View source for Aliyah

{{Short description|Immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel}}
{{Distinguish|text=the singer [[Aaliyah]]}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[File:100 years of Aliyah (Immigration) to Mandatory Palestine and the State of Israel, between 1919 and 2020.png|thumb|upright=1.5|100 years of Aliyah (immigration) to [[Mandatory Palestine]] and [[Israel]], between 1919 and 2020]]
{{Aliyah}}

'''''Aliyah''''' ({{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|æ|l|i|ˈ|ɑː}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|ɑː|-}}; {{langx|he|עֲלִיָּה|ălīyyā|ascent}}) is the immigration of [[Jews]] from [[Jewish diaspora|the diaspora]] to, historically, the geographical [[Land of Israel]] or the [[Palestine (region)|Palestine region]], which is today chiefly represented by the [[State of Israel]]. Traditionally described as "the act of going up" (towards the [[Jerusalem in Judaism|Jewish holy city]] of [[Jerusalem]]), moving to the Land of Israel or "making aliyah" is one of the most basic tenets of [[Zionism]]. The opposite action – emigration by Jews from the Land of Israel – is referred to in the [[Hebrew language]] as ''[[yerida]]'' ({{literal translation|descent}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/aliyah1.html |title='Aliyah': The Word and Its Meaning |date=2005-05-15 |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219161417/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/aliyah1.html |archive-date=2009-12-19}}</ref> The [[Law of Return]] that was passed by the [[Knesset|Israeli parliament]] in 1950 gives all diaspora Jews, as well as their children and grandchildren, the right to relocate to Israel and acquire [[Israeli citizenship]] on the basis of connecting to their [[Jewish identity]].

For much of [[Jewish history|their history]], most Jews have lived in the diaspora outside of the Land of Israel due to [[Jewish military history|various historical conflicts]] that led to [[Persecution of Jews|their persecution]] alongside multiple instances of [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions and exoduses]]. In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|population of the Palestine region]].<ref name="On-1969"/><ref name="Mendel2014"/> Despite its [[Return to Zion|historical value as a national aspiration for the Jewish people]], aliyah was acted upon by few prior to the rise of a national awakening among Jews worldwide and the subsequent development of the Zionist movement in the late 19th century;<ref>{{cite book |last=Rosenzweig |first=Rafael N. |date=1989 |title=The Economic Consequences of Zionism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wKuU3ZBS7gEC&pg=PA1 |publisher=E. J. Brill |page=1 |isbn=978-90-04-09147-4 |quote=Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements ... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi ... In the 19th century&nbsp;...}}</ref> the large-scale immigration of Jews to Palestine had consequently begun by 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Israel.5246.0.html?&L=1 |title=Israel |first=Jan |last=Schneider |publisher=Hamburg Institute of International Economics |website=Focus Migration |issn=1864-6220 |series=13 |date=June 2008 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2019-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514093707/http://focus-migration.hwwi.de/Israel.5246.0.html?&L=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948, more than 3&nbsp;million Jews have made aliyah.<ref name="Branovsky-2008">{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3539874,00.html |title=400 olim arrive in Israel ahead of Independence Day |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=6 May 2008 |access-date=2013-04-29 |last=Branovsky |first=Yael |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630204042/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3539874,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, Israel and the [[Israeli-occupied territories]] contain approximately 42.9 percent of the [[Jewish population by country|world's Jewish population]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/studies/details.cfm?StudyID=737 |title=World Jewish Population, 2014 |first=Sergio |last=DellaPergola |author-link=Sergio DellaPergola |editor1-first=Arnold |editor1-last=Dashefsky |editor1-link=Arnold Dashefsky |editor2-first=Ira |editor2-last=Sheskin |volume=11 |pages=5–9, 16–17 |date=2014 |journal=Current Jewish Population Reports |publisher=The American Jewish Year Book (Dordrecht: Springer) |access-date=January 3, 2016 |quote=Israel's Jewish population (not including about 348,000 persons not recorded as Jews in the Population Register and belonging to families initially admitted to the country within the framework of the Law of Return) surpassed six million in 2014 (42.9% of world Jewry). |archive-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225222424/https://www.jewishdatabank.org/databank/search-results/study/737 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Terminology==
{{redirect|Olim}}
The [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ''aliyah'' means "ascent" or "going up". Jewish tradition views traveling to the Land of Israel as an ascent, both geographically and metaphysically. In one opinion, the geographical sense preceded the metaphorical one, as most Jews going on pilgrimage to [[Jerusalem]], which is situated at approximately 750 meters (2,500 feet) above sea level, had to climb to a higher geographic [[elevation]]. The reason is that many Jews in early [[Rabbinical Judaism|rabbinic times]] used to live either in Egypt's [[Nile Delta]] and on the plains of [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia#Geographic area|Babylonia]], which lay relatively low; or somewhere in the [[Mediterranean Basin]], from where they arrived by ship.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.forward.com/articles/132111/ |title= Move On Up |newspaper= The Forward |access-date= 2013-04-29 |archive-date= 2011-10-18 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111018172947/http://www.forward.com/articles/132111/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

It is noteworthy that various references in the earlier books of the Bible indicate that [[Egypt]] was considered as being "below" other countries, so that going to Egypt was described as "going down to Egypt" while going away from Egypt (including Hebrews going out of Egypt to Canaan) was "going up out of Egypt". Thus, in the [[Book of Genesis]] 46 God speaks to [[Jacob]] and says “Do not be afraid to ''go down'' to Egypt, for I will make you into a great nation there. I will ''go down'' to Egypt with you." And in the [[Book of Exodus]] 1, the oppressive new King of Egypt suspects the Hebrews of living in Egypt of being enemies who in time of war might "Fight against us, and so get them ''up'' out of the land".
 
Widespread use of the term ''Aliyah'' to describe ideologically inspired Jewish immigration to Palestine / Israel is due to [[Arthur Ruppin]]'s 1930 work {{lang|de|Soziologie der Juden}}.{{sfn|Alroey|2015|p=110|ps=: "The sweeping and uncritical use of the two terms, 'aliyah' and 'immigration' is one of the major factors in the emergence of the divergent treatment of similar data. In the Zionist ethos, aliyah has nothing in common with the migration of other peoples. Zionist historiography takes it as axiomatic that the Jews who came to the country as part of the pioneering early waves were 'olim' and not simply 'immigrants'. The latent ideological charge of the term 'aliyah' is so deeply rooted in the Hebrew language that it is almost impossible to distinguish between Jews who 'merely' immigrated to Palestine and those who made aliyah to the Land of Israel. Jewish social scientists of the early twentieth century were the first to distinguish aliyah from general Jewish migration. The use of 'aliyah' as a typological phenomenon came into vogue with the publication of Arthur Ruppin's ''Soziologie der Juden'' in 1930 (English: ''The Jews in the Modern World'', 1934)&nbsp;... in the eighth chapter, which looks at migration, Ruppin seems to have found it difficult to free himself of the Zionist terminology that was dominant in that period. [Ruppin wrote that whereas] Jewish immigration to the United States was propelled by economic hardship and pogroms, the olim (not immigrants) came to Palestine with the support of the Hoveve Tsiyon, with whom they felt a high degree of ideological conformity."}} ''Aliyah'' has also been defined, by sociologists such as [[Aryeh Tartakower]], as immigration for the good of the community, regardless of the destination.{{sfn|Alroey|2015|pp=115–116}}

''Aliyah'' is an important Jewish cultural concept and a fundamental component of [[Zionism]]. It is enshrined in Israel's [[Law of Return]], which accords any [[Who is a Jew?|Jew]] (deemed as such by [[halakha]] and/or [[Israeli law|Israeli secular law]]) and eligible non-Jews (a child and a grandchild of a Jew, the spouse of a Jew, the spouse of a child of a Jew and the spouse of a grandchild of a Jew), the [[legal right]] to assisted immigration and settlement in Israel, as well as Israeli citizenship. Someone who "makes ''aliyah''" is called an ''oleh'' (m.; pl. ''olim'') or ''olah'' (f.; pl. ''olot''). Many religious Jews espouse ''aliyah'' as a return to the [[Promised Land]], and regard it as the fulfillment of [[God]]'s [[Bible|biblical]] promise to the descendants of the Hebrew patriarchs [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]], and [[Jacob]]. [[Nachmanides]] (the Ramban) includes making aliyah in his enumeration of the [[613 mitzvot|613 commandments]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.responsafortoday.com/moment/3_3.htm |title=Is It A Mitzvah To Make Aliyah? |last=Golinkin |first=David |work=Responsa in a Moment |publisher=Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=13 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613193124/http://www.responsafortoday.com/moment/3_3.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sifre]] says that the ''[[mitzvah]]'' (commandment) of living in [[Eretz Yisrael]] is as important as all the other ''[[mitzvot]]'' put together. There are many ''mitzvot'' such as [[shmita]], the [[sabbatical]] year for farming, which can only be performed in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Leff |first=Barry |title=The Mitzvah of Aliyah |url=http://www.kefintl.com/the-mitzvah-of-aliyah |publisher=Kef International |access-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227025213/http://www.kefintl.com/the-mitzvah-of-aliyah |archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

For generations of religious Jews, ''aliyah'' was associated with the coming of the [[Moshiach|Jewish Messiah]]. Jews prayed for their Messiah to come, who was to redeem the "Land of Israel" (''Eretz Yisrael'', commonly known in English as the [[Palestine (region)|region of Palestine]]) from gentile rule and return world Jewry to the land under a [[Halacha|Halachic]] [[theocracy]].<ref name="עליית החסידים ההמונית לא">{{cite web |url=https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/aliyat-2.htm |script-title=he:עליית החסידים ההמונית לא"י |trans-title=The mass exodus of the faithful to Israel |date=2008-08-02 |script-work=he:ץראב םתושרתשהו א"רגה ידימלת |publisher=Daat |access-date=2021-09-18 |archive-date=2021-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023124450/https://daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/mahanaim/aliyat-2.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Zionist discourse, the term ''aliyah'' (plural ''aliyot'') includes both voluntary immigration for ideological, emotional, or practical reasons and, on the other hand, mass flight of persecuted populations of Jews. The vast majority of Israeli Jews today trace their family's recent roots to outside the country. While many have actively chosen to settle in Israel rather than some other country, many had little or no choice about leaving their previous home countries.{{cn|date=January 2025}} While Israel is commonly recognized as "a country of [[immigrants]]", it is also, in large measure, a country of [[refugees]], including internal refugees.

==Pre-modern aliyah==

===Biblical===
The [[Hebrew Bible]] relates that the patriarch [[Abraham]] came to the Land of [[Canaan]] with his family and followers in approximately 1800 BC. His grandson [[Jacob]] went down to Egypt with his family, and after several centuries there, the [[Israelites]] went back to Canaan under [[Moses]] and [[Joshua]], entering it in about 1300 BC.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

===Antiquity===
In Zionist historiography, post the Balfour Declaration and the start of the "Third Aliyah", the "First Aliyah" and "Second Aliyah" originally referred to the two Biblical "[[Return to Zion|returns to Zion]]" described in [[Ezra–Nehemiah]] – the "First Aliya" led by [[Zerubbabel]], and the "Second Aliya" led by [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]] approximately 80 years later.{{sfn|Shoham|2013}} A few decades after the fall of the [[Kingdom of Judah]] and the [[Babylonian exile]] of the Jewish people, approximately 50,000 Jews returned to Zion following the [[Edict of Cyrus]] from 538 BC. The Jewish priestly [[scribe]] Ezra led the Jewish exiles living in [[Babylon]] to their home city of [[Jerusalem]] in 459 BC. Even those Jews who did not end up returning gave their children names like Yashuv-Tzadik and Yaeliyahu which testified to their desire to return.<ref>Horovitz, Greenberg, and Zilberg, ''Al Naharot Bavel'' ([[Bible Lands Museum]] press, 2015), inscription 15</ref>

Jews returned to the [[Land of Israel]] throughout the [[Second Temple period]]. [[Herod the Great]] also encouraged aliyah and often gave key posts, such as the position of [[High Priest]], to returnees.<ref>''Hahistoriya shel Eretz Israel – Shilton Romi'', Yisrael Levine, p. 47, ed. Menahem Stern, 1984, Yad Izhak Ben Zvi – Keter</ref>

In late antiquity, the two hubs of rabbinic learning were Babylonia and the Land of Israel. Throughout the Amoraic period, many Babylonian Jews immigrated to the Land of Israel and left their mark on life there, as rabbis and leaders.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel |chapter=Aliya from Babylonia During the Amoraic Period (200–500 AD) |first=Joshua |last=Schwartz |pages=58–69 |editor-first=Lee |editor-last=Levine |year=1983 |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi and Wayne State University Press}}</ref>

===Middle Ages===

In the 10th century, leaders of the [[Karaite Judaism|Karaite]] Jewish community, mostly living under Persian rule, urged their followers to settle in Eretz Yisrael. The Karaites established their own quarter in [[Jerusalem]], on the western slope of the [[Kidron Valley]]. During this period, there is abundant evidence of pilgrimages to Jerusalem by Jews from various countries, mainly in the month of [[Tishrei]], around the time of the [[Sukkot]] holiday.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Jerusalem Cathedra: Studies in the History, Archaeology, Geography and Ethnography of the Land of Israel |chapter=Aliya and Pilgrimage in the Early Arab Period (634–1009) |first=Moshe |last=Gil |year=1983 |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben Zvi and Wayne State University Press}}</ref>

The number of Jews migrating to the land of Israel rose significantly between the 13th and 19th centuries, mainly due to a general decline in the status of Jews across Europe and an increase in [[religious persecution]]. The [[Edict of Expulsion|expulsion of Jews from England]] (1290), France (1391), [[History of the Jews in Austria|Austria]] (1421), and [[History of the Jews in Spain|Spain]] (the [[Alhambra decree]] of 1492) were seen by many as a sign of approaching redemption and contributed greatly to the messianic spirit of the time.<ref>{{cite web <!--Don't use script-title here, it displays completely wrong-->|title=יהדות הגולה והכמיהה לציון, 1840–1240 |language=he |url=http://www.tchelet.org.il/article.php?id=203 |date=2008-08-02 |work=Tchelet |access-date=2012-03-19 |archive-date=2022-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075612/https://tchelet.org.il/article.php?id=203 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Aliyah was also spurred during this period by the resurgence of messianic fervor among the Jews of [[History of the Jews in France|France]], [[History of the Jews in Italy|Italy]], the [[History of the Jews in Germany|German states]], [[Poland]], [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union|Russia]], and [[North Africa]]. The belief in the imminent coming of the [[Jewish Messiah]], the ingathering of the exiles and the re-establishment of the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|kingdom of Israel]] encouraged many who had few other options to make the perilous journey to the land of Israel.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}

Pre-Zionist resettlement in Palestine met with various degrees of success. In 1211, the "aliyah of the three hundred rabbis" saw notable French and German [[Tosafist]]s such as [[Samson of Coucy]], [[Joseph ben Baruch]], [[Baruch ben Isaac]] and [[Samson ben Abraham of Sens]], along with their colleagues and students, immigrate to Palestine, as recorded in the ''[[Shebet Yehudah]]''. There is doubt about the accuracy of the account, as there is no evidence that there were actually 300 immigrants, and that number is likely exaggerated. It also mentions [[Jonathan ben David ha-Cohen]] immigrating there, but he died in 1205, and was said to have celebrated [[Purim]] in Palestine in 1210.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krauss |first=Samuel |date=1926 |title=L'émigration de 300 Rabbins en Palestine en l'an 1211 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rjuiv_0484-8616_1926_num_82_163_5521 |journal=Revue des études juives |volume=82 |issue=163 |pages=333–352 |doi=10.3406/rjuiv.1926.5521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanarfogel |first=Ephraim |date=1986 |title=The 'Aliyah of "Three Hundred Rabbis" in 1211: Tosafist Attitudes toward Settling in the Land of Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454507 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=191–215 |doi=10.2307/1454507 |jstor=1454507 |issn=0021-6682|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Little is known of the fate of their descendants. It is thought that few survived the bloody upheavals caused by the [[Crusade]]r invasion in 1229 and their subsequent expulsion by the Muslims in 1291. After the fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453 and the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]] (1492) and Portugal (1498), many Jews made their way to the Holy Land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lehmann |first=Matthias B. |date=2008 |title=Rethinking Sephardi Identity: Jews and Other Jews in Ottoman Palestine |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40207035 |journal=Jewish Social Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=81–109 |jstor=40207035 |issn=0021-6704}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ray |first=Jonathan |date=2009 |title=Iberian Jewry between West and East: Jewish Settlement in the Sixteenth-Century Mediterranean |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41163962 |journal=Mediterranean Studies |volume=18 |pages=44–65 |doi=10.2307/41163962 |jstor=41163962 |issn=1074-164X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Samson b. Abraham of Sens, who emigrated in 1211, wrote in his [[responsa]] that the biblical commandment to go to Eretz Yisrael was nullified due to ''[[pikuach nefesh]]'', or saving a life, citing the danger of the journey, particularly for pregnant women. [[Haim ben Hananel HaCohen (Tosafist)|Haim ben Hananel HaCohen]] ruled that the commandment was negated altogether. [[Moses ben Joseph di Trani]], born in [[Salonika]] in 1490, made aliyah and became the rabbi of [[Safed]], where he died in 1580. In his writings, Trani disagreed with Haim Cohen, and argued that it was not dangerous to travel to Palestine due to the peace between "Edom" (Christian Europe) and "Ishmael" (Islamic/Arab world) at the time. [[David ibn Zimri]], known as the Radbaz, also went to Palestine where he died in 1574.<ref name="Zemer-1997">{{Citation |last=Zemer |first=Moshe |title=ALIYAH: CONFLICT AND AMBIVALENCE As Reflected in Medieval Responsa |date=1997-11-30 |work=Israel and the Diaspora in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa |pages=115–148 |editor-last=Jacob |editor-first=Walter |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781800738843-007/pdf?licenseType=restricted&srsltid=AfmBOopHuJg4RveQS0Rkqfo6uhvPijj1xQ8mtoKpp4IjrMUZEfHSlFjC |access-date=2025-01-09 |publisher=Berghahn Books |language=en |doi=10.1515/9781800738843-007 |isbn=978-1-80073-884-3 |editor2-last=Zemer |editor2-first=Moshe|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Radbaz reconciled [[Maimonides]]' brief journey to Jerusalem in 1165, but ultimate settlement in Egypt, despite Maimonides' belief that it was commanded to settle in Eretz Yisrael and forbidden to remain in Egypt, that he had been compelled to remain by the authorities, as physician to the sultan. [[Ishtori Haparchi]], who was a geographer of Palestine, said that Maimonides signed letters as "the writer who transgresses three negative commandments every day," though no surviving responsa with Maimonides' autograph are found bearing this.<ref name="Zemer-1997"/><ref>{{Cite book |page=317|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-o3XAAAAMAAJ&q=%22aliyah+was+an+obligation%22 |title=The Journal of Jewish Studies |date=1999 |publisher=Jewish Chronicle Publications |language=en}}</ref>

Notable rabbi [[Nahmanides]] went to Jerusalem a few years before his death in 1267.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yisraeli |first=Oded |date=November 2017 |title=Jerusalem in Naḥmanides's Religious Thought: The Evolution of the "Prayer over the Ruins of Jerusalem" |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ajs-review/article/abs/jerusalem-in-nahmanidess-religious-thought-the-evolution-of-the-prayer-over-the-ruins-of-jerusalem/9F8B85C868FC3003A7349462DDEBC206 |journal=AJS Review |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=409–453 |doi=10.1017/S0364009417000435 |issn=0364-0094|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Isaiah Horowitz]] made aliyah in 1621.<ref name="Morgenstern-2010" /> Nahmanides, in his gloss on Maimonides' ''[[Sefer Hamitzvot|Book of Commandments]]'', articulated that contrary to [[Rashi]]'s interpretation, settling Eretz Yisrael was a divine commandment and not simply a promise, arguing that the Torah commanded the people of Israel to conquer and possess the Holy Land. Though he spent most of his life in Gerona, he went to Palestine without his wife and children and died in 1270. It not known why his family did not join him.<ref name="Zemer-1997"/>

In 1541, following their expulsion from Naples, some Jews immigrated to Palestine. In the 1560s, [[Gracia Mendes]] and [[Joseph Nasi]] obtained a concession from the sultan to permit Jews to settle in Safed and Tiberias.<ref>{{Cite book |last=David |first=Abraham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqy4wqVbSUkC&dq=aliyah+nasi&pg=PA18 |title=To Come to the Land: Immigration and Settlement in 16th-Century Eretz-Israel |date=2010-05-24 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-5643-9 |language=en|pages=15–23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Birnbaum |first=Marianna D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8l_CwAAQBAJ&dq=safed+tiberias+1561+nasi&pg=PA106 |title=The Long Journey of Gracia Mendes |date=2003-01-01 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=978-963-9241-67-1 |language=en|page=106}}</ref>

Some Ukrainian Jewish refugees fleeing the pogroms of the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] of the mid-17th century also settled in the Holy Land. Then the immigration in the 18th and early 19th centuries of thousands of followers of various [[Kabbalah|Kabbalist]] and Hassidic rabbis, as well as the disciples of the [[Vilna Gaon]] and the disciples of the [[Moses Sofer|Chattam Sofer]], added considerably to the Jewish populations in Jerusalem, [[Tiberias]], [[Hebron]], and Safed.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

=== 18th century ===

The 1700 immigration associated with messianic [[Sabbateanism]] is considered the first modern mass movement of Jewish immigrants to Israel.<ref>{{Citation |last=Goldish |first=Matt |title=Sabbatai Zevi and the Sabbatean Movement |date=2017 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 7: The Early Modern World, 1500–1815 |volume=7 |pages=491–521 |editor-last=Sutcliffe |editor-first=Adam |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-judaism/sabbatai-zevi-and-the-sabbatean-movement/10D5A1FB8D131C58B6F9792E824E7EA1 |access-date=2025-01-09 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88904-9 |editor2-last=Karp |editor2-first=Jonathan}}</ref> Also in 1700, [[Judah HeHasid (Jerusalem)|Judah HeHasid]] and his followers settled in Jerusalem, and [[Hayyim ben Jacob Abulafia]] and his followers in Tiberias.<ref name="Katz-Oz-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Katz-Oz |first=Avraham |date=2017 |title=Agricultural Settlement: Up to the Present and into the Future |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26416731 |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=28 |issue=3/4 |pages=60–65 |jstor=26416731 |issn=0792-335X}}</ref> HeHasid's [[Hurva Synagogue]] (or "ruined synagogue"), rebuilt on the ruins of a 15th century synagogue, was again destroyed in 1720.<ref name="Morgenstern-2010">{{Cite web |date=2010-08-11 |title=THE HURVA SYNAGOGUE 1700-2010 |last1=Morgenstern|first1=Arie|url=https://jewishaction.com/jewish-world/history/the_hurva_synagogue_1700-2010/ |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Jewish Action |language=en}}</ref>

A notable emigration of about 300 [[Hasidic]] immigrants led by [[Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk]] and [[Abraham Kalisker]] in 1777 aimed to establish a religious center. They were preceded by [[Nachman of Horodenka]], [[Abraham Gershon of Kitov]] and [[Menahem Mendel of Premyshlan]] in 1764, members of the circle of the [[Baal Shem Tov]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Etkes |first=Immanuel |date=2013 |title=On the Motivation for Hasidic Immigration (Aliyah) to the Land of Israel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709800 |journal=Jewish History |volume=27 |issue=2/4 |pages=337–351 |doi=10.1007/s10835-013-9194-6 |jstor=24709800 |issn=0334-701X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===19th century===
The messianic dreams of the [[Gaon of Vilna]] inspired one of the largest pre-Zionist waves of immigration to Eretz Yisrael. In 1808 hundreds of the Gaon's disciples, known as [[Perushim]], settled in Tiberias and Safed, and later formed the core of the [[Old Yishuv]] in Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ilani |first=Ofri |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/the-messiah-brought-the-first-immigrants-1.236673 |title=The Messiah brought the first immigrants |work=Haaretz |date=2008-01-06 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527023509/http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-messiah-brought-the-first-immigrants-1.236673 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was part of a larger movement of thousands of Jews from countries as widely spaced as Persia and Morocco, Yemen and Russia, who moved to Palestine beginning in the first decade of the nineteenth century – and in even larger numbers after the conquest of the region by [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] in 1832 – all drawn by the expectation of the arrival of the Messiah in the Jewish year 5600, Christian year 1840, a movement documented in Arie Morgenstern's ''[[Hastening Redemption]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Morgenstern |first1=Arie |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/26409/chapter/194776531 |title=Hastening Redemption: Messianism and the Resettlement of the Land of Israel  |last2=Linsider |first2=Joel A. |date=2006-07-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-530578-4 |doi=10.1093/0195305787.003.0003}}</ref> There were also those who like the British mystic [[Laurence Oliphant (1829–1888)|Laurence Oliphant]] tried to lease Northern Palestine to settle the Jews there (1879).{{cn|date=January 2025}}

Jewish immigration to Palestine began in earnest following the 1839 [[Tanzimat]] reforms; between 1840 and 1880, the Jewish population of Palestine rose from 9,000 to 23,000.{{efn|Between 1880 and 1907, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from 23,000 to 80,000. Most of the community resided in Jerusalem, which already had a Jewish majority at the beginning of the influx. (Footnote: Mordecai Elia, Ahavar Tziyon ve-Kolel Hod (Tel Aviv, 1971), appendix A. Between 1840 and 1880 the Jewish settlement in Palestine grew in numbers from 9,000 to 23,000.) The First Aliyah accounted for only a few thousand of the new-comers, and the number of the Biluim among them was no more than a few dozen. Jewish immigration to Palestine had begun to swell in the 1840s, following the liberalization of Ottoman domestic policy (the Tanzimat Reforms) and as a result of the protection extended to immigrants by the European consulates set up at the time in Jerusalem and Jaffa. The majority of immigrants came from Eastern and Central Europe – the Russian Empire, Romania, and Hungary – and were not inspired by modern Zionist ideology. Many were motivated by a blend of traditional ideology (e.g., belief in the sanctity of the land of Israel and in the redemption of the Jewish people through the return to Zion) and practical considerations (e.g., desire to escape the worsening conditions in their lands of origin and to improve their lot in Palestine). The proto-Zionist ideas which had already crystallized in Western Europe during the late 1850s and early 1860s were gaining currency in Eastern Europe.{{sfn|Salmon|1978}}}}

==Zionist aliyah (19th c.)==
{{Further|Zionism}}
{{Zionism sidebar|Principles}}
{{multiple image |direction=vertical |width=220 |image1=Aliyahnumbersby country.png |image2=Olim by source.JPG |image3=Alyah 1948-2007 en.svg |footer=Aliyah by numbers per year (1948-2007)}}

In Zionist history, the different waves of ''aliyah'', beginning with the arrival of the ''[[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]]im'' from [[Russia]] in 1882, are categorized by date and the country of origin of the immigrants. In 1872 colonies were established at [[Petah Tikva]] and [[Rosh Pinna]]. Jewish settlement in [[Jaffa]] may be dated to 1820, when [[Isaiah Ajiman]] moved there from Istanbul. [[Mikveh Israel]] agricultural school was established in 1870.<ref name="Katz-Oz-2017" /> Ajiman, a merchant, was executed in 1826, marking a decline in the status of Ottoman Jews.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=1965 |editor-last=Davison |editor-first=Roderick H. |title=The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Nineteenth Century: A Review |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282119 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=283–295 |doi=10.1080/00263206508700018 |jstor=4282119 |issn=0026-3206|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the late 19th century, 99.7% of the world's Jews lived outside the region, with Jews representing 2–5% of the [[Demographic history of Palestine (region)|population of the Palestine region]].<ref name="On-1969">{{cite journal |last1=On |first1=Raphael R. Bar |title=Israel's Next Census of Population as a Source of Data on Jews |journal=Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies / דברי הקונגרס העולמי למדעי היהדות |date=1969 |volume=ה |pages=31–41 |jstor=23524099}} p. 31: The estimated 24,000 Jews in Palestine in 1882 represented just 0.3% of the world's Jewish population [paraphrase].</ref><ref name="Mendel2014">{{cite book|last=Mendel|first=Yonatan|title=The Creation of Israeli Arabic: Security and Politics in Arabic Studies in Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lWKoBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT188|date=5 October 2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-137-33737-5|page=188}} Note 28: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism is unknown. However, it probably ranged from 2 to 5 per cent. According to Ottoman records, a total population of 462,465 resided in 1878 in what is today Israel/Palestine. Of this number, 403,795 (87 per cent) were Muslim, 43,659 (10 per cent) were Christian and 15,011 (3 per cent) were Jewish (quoted in Alan Dowty, ''Israel/Palestine'', Cambridge: Polity, 2008, p. 13). See also Mark Tessler, ''A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict'' (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 43 and 124.</ref>

Pre-19th century small-scale [[Repatriation|return migration]] of [[Diaspora Jews]] to the [[Land of Israel]] is characterized as the [[Aliyah#Pre-Modern Aliyah|Pre-Modern Aliyah]]. Since the birth of [[Zionism]] in the late 19th century, the advocates of aliyah have striven to facilitate the settlement of [[Jewish refugees]] in [[Ottoman Palestine]], [[Mandatory Palestine]], and the [[sovereign state|sovereign]] State of Israel.

The periodization of historical waves of Aliyah was first published after the 1917 [[Balfour Declaration]], which created expectations of the start of a huge wave of immigration dubbed the "Third Aliyah", in contrast to the Biblical "First Aliyah" and "Second Aliyah" "[[Return to Zion|returns to Zion]]" described in [[Ezra–Nehemiah]].{{sfn|Shoham|2013|p=35-37|ps=: "The term Aliya as defining historical periods appeared only when talking about Jewish history on the long-durée, when looking back to thousands of years. In 1914, the Zionist activist Shemaryahu Levin [wrote]: “Now at the time of the Third Aliya we can witness the fulfillment of the vision of the Second Aliya, in the days of Nehemiah.” Levin based this remark on a contemporaneous historiographical convention, according to which Jewish history knew two main aliyot to the Land of Israel in biblical times: “the First Aliya” took place in the time of biblical Zerubavel, after Cyrus’ declaration, while “the Second Aliya” took place in the days of Ezra and Nehemiah, about 80 years later… Levin’s periodization was not circulated in public, including among practical Zionists. It achieved dominance only after the WW I, in a way different from both Levin’s intention and counting...Along with analogies of the Balfour Declaration to Cyrus, 2,500 years earlier, many leaders began to write and talk about the forthcoming immigration as “the Third Aliya”, which would continue the previous two, those that departed from Babylonia to establish the second temple. About two months after the Balfour Declaration, Isaac Nissenbaum from the Mizrachi (Zionist-religious) movement published an optimis- tic article in which he anticipated a Hebrew majority in Palestine soon."}} Over the next two years, discussion in Zionist literature transformed the two prior to refer to the contemporary immigration waves at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th. These periods as per the modern convention were first published in October 1919 by [[Yosef Haim Brenner]].{{sfn|Shoham|2013|p=42|ps=: "The first text in which the periodization as we know it today may be found was an article surveying historical immigrations to and from Palestine, written by the widely recognized writer Y.H. Brenner, and published in October 1919…"}}

In the 1930s and 1940s, Zionist historians began to divide the next periods of immigration to Palestine into different phases, in a form which "created and presumed the unique traits of aliyah and the Zionist enterprise".{{sfn|Alroey|2015|p=111|ps=: "The declaration by Ruppin, the dean of Jewish sociologists, that one "makes aliyah” to the Land of Israel but "immigrates" to the United States laid the terminological and scholarly foundations for turning immigration to Palestine into a unique variety of Jewish migration. During the 1940s and 1950s, demographers and sociologists, including Jacob Lestschinsky, Arieh Tartakower, David Gurevich, Roberto Bachi, and Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, followed the trail blazed by Ruppin in the 1930s, spinning a Zionist narrative that both created and presumed the unique traits of aliyah and the Zionist enterprise."}} The currently accepted five-wave periodization was first published in Hebrew by sociologist David Gurevich in his 1944 work ''The Jewish Population of Palestine: Immigration, Demographic Structure and Natural Growth'':<ref name="Alroey 2015">{{harvnb|Alroey|2015|p=114}}: "In his work, Gurevich divided the immigration to Palestine into five separate waves, although he was not the first to do so. He dated the First Aliyah to 1881-1903 and the Second Aliyah to 1904-14 - a periodization that became accepted in the historiography of the Yishuv; few questioned it. Although, as a demographer and statistician, Gurevich had the tools to examine aliyah to Palestine as immigration and to focus on the majority of those who entered the country, he chose to highlight the ideologically-inclined minority who were unrepresentative of the immigrants as a whole."</ref> the [[First Aliyah]] and the [[Second Aliyah]] to Ottoman Palestine, followed by the [[Third Aliyah|Third]], [[Fourth Aliyah|Fourth]], and [[Fifth Aliyah]] to Mandatory Palestine.<ref name="Alroey 2015"/> Following Ruppin and Jacob Lestschinsky before him, Gurevich's use of the term Aliyah emphasized the ideological element of the immigration,{{sfn|Alroey|2015|p=113|ps=: "Gurevich's 1944 book The Jewish Population of Palestine: Immigration, Demographic Structure and Natural Growth (in Hebrew) examined immigration to Palestine from a local and Zionist standpoint. Like Ruppin and Lestschinsky, Gurevich stressed the magnetic pull of the country and especially Zionist ideology as the main factors motivating immigration to Palestine in the years 1881 to 1914. He described the First Aliyah as the aliyah of the Bilu'im and saw the pioneering agricultural workers of the Second Aliyah as representative of that aliyah as a whole, because they left their mark on the Yishuv at the beginning of the twentieth century."}} despite the fact that such a motivation was not representative of the immigrants as a whole.<ref name="Alroey 2015"/>

Subsequently, named periods include [[Aliyah Bet]] (immigration done in spite of restrictive Mandatory law) between 1934 and 1948 and the [[Bricha]] of the [[Holocaust survivors]]; the [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries|aliyah from elsewhere in the Middle East and North Africa]] as well as the aliyah from [[western world|Western]] and [[Communist countries]] following the [[Six-Day War]] with the [[1968 Polish political crisis]], as well as the [[1990s Post-Soviet aliyah|aliyah from post-Soviet states]] in the 1990s. Today, most aliyah consists of voluntary migration for ideological, economic, or [[family reunification]] purposes. Because Jewish lineage can provide a right to Israeli citizenship, ''aliyah'' (returning to Israel) has both a secular and a religious significance.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The first modern period of immigration to receive a number in common speech was the Third Aliyah, which in the World War&nbsp;I period was referred to as the successor to the First and Second Aliyot from Babylonia in the Biblical period. Reference to earlier modern periods as the First and Second Aliyot appeared first in 1919 and took a while to catch on.<ref name=Shoham>{{cite journal | author = Hizky Shoham | title = From "Great History" to "Small History": The Genesis of the Zionist Periodization | year = 2012 | journal = Israel Studies | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 31–55 | doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.1.31| s2cid = 144978084  | issn=1084-9513}}</ref>

===Ottoman Palestine (1881–1914)===
The pronounced persecution of Russian Jews between 1881 and 1910 led to a large wave of emigration.<ref name="Motta-2020">{{Cite book |last=Motta |first=Giuseppe |year=2020 |chapter=Charity in Time of War. The JOINT Distribution Committee in Russia in the Context of Humanitarian Internationalism |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEkUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |editor1=Aleksandar Rastović |editor2=Andrea Carteny |editor3=Biljana Vučetić |title=War, Peace and Nation-building (1853-1918) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FEkUEAAAQBAJ |series=Collection of Works/The Institute of History Belgrade 43 |location=Belgrade |publisher=The [[Institute of History Belgrade|Institute of History]] Belgrade with [[Sapienza University of Rome]] |pages=269–283 [271] |isbn=978-86-7743-140-2 |access-date= 23 February 2021}}</ref> Since only a small portion of East European Jews had adopted Zionism by then, between 1881 and 1914 only 30–40,000 emigrants went to Ottoman Palestine, while over one and a half million Russian Jews and 300,000 from Austria-Hungary reached Northern America.<ref name="Motta-2020"/>

====First Aliyah (1882–1903)====
{{Main|First Aliyah}}

Between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews immigrated to the [[Ottoman Syria|Ottoman Palestine]], joining the pre-existing Jewish population which in 1880 numbered 20,000-25,000. The Jews immigrating arrived in groups that had been assembled, or recruited. Most of these groups had been arranged in the areas of Romania and Russia in the 1880s. The migration of Jews from Russia correlates with the end of the Russian pogroms, with about 3 percent of Jews emigrating from Europe to Palestine. The groups who arrived in Palestine around this time were called ''Hibbat Tsiyon'', which is a Hebrew word meaning "fondness for Zion." They were also called ''Hovevei Tsiyon'' or "enthusiasts for Zion" by the members of the groups themselves. While these groups expressed interest and "fondness" for Palestine, they were not strong enough in number to encompass an entire mass movement as would appear later on in other waves of migration.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlQTnwEACAAJ|title=Zionism|last=Engel|first=David|date=2013-09-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-86548-3|pages=32–35|language=en}}</ref> The majority, belonging to the [[Hovevei Zion]] and [[Bilu (movement)|Bilu]] movements, came from the [[Russian Empire]] with a smaller number arriving from [[Yemen]]. Many established agricultural communities. Among the towns that these individuals established are [[Petah Tikva]] (already in 1878), [[Rishon LeZion]], [[Rosh Pinna]], and [[Zikhron Ya'akov]]. In 1882 the [[Temani|Yemenite Jews]] settled in the Arab village of [[Silwan]] located south-east of the walls of the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] of [[Jerusalem]] on the slopes of the [[Mount of Olives]].<ref name="The Real Israel Aliyah2">{{cite web|url=http://realaliyah.tripod.com/|title=The Real Aliyah|last=M.|first=Akiva|access-date=9 October 2012|archive-date=4 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004100815/http://realaliyah.tripod.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Kurdish Jews]] settled in Jerusalem starting around 1895.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-kurdish-jews-made-their-way-to-jerusalem-shocked-herzl-began-to-thrive/|title=How Kurdish Jews made their way to Jerusalem, shocked Herzl, began to thrive|website=The Times of Israel|date=11 July 2020 |access-date=2021-01-14|archive-date=2020-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215062344/https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-kurdish-jews-made-their-way-to-jerusalem-shocked-herzl-began-to-thrive/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Second Aliyah (1904–1914)====
{{main|Second Aliyah}}
Between 1904 and 1914, 35–40,000 Jews immigrated to Ottoman Palestine. The vast majority came from the [[Russian Empire]], in particular from the [[Pale of Settlement]] in Eastern Europe. Jews from other countries in Eastern Europe such as [[Romania]] and Bulgaria also joined. Jewish emigration from Eastern Europe was largely due to [[pogrom]]s and outbreaks of [[anti-Semitism]] there. However, [[Mountain Jews]] from the Caucasus and Jews from other countries including Yemen, [[Iran]], and [[Argentina]] also arrived at this time. The Eastern European Jewish immigrants of this period, greatly influenced by [[Socialism|socialist]] ideals, established the first [[kibbutz]], [[Degania Alef]], in 1909 and formed self-defense organizations, such as [[Hashomer]], to counter increasing [[Arab]] hostility and to help Jews to protect their communities from Arab marauders.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrhMbqSA95wC&q=second+aliyah+arab+marauders&pg=PA17 |title=The Origins of Israel, 1882–1948: A Documentary History, eds. Eran Kaplan, Derek J. Penslar |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |date= December 2011|isbn=978-0-299-28493-0 |access-date=2013-04-29}}</ref> Ahuzat Bayit, a new suburb of [[Jaffa, Israel|Jaffa]] established in 1909, eventually grew to become the city of [[Tel Aviv]]. During this period, some of the underpinnings of an independent nation-state arose: [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the ancient national language, was revived as a spoken language; newspapers and literature written in Hebrew were published; political parties and workers organizations were established. The [[World War I|First World War]] effectively ended the period of the Second Aliyah.
It is estimated that over half of those who arrived during this period ended up leaving; [[David Ben Gurion|Ben Gurion]] stated that nine out of ten left.<ref>[[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] (2018 - 2019 translation [[Haim Watzman]]) ''A State at Any Cost. The Life of David Ben-Gurion.'' Apollo. {{ISBN|978-1-78954-463-3}}. p.61</ref>

===British Palestine (1919–1948)===
====Third Aliyah (1919–1923)====
{{Main|Third Aliyah}}
[[File:Hachshara.JPG|thumb|[[Abba Hushi]] during his [[Hakhshara|Hachshara]], circa 1920]]
Between 1919 and 1923, 40,000 Jews, mainly from [[Eastern Europe]], arrived in the wake of [[World War I]]. [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|The British occupation of Palestine]] and the establishment of the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]] created the conditions for the implementation of the promises contained in the [[Balfour Declaration]]. Many of the Jewish immigrants were ideologically driven pioneers, known as ''[[HeHalutz|halutzim]]'', trained in agriculture and capable of establishing self-sustaining economies. In spite of immigration quotas established by the British administration, the Jewish population reached 90,000 by the end of this period. The [[Jezreel Valley]] and the Hefer Plain marshes were drained and converted to agricultural use. Additional national institutions arose such as the [[Histadrut]] (General Labor Federation); an elected assembly; national council; and the [[Haganah]], a Zionist paramilitary organization.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

====Fourth Aliyah (1924–1929)====
{{main|Fourth Aliyah}}

Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 Jews arrived, many as a result of increasing [[anti-Semitism]] in [[Poland]] and throughout Europe. The vast majority of Jewish immigrants arrived from Europe mostly from Poland, the [[Soviet Union]], Romania, and Lithuania, but about 12% came from Asia, mostly Yemen and Iraq. The [[Emergency Quota Act|immigration quotas]] of the [[United States]] kept Jews out. This group contained many middle-class families that moved to the growing towns, establishing small businesses, and light industry. Of these approximately 23,000 left the country.<ref name="Moving to Israel?">{{cite web|url=http://www.jr.co.il/aliyah/|title=Moving to Israel?|date=2008-08-02|work=Jacob Richman|publisher=jr.com|access-date=2005-10-06|archive-date=2005-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920122338/http://www.jr.co.il/aliyah/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Fifth Aliyah (1929–1939)====
{{main|Fifth Aliyah}}

Between 1929 and 1939, with the rise of [[Nazism]] in [[Germany]], a new wave of 250,000 immigrants arrived; the majority of these, 174,000, arrived between 1933 and 1936, after which increasing restrictions on immigration by the British made immigration clandestine and illegal, called ''Aliyah Bet''. The Fifth Aliyah was again driven almost entirely from Europe, mostly from [[Central Europe]] (particularly from [[Poland]], Germany, [[Austria]], and [[Czechoslovakia]]), but also from [[Greece]]. Some Jewish immigrants also came from other countries such as [[Turkey]], [[Iran]], and [[Yemen]]. The Fifth Aliyah contained large numbers of professionals, doctors, lawyers, and professors, from Germany. Refugee architects and musicians introduced the [[Bauhaus]] style (the [[White City of Tel Aviv]] has the highest concentration of [[International Style (architecture)|International Style]] architecture in the world with a strong element of Bauhaus) and founded the Palestine Philharmonic Orchestra. With the completion of the port at [[Haifa]] and its [[oil refineries]], significant industry was added to the predominantly agricultural economy. The Jewish population reached 450,000 by 1940.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

At the same time, tensions between Arabs and Jews grew during this period, leading to a series of [[1929 Palestine riots|Arab riots against the Jews in 1929]] that left many dead and resulted in the depopulation of the Jewish community in [[Hebron]]. This was followed by more violence during the "[[1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|Great Uprising]]" of 1936–1939. In response to the ever-increasing tension between the Arabic and Jewish communities married with the various commitments the British faced at the dawn of World War&nbsp;II, the British issued the [[White Paper of 1939]], which severely restricted Jewish immigration to 75,000 people for five years. This served to create a ''relatively'' peaceful eight years in Palestine while the Holocaust unfolded in Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Shortly after their rise to power, the Nazis negotiated the [[Ha'avara Agreement|Ha'avara or "Transfer" Agreement]] with the Jewish Agency under which 50,000 German Jews and $100 million worth of their assets would be moved to Palestine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transferagreement.com/ |title=Transfer Agreement |publisher=Transfer Agreement |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514051454/http://www.transferagreement.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="170">
File:Survey of Palestine Page 186.jpg|Survey of Palestine, showing place of origin of immigrants between 1922 and 1944
File:Palestine immigrant certificate.jpg|Certificate issued by the [[Jewish Agency]] in Warsaw, Poland, for immigrant to [[Mandatory Palestine]], September 1935
</gallery>

====Aliyah Bet: Illegal immigration (1933–1948)====
{{Main|Aliyah Bet}}
{{Stack|[[File:19450715 Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa.jpg|thumb|[[Buchenwald]] survivors arrive in [[Haifa]] to be arrested by the British, July 15, 1945]]}}

The British government limited Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of [[Nazism]] to power in [[Germany]], illegal immigration to Mandatory Palestine commenced.<ref>Yoav Gelber, "The Historical Role of Central European Immigration to Israel", ''Leo Baeck Institute Year Book'' 38 (1993), p. 326 n. 6.</ref> The illegal immigration was known as ''Aliyah Bet'' ("secondary immigration"), or ''Ha'apalah'', and was organized by the [[Mossad Le'aliyah Bet]], as well as by the [[Irgun]]. Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through [[Iraq]] and [[Syria]]. During [[World War II]] and the years that followed until independence, ''Aliyah Bet'' became the main form of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Following the war, [[Bricha]] ("escape"), an organization of former [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|partisans]] and [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising|ghetto fighters]] was primarily responsible for smuggling Jews from Eastern Europe through Poland. In 1946 Poland was the only [[Eastern Bloc]] country to allow free Jewish aliyah to [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] without visas or exit permits.<ref name="DH70">{{cite book |last=Hakohen |first=Devorah |chapter=Immigration from Poland |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&q=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&pg=PA70 |title=Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After |publisher=Syracuse University Press |year=2003 |page=70 |isbn=978-0-8156-2969-6}}</ref> By contrast, Stalin [[Operation Keelhaul|forcibly brought Soviet Jews back who lived in occupied or soviet territory to USSR,]] as agreed by the Allies during the [[Yalta Conference]].<ref name="Kochavi-15">{{Cite book |last=Kochavi |first=Arieh J. |url=http://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch |title=Post-Holocaust politics : Britain, the United States & Jewish refugees, 1945-1948 |date=2001 |publisher=Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8078-2620-1}}</ref> The refugees were sent to the Italian ports from which they traveled to Mandatory Palestine. More than 4,500 survivors left the French port of [[Sète]] aboard ''President Warfield'' (renamed ''Exodus''). The British turned them back to France from Haifa, and forced them ashore in Hamburg. Despite British efforts to curb the illegal immigration, during the 14 years of its operation, 110,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine. In 1945 reports of [[the Holocaust]] with its 6 million Jewish killed, caused many Jews in Palestine to turn openly against the British Mandate, and illegal immigration escalated rapidly as many Holocaust survivors joined the aliyah.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

===Early statehood (1948–1960)===
{{see also|Bricha}}
{{Clear|right}}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-right:20px; font-size: 86%;" 
! colspan="8" |Immigration to Israel in the years following the May 1948 <br/> [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hacohen |first=Dvora |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&pg=PA267 |title=Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8156-2969-6 |chapter=Aliyah to Israel by Country of Origin and Year of Aliyah, 14 May 1948-31 December 1953 |author-link=Dvora Hacohen |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!
! 1948
! 1949
! 1950
! 1951
! 1952
! 1953
! 1948-53
|-
| '''Eastern Europe'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Romania||17678||13595||47041||40625||3712||61||122712
|-
| Poland||28788||47331||25071||2529||264||225||104208
|-
| Bulgaria||15091||20008||1000||1142||461||359||38061
|-
| Czechoslovakia||2115||15685||263||150||24||10||18247
|-
| Hungary||3463||6842||2302||1022||133||224||13986
|-
| Soviet Union||1175||3230||2618||689||198||216||8126
|-
| Yugoslavia||4126||2470||427||572||88||14||7697
|-
| '''Total'''||'''72436'''||'''109161'''||'''78722'''||'''46729'''||'''4880'''||'''1109'''||'''313037'''
|-
| '''Other Europe'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Germany||1422||5329||1439||662||142||100||9094
|-
| France||640||1653||1165||548||227||117||4350
|-
| Austria||395||1618||746||233||76||45||3113
|-
| United Kingdom||501||756||581||302||233||140||2513
|-
| Greece||175||1364||343||122||46||71||2121
|-
| Italy||530||501||242||142||95||37||1547
|-
| Netherlands||188||367||265||282||112||95||1309
|-
| Belgium||-||615||297||196||51||44||1203
|-
| '''Total'''||'''3851'''||'''12203'''||'''5078'''||'''2487'''||'''982'''||'''649'''||'''25250'''
|-
| '''Asia'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Iraq||15||1708||31627||88161||868||375||122754
|-
| Yemen||270||35422||9203||588||89||26||45598
|-
| Turkey||4362||26295||2323||1228||271||220||34699
|-
| Iran||43||1778||11935||11048||4856||1096||30756
|-
| Aden||-||2636||190||328||35||58||3247
|-
| India||12||856||1105||364||49||650||3036
|-
| China||-||644||1207||316||85||160||2412
|-
| Other||-||1966||931||634||230||197||3958
|-
| '''Total'''||'''4702'''||'''71305'''||'''58521'''||'''102667'''||'''6483'''||'''2782'''||'''246460'''
|-
| '''Africa'''||||||||||||||
|-
| Tunisia||6821||17353||3725||3414||2548||606||34467
|-
| Libya||1064||14352||8818||6534||1146||224||32138
|-
| Morocco||-||-||4980||7770||5031||2990||20771
|-
| Egypt||-||7268||7154||2086||1251||1041||18800
|-
| Algeria||-||-||506||272||92||84||954
|-
| South Africa||178||217||154||35||11||33||628
|-
| Other||-||382||5||6||3||9||405
|-
| '''Total'''||'''8063'''||'''39572'''||'''25342'''||'''20117'''||'''10082'''||'''4987'''||'''108163'''
|-
| ||||||||||||||
|-
| Unknown||13827||10942||1742||1901||948||820||30180
|-
| ||||||||||||||
|-
| '''All countries'''||'''102879'''||'''243183'''||'''169405'''||'''173901'''||'''23375'''||'''10347'''||'''723090'''
|}

After Aliyah Bet, the process of numbering or naming individual aliyot ceased, but immigration did not. A major wave of Jewish immigration, mainly from post-Holocaust Europe and the Arab and Muslim world took place from 1948 to 1951. In three and a half years, the Jewish population of Israel, which was 650,000 at the state's founding, was more than doubled by an influx of about 688,000 immigrants.<ref name=jafi>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.jewishagency.org/society-and-politics/content/36566|title=The Mass Migration of the 1950s|date=April 27, 2015|website=The Jewish Agency|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=February 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206064045/http://archive.jewishagency.org/society-and-politics/content/36566|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1949, the largest-ever number of Jewish immigrants in a single year—249,954—arrived in Israel.<ref name="Branovsky-2008"/> This period of immigration is often termed ''kibbutz galuyot'' (literally, ingathering of exiles), due to the large number of Jewish [[diaspora]] communities that made aliyah. However, ''kibbutz galuyot'' can also refer to aliyah in general.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

At the beginning of the immigration wave, most of the immigrants to reach Israel were Holocaust survivors from Europe, including many from [[Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe|displaced persons camp]]s in [[Germany]], [[Austria]], and [[Italy]], and from [[Cyprus internment camps|British detention camps]] on [[Cyprus]]. Large sections of shattered Jewish communities throughout Europe, such as those from [[Poland]] and [[Romania]] also immigrated to Israel, with some communities, such as those from [[Bulgaria]] and [[Yugoslavia]], being almost entirely transferred. At the same time, the number of Jewish immigrants from Arab countries greatly increased. Special operations were undertaken to evacuate Jewish communities perceived to be in serious danger to Israel, such as [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]], which evacuated almost the entire Jewish population of [[Yemen]], and [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]], which airlifted most of the Jews of [[Iraq]] to Israel.<ref name=jafi/> Egyptian Jews were smuggled to Israel in Operation Goshen. Nearly the entire Jewish population of [[Libya]] left for Israel around this time, and clandestine aliyah from [[Syria]] took place, as the Syrian government prohibited Jewish emigration, in a process that was to last decades. Israel also saw significant immigration of Jews from non-Arab Muslim countries such as [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], and [[Afghanistan]] in this period.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

This resulted in a period of [[Austerity in Israel|austerity]]. To ensure that Israel, which at that time had a small economy and scant foreign currency reserves, could provide for the immigrants, a strict regime of rationing was put in place. Measures were enacted to ensure that all Israeli citizens had access to adequate food, housing, and clothing. Austerity was very restrictive until 1953; the previous year, Israel had signed a [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations agreement]] with [[West Germany]], in which the West German government would pay Israel as compensation for the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]], due to Israel's taking in a large number of Holocaust survivors. The resulting influx of foreign capital boosted the Israeli economy and allowed for the relaxing of most restrictions. The remaining austerity measures were gradually phased out throughout the following years.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Maabarah children.jpg|thumb|250px|A ''Ma'abarah'' in 1952 {{deletable image-caption|Saturday, 21 November 2015}}]] -->
When new immigrants arrived in Israel, they were sprayed with [[DDT]], underwent a medical examination, were inoculated against diseases, and were given food. The earliest immigrants received desirable homes in established urban areas, but most of the immigrants were then sent to transit camps, known initially as [[Immigrant camps (Israel)|immigrant camps]], and later as ''[[Ma'abarot]]''. Many were also initially housed in reception centers in military barracks. By the end of 1950, some 93,000 immigrants were housed in 62 transit camps. The Israeli government's goal was to get the immigrants out of refugee housing and into society as speedily as possible. Immigrants who left the camps received a ration card, an identity card, a mattress, a pair of blankets, and $21 to $36 in cash. They settled either in established cities and towns, or in [[kibbutz]]im and [[moshav]]im.<ref name=jafi/><ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o-xQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mNAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6814,1593043 Israel Hard Pressed to Handle Immigration Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222174055/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o-xQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mNAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6814,1593043 |date=2015-12-22 }} - The Portsmouth Times. 27 April 1949</ref> Many others stayed in the ''Ma'abarot'' as they were gradually turned into permanent cities and towns, which became known as [[development town]]s, or were absorbed as neighborhoods of the towns they were attached to, and the tin dwellings were replaced with permanent housing.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In the early 1950s, the immigration wave subsided, and emigration increased; ultimately, some 10% of the immigrants would leave Israel for other countries in the following years. In 1953, immigration to Israel averaged 1,200 a month, while emigration averaged 700 a month. The end of the period of mass immigration gave Israel a critical opportunity to more rapidly absorb the immigrants still living in transit camps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1902&dat=19530710&id=Z1cfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5264,2105913|title=The Canadian Jewish Review - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=2020-10-14|archive-date=2022-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180229/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1902&dat=19530710&id=Z1cfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5264,2105913|url-status=live}}</ref> The Israeli government built 260 new settlements and 78,000 housing units to accommodate the immigrants, and by the mid-1950s, almost all were in permanent housing.<ref name=mfa>[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2002/Pages/Aliyah.aspx Aliyah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013301/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/2002/Pages/Aliyah.aspx |date=2014-02-22 }} - Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> The last ''ma'abarot'' closed in 1963.

In the mid-1950s, a smaller wave of immigration began from North African countries such as [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]], and [[Egypt]], many of which were in the midst of nationalist struggles. Between 1952 and 1964, some 240,000 North African Jews came to Israel. During this period, smaller but significant numbers arrived from other places such as Europe, Iran, [[Indian Jews in Israel|India]], and [[Latin America]].<ref name=mfa/> In particular, a small immigration wave from then [[Polish People's Republic|communist Poland]], known as the "[[Władysław Gomułka|Gomulka]] Aliyah", took place during this period. From 1956 to 1960, Poland permitted free Jewish emigration, and some 50,000 Polish Jews immigrated to Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-poles-apart-no-longer-1.5232179|title=Tribute to an Aliyah Like No Other|first=Aviva|last=Lori|date=March 3, 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203020634/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-poles-apart-no-longer-1.5232179|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the founding of the State of Israel, the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] was mandated as the organization responsible for aliyah in the diaspora.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knesset.gov.il/allsite/QGenTxt_eng.asp |title=Knesset Rules of Procedure - PART A (2) |publisher=Knesset.gov.il |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719044937/http://knesset.gov.il/allsite/QGenTxt_eng.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

===From Arab countries===
{{Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}}
{{Main|Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries}}
{{See also|Iraqi Jews in Israel|Moroccan Jews in Israel|Yemenite Jews in Israel}}

From 1948 until the early 1970s, around 900,000 Jews from Arab lands left, fled, or were expelled from various Arab nations, of which an estimated 650,000 settled in Israel.{{sfn|Beker|2005|p=4}} In the course of [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|Operation Magic Carpet]] (1949–1950), nearly the entire community of [[Yemenite Jews]] (about 49,000) immigrated to Israel. Its other name, Operation On Wings of Eagles (Hebrew: כנפי נשרים, Kanfei Nesharim), was inspired by

<blockquote>Exodus 19:4: "Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians, and how I bare you on eagles' wings, and brought you unto myself."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=220736 |title=MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Exodus 19:4: Retrieved 23 June 2012 |publisher=Quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2012-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106002919/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=220736 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

and

<blockquote>Isaiah 40:31: "But they that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength; they shall mount up with wings as eagles; they shall run, and not be weary; and they shall walk, and not faint".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=2594466 |title=MLibrary Digital Collections: King James Bible: Isaiah 40:31: Retrieved 23 June 2012 |publisher=Quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127171900/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/k/kjv/kjv-idx?type=DIV1&byte=2594466 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>

Some 120,000 [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraqi Jews]] were airlifted to Israel in [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah]].

===From Iran===
{{See also|Iranian Jews in Israel}}

Following the establishment of Israel, about one-third of [[Persian Jews|Iranian Jews]], most of them poor, immigrated to Israel, and immigration from Iran continued throughout the following decades. An estimated 70,000 Iranian Jews immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1978. Following the [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic Revolution]] in 1979, most of the Iranian Jewish community left, with some 20,000 Iranian Jews immigrating to Israel. Many Iranian Jews also settled in the United States (especially in [[New York City]] and [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]]).<ref name="littman3">Littman (1979), p. 5.</ref>

===From Ethiopia===
{{Main|Aliyah from Ethiopia}}
{{See also|Ethiopian Jews in Israel}}

The first major wave of aliyah from Ethiopia took place in the mid-1970s. The massive airlift known as [[Operation Moses]] began to bring [[Ethiopian Jews]] to Israel on November 18, 1984, and ended on January 5, 1985. During those six weeks, some 6,500–8,000 Ethiopian Jews were flown from [[Sudan]] to Israel. An estimated 2,000–4,000 Jews died en route to Sudan or in Sudanese refugee camps. In 1991 [[Operation Solomon]] was launched to bring the [[Beta Israel]] Jews of [[Ethiopia]]. In one day, May 24, 34 aircraft landed at [[Addis Ababa]] and brought 14,325 Jews from Ethiopia to [[Israel]]. Since that time, Ethiopian Jews have continued to immigrate to Israel bringing the number of Ethiopian-Israelis today to over 100,000.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== From Romania ===
{{Main|Jewish emigration from Romania}}
After the war, Romania had second-largest Jewish population in Europe, of around 350,000 or higher. In 1949, 118,939 Romanian Jews had immigrated to Israel since the war ended.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309414871|title=Alyiah of Romanian Jews – socio-statistical facts (historical approach)|first=Adina|last=Babeș|newspaper=[[Sfera Politicii]]|volume=22|issue=180–181|pages=247–254|year=2014}}</ref>

Romanian Jews were, under their own will, "sold" or "exchanged" to Israel in the 1950s with the help of the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]] for about 8,000 [[Romanian leu|lei]] (about 420 [[American dollar|dollars]]). The price of these Jews usually varied according to their "worth". This practice continued at a slower pace from 1965 under [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], a Romanian communist leader. During the 1950s, [[West Germany]] had been also paying Romania an amount of money in exchange for some [[Germans of Romania]], and, just like the Jews (both of which were regarded as "co-nationals"), their price was "calculated". Ceaușescu, happy with these policies, even declared that "[[oil]], Germans, and Jews are our most important export commodities".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/people-have-been-used-as-bargaining-chips-before-by-romanias-nicolae-ceau-escu-73141|title=People have been used as bargaining chips before – by Romania's Nicolae Ceaușescu|first=James|last=Koranyi|newspaper=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

Israeli government paid to facilitate aliyah, and around 235,000 people emigrated from Romania to Israel under this agreement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gasparini |first1=Amedeo |title="Our most important export commodities": independence, money, and ethnic purity in the Jewry policy during the Ceaușescu years |journal=Journal of Modern Jewish Studies |date=24 May 2023 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=267–275 |doi=10.1080/14725886.2023.2212283 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725886.2023.2212283 |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en |issn=1472-5886|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When Romania was under control of [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]], he received 10 million dollars per year, and only he had the access to the money transferred to the secret account. Israel also bought Romanian goods and invested into Romania's economy. After his death, Ceauşescu practically sold the Jews to Israel, and received between 4,000 and 6,000$ per person.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Petrescu |first1=Dragoq |title=The Ransom of the Jews: The Story of the Extraordinary Secret Bargain Between Romania and Israel (review) |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |date=2008 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=127–128 |doi=10.1162/jcws.2008.10.1.127 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/6/article/231590/summary |access-date=15 January 2024 |issn=1531-3298|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Israel could have transferred nearly 60 million dollars for the aliyah.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melman |first1=Yossi |last2=Raviv |first2=Dan |title=BUYING ROMANIA'S JEWS |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1990/01/14/buying-romanias-jews/6b7fe6eb-7fd6-4d0a-9264-92f008926cd9/ |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=15 January 2024 |date=14 January 1990}}</ref> Another estimation is higher - according to [[Radu Ioanid]], "Ceausescu sold 40,577 Jews to Israel for $112,498,800, at a price of $2,500 and later at $3,300 per head."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Beckerman |first1=Gal |title=The Cold War's Strangest Bedfellows How Romania Sold Its Jews to Israel, and What It Got in Return |url=https://forward.com/culture/2923/the-cold-war-e2-80-99s-strangest-bedfellows-how-romania/?amp=1 |website=The Forward |access-date=15 January 2024 |language=en |date=11 February 2005}}</ref>

===From the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states===
{{Main|1970s Soviet Union aliyah|1990s post-Soviet aliyah|Jackson–Vanik amendment}}
{{See also|Russian Jews in Israel|Georgian Jews in Israel}}

[[File:Immigration to Israel.webp|thumb|{{center|'''Immigration to Israel'''}}
{{legend|#3981C6|Total Immigrants|outline=#D5D5D5}}
{{legend|#D9544D|Immigrants from the [[USSR]] and [[Post-Soviet states]]|outline=#FFD900}}
]]
[[File:19730110 Soviet refuseniks demonstrate at MVD.jpg|thumb|upright|Soviet authorities break up a demonstration of Jewish [[Refusenik (Soviet Union)|refuseniks]] in front of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for the right to immigrate to Israel, January 10, 1973<ref name="Aliyah">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/10/Aliyah |title=Aliyah |date=2008-08-02 |work=mfa |publisher=mfa.gov.il |access-date=2008-08-10 |archive-date=2012-12-18 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121218143631/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/10/Aliyah |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime. The only acceptable ground was family reunification, and a formal petition ("вызов", ''vyzov'') from a relative from abroad was required for the processing to begin. Often, the result was a [[refusenik (Soviet Union)|formal refusal]]. The risks to apply for an exit visa compounded because the entire family had to quit their jobs, which in turn would make them vulnerable to charges of [[Parasitism (social offense)|social parasitism]], a criminal offense. Because of these hardships, Israel set up the group [[Lishkat Hakesher]] in the early 1950s to maintain contact and promote aliyah with Jews behind the [[Iron Curtain]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

From [[Israel]]'s establishment in 1948 to the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, Soviet aliyah remained minimal. Those who made aliyah during this period were mainly elderly people granted clearance to leave for family reunification purposes. Only about 22,000 Soviet Jews managed to reach Israel. In the wake of the Six-Day War, the USSR broke off the diplomatic relations with the Jewish state. An [[Anti-Zionism|Anti-Zionist]] propaganda campaign in the state-controlled [[mass media]] and the rise of [[Zionology]] were accompanied by harsher discrimination of the Soviet Jews. By the end of the 1960s, Jewish cultural and religious life in the Soviet Union had become practically impossible, and the majority of Soviet Jews were [[cultural assimilation|assimilated]] and [[atheist|non-religious]], but this new wave of state-sponsored [[anti-Semitism]] on one hand, and the sense of pride for victorious Jewish nation over Soviet-armed Arab armies on the other, stirred up [[Zionism|Zionist]] feelings.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

After the [[Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair]] and the crackdown that followed, strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota. In the years 1960–1970, the USSR let only 4,000 people leave; in the following decade, the number rose to 250,000.<ref name="Alexeyeva-1992"/> The exodus of Soviet Jews began in 1968.<ref name="Lazin-2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.cis.org/RefugeeResettlement-SovietJewry |title=Refugee Resettlement and 'Freedom of Choice': The Case of Soviet Jewry |last=Lazin |first=Fred A. |date=July 2005 |publisher=Center for Immigration Studies |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622163351/http://cis.org/RefugeeResettlement-SovietJewry |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; text-align:right;"
! Year
! Exit visas<br />to Israel
! Immigrants from<br />the USSR<ref name="Alexeyeva-1992">{{cite book |script-title=ru:История инакомыслия в СССР |last=Alexeyeva |first=Lyudmila |author-link=Lyudmila Alexeyeva |year=1992 |publisher=Vest' |location=Vilnius |language=ru |trans-title=The History of Dissident Movement in the USSR |oclc=489831449 |access-date=October 7, 2012 |url=http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/alexeewa/ |archive-date=March 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309152800/http://www.memo.ru/history/diss/books/alexeewa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|1968 || 231    || 231
|-
|1969 || 3,033  || 3,033
|-
|1970 || 999    || 999
|-
|1971 || 12,897 || 12,893
|-
|1972 || 31,903 || 31,652
|-
|1973 || 34,733 || 33,277
|-
|1974 || 20,767 || 16,888
|-
|1975 || 13,363 || 8,435
|-
|1976 || 14,254 || 7,250
|-
|1977 || 16,833 || 8,350
|-
|1978 || 28,956 || 12,090
|-
|1979 || 51,331 || 17,278
|-
|1980 || 21,648 || 7,570
|-
|1981 || 9,448  || 1,762
|-
|1982 || 2,692  || 731
|-
|1983 || 1,314  || 861
|-
|1984 || 896    || 340
|-
|1985 || 1,140  || 348
|-
|1986 || 904    || 201
|}

Between 1968 and 1973, almost all Soviet Jews allowed to leave settled in Israel, and only a small minority moved to other Western countries. However, in the following years, the number of those moving to other Western nations increased.<ref name="Lazin-2005"/> Soviet Jews granted permission to leave were taken by train to [[Austria]] to be processed and then flown to Israel. There, the ones who chose not to go to Israel, called "dropouts", exchanged their immigrant invitations to Israel for refugee status in a Western country, especially the United States. Eventually, most Soviet Jews granted permission to leave became dropouts. Overall, between 1970 and 1988, some 291,000 Soviet Jews were granted exit visas, of whom 165,000 moved to Israel and 126,000 moved to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 |title=Post-Soviet Aliyah and Jewish Demographic Transformation |access-date=2021-01-16 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105203728/http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=11924 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR, of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel.

In 1989 the United States changed its immigration policy of unconditionally granting Soviet Jews refugee status. That same year, Soviet Premier [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] ended restrictions on Jewish immigration, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991. Since then, about a million people from the former Soviet Union immigrated to Israel,<ref>{{cite news |title=After 20 years, why has Russian immigration to Israel stagnated? |first=Tracy |last=Levy |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/after-20-years-why-has-russian-immigration-to-israel-stagnated-1.8125 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=22 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822051153/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/after-20-years-why-has-russian-immigration-to-israel-stagnated-1.8125 |url-status=live }}</ref> including approximately 240,000 who were not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for Israeli citizenship under the [[Law of Return]].

The number of immigrants counted as halachically non-Jewish from the former USSR has been constantly rising ever since 1989. For example, in 1990 around 96% of the immigrants were halachically Jewish and only 4% were non-Jewish family members. However, in 2000, the proportion was: Jews (includes children from non-Jewish father and Jewish mother) - 47%, Non-Jewish spouses of Jews - 14%, children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother - 17%, Non-Jewish spouses of children from Jewish father and non-Jewish mother - 6%, non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent - 14% & Non-Jewish spouses of non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent - 2%.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHOwFJ20p2kC&pg=PA101 |title=Jewish Intermarriage Around the World - Shulamit Reinharz, Sergio Della Pergola |date=2011-12-31 |isbn=978-1-4128-1544-4 |access-date=2013-04-29|last1=Reinharz |first1=Shulamit |last2=Dellapergola |first2=Sergio |publisher=Transaction Publishers }}</ref>

Following the beginning of the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], [[Ukrainian Jews]] making aliyah from Ukraine reached 142% higher during the first four months of 2014 compared to the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/19-ukrainian-jews-make-aliyah-to-flee-growing-unrest/ | title=Ukrainian Jews immigrate to Israel amid growing unrest | website=[[The Times of Israel]] | date=May 4, 2014 | access-date=12 May 2014 | archive-date=21 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421090547/http://www.timesofisrael.com/19-ukrainian-jews-make-aliyah-to-flee-growing-unrest/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/23227/ukrainian-aliyah-to-israel-up-significantly/ |title=Ukrainian Aliyah to Israel Up Significantly |publisher=Shalom Life |date=May 5, 2014 |access-date=15 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517122218/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/23227/ukrainian-aliyah-to-israel-up-significantly/ |archive-date=17 May 2014 }}</ref> In 2014, aliyah from the former Soviet Union went up 50% from the previous year with some 11,430 people or approximately 43% of all Jewish immigrants arrived from the former Soviet Union, propelled from the increase from Ukraine with some 5,840 new immigrants have come from Ukraine over the course of the year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jewishagency.org/blog/1/article/31301 | title=Aliyah Hits Ten-Year High: Approximately 26,500 New Immigrants Arrived in Israel in 2014 | publisher=The Jewish Agency | date=Jan 2, 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=2 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702213535/http://www.jewishagency.org/blog/1/article/31301 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189334#.VZDX-_lVhBc | title=Aliyah Figures at Highest in a Decade; France Leads the Way | publisher=Arutz Sheva | date=December 31, 2014 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=1 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601221611/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189334#.VZDX-_lVhBc | url-status=live }}</ref>

The wave of aliyah from Russia since 2014 has been called "Putin's aliyah", "Putin's exodus", and "cheese aliyah" (foreign cheese was one of the first products to disappear from Russian shops because of anti-sanctions imposed by the Russian government).<ref>{{cite news |title=Why Members of the 'Putin Aliyah' Are Abandoning Israel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/members-of-the-putin-aliyah-are-abandoning-israel-1.5460939 |website=Haaretz |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320164055/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/members-of-the-putin-aliyah-are-abandoning-israel-1.5460939 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Putin's Aliyah: Russian Jews leave Israel |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170414-russian-jews-leave-israel/ |website=Middle East Monitor |access-date=20 March 2022 |date=14 April 2017 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184612/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170414-russian-jews-leave-israel/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Galily |first1=Lily |title=THE OTHER TRIBE: ISRAEL'S RUSSIANSPEAKING COMMUNITIY AND HOW IT IS CHANGING THE COUNTRY |date=September 2020 |publisher=The Brookings Institution |page=16 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FP_20200921_other_tribe_galili.pdf |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320185235/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/FP_20200921_other_tribe_galili.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rudnitsky |first1=Anna |title=On the banks of the Yarkon River lies a little piece of Moscow |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-the-banks-of-the-yarkon-river-lies-a-little-piece-of-moscow/ |website=The Times of Israel |date=26 October 2016 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320185234/https://www.timesofisrael.com/on-the-banks-of-the-yarkon-river-lies-a-little-piece-of-moscow/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Dubinets |first1=Elena |title=Russian Composers Abroad: How They Left, Stayed, Returned |date=5 October 2021 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-05779-2 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHBOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22putin%27s+aliyah%22&pg=PA183 |access-date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The number of repatriants in this wave is comparable with that coming from the USSR between 1970 and 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAWire - Putin's exodus: Number of Jews leaving Russia for Israel reaches Soviet levels |url=https://www.uawire.org/putin-s-exodus-number-of-jews-leaving-russia-for-israel-reaches-soviet-levels |website=www.uawire.org |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180230/https://www.uawire.org/putin-s-exodus-number-of-jews-leaving-russia-for-israel-reaches-soviet-levels |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Israel announced "Immigrants Come Home" operation. As of June 2022, more than 25,000 people arrived in Israel from Ukraine, Russia, Belarus and Moldova.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-709274|title=Over 25,000 olim in 'Immigrants Come Home' operation arrived in Israel|website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com|date=13 June 2022|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722164833/https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-709274|url-status=live}}</ref>

===From Latin America===
{{Main|Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s}}
{{See also|Argentine Jews in Israel|Uruguayan Jews in Israel|Venezuelan Jews in Israel}}

In [[Argentina]], the [[1998–2002 Argentine great depression|political and economic crisis of 1999–2002]] led to a severe banking collapse, resulting in the loss of billions of dollars in deposits and significantly affecting the country's middle class. During this period, most of the estimated 200,000 Jews in Argentina were directly impacted. Approximately 4,400 individuals chose to start anew and immigrate to Israel, where they saw new opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarín |first=Redacción |date=2002-03-10 |title=La comunidad judía argentina, ante un momento difícil |url=https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/comunidad-judia-argentina-momento-dificil_0_r1bmO5Sx0Yl.html?srsltid=AfmBOorMLd1TxGTBjoM4M9qeJJjTKtL09t_AUTi0ruT0edOW3OssdFL7 |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Clarín |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Prensa Judía |title=Los judíos argentinos son los que más emigran a Israel |url=http://www.prensajudia.com/shop/detallenot.asp?notid=18389 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115062328/http://www.prensajudia.com/shop/detallenot.asp?notid=18389 |archivedate=15 January 2014 |accessdate=13 January 2014 |language=Spanish}}</ref> Since 2000, over 10,000 Argentine Jews have moved to Israel, joining the thousands of Argentine immigrants who had already settled there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judío |first=Enlace |date=2014-07-24 |title="Crisis económica asimilación y Aliá, causas la disminución de la Comunidad judía en Argentina": Daniel Berliner, Director AJN |url=https://www.enlacejudio.com/2014/07/24/crisis-economica-asimilacion-alia-causas-la-disminucion-de-la-comunidad-judia-en-argentina-daniel-berliner-director-ajn/ |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=Enlace Judío |language=es}}</ref>

In [[Uruguay]], the [[History of the Jews in Uruguay|Jewish community]], which had reached its peak in the 1960s, began to decline in the 1970s due to a period of political turmoil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=World Jewish |title=World Jewish Congress, Community in Uruguay |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/UY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302122515/https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/UY |archive-date=2024-03-02 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=World Jewish Congress |language=EN}}</ref> However, by the early 21st century, following an [[2002 Uruguay banking crisis|economic crisis]], a portion of the country's Jewish community chose to make aliyah, with approximately 22,000 members remaining in Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Uruguay's Dwindling Jewish Community Falls Victim to Its Zionist Spirit |url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/americas/2019-05-16/ty-article/.premium/uruguays-dwindling-jewish-community-falls-victim-to-its-zionist-spirit/0000017f-e9ac-d639-af7f-e9ff8f3f0000 |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=Haaretz |language=en}}</ref> It continued to be one of the largest Jewish communities on the continent, both in terms of absolute numbers and as a percentage of the total population.<ref>{{Citation |title=World Jewish Population, 2019 |volume=26 |year=2019 |editor-last=Dashefsky |editor-first=Arnold |editor-last2=DellaPergola |editor-first2=Sergio |editor-last3=Sheskin |editor-first3=Ira |url=https://www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/2019_World_Jewish_Population_(AJYB,_DellaPergola)_DataBank_Final.pdf |publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank}}</ref>

During 2002 and 2003 the [[Jewish Agency for Israel]] launched an intensive public campaign to promote aliyah from the region, and offered additional economic aid for immigrants from Argentina. Although the [[economy of Argentina]] improved, and some who had immigrated to Israel from Argentina moved back following South American country's economic growth from 2003 onwards, Argentine Jews continue to immigrate to Israel, albeit in smaller numbers than before. The Argentine community in Israel is about 50,000-70,000 people, the largest Latin American group in the country.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In [[Venezuela]], growing [[antisemitism]] in the country, including antisemitic violence, caused an increasing number of Jews to move to Israel during the 2000s. For the first time in Venezuelan history, Jews began leaving for Israel in the hundreds. By November 2010, more than half of Venezuela's 20,000-strong Jewish community had left the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Venezuela, remarks like 'Hitler didn't finish the job' are routine |first1=Natasha |last1=Mozgovaya |first2=Shlomo |last2=Papirblat |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/in-venezuela-remarks-like-hitler-didn-t-finish-the-job-are-routine-1.325667 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=20 November 2010 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=10 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010015025/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/in-venezuela-remarks-like-hitler-didn-t-finish-the-job-are-routine-1.325667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jewish community in Venezuela shrinks by half |first=Gil |last=Shefler |url=https://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=186636 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=4 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100904035820/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=186636 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===From France===
{{See also|History of the Jews in France|French Jews in Israel}}{{Jewish outreach}}
From 2000 to 2009, more than 13,000 French Jews immigrated to Israel, largely as a result of [[Anti-Semitism in 21st century France|growing anti-semitism]] in the country. A peak was reached in 2005, with 2,951 immigrants. However, between 20 and 30% eventually returned to France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.terredisrael.com/infos/?p=34260 |title=Le chiffre de l'alya des Juifs de France ne décolle pas! |publisher=terredisrael.com |language=fr |access-date=9 October 2012 |archive-date=5 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505224110/http://www.terredisrael.com/infos/?p=34260 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

In 2012, some 200,000 French citizens lived in Israel.<ref>{{cite web |last=Podolsky |first=Philip |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/france-draws-up-plans-to-evacuate-200000-franco-israelis-in-case-of-war/ |title=France reportedly draws up plans to evacuate 200,000 Franco-Israelis in case of war |publisher=The Times of Israel |date=2012-08-10 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2019-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529132550/https://www.timesofisrael.com/france-draws-up-plans-to-evacuate-200000-franco-israelis-in-case-of-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the same year, following the election of [[François Hollande]] and the [[Toulouse and Montauban shootings|Jewish school shooting]] in [[Toulouse]], as well as ongoing acts of anti-semitism and the European economic crisis, an increasing number of French Jews began buying property in Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is crisis bringing French Jews to Israel? |first=Ofer |last=Petersberg |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4230253,00.html |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=26 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526132542/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4230253,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2012, it was reported that anti-semitic attacks had risen by 40% in the five months following the Toulouse shooting, and that many French Jews were seriously considering immigrating to Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=French Anti-Semitic Attacks Up by 40 Percent |url=https://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/August/French-Anti-Semitic-Attacks-Up-by-40-Percent-/ |newspaper=CBN |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101023548/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/insideisrael/2012/August/French-Anti-Semitic-Attacks-Up-by-40-Percent-/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, 3,120 French Jews immigrated to Israel, marking a 63% increase over the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/190040/immigration-to-israel-rises-by--led-by-french/ | title=Immigration to Israel Rises by 7% — Led by French | publisher=Forward | date=December 29, 2013 | access-date=11 March 2014 | archive-date=11 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311123530/http://forward.com/articles/190040/immigration-to-israel-rises-by--led-by-french/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In the first two months of 2014, French Jewish aliyah increased precipitously by 312% with 854 French Jews making aliyah over the first two months.  Immigration from France throughout 2014 has been attributed to several factors, of which includes increasing antisemitism, in which many Jews have been harassed and attacked by a fusillade of local thugs and gangs, a stagnant European economy and concomitant high youth unemployment rates.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Jewish-Agency-touts-French-aliyah-increase-346962 | title=Jewish Agency touts French aliyah increase | date=2014-03-30 | access-date=5 April 2014 | author=Sam Sokol | archive-date=2014-04-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405013711/http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Jewish-Agency-touts-French-aliyah-increase-346962 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/195508/thousands-attend-paris-aliyah-fair-amid-spate-of-a/ | title=2014 Sees Sharp Rise in French Immigration to Israel | date=31 March 2014 | publisher=The Forward Association, Inc. | access-date=5 April 2014 | archive-date=9 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709053105/http://forward.com/articles/195508/thousands-attend-paris-aliyah-fair-amid-spate-of-a/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179063#.U0BmuEIvla0 | title=312% Rise in French Aliyah in First Months of 2014 | date=30 March 2014 | access-date=5 April 2014 | author=Yaakov Levi | archive-date=4 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404120946/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/179063#.U0BmuEIvla0 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Hate fears push French aliyah to new high | date=March 31, 2014 | author=Marcus Dysch}}</ref>

During the first few months of 2014, [[The Jewish Agency]] of Israel continued to encourage an increase of French aliyah through aliyah fairs, Hebrew language courses, sessions which help potential immigrants to find jobs in Israel, and immigrant absorption in Israel.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2014/4/7/french-anti-semitism-and-french-aliyah-skyrocket-on-parallel-tracks#.U0Np10Ivla0 | title=French anti-Semitism and French aliyah skyrocket on parallel tracks | date=April 7, 2014 | access-date=7 April 2014 | author=Josh Hasten | archive-date=8 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408231859/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2014/4/7/french-anti-semitism-and-french-aliyah-skyrocket-on-parallel-tracks#.U0Np10Ivla0 | url-status=live }}</ref> A May 2014 survey revealed that 74 percent of French Jews considered leaving France for Israel; of those considering leaving, 29.9 percent cited anti-Semitism. Another 24.4 cited their desire to “preserve their Judaism,” while 12.4 percent said they were attracted by other countries. “Economic considerations” was cited by 7.5 percent of the respondents.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://forward.com/articles/198445/-of-french-jews-consider-leaving-country/#ixzz32WWy7K3t | title=74% of French Jews Consider Leaving Country | date=19 May 2014 | publisher=Forward | access-date=23 May 2014 | archive-date=22 May 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522015323/http://forward.com/articles/198445/-of-french-jews-consider-leaving-country/#ixzz32WWy7K3t | url-status=live }}</ref> By June 2014, it was estimated by the end of 2014 a full 1 percent of the French Jewish community will have made aliyah to Israel, the largest in a single year. Many Jewish leaders stated the emigration is being driven by a combination of factors, including the cultural gravitation towards Israel and France's economic woes, especially for the younger generation drawn by the possibility of other socioeconomic opportunities in the more vibrant Israeli economy.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182037#.U7UbCUtrRHU | title=Jewish Agency: 'Dramatic' Rise in French, Ukraine Aliyah | publisher=Arutz Sheva | date=2014-06-22 | access-date=3 July 2014 | author=Moshe Cohen | archive-date=2014-07-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702204057/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/182037#.U7UbCUtrRHU | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/world/europe/number-of-french-jews-emigrating-to-israel-rises-sharply.html?_r=0 | title=Number of French Jews Emigrating to Israel Rises | work=The New York Times | date=June 20, 2014 | access-date=3 July 2014 | author=Dan Bilefsky | archive-date=2 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702071429/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/21/world/europe/number-of-french-jews-emigrating-to-israel-rises-sharply.html?_r=0 | url-status=live }}</ref> During the Hebrew year 5774 (September 2013 - September 2014) for the first time ever, more Jews made aliyah from France than any other country, numbering approximately 6,000 and fleeing antisemitism, violence and economic malaise.<ref name="5 year high">{{cite web| date=22 September 2014| first=Gil| last=Ronen| url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/185414#.VCDdCGPX6nY| title=Ahead of New Year, Aliyah Hits 5-Year High| publisher=Israel National News| access-date=22 September 2014| archive-date=23 September 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923002212/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/185414#.VCDdCGPX6nY| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/24800-new-immigrants-arrive-in-Israel-in-5774-376063 24,800 new immigrants arrive in Israel in 5774] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922182006/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/24800-new-immigrants-arrive-in-Israel-in-5774-376063 |date=2014-09-22 }} - Retrieved 22 September 2014</ref>

In January 2015, events such as the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting]] and [[Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis]] created a shock wave of fear across the French Jewish community. As a result of these events, the Jewish Agency planned an aliyah plan for 120,000 French Jews who wished to make aliyah.<ref>{{cite news | title=Jewish Agency-affiliated think tank composes aliyah plan for 120,000 French Jews | publisher=JTA News | date=January 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/73795/aliyah-plan-prepares-for-120000-french-jews/ | title=Aliyah plan prepares for 120,000 French Jews | newspaper=J | publisher=JWeekly | date=January 29, 2015 | access-date=13 February 2015 | archive-date=14 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214082114/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/73795/aliyah-plan-prepares-for-120000-french-jews/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, with Europe's stagnant economy, many affluent French Jewish skilled professionals, businesspeople and investors sought Israel as a start-up haven for international investments, as well as for job and new business opportunities.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/israel-gains-as-france-loses-entrepreneurs-among-persecuted-jews | title=Israel Gains With Influx of French Jewish Entrepreneurs | publisher=Bloomberg | date=January 22, 2015 | access-date=13 February 2015 | archive-date=2015-02-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216180930/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-01-22/israel-gains-as-france-loses-entrepreneurs-among-persecuted-jews | url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Dov Maimon, a French Jewish émigré who studies migration as a senior fellow at the [[Jewish People Policy Institute]], expects as many as 250,000 French Jews to make aliyah by 2030.<ref name="Bloomberg"/>

Hours after an attack and an ISIS flag was raised on a gas factory near Lyon where the severed head of a local businessman was pinned to the gates on June 26, 2015, Immigration and Absorption Minister [[Zeev Elkin|Ze’ev Elkin]] strongly urged the French Jewish community to move to Israel and made it a national priority for Israel to welcome French Jews with open arms.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11700513/Grenoble-attack-Man-found-beheaded-and-Islamist-flag-raised-above-French-factory-live.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/11700513/Grenoble-attack-Man-found-beheaded-and-Islamist-flag-raised-above-French-factory-live.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Grenoble attack: Man found beheaded and Islamist flag raised above factory in France - latest | publisher=The Telegraph | date=26 June 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | author=Raziye Akkoc, and Henry Samuel}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/come-home-israeli-minister-urges-french-jews-amid-terror-wave/ | title=Come home!' Israeli minister urges French Jews amid terror wave | publisher=Times of Israel | date=June 26, 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=28 June 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628010304/http://www.timesofisrael.com/come-home-israeli-minister-urges-french-jews-amid-terror-wave/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Immigration from France increased: in the first half of 2015, approximately 5,100 French Jews made aliyah to Israel, or 25% more than in the same period during the previous year.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/06/21/israels-absorption-ministry-plans-for-influx-of-french-jews/ | title=Israel's Absorption Ministry Plans for Influx of French Jews | publisher=Algemeiner | date=21 June 2015 | access-date=28 June 2015 | archive-date=1 July 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701105116/http://www.algemeiner.com/2015/06/21/israels-absorption-ministry-plans-for-influx-of-french-jews/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/does-a-gritty-ex-cops-move-to-israel-symbolize-the-end-for-frances-jews/ | title=Does a gritty ex-cop's move to Israel symbolize the end for France's Jews? | publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] | date=28 October 2015 | access-date=30 October 2015 | archive-date=29 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029235849/http://www.timesofisrael.com/does-a-gritty-ex-cops-move-to-israel-symbolize-the-end-for-frances-jews/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]] committed by suspected ISIS affiliates in retaliation for [[Opération Chammal]], one source reported that 80 percent of French Jews were considering making aliyah.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/203445#.Vku20HarSM9 | title=80% of French Jews considering aliyah | publisher=Arutz Sheva | date=16 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Cohen, Shimon | archive-date=17 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117163752/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/203445#.Vku20HarSM9 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/french-now-realizing-they-and-not-just-jews-are-targets/ | title=French now realizing they, and not just Jews, are targets | publisher=Times of Israel | date=15 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Amanda Borschel-Dan | archive-date=16 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116164802/http://www.timesofisrael.com/french-now-realizing-they-and-not-just-jews-are-targets/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-1.686070 | title=For French Jews, a New Reality: Under Attack for Being French, Not Jewish | publisher=Haaretz | date=14 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Shitbon, Shirli | archive-date=16 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116191735/http://www.haaretz.com/world-news/.premium-1.686070 | url-status=live }}</ref> According to the Jewish Agency, nearly 6,500 French Jews made aliyah between January and November 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Steady-increase-in-number-of-French-Jews-making-aliya-434327 | title=Steady increase in number of French Jews making aliya | publisher=The Jerusalem Post | date=17 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | author=Bassist, Rina | archive-date=18 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118101615/http://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Steady-increase-in-number-of-French-Jews-making-aliya-434327 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/israel-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-says-destroy-terrorists-homes-fight-terrorism-655186 | title=French Jews head to Israel in the wake of Paris terror attacks | publisher=IB Business Times | date=17 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | archive-date=18 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118042107/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/israel-pm-benjamin-netanyahu-says-destroy-terrorists-homes-fight-terrorism-655186 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/first-french-jews-immigrate-to-israel-after-paris-attacks/ | title=Dozens of French Jews immigrate to Israel after Paris attacks | publisher=Times of Israel | date=17 November 2015 | access-date=17 November 2015 | archive-date=17 November 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117183516/http://www.timesofisrael.com/first-french-jews-immigrate-to-israel-after-paris-attacks/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

{{anchor|North American Aliyah}}

===From North America===
{{See also|History of the Jews in the United States|History of the Jews in Canada}}
[[File:Welcoming.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nefesh B'Nefesh]] group welcomes North American immigrants to Israel]]
More than 200,000 North American immigrants live in Israel. There has been a steady flow of immigration from North America since Israel's inception in 1948.<ref>{{cite news |title=Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line! |author=Daphna Berman |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/need-an-appointment-at-the-u-s-embassy-get-on-line-1.237816 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=January 23, 2008 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |quote=According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories. |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924225204/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/need-an-appointment-at-the-u-s-embassy-get-on-line-1.237816 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship |author=Michele Chabin |location=Jerusalem |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-03-19/in-vitro-citizenship/53656616/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=March 19, 2012 |access-date=December 11, 2012 |quote=Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free. |archive-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629165641/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-03-19/in-vitro-citizenship/53656616/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several thousand American Jews moved to Mandate Palestine before the State of Israel was established. From Israel's establishment in 1948 to the [[Six-Day War]] in 1967, aliyah from the United States and Canada was minimal. In 1959, a former President of the Association of Americans and Canadians in Israel estimated that out of the 35,000 American and Canadian Jews who had made aliyah, only 6,000 remained.<ref>Troen S., Ilan and Lucas, Noah: ''Israel: The First Decade of Independence''</ref>

Following the Six-Day War in 1967, and the subsequent euphoria among world Jewry, significant numbers arrived in the late 1960s and 1970s, whereas it had been a mere trickle before. Between 1967 and 1973, 60,000 North American Jews immigrated to Israel. However, many of them later returned to their original countries. An estimated 58% of American Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1961 and 1972 ended up returning to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1997/05/27/archive/six-day-war-anniversary-north-american-olim-who-came-after-1967-war-maintain-idealism-2|title=Six-day War Anniversary: North American Olim Who Came After 1967 War Maintain Idealism|date=May 27, 1997|access-date=February 3, 2020|archive-date=February 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203020639/https://www.jta.org/1997/05/27/archive/six-day-war-anniversary-north-american-olim-who-came-after-1967-war-maintain-idealism-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Berman |first=Daphna |url=https://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/the-40th-anniversary-of-the-six-day-war-rate-of-return-1.221976 |title=The 40th anniversary of the Six-Day War / Rate of return - Israel News &#124; Haaretz Daily Newspaper |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2007-06-01 |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016041209/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/anglo-file/the-40th-anniversary-of-the-six-day-war-rate-of-return-1.221976 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Like Western European immigrants, North Americans tend to immigrate to Israel more for religious, ideological, and political purposes, and not financial or security ones.<ref>Waxman, Chaim. American Aliyah, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1989. pg. 131-135</ref> Many immigrants began arriving in Israel after the [[First Intifada|First]] and [[Second Intifada]], with a total of 3,052 arriving in 2005 — the highest number since 1983.<ref name=jta>{{cite web|url=https://jta.org/news/article/2009/12/29/1009932/us-aliyah-highest-in-26-years |title=U.S. aliyah highest in 36 years |publisher=JTA Article |date=2009-12-29 |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531124402/http://www.jta.org/news/article/2009/12/29/1009932/us-aliyah-highest-in-26-years |archive-date=2012-05-31 }}</ref>

[[Nefesh B'Nefesh]], founded in 2002 by Rabbi [[Yehoshua Fass]] and Tony Gelbart, works to encourage aliyah from North America and the UK by providing financial assistance, employment services and streamlined governmental procedures. Nefesh B’Nefesh works in cooperation with the [[Jewish Agency]] and the Israeli Government in increasing the numbers of North American and British immigrants.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

After the [[2008 financial crisis]], American Jewish immigration to Israel rose. This wave of immigration was triggered by Israel's lower unemployment rate, combined with financial incentives offered to new Jewish immigrants. In 2009, aliyah was at its highest in 36 years, with 3,324 North American Jews making aliyah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Not just Zionism: Lousy economy pushes more U.S. Jews to move to Israel |first=Beth |last=Schwartzapfel |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/not-just-zionism-lousy-economy-pushes-more-u-s-jews-to-move-to-israel-1.263995 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2 March 2010 |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707184354/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/2.209/not-just-zionism-lousy-economy-pushes-more-u-s-jews-to-move-to-israel-1.263995 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Since the 1990s===
[[File:December Charter Flight.jpg|thumb|New immigrants in Ben Gurion airport in Israel, 2007]]
Since the mid-1990s, there has been a steady stream of [[History of the Jews in South Africa|South African]], [[American Jews|American]] and [[French Jews]] who have either made aliyah, or purchased property in [[Israel]] for potential future immigration. Over 2,000 French Jews moved to Israel each year between 2000 and 2004 due to [[Antisemitism in 21st-century France|anti-Semitism in France]].<ref>{{cite news |title=As attacks rise in France, Jews flock to Israel |first=Andrea |last=Stone |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-11-22-jews-france_x.htm |newspaper=USA Today |date=22 November 2004 |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021060513/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-11-22-jews-france_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Bnei Menashe]] Jews from [[India]], whose recent discovery and recognition by mainstream Judaism as descendants of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] is subject to some controversy, slowly started their aliyah in the early 1990s and continue arriving in slow numbers.<ref name="Nefesh B Nefesh">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbn.org.il/|date=2008-08-02|title=Nefesh B. Nefesh|publisher=nbn.com|access-date=2005-10-12|archive-date=2005-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051003205014/http://www.nbn.org.il/|url-status=live}}</ref> Organizations such as [[Nefesh B'Nefesh]] and [[Shavei Israel]] help with aliyah by supporting financial aid and guidance on a variety of topics such as finding work, learning [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] into [[Israeli culture]].

In early 2007 ''[[Haaretz]]'' reported that aliyah for the year of 2006 was down approximately 9% from 2005, "the lowest number of immigrants recorded since 1988".<ref>{{cite news |title=Aliyah sees 9% dip from 2005 |first=Moti |last=Bassok |url=https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/aliyah-sees-9-dip-from-2005-1.213647 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=21 February 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020090040/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/aliyah-sees-9-dip-from-2005-1.213647 |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of new immigrants in 2007 was 18,127, the lowest since 1988. Only 36% of these new immigrants came from the former Soviet Union (close to 90% in the 1990s) while the number of immigrants from countries like France and the United States was stable.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=200821028 |title=הודעות לעיתונות |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719015921/http://cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=200821028 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some 15,452 immigrants arrived in Israel in 2008 and 16,465 in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/14424/2010-was-a-very-good-year-for-making-aliyah/ |title=2010 Was a Very Good Year for Making Aliyah |publisher=Shalomlife.com |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006125750/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/14424/2010-was-a-very-good-year-for-making-aliyah/ |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref> On October 20, 2009, the first group of [[Kaifeng Jews]] arrived in Israel, in an aliyah operation coordinated by Shavei Israel.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/Article.aspx?id=158345 From Kaifeng to kibbutzim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506202538/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/Article.aspx?id=158345 |date=2013-05-06 }}. ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Oster |first1=Marcy |title=Descendants of Chinese Jews arrive in Israel |url=https://www.jta.org/2009/10/26/israel/descendants-of-chinese-jews-arrive-in-israel |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=26 October 2009 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423113430/https://www.jta.org/2009/10/26/israel/descendants-of-chinese-jews-arrive-in-israel |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bitton |first1=Rebecca |title=Kaifeng Jews study in Israeli yeshiva |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3936926,00.html |work=Ynetnews |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424105546/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3936926,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Shalom Life'' reported that over 19,000 new immigrants arrived in Israel in 2010, an increase of 16 percent over 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shalomlife.com/news/3279/immigration-to-israel-increases-by-17-percent-in-2009/ |title=Immigration to Israel increases by 17 percent in 2009 |publisher=Shalomlife.com |access-date=2013-04-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164958/http://www.shalomlife.com/news/3279/immigration-to-israel-increases-by-17-percent-in-2009/ |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref>

As reported by the Ministry of Immigration and Refugees, there has been a decline in immigration to Israel since the onset of Hamas' conflict with Israel on October 7, 2023. The ministry indicates that immigration to Israel in 2023 has fallen by 30% in comparison to 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stub |first1=Zev |title=Immigration to Israel down 27% since last Passover |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/immigration-to-israel-down-27-since-last-passover/ |website=Times of Israel |date=9 April 2025 }}</ref> The Central Bureau of Statistics announced in December 2024 that 82,700 Israelis departed from the country in the previous year, marking a notable rise compared to the year before and indicating a deceleration in population growth. This was the first instance in which the bureau incorporated long-term foreign residents into its census data.<ref>{{cite web |title=End-of-2024 stats show spike in Israelis leaving, as population growth slows |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-population-growth-slows-as-stats-show-spike-in-residents-moving-abroad/ |website=Times of Israel |date=31 December 2024 }}</ref>

====Paternity testing====
In 2013, the office of the [[Prime Minister of Israel]] announced that some people born out of wedlock, "wishing to immigrate to Israel could be subjected to DNA testing" to prove their paternity is as they claim. A Foreign Ministry spokesman said the genetic paternity testing idea is based on the recommendations of [[Nativ (Liaison Bureau)|Nativ]], an Israeli government organization that has helped [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet]] Jews with aliyah since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Zeiger|first1=Asher|title=Russian-speakers who want to make aliya could need DNA test|work=The Times of Israel |date=29 July 2013 |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/russian-speakers-who-want-to-immigrate-could-need-dna-test/|publisher=Times of Israel|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203225747/http://www.timesofisrael.com/russian-speakers-who-want-to-immigrate-could-need-dna-test/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Holiday==
{{main|Yom HaAliyah}}
[[File:Benjamin West - Joshua passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|250px|''Joshua Passing the River Jordan with the Ark of the Covenant'', [[Benjamin West]], 1800]]

[[Yom HaAliyah]] (Aliyah Day) ({{langx|he|יום העלייה}}) is an Israeli national [[holiday]] celebrated annually according to the [[Jewish calendar]] on the tenth of the [[Hebrew]] month of [[Nisan]] to commemorate  the [[Jews|Jewish people]] entering the [[Land of Israel]] as written in the [[Hebrew Bible]], which happened on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan ({{langx|he|י' ניסן}}).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4817589,00.html|title=Government to pass new holiday: 'Aliyah Day'|work=Ynetnews|access-date=2017-04-23|archive-date=2022-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101084548/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4817589,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The holiday was also established to acknowledge Aliyah, [[immigration]] to the [[Jewish state]], as a core value of the [[State of Israel]], and honor the ongoing contributions of [[Olim]], Jewish immigrants, to Israeli society. Yom HaAliyah is also observed in Israeli schools on the seventh of the Hebrew month of [[Cheshvan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178843|title=Knesset Proposes Aliyah Holiday Bill|website=Israel National News|date=24 March 2014|access-date=2017-04-23|archive-date=2021-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022172658/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/178843|url-status=live}}</ref>

The opening clause of the Yom HaAliyah Law states:

{{Blockquote|
text={{Lang|he|מטרתו של חוק זה לקבוע יום ציון שנתי להכרה בחשיבותה של העלייה לארץ ישראל כבסיס לקיומה של מדינת ישראל, להתפתחותה ולעיצובה כחברה רב־תרבותית, ולציון מועד הכניסה לארץ ישראל שאירע ביום י׳ בניסן.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fs.knesset.gov.il/20/law/20_lsr_343926.pdf|title=חוק יום העלייה – ויקיטקסט|access-date=2019-10-21|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001203258/https://fs.knesset.gov.il/20/law/20_lsr_343926.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The purpose of this law is to set an annual holiday to recognize the importance of Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel as the basis for the existence of the State of Israel, its development and design as a multicultural society, and to mark the date of entry into the Land of Israel that happened on the tenth of Nisan.
|multiline=yes
|author=Yom HaAliyah Law}}

The original day chosen for Yom HaAliyah, the tenth of Nisan, is laden with symbolism. Although a modern holiday created by the Knesset of Israel, the tenth of Nisan is a date of religious significance for the Jewish People as recounted in the Hebrew Bible and in traditional [[Jewish thought]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Bill-seeks-to-establish-national-Aliya-Day-345758|title=Bill seeks to establish national Aliya Day|website=The Jerusalem Post &#124; JPost.com|date=18 March 2014|access-date=3 February 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927165708/https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-News/Bill-seeks-to-establish-national-Aliya-Day-345758|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the tenth of Nisan, according to the biblical narrative in the [[Book of Joshua]], [[Joshua]] and the [[Israelites]] crossed the [[Jordan River]] at [[Gilgal]] into the [[Promised Land]] while carrying the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. It was thus the first documented "mass aliyah." On that day, God commanded the Israelites to commemorate and celebrate the occasion by erecting [[twelve stones]] with the text of the [[Torah]] engraved upon them. The stones represented the entirety of the Jewish nation's twelve tribes and their gratitude for God's gift of the Land of Israel ({{Hebrew Name|אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל|Eretz Yisrael|ʼÉreṣ Yiśrāʼēl}}) to them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/15788/jewish/Chapter-4.htm#v=19/|title=Yehoshua - Joshua - Chapter 4|website=www.chabad.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-23}}</ref>

Yom HaAliyah, as a modern holiday celebration, began in 2009 as a grassroots community initiative and young Olim self-initiated movement in Tel Aviv, spearheaded by the TLV Internationals organization of the [[Am Yisrael Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2016/6/29/yom-haaliyah-they-made-a-day-for-us|title=Yom HaAliyah: They made a day for us!|work=JNS.org|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716191331/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2016/6/29/yom-haaliyah-they-made-a-day-for-us|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 21, 2016, the [[Twentieth Knesset]] voted in favor of codifying the grassroots initiative into law by officially adding Yom HaAliyah to the Israeli national calendar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.jwire.com.au/new-national-holiday-israel/|title=New national holiday in Israel|date=2016-06-21|work=J-Wire|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en-AU|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729231437/http://www.jwire.com.au/new-national-holiday-israel/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Yom HaAliyah bill<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94|title=חוק יום העלייה – ויקיטקסט|website=he.wikisource.org|access-date=2016-11-08|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308225338/https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94|url-status=live}}</ref> was co-sponsored by [[Knesset]] members from different parties in a rare instance of cooperation across the political spectrum of the opposition and coalition.<ref name="randf">{{Cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/rank-and-file-aliyah-day-becomes-official-holiday-1.5400662|title=Rank and File: Aliyah Day Becomes Official Holiday|last=Klein|first=Steven|date=2016-06-24|work=Haaretz|access-date=2017-04-23|language=en|archive-date=2018-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916022655/https://www.haaretz.com/rank-and-file-aliyah-day-becomes-official-holiday-1.5400662|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
===Recent trends===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Top aliyah sending countries:<br/><ref>{{cite web |title=День Алии-2019: репатрианты в Израиле – некоторые данные |url=https://m.knesset.gov.il/RU/activity/mmm/al.pdf |publisher=Исследовательско-аналитический Центр Кнессета |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128071622/https://m.knesset.gov.il/RU/activity/mmm/al.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://archive.jewishagency.org/news/aliyah-statistics-%E2%80%93-2018 During 2018, 30,124 people made Aliyah, 2% more than during 2017. Not including Ethiopian immigrants, 30,087 Olim arrived, as compared to 28,192 in 2017, an increase of 7%.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212213400/http://archive.jewishagency.org/news/aliyah-statistics-%E2%80%93-2018 |date=2019-12-12 }} at jewishagency.org</ref><ref name="archive.jewishagency.org">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.jewishagency.org/news/jewish-agency-summarizes-decade-aliyah|title=The Jewish Agency Summarizes a Decade of Aliyah &#124; The Jewish Agency|website=archive.jewishagency.org|date=22 December 2019|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627205857/https://archive.jewishagency.org/news/jewish-agency-summarizes-decade-aliyah|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel Aliyah Statistics 2020 |url=https://anglo-list.com/israel-aliyah-statistics-2020/ |website=Anglo-List |access-date=20 March 2022 |date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180218/https://anglo-list.com/israel-aliyah-statistics-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Jewish Agency: 250,000 expected to immigrate to Israel in the next 3-5 years |url=https://m.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/press6720x.aspx |website=m.knesset.gov.il |access-date=20 March 2022 |quote=Jewish Agency CEO Amira Ahronoviz presented the official Aliyah statistics for 2019: 35,000 immigrants, including 24,651 from the Commonwealth of Independent States; 3,963 from European countries; 3,539 from North America; 1,746 from Latin America; 663 from Ethiopia; 442 from South Africa; 318 from Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries; and 189 from Australia and New Zealand. |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180220/https://m.knesset.gov.il/en/news/pressreleases/pages/press6720x.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=There was an 18% Increase in Aliyah in 2019 |date=9 August 2020 |url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/aliyah-israel/there-was-an-18-increase-in-aliyah-in-2019/2020/08/09/ |publisher=TPS / Tazpit News |access-date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321081951/https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/aliyah-israel/there-was-an-18-increase-in-aliyah-in-2019/2020/08/09/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=20,000 make Aliyah in 2020 {{!}} The Jewish Agency |url=https://www.jewishagency.org/more-than-20000-olim-moved-to-israel-in-2020/ |website=www.jewishagency.org |date=29 December 2020 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506180218/https://www.jewishagency.org/more-than-20000-olim-moved-to-israel-in-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Статистика: в 2020 году заметно сократилась алия из России и Украины |url=https://www.newsru.co.il/israel/28dec2020/aliya_120.html |website=NEWSru.co.il |date=28 December 2020 |access-date=21 March 2022 |language=ru |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324231945/https://www.newsru.co.il/israel/28dec2020/aliya_120.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 {{!}} The Jewish Agency |url=https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/ |website=www.jewishagency.org |date=11 October 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302182119/https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aliyah recovers from COVID-19 slump in 2021, new record of US olim |url=https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-689471 |website=The Jerusalem Post |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319175807/https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-689471 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bybelezer-2022">{{cite web |last1=Bybelezer |first1=Charles |title=70,000 people from 95 countries make aliyah in 2022 |url=https://www.jns.org/70000-people-from-95-countries-make-aliyah-in-2022/ |website=JNS.org |access-date=6 February 2023 |date=22 December 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151517/https://www.jns.org/70000-people-from-95-countries-make-aliyah-in-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Druckman |first1=Yaron |title=Israel's population nears 10 million as 2022 coming to a warp, report says |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hyruhxiyo |website=Ynetnews |access-date=6 February 2023 |language=en |date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206151519/https://www.ynetnews.com/article/hyruhxiyo |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Five-fold Increase in Immigration to Israel From Russia, Ukraine in 2022 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-01-11/ty-article/.premium/five-fold-increase-in-immigration-to-israel-from-russia-ukraine-in-2022/00000185-a199-d733-a58f-a399f9ed0000 |website=Haaretz |access-date=6 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201130524/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-01-11/ty-article/.premium/five-fold-increase-in-immigration-to-israel-from-russia-ukraine-in-2022/00000185-a199-d733-a58f-a399f9ed0000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

! Country !! 2017 !! 2018 !! 2019 !! 2020 !! 2021 !! 2022
|-
| {{Flag icon|Russia}} [[Russia]] 
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 10673 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 16060 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 6507 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 7500 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 43685 }}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }} 
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 6561 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 6329 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2917 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2123 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 15213 }}
|-
| {{Flag icon|United States}} [[United States]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 3052 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 3141 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2661 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 4000 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 3261 }}
|-
| {{Flag icon|France}} [[France]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }} 
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2723 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2470 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2351 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2819 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 2049 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1467 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 665 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 712 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1589}}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1498 }}{{efn|Part of [[Operation Tzur Israel]]<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }} 
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 969 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 945 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 586 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 780 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 1993 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] 
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 693 }} 
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 673 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 438 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 356 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 523 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 490 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 526 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 347 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 286 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 340 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 633 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 985 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|South Africa}} [[South Africa]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 332 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 442 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 280 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 373 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 426 }}{{efn|Between January 1 and December 1, 2022<ref name="Bybelezer-2022"/>}}
|-
| {{Flag icon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 401 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 203 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 318 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 185 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 152 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 174 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 121 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 110 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 91 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 86 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| {{Flag icon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| 43 }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
| style="text-align:right;"| {{nts| }}
|
|-
| '''Total''' || '''29,509'''  || '''30,403''' || '''35,651''' || '''21,120''' || '''28,601''' || '''74,915'''
|}

===Historic data===
The number of immigrants since 1882 by period, continent of birth, and country of birth is given in the table below. Continent of birth and country of birth data is almost always unavailable or nonexistent for before 1919.<ref name=CBS>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications12/1483_immigration/pdf/tab05.pdf|title=Oops, Something is wrong|website=www.cbs.gov.il|access-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013551/http://cbs.gov.il/publications12/1483_immigration/pdf/tab05.pdf|archive-date=2013-10-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_04&CYear=2013 |title=Immigrants(1), by Period of Immigration, Country of Birth and Last Country of Residence |language=en, he |access-date=2013-09-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113175649/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_04&CYear=2013 |archive-date=2013-11-13}}</ref><ref name="archive.jewishagency.org"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right; font-size: 86%;"
! style="text-align:center;"| Region/Country
! style="text-align:center;"| 1882–<br />1918
! style="text-align:center;"| 1919–<br />1948
! style="text-align:center;"| 1948–<br />1951
! style="text-align:center;"| 1952–<br />1960
! style="text-align:center;"| 1961–<br />1971
! style="text-align:center;"| 1972–<br />1979
! style="text-align:center;"| 1980–<br />1989
! style="text-align:center;"| 1990–<br />2001
! style="text-align:center;"| 2002–<br />2010
! style="text-align:center;"| 2011–<br />2020
! style="text-align:center;"| Total
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:AfricaContour.svg|12px]] ''[[African Jews|Africa]]''
|                                                           
| 4,033
| 93,282 
| 143,485 
| 164,885 
| 19,273 
| 28,664 
| 55,619 
| 31,558
| 20,843	
| '''''561,642''''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]]→{{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Beta Israel|Ethiopia]] and {{flagicon|Eritrea}} [[Eritrea]]  
| 
| 0 
| 10 
| 59 
| 98 
| 309 
| 16,971 
| 45,131 
| 23,613
| 10,500 		
| '''96,691'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[History of the Jews in Algeria|Algeria]]
|
| 994 
| 3,810 
| 3,433 
| 12,857 
| 2,137
| 1,830 
| 1,682 
| 1,967 
| 324
| '''29,034'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[History of the Jews in Egypt|Egypt]] and {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[History of the Jews in Sudan|Sudan]]
| 
| 0 
| 16,028 
| 17,521 
| 2,963 
| 535 
| 372 
| 202 
| 166
| 21
| '''37,808'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Libya}} [[History of the Jews in Libya|Libya]]
| 
| 873 
| 30,972
| 2,079 
| 2,466 
| 219 
| 67 
| 94 
| 36
| 5
| '''36,811''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[History of the Jews in Morocco|Morocco]]
|     
| 0 
| 28,263 
| 95,945 
| 130,507 
| 7,780 
| 3,809 
| 3,276 
| 2,113 
| 384
| '''272,077'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[History of the Jews in South Africa|South Africa]]
|             
| 259 
| 666 
| 774 
| 3,783 
| 5,604 	
| 3,575 	
| 3,283 	
| 1,693
| 2,560 			
| '''22,197'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[History of the Jews in Tunisia|Tunisia]]
| 
| 0 
| 13,293 	
| 23,569 	
| 11,566 	
| 2,148 
| 1,942 
| 1,607
| 1,871
| 398
| '''56,394'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[History of the Jews in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]]
| 
| 0 
| 37 
| 22 
| 145 
| 393 
| 82
| 26
| 14
|
| '''719''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other <small>(Africa)</small>
|                                                       
| 1,907 
| 203 
| 83 
| 500 
| 148 
| 16 
| 318 
| 85
| 24
| '''3,284''' 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:NorthAmericaGreen.gif|15px]][[File:ContinentSouthAmerica.svg|8px]][[File:AustraliaContour.svg|15px]] ''[[Americas]] and [[History of the Jews in Oceania|Oceania]]''
|     
| 7,579 
| 3,822 
| 6,922 
| 42,400 
| 45,040 
| 39,369 
| 39,662 
| 36,209
| 51,370
| '''''272,373'''''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[History of the Jews in Argentina|Argentina]]
| 
| 238 	
| 904 	
| 2,888 	
| 11,701 	
| 13,158 	
| 10,582 	
| 11,248 	
| 9,450
| 3,150			
| '''63,319''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[History of the Jews in Australia|Australia]]
|       
| 0 	
| 116 	
| 107 	
| 742 	
| 1,146 	
| 835 	
| 977 	
| 524 	
|		
| '''4,447'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]]
|
| 0 
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 199 	
| 94 	
| 80 	
| 53 	
| 84 		
|	
| '''510'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[History of the Jews in Brazil|Brazil]]
| 
| 0 	
| 304 	
| 763 	
| 2,601 	
| 1,763 	
| 1,763 	
| 2,356 	
| 2,037 	
| 4,320		
| '''15,907''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Canada}} [[History of the Jews in Canada|Canada]]
|
| 316 
| 236 	
| 276 	
| 2,169 	
| 2,178 	
| 1,867 	
| 1,963 	
| 1,700 	
| 6,340		
| '''17,045''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[List of Chilean Jews|Chile]]
| 
| 0 
| 48 	
| 401 	
| 1,790 	
| 1,180 	
| 1,040 	
| 683 	
| 589 		
|	
| '''5,731''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]]
|        
| 0 
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 415 	
| 552 	
| 475 	
| 657 	
| 965 		
|	
| '''3,064''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[History of the Jews in Cuba|Cuba]]
| 
| 0 	
| 14 	
| 88 	
| 405 	
| 79 	
| 42 	
| 629 	
| 606 		
|	
| '''1,863''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]]
|
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 40 	
| 38 	
| 44 	
| 67 	
| 69 		
|	
| '''258''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[History of the Jews in Mexico|Mexico]]
| 
| 0 	
| 48 	
| 168 	
| 736 	
| 861 	
| 993 	
| 1,049 	
| 697 		
|	
| '''4,552''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[History of the Jews in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|
| 70 	
| 0 	
| 13 	
| 91 	
| 129 	
| 124 	
| 142 	
| 42 		
|	
| '''611''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama]]
|
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 64 	
| 43 	
| 48 	
| 50 	
| 40 	
|		
| '''245''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Jews in Peru#Peru|Peru]]
|
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 269 	
| 243 	
| 358 	
| 612 	
| 1,539 	
|		
| '''3,021''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|United States}} [[History of the Jews in the United States|United States]]
| 2,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/10349 |title=American Aliya / Sociological and Demographic Perspectives |last=Goldsceider |first=Calvin |date=January 1974 |work=Berman Jewish Policy Archive |publisher=Behrman House Publishers |access-date=11 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215011126/http://www.policyarchive.org/handle/10207/10349 |archive-date=15 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 6,635 	
| 1,711 	
| 1,553 	
| 18,671 	
| 20,963 	
| 18,904 	
| 17,512 	
| 15,445 	
| 32,000		
| '''135,394'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]]
| 
| 0 
| 66 	
| 425 	
| 1,844 	
| 2,199 	
| 2,014 	
| 983 	
| 1,555 	
|		
| '''9,086'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[History of the Jews in Venezuela|Venezuela]]
|   
| 0 
| 0 
| 0 
| 297 
| 245 	
| 180 	
| 418 	
| 602 
|
| '''1,742'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other {{small|([[Central America]])}}
|
| 0 
| 17 	
| 43 	
| 129 	
| 104 	
| 8 	
| 153 	
| 157 		
|	
| '''611''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other {{small|([[South America]])}}
|
| 0 	
| 42 	
| 194 	
| 89 	
| 62 	
| 0 	
| 66 	
| 96 		
|	
| '''549''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other <small>(Americas/Oceania)</small>
| 
| 318 
| 313 	
| 0 	
| 148 	
| 3 	
| 8 	
| 44 	
| 12 		
|	
| '''846'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:Asia stub.png|15px]] ''[[List of Asian Jews|Asia]]''
| 
| 40,776 
| 237,704 
| 37,119 	
| 56,208 	
| 19,456 	
| 14,433 	
| 75,687 	
| 17,300
| 1,370
| '''''500,053'''''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[History of the Jews in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
| 
| 0 	
| 2,303 	
| 1,106 	
| 516 	
| 132 	
| 57 	
| 21 	
| 13 	
|		
| '''4,148''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burma]]
|
| 0 
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 147 	
| 83 	
| 383 	
| 138 	
| 33 		
|	
| '''784''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|China}} [[History of the Jews in China|China]]
| 
| 0 
| 504 	
| 217 
| 96 	
| 43 	
| 78 	
| 277 	
| 74 		
| 190	
| '''1,479'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]
| 
| 0 	
| 21 	
| 35 	
| 28 	
| 21 	
| 12 	
| 32 	
| 0 		
|	
| '''149''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|India}} [[History of the Jews in India|India]], {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[History of the Jews in Pakistan|Pakistan]], {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]], and {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
| 
| 0 	
| 2,176 	
| 5,380 	
| 13,110 	
| 3,497 	
| 1,539 	
| 2,055 	
| 961 		
| 1,180	
| '''29,898''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]], {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Malaysia]] and the {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]]
|
|0 	
| 101 	
| 46 	
| 54 	
| 40 	
| 60 	
| 205 	
| 42 	
|		
| '''548''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Pahlavi Iran}}→{{flagicon|Iran}} [[History of the Jews in Iran|Iran]]
| 
| 3,536 
| 21,910 	
| 15,699 	
| 19,502 	
| 9,550 	
| 8,487 	
| 4,326 	
| 1,097 	
|		
| '''84,107''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[History of the Jews in Iraq|Iraq]]
| 
| 0 	
| 123,371 	
| 2,989 	
| 2,129 	
| 939 	
| 111 	
| 1,325 	
| 130 		
|	
| '''130,994''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[History of the Jews in the Land of Israel|Israel]]{{efn|Those born in Israel who [[Repatriation|repatriated]] later in their life.}}
| 
| 0 	
| 411 	
| 868 	
| 1,021 	
| 507 	
| 288 	
| 1,148 	
| 1,448 	
|		
| '''5,691''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
|
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 9 	
| 25 	
| 34 	
| 57 	
| 98 	
| 32 		
|	
| '''255''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]
|
|0 	
| 6 	
| 9 	
| 23 	
| 6 	
| 9 	
| 15 	
| 0 	
|		
| '''68''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[History of the Jews in Lebanon|Lebanon]]
| 
| 0 	
| 235 	
| 846 	
| 2,208 	
| 564 	
| 179 	
| 96 	
| 34 	
|		
| '''4,162'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Mongolia]], {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]], and {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]]
|
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 4 	
| 5 	
| 10 	
| 100 	
| 36 		
|	
| '''155''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Saudi Arabia]]
|
| 0 	
| 177 	
| 0 	
| 4 	
| 0 	
| 5 	
| 0 	
| 0 		
|	
| '''186''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Syria}} [[History of the Jews in Syria|Syria]]
| 
| 0	
| 2,678 	
| 1,870 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 1,664 	
| 23 		
|	
| '''6,235''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[History of the Jews in Turkey|Turkey]]
|
| 8,277 	
| 34,547 	
| 6,871 	
| 14,073 	
| 3,118 	
| 2,088 	
| 1,311 	
| 817 		
|	
| '''71,102''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[History of the Jews in Uzbekistan|Uzbekistan]], {{flagicon|Georgia (country)}} [[History of the Jews in Georgia (country)|Georgia]], {{flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[History of the Jews in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], and the [[former Soviet Union]] <small>(Asia)</small>{{efn|Before 1995, the aliyah from the Asian republics of the [[former Soviet Union]] were counted in the total of the aliyah from the (former) Russian Empire/Soviet Union.}}
|
|  	
|
|	
|	
| 	
|  	
| 61,988{{Efn|Specifically, 15973 from Uzbekistan and 7609 from Georgia during 1990–1999.}} 	
| 12,422{{Efn|Specifically, 8817 from Uzbekistan and 3766 from Georgia during 2000–2010.}} 	
|		
| '''74,410''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[Yemenite Jews|Yemen]]
| 2,600<ref>{{cite web|title=First Aliya|url=http://www.moia.gov.il/English/FeelingIsrael/AboutIsrael/Pages/aliya1.aspx|access-date=September 9, 2013|archive-date=October 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014183115/http://www.moia.gov.il/English/FeelingIsrael/AboutIsrael/Pages/aliya1.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 15,838 	
| 48,315 	
| 1,170 	
| 1,066 	
| 51 	
| 17 	
| 683 	
| 103 		
|	
| '''69,843'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other <small>(Asia)</small>
|
| 13,125 	
| 947 	
| 0 	
| 60 	
| 21 	
| 45 	
| 205 	
| 30 		
|	
| '''14,433''' 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:EuropeContour.svg|15px]] ''[[History of the Jews in Europe|Europe]]''
|
| 377,487 	
| 332,802 	
| 106,305 	
| 162,070 
| 183,419 	
| 70,898 	
| 888,603 	
| 96,165 		
| 162,320	
| '''''2,380,069''''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Albania}} [[History of the Jews in Albania|Albania]]
|
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 5 	
| 8 	
| 0 	
| 0 	
| 376 	
| 0 			
|
| '''389'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[History of the Jews in Austria|Austria]]
| 
| 7,748 	
| 2,632 	
| 610 	
| 1,021 	
| 595 	
| 356 	
| 368 	
| 150 		
|
| '''13,480'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[History of the Jews in Belgium|Belgium]]
| 
| 0 	
| 291 	
| 394 	
| 1,112 	
| 847 	
| 788 	
| 1,053 	
| 873 
|
| '''5,358'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[History of the Jews in Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
| 
| 7,057 	
| 37,260 	
| 1,680 	
| 794 	
| 118 	
| 180 	
| 3,999 	
| 341 			
|
| '''51,429''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[History of the Jews in Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]→{{flagicon|Czechia}} [[History of the Jews in the Czech Republic|Czechia]] and {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[History of the Jews in Slovakia|Slovakia]]
| 
| 16,794 	
| 18,788 	
| 783 	
| 2,754 	
| 888 	
| 462 	
| 527 	
| 217 			
|
| '''41,213'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[History of the Jews in Denmark|Denmark]]
| 
| 0 	
| 27 	
| 46 	
| 298 
| 292 	
| 411 	
| 389 	
| 85 		
|	
| '''1,548''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[History of the Jews in Finland|Finland]]
|
| 0 	
| 9 	
| 20 	
| 172 	
| 184 	
| 222 	
| 212 	
| 33 		
|	
| '''852'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|France}} [[History of the Jews in France|France]]
|
| 1,637 	
| 3,050 	
| 1,662 	
| 8,050 	
| 5,399 	
| 7,538 	
| 11,986 	
| 13,062 	
| 38,000		
| '''90,384''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Weimar Republic}}→{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}}→{{flagicon|Germany}} [[History of the Jews in Germany|Germany]]
| 
| 52,951 	
| 8,210 	
| 1,386 	
| 3,175 	
| 2,080 	
| 1,759 	
| 2,442 	
| 866 		
|	
| '''72,869''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Greece}} [[History of the Jews in Greece|Greece]]
|
| 8,767 	
| 2,131 	
| 676 	
| 514 	
| 326 	
| 147 	
| 127 	
| 48 		
|	
| '''12,736'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Hungary]]
| 
| 10,342 	
| 14,324 	
| 9,819 	
| 2,601 	
| 1,100 	
| 1,005 	
| 2,444 	
| 730 		
|	
| '''42,365'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[History of the Jews in Ireland|Ireland]]
|
| 0 	
| 14 	
| 46 	
| 145 	
| 157 	
| 233 	
| 136 	
| 54 	
|		
| '''785''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[History of the Jews in Italy|Italy]]
| 
| 1,554 	
| 1,305 	
| 414 	
| 940 	
| 713 	
| 510 	
| 656 	
| 389 		
|	
| '''6,481''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[History of the Jews in Luxembourg|Luxembourg]]
|
| 0 	
| 30 	
| 15 	
| 15 	
| 7 	
| 12 	
| 0 	
| 4 			
|
| '''83''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Netherlands]]
| 
| 1,208 	
| 1,077 	
| 646 	
| 1,470 	
| 1,170 	
| 1,239 	
| 997 	
| 365 		
|	
| '''8,172''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[History of the Jews in Norway|Norway]]
| 
| 0 	
| 17 	
| 14 	
| 36 	
| 55 	
| 126 	
| 120 	
| 19 			
|
| '''387''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Poland}} [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]]
|
| 170,127 	
| 106,414 	
| 39,618 	
| 14,706 	
| 6,218 	
| 2,807 	
| 3,064 	
| 764 			
|
| '''343,718''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portugal]]
|
| 0 	
| 16 	
| 22 	
| 66 	
| 56 	
| 55 	
| 47 	
| 28 		
|	
| '''290''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Romania}} [[History of the Jews in Romania|Romania]]
| 
| 41,105
| 117,950
| 32,462
| 86,184
| 18,418
| 14,607
| 6,254
| 711
|
| '''317,691'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[History of the Jews in the Russian Empire|Russian Empire]]→{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]→{{flagicon|Russia}} [[History of the Jews in Russia#Modern-day Russia|Russia]], {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|Ukraine]], and the [[former Soviet Union]] <small>(Europe)</small>{{efn|Includes Asian parts of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union until 1991 and Asian parts of modern Russia. Also includes Jews from the former Soviet Union whose republic of origin is unknown.}}
| 47,500<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61KdOZPMfwwC&q=russian+jews+first+and+second+aliyah+50%2C000&pg=PA93 |title=The Divided Self: Israel and the Jewish Psyche Today - David J. Goldberg - Google Books |date=2011-03-15 |isbn=978-1-84885-674-5 |access-date=2013-04-29|last1=Goldberg |first1=David J. |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic}}</ref>{{efn|This number is an average of two different estimates from page 93 of this book.}}
| 52,350
| 8,163
| 13,743
| 29,376
| 137,134
| 29,754
| 844,139{{Efn|Specifically, 114406 from Ukraine and 91756 from Russia during 1990–1999.}}
| 72,520{{Efn|Specifically, 50441 from Russia and 50061 from Ukraine during 2000–2010.}}
| 118,000{{efn|Specifically, 45670 from Ukraine and 5530 from Belarus.}}
| '''1,352,679''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[History of the Jews in Spain|Spain]]
| 
| 0
| 80
| 169
| 406
| 327
| 321
| 269
| 178 
|
| '''1,750'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[History of the Jews in Sweden|Sweden]]
|
| 0
| 32
| 51
| 378
| 372
| 419
| 424
| 160
|
| '''1,836''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[History of the Jews in Switzerland|Switzerland]]
| 
| 0
| 131
| 253
| 886
| 634
| 706
| 981
| 585
|
| '''4,176''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|UK}} [[History of the Jews in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
| 
| 1,574
| 1,907
| 1,448
| 6,461
| 6,171
| 7,098
| 5,365
| 3,725
| 6,320	
| '''40,069''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{flagicon|Yugoslavia}} [[History of Jews in Serbia#Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]→{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[History of Jews in Serbia|Serbia]] and the [[former Yugoslavia]] 
| 
| 1,944 
| 7,661
| 320
| 322
| 126
| 140
| 2,029
| 162
|
| '''12,704''' 
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Other <small>(Europe)</small>
| 
| 2,329
| 1,281
| 3
| 173
| 32
| 0
| 198
| 93
|
| '''4,109'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''Not known''
|
| 52,982
| 20,014
| 3,307
| 2,265
| 392
| 469
| 422
| 0
| 0
| '''79,851''' 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Total'''
| '''62,500'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_02&CYear=2012 |title=Statistical Abstract of Israel 2012 - No. 63 Subject 4 - Table No. 2 |publisher=Cbs.gov.il |access-date=2013-04-29 |archive-date=2013-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006090823/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st04_02&CYear=2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|This number is an average of two different estimates.}}
| '''482,857'''	
| '''687,624'''	
| '''297,138'''	
| '''427,828'''	
| '''267,580'''	
| '''153,833'''	
| '''1,059,993'''
| '''181,233'''
| '''236,903'''
| '''''3,857,489'''''
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Israel|Judaism}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Demographics of Israel]]
* [[Galut]]
* [[Historical Jewish population comparisons]]
* [[History of the Jews in the Land of Israel]]
* [[Homeland for the Jewish people]]
* [[Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel]]
* [[Israeli identity card]]
* [[Israeli passport]]
* [[Jewish population by country]]
* [[Kibbutz volunteer]]
* [[Law of Return]]
* [[Olim L'Berlin]]
* [[Visa policy of Israel]]
* [[Yerida]]
* [[Yom HaAliyah]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Salmon |first=Yosef |date=December 1978 |title=Ideology and Reality in the Bilu ''Aliyah'' |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |publisher=[President and Fellows of Harvard College, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute] |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=430–466 |issn=0363-5570 |jstor=41035804}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alroey |first=Gur |year=2014 |title=An Unpromising Land: Jewish Migration to Palestine in the Early Twentieth Century |publisher=Stanford University Press | series=Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture |isbn=978-0-8047-9087-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HhlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | access-date=2023-02-02 |archive-date=2023-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202221923/https://books.google.com/books?id=7HhlAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 | url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal | last=Alroey | first=Gur | year=2015 | title=Two Historiographies: Israeli Historiography and the Mass Jewish Migration to the United States, 1881–1914 | journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review | publisher=[University of Pennsylvania Press, Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, University of Pennsylvania] | volume=105 | issue=1 | issn=0021-6682 | eissn=1553-0604 | jstor=43298712 | pages=99–129 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Beker |first=A. |date=2005 |title=The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees From Arab Countries |journal=Jewish Political Studies Review |volume=17 |issue=3/4 |pages=3–19 |jstor=25834637}} 
* {{cite web |last=Ben-Gurion |first=David |date=19 July 1967 |url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?ben-gurion-american-aliyah |title=Ben Gurion on the Pioneer Generations and the Need for U.S. Immigration |publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation |access-date=6 November 2012 |archive-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111223314/http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?ben-gurion-american-aliyah |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book |last=Ben-David |first=Laura |year=2006 |title=Moving Up: An Aliyah Journal |publisher=Mazo Publishers |isbn=978-965-7344-14-9}}
* {{cite book | last1=גורביץ [Gurevich] | first1=דוד [David] | last2=גרץ [Gertz] | first2=אהרן [Aaron] | last3=בקי [Bachi] | first3=רוברטו [Roberto] | title=העליה, הישוב והתנועה הטבעית של האוכלוסיה בארץ-ישראל | publisher=המחלקה לסטטיסטיקה של הסוכנות היהודית לארץ ישראל [Statistical and Search Department, Jewish Agency for Palestine] | year=1944 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g40AAAAIAAJ | language=he | access-date=2023-02-02 | archive-date=2023-02-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202223354/https://books.google.com/books?id=_g40AAAAIAAJ | url-status=live }}<!-- Names taken from a search of the Google Books copy. --> 
* {{cite journal |last=Liskofsky |first=Sidney |title=Jewish Migration |journal=The American Jewish Year Book |publisher=American Jewish Committee |volume=50 |year=1948 |jstor=23603383 |pages=725–766}}
* {{cite journal |last=Morgenstern |first=Arie |year=2002 |title=Dispersion and the Longing for Zion, 1240–1840 |journal=Azure |issue=12 |pages=71–132 |publisher=Shalem Center |url=http://mcohen02.tripod.com/dispersion.html |access-date=7 October 2012 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100254/http://mcohen02.tripod.com/dispersion.html |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shoham |first=Hizky | title=From 'Great History' to 'Small History': The Genesis of the Zionist Periodization | journal=Israel Studies | publisher=Indiana University Press | volume=18 | issue=1 | year=2013 | issn=1084-9513 | doi=10.2979/israelstudies.18.1.31 | page=31 | jstor=10.2979/israelstudies.18.1.31 | s2cid=144978084 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Shuval |first=Judith T. |date=March 1998 |title=Migration To Israel: The Mythology of 'Uniqueness' |journal=International Migration |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=3–26 |publisher=International Organization for Migration |doi=10.1111/1468-2435.00031 |pmid=12293507}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=aliyah |commons=Category:Immigration to Israel |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no}}
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigtoc.html Immigration to Israel] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120918090343/http://www.gov.il/FirstGov/TopNavEng/EngSituations/ESNewImmigrantsGuide Making Aliyah] at the Israel Government Portal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121023080625/http://old.moia.gov.il/Moia_en/HomePage.htm Home page] of the [[Ministry of Immigrant Absorption]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121111125601/http://www.nbn.org.il/index.php Official website] of [[Nefesh B'Nefesh]], organization for aliyah from North America and UK
* [http://www.science.co.il/aliyah/ Aliyah to Israel] at Israel Science and Technology Homepage
* [http://www.jewishagency.org/ The Jewish Agency]

{{Zionism}}
{{Israel topics}}
{{Jews and Judaism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aliyah}}
[[Category:Aliyah| ]]
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]
[[Category:History of Mandatory Palestine]]
[[Category:History of Ottoman Syria]]
[[Category:Immigration]]
[[Category:Land of Israel]]
[[Category:Phrases related to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Zionism]]