uitgeverij Verloren |isbn=978-90-8704-475-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Crowe |first1=David M. |title=Crimes of State Past and Present: Government-Sponsored Atrocities and International Legal Responses |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1317986829 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRTdAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Eugene |title=The Trial of the Germans: An Account of the Twenty-two Defendants Before the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg |publisher=University of Missouri Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-8262-1139-9}}
* {{cite magazine |last1=Darnstädt |first1=Thomas |title=Ein Glücksfall der Geschichte |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-39916258.html |journal=[[Der Spiegel]] |date=13 September 2005 |issue=14 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Görlitz |first1=Walter | editor1-last=Barnett |editor1-first=Correlli |title= Hitler's Generals |date=1989 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson. |location=London |isbn=978-0802139948 |chapter=Keitel, Jodl and Warlimont }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Heiber |editor1-first=Helmut |editor2-last=Glantz |editor2-first=David M. |editor2-link=David Glantz |title=Hitler and his generals. Military Conferences 1942–1945 |date=2004 |publisher=Enigma Books |location=New York |isbn=1-929631-28-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Jodl |first1=Alfred |editor=Office of United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality |title=Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume VIII |date=1946 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_Nazi_Vol-VIII.pdf |chapter=A Short Historical Consideration of German War Guilt }}
* {{cite book |last1=Manvell |first1=Roger |last2=Fraenkel |first2=Heinrich |author-link1=Roger Manvell |author-link2=Heinrich Fraenkel |title=Goering: The Rise and Fall of the Notorious Nazi Leader |publisher=Skyhorse |location=London |year=2011 |orig-year=1962 |isbn=978-1-61608-109-6}}
* {{cite book |last1=Maser |first1=Werner |author-link1=Werner Maser |title=Nürnberg: Tribunal der Sieger |language=de |trans-title=Nuremberg: Trial of Victors |date=2005 |publisher=Verlag Antaios |isbn=978-3-935063-37-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=O'Keeffe |first1=William J. |title=A Literary Occupation: Responses of German writers in service in occupied Europe |date=2013 |publisher=Rodopi |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-9042037700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyiLAgAAQBAJ |access-date=1 December 2018 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Overy |first1=Richard J. |author-link1=Richard Overy |title=Interrogations: The Nazi Elite in Allied Hands, 1945 |year=2001 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0-670-03008-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/interrogationsna00rich }}
* {{cite book |last1=Scherzer |first1=Veit |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |language=de|trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |date=2007 |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |location=Jena, Germany |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Scheurig |first1=Bodo |title=Alfred Jodl. Gehorsam und Verhängnis |date=1997 |publisher=Propyläen |location=Berlin |isbn=3-549-07228-7 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sereny |first1=Gitta |title=Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth |date=1995 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-394-52915-4 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Ben |author-link1=Ben H. Shepherd |title=Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich |year=2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300179033}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shirer |first1=William |title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany |date=1990 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-671-72868-7}}
* {{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Franz |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K |language=de |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K |date=1997 |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |location=Osnabrück, Germany |isbn=978-3-7648-2299-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Tofahrn | first=Klaus W. | title=Das Dritte Reich und der Holocaust | year=2008 |language=de| location=Frankfurt am Main | publisher=Peter Lang GmbH | isbn=978-3-63157-702-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10007114 Alfred Jodl] – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
* {{PM20|FID=pe/008821}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Wilhelm Keitel]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Oberkommando der Wehrmacht|Chief of the ''Oberkommando der Wehrmacht'']]|years=13 May 1945 – 23 May 1945}}
{{s-aft|after=None<br />{{small|''Position abolished''}}|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Oberkommando des Heeres#Chief of the OKH General Staff|Chief of the OKH General Staff]]|years=13 May 1945 – 23 May 1945}}
{{s-end}}

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[[Category:German people convicted of crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:German people convicted of the international crime of aggression]]
[[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]]
[[Category:Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Würzburg]]
[[Category:People executed by the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg]]
[[Category:People executed for crimes against humanity]]
[[Category:Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Michael the Brave, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 1st Class]]
[[Category:Reichswehr personnel]]