View source for Allan Shivers

{{short description|American politician (1907-1985)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Allan Shivers
| image               = Allan Shivers in 1955.jpg
| order               = 37th [[Governor of Texas]]
| lieutenant          = '' Vacant '' (1949–1951)<br />[[Ben Ramsey (politician)|Ben Ramsey]] (1951–1957)
| term_start          = July 11, 1949
| term_end            = January 15, 1957
| predecessor         = [[Beauford H. Jester]]
| successor           = [[Price Daniel]]
| office1             = Chair of the [[National Governors Association]]
| term_start1         = June 29, 1952
| term_end1           = August 2, 1953
| predecessor1        = [[Val Peterson]]
| successor1          = [[Daniel I. J. Thornton]]
| office2             = 33rd [[Lieutenant Governor of Texas]]
| governor2           = [[Beauford H. Jester]]
| term_start2         = January 21, 1947
| term_end2           = July 11, 1949
| predecessor2        = [[John Lee Smith]]
| successor2          = [[Ben Ramsey (politician)|Ben Ramsey]]
| state_senate3       = Texas
| district3           = [[Texas Senate, District 4|4th]]
| term_start3         = January 8, 1935
| term_end3           = January 14, 1947
| predecessor3        = [[William Roy Cousins|William R. Cousins Sr.]]
| successor3          = Wilfred R. Cousins Jr.
| birth_name          = Robert Allan Shivers
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1907|10|5}}
| birth_place         = [[Lufkin, Texas]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1985|1|14|1907|10|5}}
| death_place         = [[Austin, Texas]], U.S.
| restingplace        = [[Texas State Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{Marriage|Marialice Shary|1937}}
| children            = 4
| education           = [[University of Texas at Austin]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| allegiance          = United States
| branch              = United States Army
| serviceyears        = 1943–1945
| battles             = [[World War II]]
| rank                = [[Major (United States)|Major]]
| caption             = Shivers in 1955
}}

'''Robert Allan Shivers''' (October 5, 1907 – January 14, 1985) was an American [[politician]] who served as the 37th [[governor of Texas]] from 1949 to 1957. Shivers was a leader of the [[Texas Democratic Party]] during the turbulent 1940s and 1950s and developed the lieutenant governor's post into an extremely powerful perch in the state government.

==Early life and career==
Born in [[Lufkin, Texas|Lufkin]], the seat of [[Angelina County, Texas|Angelina County]] in [[East Texas]], Shivers was educated at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] and earned a [[law]] degree in 1933. There, he was a member of the [[Texas Cowboys]] and the [[Friar Society]], and he served as the student body president.

In 1934, he was elected to the [[Texas State Senate]], its youngest member ever. He served there from 1934 to 1946, except for two years' service in the [[US Army]] during [[World War II]] from which he was discharged with the rank of [[major (United States)|major]].

==Lieutenant governor==
In 1946, he was elected as the 33rd [[list of lieutenant governors of Texas|lieutenant governor of Texas]] by defeating the Republican nominee, John A. Donaldson, in a landslide margin, with Shivers garnering 344,630 votes (91.54%) to Donaldson's 31,835 votes (8.46%). Shivers was re-elected in 1948 by garnering 1,050,163 votes (87.47%) to the Republican Taylor Cole's 143,887 votes (11.98%).

He is credited with developing the "ideas, practices, and techniques of leadership" that made the office the most powerful post in Texas government although the governor's powers are limited by the state constitution more than in other states.

In office, Shivers initiated the practice of appointing state senators to specific committees and setting the daily agenda. Later, the Senate passed a [[right-to-work law]], reorganized the public school system with the Gilmer-Akin laws, appropriated funds for higher education including the Texas State University for Negroes (now [[Texas Southern University]]), and provided money for improvements of state hospitals and highways.

==Governor==
=== Electoral history ===
When Governor [[Beauford Jester]] died on July 11, 1949, Shivers succeeded him, the only lieutenant governor in Texas history who has gained the governor's office by the death of his predecessor. [[1950 Texas gubernatorial election|In 1950]], Shivers won election as governor in his own right by defeating Republican Ralph W. Currie. There were 355,010 votes (89.93%) for the incumbent governor, and Currie garnered 39,737 votes (10.07%)

[[1952 Texas gubernatorial election|In 1952]], Shivers proved so popular that he was listed on the gubernatorial ballot as the nominee of both the Democratic and [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] parties (Democrat Shivers handily defeated Republican Shivers). Between both parties, Shivers garnered 1,844,530 votes (98.05%) to "No Preference" getting 36,672 votes (1.95%). Texas law was later changed to remove the "No Preference" option.

Shivers then set the three-term precedent by running again and winning [[1954 Texas gubernatorial election|in 1954]]. He garnered 569,533 votes (89.42%) to the Republican Tod R. Adams's 66,154 votes (10.39%).

=== Governor of Texas ===
The '''Shivercrats''' were a conservative faction of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] in [[Texas]] in the 1950s. The faction was named for Shivers, who was criticized by [[liberalism in the United States|liberals]] in the party, particularly [[Ralph Yarborough]], for his corruption and conservatism.

Shivers supported Republican presidential nominee [[Dwight Eisenhower]] instead of Democratic nominee [[Adlai Stevenson II]] during the [[1952 United States presidential election|1952 election]].{{sfn|Black|Black|1992|p=179}}

Corruption during the Shivers administration damaged his reputation and endangered his chances of re-election in 1954. Land Office Commissioner [[Bascom Giles]] was convicted of committing rampant fraud against Texas war [[veterans]], with a disproportionate number of African-American veterans in particular, by a veterans land program under the [[Texas Veterans Land Board]] of the [[Texas General Land Office]]. Giles was the only member of the Shivers administration to go to prison, but Shivers and the state attorney general, John Ben Shepperd, as ''ex officio'' members of the Veterans Land Board, were implicated in the scandal, which occurred under their watch.

The Shivercrats responded with a vicious negative campaign that tried to paint the party liberals as [[communists]]. Shivers also urged the Texas Legislature to pass a bill making membership in the Communist Party a [[death penalty|death-penalty]] offense and described such membership as being "worse than murder."<ref>Ricky F. Dobbs, Yellow Dogs and Democrats: Allan Shivers and Texas Two-Party Politics (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2005).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.texasobserver.org/so-long-to-the-communist-threat/|title=So Long to the Communist Threat|last=Richards|first=Dave|date=2009-08-19|work=The Texas Observer|access-date=2017-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/222394610/|title=Shivers Plans To Ask Death Law For Reds|date=February 12, 1954|work=The Orlando Sentinel|access-date=July 10, 2017|agency=Universal Press|page=12}}</ref> However, a less extreme version of the proposition finally passed both Houses.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nc4mlgcCRa4C&pg=PA87|title=Deep in the Heart: The Texas Tendency in American Politics|last=McEnteer|first=James|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780275983062|pages=87–88|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/texasiconoclastm0000mave|url-access=registration|title=Texas Iconoclast, Maury Maverick Jr|last=Maverick|first=Maury|date=1997|publisher=TCU Press|isbn=9780875651729|page=[https://archive.org/details/texasiconoclastm0000mave/page/60 60]|language=en}}</ref>

In 1956, Shivers ordered Captain Jay Banks of the [[Texas Ranger Division]] to block "desegregation of Mansfield High School in Tarrant County."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.txstate.edu/inside-txst/2020/from-segregation-to-integration-the-first-black-students-at-texas-state-university.html |date=February 7, 2020 |title=From segregation to integration: The first Black students at Texas State University - School Integration in Texas |work=[[Texas State University]] |access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> The [[Mansfield school desegregation incident]] was the first state action resisting enforcement of the nationwide integration of public schools ordered by the [[US Supreme Court]] in ''[[Brown v. Board of Education]]'' (1954).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hanson|first=Gayle W.|date=2013-02-20|title=Mansfield (Texas) School Desegregation Incident (1955-1965) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/mansfield-texas-school-desegregation-incident-1955-1965/|access-date=2020-07-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Lyndon Johnson]] at first aligned himself with the Shivercrats, including [[John Connally]], but after becoming president, Johnson increasingly sided with Yarborough and the liberals on policy matters. Most of the Shivercrats either left public life or became Republicans after Johnson's presidency, as the liberal-moderate faction was in firm control of the state party after 1970.

=== Segregation and resistance to integration ===
Shivers was anti-integration and used the office of the governor to resist legally-mandated integration in Texas. After the US Supreme Court decision ending the "separate but equal" doctrine in ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), Shivers on July 27, 1955, appointed a committee, the Texas Advisory Committee on Segregation in Public Schools.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Legislative Reference Library {{!}} Committees {{!}} Committee overview|url=https://lrl.texas.gov/committees/cmtesDisplay.cfm?cmteID=9434&session=&report=true&minutes=&page=committee&from=&passsearchparams=|access-date=2020-07-04|website=lrl.texas.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-09-25|title=Clipped From Austin American-Statesman|pages=22|work=Austin American-Statesman|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/18360339/austin-american-statesman/|access-date=2020-07-04}}</ref> The charge of this committee was to "[e]xamine three major problems and present recommendations leading to their solution. The problems are: (1) The prevention of forced integration. (2) The achievement of maximum decentralization of school authority. (3) The ways in which the State government may best assist the local school districts in solving their problems."<ref name=":0" /> The committee members were State Senator [[A.M. Aikin, Jr.|A.M. Aiken, Jr.]], Earnest. E. Sanders, Mrs. Joe Fisher, J.V. Hammett, Charles Howell, Will Crews Morris, and Houston attorney, Hall E. Timanus.<ref name=":0" /> A legal and legislative subcommittee of the Texas Advisory Committee on Segregation in Public Schools produced a 58-page report on August 18, 1955, detailing among other ideas ways that Texas schools could resist integration and the framework for ending compulsory public school attendance for those parents who did not want their children to attend integrated schools.<ref name=":0" />

The recommendations of the committee were used as justification for Shivers's state actions in resisting integration, such as the [[Mansfield school desegregation incident|Mansfield School Desegregation Incident]].{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

=== Miscellaneous ===
{{miscellaneous|date=December 2023}}

Shivers appeared as himself in the 1955 film ''[[Lucy Gallant]]'' starring [[Jane Wyman]] and [[Charlton Heston]].
Shivers previously held the record for longest continuous service as Texas governor at 7.5 years until June 2008, when [[Rick Perry]] surpassed Shivers's record for continuous service. ([[Bill Clements]] initially broke Shivers's total service record by serving eight years over two nonconsecutive terms; Perry later surpassed that record, as well.)  Both Shivers and Perry are the only two Texas governors to have been inaugurated four times.

Shivers disputed the [[Presidency of Harry S. Truman|Truman administration]]'s claim on the Tidelands and disapproved of Truman's veto that would have vested tideland ownership in the states. Bucking the tradition of the "[[Solid South]]", Shivers delivered Texas in the 1952 presidential election for [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], only the second time that Texas had supported a Republican for president since [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] (the other was 1928). The state Republican Party reciprocated by nominating Shivers for governor and so ran as the nominee of both parties. Shivers is believed to have lost popularity with some voters over his disloyalty to the Democratic Party. He also became less popular because of his opposition to ''Brown'' and his link to the [[Veterans' Land Board scandal]].

Shivers helped enact laws raising teacher salaries and granting retirement benefits to state employees.

==Later career==
Shivers did not seek a fourth term in the 1956 elections. He retired from politics on January 15, 1957, and went into business.

In 1973, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] governor [[Preston Smith (governor)|Preston Smith]] appointed Shivers to the [[University of Texas at Austin|University of Texas]] Board of Regents. In January 1975, he was elected as chairman of the board and served for four years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.utsystem.edu/board-of-regents/former-regents/governor-robert-allan-shivers |title=Governor Robert Allan Shivers |work=[[University of Texas at Austin]] |date=5 March 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2020}}</ref> He donated his Austin home, [[Woodlawn (Austin, Texas)|Woodlawn]], the historic Pease mansion, to the university to help raise funds for its law school.

In 1980, Shivers was instrumental in securing a $5&nbsp;million grant for the [[University of Texas at Austin College of Communication|UT Austin Moody College of Communication]], which soon established an endowed chair of journalism in his honor.

Finally, he served as a member of the University of Texas Centennial Commission, which oversaw the 100th-anniversary celebration of the university's founding in 1883.

== Death ==
[[Image:Allan Shivers monument, Austin, TX IMG 2159.JPG|right|thumb|Allan Shivers monument at [[Texas State Cemetery]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]]]]

Shivers died suddenly of a massive [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] on January 14, 1985.

==Electoral history==

{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=[[1950 Texas gubernatorial election|Gubernatorial election in Texas, 1950]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=296530|title=1950 TX Governor - D Primary|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=173697|title=1950 TX Governor|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allan Shivers
|votes      = 829,730
|percentage = 76.36%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Caso March
|votes      = 195,997
|percentage = 18.04%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Charles B. Hutchison
|votes      = 16,048
|percentage = 1.48%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Gene S. Porter
|votes      = 14,728
|percentage = 1.36%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = J. M. Wren
|votes      = 14,138
|percentage = 1.30%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Benita Louise Marek Lawrence
|votes      = 9,542
|percentage = 0.88%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Wellington Abbey
|votes      = 6,381
|percentage = 0.59%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 1,086,564
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allan Shivers
|votes      = 355,010
|percentage = 89.93%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = Ralph W. Currie
|votes      = 39,737
|percentage = 10.07%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 394,747
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box open primary begin no change|title=[[1952 Texas gubernatorial election|Gubernatorial election in Texas, 1952]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=296531|title=1952 TX Governor - D Primary|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=173697|title=1952 TX Governor|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allan Shivers (incumbent)
|votes      = 833,861
|percentage = 61.48%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = [[Ralph Yarborough]]
|votes      = 488,345
|percentage = 36.00%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allene M. Traylor
|votes      = 34,186
|percentage = 2.52%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 1,356,392
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box open primary general election no change}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = ''Allan Shivers (incumbent)''
|votes      = ''1,375,547''
|percentage = ''73.12%''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = ''Allan Shivers (incumbent)''
|votes      = ''468,319''
|percentage = ''24.89%''
}}
{{Election box candidate no change
|party      = No party
|candidate  = ''Allan Shivers (incumbent)''
|votes      = ''664''
|percentage = ''0.04%''
}}
{{Election box winning candidate no change
|party      = Total
|candidate  = Allan Shivers (incumbent)
|votes      = 1,844,530
|percentage = 98.05%
}}
{{Election box write-in with party link no change
|votes      = 36,672
|percentage = 1.95%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 1,881,202
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change|title=[[1954 Texas gubernatorial election|Gubernatorial Democratic primary in Texas, 1954]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=296532|title=1954 TX Governor - D Primary|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allan Shivers (incumbent)
|votes      = 668,913
|percentage = 49.52%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = [[Ralph Yarborough]]
|votes      = 645,994
|percentage = 47.83%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = J. J. Holmes
|votes      = 19,591
|percentage = 1.45%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Arlon B. Davis
|votes      = 16,254
|percentage = 1.20%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 1,350,752
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change|title=[[1954 Texas gubernatorial election|Gubernatorial Democratic primary runoff in Texas, 1954]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=296533|title=1954 TX Governor - D Runoff|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allan Shivers (incumbent)
|votes      = 775,088
|percentage = 53.15%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = [[Ralph Yarborough]]
|votes      = 683,132
|percentage = 46.85%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 1,458,220
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change|title=[[1954 Texas gubernatorial election|Gubernatorial general election in Texas, 1954]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=173699|title=1954 TX Governor|website=Our Campaigns|accessdate=May 5, 2025}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party      = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate  = Allan Shivers (incumbent)
|votes      = 569,533
|percentage = 89.42%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party      = Republican Party (United States)
|candidate  = Tod R. Adams
|votes      = 66,154
|percentage = 10.39%
}}
{{Election box write-in with party link no change
|votes      = 1,205
|percentage = 0.19%
}}
{{Election box total no change
|votes      = 636,892
|percentage = 100.00%
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [[Mansfield School Desegregation Incident]]
* [[Allan Shivers Library and Museum]]
* [[John Patric#Blunderbuss|Allan Shivers' altercation with author John Patric in college]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
* {{cite book|last1=Black |first1=Earl |author-link1=Earl Black (political scientist) |last2=Black |first2=Merle |author-link2=Merle Black |title=The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=1992 |url=https://archive.org/details/vitalsouthhowpre0000blac |isbn=0674941306}}

==Bibliography==
* J. William Davis, ''There Shall Also Be a Lieutenant Governor'' (1967).
* Tex. Legis. Council, ''Presiding Officers of the Texas Legislature: 1846&ndash;1995'' 81 (1995).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930022221/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=9750309ca9386010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD&vgnextchannel=e449a0ca9e3f1010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRD National Governors Association, "Texas Governor Allan Shivers"].

==External links==
*{{Handbook of Texas|id=fsh40|name=Allan Shivers}}
*[http://texashistory.unt.edu/search/?q=shivers%2C+allan&t=dc.subject Historic photographs of Allan Shivers], hosted by the [https://web.archive.org/web/20000210020912/http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History]
* {{IMDb name|0794501}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-tx-sen}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William Roy Cousins|William R. Cousins Sr.]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[Texas Senate]]<br>from the [[Texas Senate, District 4|4th]] district|years=1935–1947}}
{{s-aft|after=Wilfred R. Cousins Jr.}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Lee Smith]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lieutenant Governor of Texas]]|years=1947–1949}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ben Ramsey (politician)|Ben Ramsey]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Beauford H. Jester]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Texas]]|years=1949–1957}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Price Daniel]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Val Peterson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[National Governors Association]]|years=1952–1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Daniel I. J. Thornton]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Lee Smith]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Lieutenant Governor of Texas]]|years=1946, 1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ben Ramsey (politician)|Ben Ramsey]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Beauford H. Jester]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] nominee for [[Governor of Texas]]|years=[[1950 Texas gubernatorial election|1950]], [[1952 Texas gubernatorial election|1952]], [[1954 Texas gubernatorial election|1954]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Price Daniel]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Ralph W. Currie}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nominee for [[Governor of Texas]]|years=[[1952 Texas gubernatorial election|1952]]}}
{{s-aft|after=Tod R. Adams}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Texas}}
{{National Governors Association chairs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivers, Allan}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1985 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American far-right politicians]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:American segregationists]]
[[Category:United States Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Burials at Texas State Cemetery]]
[[Category:Democratic Party governors of Texas]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Texas]]
[[Category:Politicians from Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:People from Lufkin, Texas]]
[[Category:Democratic Party Texas state senators]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Texas]]
[[Category:20th-century members of the Texas Legislature]]