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{{Short description|Basis of the character in "Alice in Wonderland"}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox person
|name        = Alice Liddell
|image       = Alice Liddell.jpg
|caption     = Liddell, aged 7, photographed by Charles Dodgson ([[Lewis Carroll]]) in 1860
|birth_name  = Alice Pleasance Liddell
|birth_date  = {{birth date|1852|5|4|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Westminster]], Middlesex, England 
|death_date  = {{death date and age|1934|11|16|1852|05|04|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Westerham]], Kent, England
|occupation  =
|other_names = Alice Hargreaves
|spouse      = {{marriage|[[Reginald Hargreaves]]|1880|1926|end=died}}
|children    = 3
|parents     = [[Henry Liddell]]<br />Lorina Reeve
|signature   = SigAliceLidell.svg
}}
'''Alice Pleasance Hargreaves''' (''née'' '''Liddell''', {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|d|əl}};<ref>This phonetic version of her name, with emphasis on first, rather than second syllable as sometimes mispronounced, is confirmed by the rhyme current in Oxford at the time (attributed by some to Dodgson himself but called by others a piece of "undergraduate doggerel"): "I am the Dean and this is Mrs Liddell. She plays the first, and I the second fiddle." Quoted in {{cite journal|last1=Naiditch|first1=P. G.|title=On Pronouncing the Names of Certain British Classical Scholars|journal=The Classical Journal|date=1993|volume=89|issue=1|pages=55–59|jstor=3297619}}</ref> 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was an English woman who, in her childhood, was an acquaintance and photographic subject of [[Lewis Carroll]]. One of the stories he told her during a boating trip became the classic 1865 children's novel ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''. She shared her name with "[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]", the story's protagonist, but scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Joyce, James|title=Lolita in Humbertland|journal=Studies in the Novel|volume=6|issue=3|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|date=1974|page=342|jstor=29531672}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Susina|first=Jan|title=The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature|date=2009|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=7}}</ref>

==Early life==
Alice Liddell was the fourth of the ten children of [[Henry Liddell]], [[Dean of Christ Church, Oxford|Dean]] of [[Christ Church, Oxford]], one of the editors of ''[[A Greek-English Lexicon]]'', and his wife Lorina Hanna Liddell (''née'' Reeve). She had two older brothers, Harry (born 1847) and Arthur (1850–53), an older sister Lorina (born 1849), and six younger siblings, including her sister Edith (born 1854) to whom she was very close, and her brother [[Frederick Francis Liddell|Frederick]] (born 1865).
[[File:Alice Liddell with sisters.jpg|thumb|left|Alice Liddell (right) with sisters c.1859 (photo by [[Lewis Carroll]])]]
At the time of her birth, her father was the Headmaster of [[Westminster School]], but soon afterwards he was appointed to the deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. The Liddell family moved to Oxford in 1856. Soon after this move, Alice met [[Charles Lutwidge Dodgson]] (Lewis Carroll), who encountered the family while [[Photography|photographing]] the [[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford|cathedral]] on 25 April 1856. He became a close friend of the Liddell family in subsequent years.

Alice was three years younger than Lorina and two years older than Edith, and the three sisters were constant childhood companions. She and her family regularly spent holidays at their holiday home, Penmorfa, which later became the Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of [[Llandudno]] in [[North Wales]].

[[File:Alice Liddell as Pomona by Julia Margaret Cameron.jpg|thumb|upright|Alice Liddell at the age of 20, photographed by [[Julia Margaret Cameron]]]]
When Alice Liddell was a young woman, she set out on a [[Grand Tour]] of Europe with Lorina and Edith. One story has it that she became a romantic interest of [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany|Prince Leopold]], the youngest son of [[Queen Victoria]], during the four years he spent at Christ Church, but the evidence for this is sparse. It is true that years later, Leopold named his first child [[Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone|Alice]] and acted as godfather to Alice's second son, Leopold. However, it is possible Alice was named in honour of Leopold's deceased elder sister instead, [[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|the Grand Duchess of Hesse]].  A recent biographer of Leopold suggests it is far more likely that Alice's sister Edith was the true recipient of Leopold's attention.<ref>cited in Leach, Karoline ''In the Shadow of the Dreamchild'', p. 201</ref> Edith died on 26 June 1876,<ref>''The Cathedral Church of Oxford, a Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See'', p. 101</ref> possibly of [[measles]] or [[peritonitis]] (accounts differ), shortly before she was to be married to Aubrey Harcourt, a cricket player.<ref>[[Will Brooker]], ''Alice's adventures: Lewis Carroll in popular culture'', p. 338</ref> Prince Leopold served as a pall-bearer at her funeral on 30 June 1876.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XI, Issue 233, 22 September 1876, p. 4, quoting Home News, 1876|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NEM18760922.2.16|access-date=5 August 2010}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Alice_hargreaves.png|thumb|left|upright|Alice Hargreaves in 1932, at the age of 80]]
Alice Liddell married [[Reginald Hargreaves]], also a cricketer, on 15 September 1880, at the age of 28, in [[Westminster Abbey]]. They had three sons: Alan Knyveton Hargreaves<ref>[https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp140368/alan-knyveton-hargreaves Alan Knyveton Hargreaves (1882–1915), Soldier; son of Alice Liddell], [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]]</ref> and Leopold Reginald "Rex" Hargreaves (both were killed in action in [[World War I]]); and Caryl Liddell Hargreaves, who survived to have a daughter of his own. Liddell denied that the name 'Caryl' was in any way associated with Charles Dodgson's pseudonym. Reginald Hargreaves inherited a considerable fortune and was a local [[magistrate]]; he also played [[cricket]] for [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]. Alice became a noted society hostess and was the first president of [[Emery Down]] [[Women's Institute]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southernlife.org.uk/lyndchur.htm |title=lyndchur |publisher=Southernlife.org.uk |access-date=22 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517094152/http://www.southernlife.org.uk/lyndchur.htm |archive-date=17 May 2011  }}</ref>

During [[World War I]], she joined the [[Red Cross]] as a volunteer, for which she was awarded a medal currently on display in the [[Museum of Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-11 |title=Museum of Oxford reopening: Century-old marmalade tin among exhibits |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-58639707 |access-date=2022-11-05}}</ref> 

She took to referring to herself as "Lady Hargreaves", but no basis existed for such a title.<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/review/the-story-of-alice-innocence-through-the-lookingglass/news-story/3fa9c7273eec04fd4ed1fbb9fd431864 A. S. Byatt, " The Story of Alice: innocence through the looking-glass"], ''The Spectator'', republished in ''The Weekend Australian'', 11–12 April 2015, Review, p. 16. Retrieved 19 December 2017</ref> After her husband's death in 1926, the cost of maintaining their home, Cuffnells, was such that she deemed it necessary to sell her copy of ''Alice's Adventures under Ground'' (Lewis Carroll's earlier title for ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''). The manuscript fetched £15,400 ({{inflation|UK|15400|1926|fmt=eq|cursign=£|r=-5}}), nearly four times the [[reserve price]] given to it by [[Sotheby's]] auction house. It later became the possession of [[Eldridge R. Johnson]] and was displayed at [[Columbia University]] on the centennial of Carroll's birth in 1932. Alice was present, aged 80, and it was on this visit to the United States that she met [[Peter Llewelyn Davies]], one of the brothers who inspired [[J. M. Barrie]]'s ''[[Peter Pan (character)|Peter Pan]]''. After Johnson's death in 1945, the book was purchased by a consortium of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people "in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler". The manuscript is held by the [[British Library]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Rare Manuscripts|pages=101–105|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|date=15 April 1946|volume=20|issue=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-VQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124162800/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA101|url-status=live}}</ref>

For most of her life, Alice lived in and around [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire|Lyndhurst]] in the [[New Forest]], in the county of [[Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisishampshire.net/news/5046986.Call_to_celebrate_life_of_the__real_Alice_ |title=Call to celebrate life of the 'real Alice' (From This is Hampshire) |publisher=Thisishampshire.net |date=8 March 2010 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Alice-liddell-grave.jpg|thumb|The grave of Alice Hargreaves in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels, [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire]]]]
After she died in 1934, her body was cremated at [[Golders Green Crematorium]], with her ashes being buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels in [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire]]. Alice's mirror can be found on display at the New Forest Heritage Centre, Lyndhurst, a free museum sharing the history of the [[New Forest|New Forest National Park]].{{fact|date=September 2024}}

==Origin of ''Alice in Wonderland''==
[[File:Edith Liddell, by William Blake Richmond.jpg|thumb|left|Edith Liddell ([[William Blake Richmond]], c. 1864)]]
On 4 July 1862, in a [[Watercraft rowing|rowing boat]] travelling on [[the Isis]] from [[Folly Bridge]], [[Oxford]], to [[Godstow]] for a picnic outing, 10-year-old Alice asked Charles Dodgson (who wrote under the [[pseudonym|pen name]] [[Lewis Carroll]]) to entertain her and her sisters, Edith (aged 8) and Lorina (13), with a story. As the Reverend [[Robinson Duckworth]] rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl named Alice and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. The story was not unlike those Dodgson had spun for the sisters before, but this time Liddell asked Dodgson to write it down for her. He promised to do so but did not get around to the task for some months. He eventually presented her with the manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' in November 1864.

[[File:AAUG p06.png|The fictional character was named after her. (Illustration by Lewis Carroll)|thumb|right]]
In the meantime, Dodgson had decided to rewrite the story as a possible commercial venture. Probably with a view to canvassing his opinion, Dodgson sent the manuscript of ''Under Ground'' to a friend, the author [[George MacDonald]], in early 1863.<ref>Dodgson's MS diaries, vol.8, p. 89, British Library</ref> The MacDonald children read the story and loved it, and this response probably persuaded Dodgson to seek a publisher. ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', with illustrations by [[John Tenniel]], was published in 1865, under the name Lewis Carroll. A second book about the character Alice, ''[[Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There]]'', followed in 1871. In 1886, a facsimile of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'', the original manuscript that Dodgson had given Liddell, was published.

== Relationship with Lewis Carroll ==
[[File:Dressed in Her Best Outfit.jpg|thumb|Liddell dressed in her best outfit. Photo by Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1858).]]
{{See also|Lewis Carroll#Controversies and mysteries}}
The relationship between Liddell and Dodgson has been the source of much controversy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Douglas-Fairhurst |first=Robert |title=The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland |date=2015 |publisher=Harvill Secker |isbn=978-1-84655-861-0}}</ref> Dodgson met the Liddell family in 1855; he first befriended Harry, the older brother, and later took Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cohen |first=Morton Norton |url=https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00mort |title=Lewis Carroll: A Biography |date=1996 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=0-679-74562-9 |author-link=Morton N. Cohen}}</ref> Later, when Harry went to school, Alice and her younger sister Edith joined the party. Dodgson entertained the children by telling them fantastic stories to while away the time. He also used them as subjects for his hobby, photography.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15878coll18|title=Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Photography Collection |website=Harry Ransom Center |access-date=27 April 2017}}</ref> It has often been stated that Alice was his favourite subject in these years, but there is very little evidence to suggest this; Dodgson's diaries from 18 April 1858 to 8 May 1862 are missing.<ref name="The Lewis Carroll Society">{{cite web|url=http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/aboutcharlesdodgson/diaries/volumes.html|title=The Lewis Carroll Society Website – Charles Dodgson's Diaries|publisher=The Lewis Carroll Society|website=The Lewis Carroll Society Website|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823021833/http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/aboutcharlesdodgson/diaries/volumes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==="Cut pages in diary"===
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2014}}
The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson suffered a sudden break in June 1863. There was no record of why the rift occurred, since the Liddells never openly spoke of it, and the single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863 (which seems to cover the period in which it began) was missing;<ref name="The Lewis Carroll Society"/> it has been speculated by biographers such as [[Morton N. Cohen]] that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell, and that this was the cause of the unexplained break with the family in June 1863.<ref name="snaogq">Cohen, Morton (1996). ''Lewis Carroll: A Biography.'' Vintage Books. pp. 30–35. {{ISBN|978-0-679-74562-4}}. pp. 100–104</ref> Alice Liddell's biographer, Anne Clark, writes that Alice's descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that "Alice's parents expected a much better match for her."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0EfAQAAIAAJ&q=Liddell%20%22Alice's%20parents%20expected%20a%20much%20better%20match%20for%20her%22 |title=The Real Alice: Lewis Carroll's Dream Child |first=Anne |last=Clark Amor |publisher=Stein and Day |isbn=9780812828702 |page=87 |date=1982 |access-date=2024-06-24 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Clark argues that in Victorian England such arrangements were not as improbable as they might seem; [[John Ruskin]], for example, fell in love with a 12-year-old girl while Dodgson's younger brother sought to marry a 14-year-old, but postponed the wedding for six years.<ref>Clark, Anne (1981). ''The Real Alice''. Michael Joseph Ltd. pp. 86–87. {{ISBN|0-7181-2064-7}}</ref>

In 1996, [[Karoline Leach]] found what became known as the "Cut pages in diary" document<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lookingforlewiscarroll.com/cutpages.html|title=Cut pages in diary|date=4 March 2004|access-date=9 July 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060614223344/http://www.lookingforlewiscarroll.com/cutpages.html| archive-date= 14 June 2006}}</ref>—a note allegedly written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, apparently written before she (or her sister Menella) removed the page. The note reads:
{{Blockquote|L.C. learns from Mrs. Liddell that he is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess—he is also supposed by some to be courting Ina<ref name = "Woolf" />}}
This might imply that the break between Dodgson and the Liddell family was caused by concern over alleged gossip linking Dodgson to the family governess and to "Ina" (both Alice's older sister and her mother were named "Lorina"). In her biography, ''The Mystery of Lewis Carroll,'' Jenny Woolf suggests that the problem was caused by Lorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. Woolf then uses this theory to explain why "Menella [would] ''remove the page itself, yet keep a note of what was on it.''"<ref name = "Woolf" /> The note, she submits, is a "censored version" of what really happened, intended to prevent Lorina from being offended or humiliated at having her feelings for Dodgson made public.<ref name = "Woolf">Woolf, Jenny (2010). ''The Mystery of Lewis Carroll: Discovering the Whimsical, Thoughtful, and Sometimes Lonely Man Who Created Alice in Wonderland''. St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|978-0-312-61298-6}}</ref>

It is uncertain who wrote the note. Leach has said that the handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella or Violet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}} However, [[Morton N. Cohen]] in an article published in the ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'' in 2003 said that in the 1960s, Dodgson's great-nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques told him that Jacques had written the note himself based on conversations he remembered with Dodgson's nieces.<ref>Cohen, Morton N., "When Love was Young", ''Times Literary Supplement'', October 2003</ref> Cohen's article offered no evidence to support this, however, and known samples of Jacques' handwriting do not seem to resemble the writing of the note.<ref>See discussion on the [https://archive.today/20120527000520/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/lewiscarroll/ Lewis Carroll e-list], Autumn 2003</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2014}}

After this incident, Dodgson avoided the Liddell home for six months but eventually returned for a visit in December 1863. However, the former closeness does not seem to have been re-established, and the friendship gradually faded away, possibly because Dodgson was in opposition to Dean Liddell over college politics.<ref>''Christ Church & Reform''{{full citation needed|date=June 2014}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=June 2014}}

==Comparison with fictional Alice==
[[File:Alice par John Tenniel 04.png|right|thumb|[[John Tenniel]]'s Alice from ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'']]
{{Wikisource|Through the Looking-Glass|''Through the Looking-Glass''}}
The extent to which Dodgson's ''[[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]'' may be or could be identified with Liddell is controversial. The two Alices are clearly not identical, and though it was long assumed that the fictional Alice was based very heavily on Liddell, recent research{{by whom?|date=September 2024}} has contradicted this assumption. Dodgson himself claimed in later years that his Alice was entirely imaginary and not based upon any real child at all.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of one of his other child-friends, Mary Hilton Badcock, suggesting that he use her as a model,<ref>Gardner, Martin, ''The Annotated Alice'' 1970, chap. 1</ref> but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved fruitless. Dodgson's own drawings of the character in the original manuscript of ''Alice's Adventures Under Ground'' show little resemblance to Liddell. Biographer Anne Clark suggests that Dodgson might have used Edith Liddell as a model for his drawings.<ref>Clark, Anne, ''Lewis Carroll'' 1982, p. 91</ref>

There are at least four direct links to Liddell in the two books. First, he set them on 4 May (Liddell's birthday) and 4 November (her "half-birthday"), and in ''Through the Looking-Glass'' the fictional Alice declares that her age is "seven and a half exactly", the same as Liddell on that date. Second, he dedicated them "to Alice Pleasance Liddell". {{anchor|acrostic poem}}Third, in the first book, the [[Dormouse]] tells a story which begins, "Once upon a time there were three little sisters... and their names were Elsie, Lacie, and Tillie." The name Liddell was pronounced with the accent on the first syllable and would sound like "little" as spoken with the "T" sound softened. Also the name "Lacie" is an anagram of "Alice", while 'Elsie' refers to Lorina, whose second name was Charlotte, giving her the initials L.C. 'Tillie' refers to Edith's family nickname of 'Matilda'.<ref>Gardner, Martin, The Annotated Alice 1970, chap. VII</ref>

Fourth, there is an [[acrostic]] poem at the end of ''Through the Looking-Glass''. Reading downward, taking the first letter of each line, spells out Liddell's full name. The poem has no title in ''Through the Looking-Glass'', but is usually referred to by its [[incipit|first line]], "A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky".

'''A''' boat beneath a sunny sky,<br/>
'''L'''ingering onward dreamily<br/>
'''I'''n an evening of July—<br/>
<br/>
'''C'''hildren three that nestle near,<br/>
'''E'''ager eye and willing ear,<br/>
'''P'''leased a simple tale to hear—<br/>
<br/>
'''L'''ong has paled that sunny sky:<br/>
'''E'''choes fade and memories die.<br/>
'''A'''utumn frosts have slain July.<br/>
<br/>
'''S'''till she haunts me, phantomwise,<br/>
'''A'''lice moving under skies<br/>
'''N'''ever seen by waking eyes.<br/>
<br/>
'''C'''hildren yet, the tale to hear,<br/>
'''E'''ager eye and willing ear,<br/>
'''L'''ovingly shall nestle near.<br/>
<br/>
'''I'''n a Wonderland they lie,<br/>
'''D'''reaming as the days go by,<br/>
'''D'''reaming as the summers die:<br/>
<br/>
'''E'''ver drifting down the stream—<br/>
'''L'''ingering in the golden gleam—<br/>
'''L'''ife, what is it but a dream?

In addition, all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition where the story was originally told (Carroll, Duckworth and the three Liddell sisters) appear in the chapter "A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale" – but only if Alice Liddell is represented by Alice herself.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |author1=Björk, Christina |author-link=Christina Björk |author2=Eriksson, Inga-Karin |name-list-style=amp |title=The Other Alice |publisher=R & S Books |year=1993 |isbn=91-29-62242-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/otheralicestoryo0000bjor }}
* {{cite book|author=Clark, Anne|title=The Real Alice|publisher=Stein And Day|year=1982|isbn=0-8128-2870-4}}
* Gardner, Martin (1965). Introduction to ''Alice's Adventures under Ground by Lewis Carroll''. Dover Publications. {{ISBN|0-486-21482-6}}.
* Gardner, Martin (ed.) (2000). ''[[The Annotated Alice]]'' (The Definitive Edition). Allen Lane The Penguin Press. {{ISBN|0-7139-9417-7}}.
* {{cite book|author=Gordon, Colin|title=Beyond The Looking Glass|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers|year=1982|isbn=0-15-112022-6|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondlookinggla00gord}}
* {{cite book |last=Gray |first=Donald J. |title=The Norton Critical Edition of Alice in Wonderland |publisher=Donald J. Gray |url=http://books.wwnorton.com/books/detail.aspx?ID=4294968921}}
* {{cite book|author=Leach, Karoline|title=[[In the Shadow of the Dreamchild]]|publisher=Peter Owens|year=1999|isbn=0-7206-1044-3|author-link=Karoline Leach}} [http://shadowofthedreamchild.wild-reality.net Official website]

==External links==
{{Commons}}

{{Alice|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

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