View source for Allegheny National Forest

{{short description|National forest in Pennsylvania, United States}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area 
|name = Allegheny National Forest
|photo = Mead Run3.JPG
|photo_caption = Mead Run in the Allegheny National Forest
|map = USA
|relief = 1
|map_caption = 
|location = [[Warren County, Pennsylvania|Warren]], [[McKean County, Pennsylvania|McKean]], [[Forest County, Pennsylvania|Forest]], and [[Elk County, Pennsylvania|Elk]] counties, [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|USA]]
|nearest_city = [[Warren, Pennsylvania]]
|coordinates = {{coord|41|39|11|N|79|2|5|W|display=inline, title}}
|area_acre = 513175
|area_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Land Areas of the National Forest System|publisher=U.S. Forest Service|date=January 2012 |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2011/LAR2011_Book_A5.pdf|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref>
|established = {{start date and age|September 24, 1923}}<ref>{{cite web|title=The National Forests of the United States|publisher=Forest History Society |url=https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/National-Forests-of-the-U.S.pdf|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref>
|governing_body = [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]]
|website = [https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/allegheny Allegheny National Forest]
}}

The '''Allegheny National Forest''' is a [[United States National Forest|National Forest]] in Northwestern [[Pennsylvania]], about 100 miles northeast of [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]. The forest covers {{convert|513175|acre|sqmi km2|1}} of land. Within the forest is [[Kinzua Dam]], which impounds the [[Allegheny River]] to form [[Allegheny Reservoir]]. The administrative headquarters for the Allegheny National Forest is in [[Warren, Pennsylvania|Warren]]. The Allegheny National Forest has two ranger stations, one in [[Marienville, Pennsylvania|Marienville]], [[Forest County, Pennsylvania|Forest County]], and the other in [[Bradford, Pennsylvania|Bradford]], [[McKean County, Pennsylvania|McKean County]].

The Allegheny National Forest lies in the heart of Pennsylvania's oil and gas region. It is only {{convert|40|mi|km}} from the site of the first commercial oil well in the United States at [[Titusville, Pennsylvania]]. In 1981, about 17 percent of the state's crude oil production came from mineral rights owned by private individuals within the Forest boundary.

==History before 1923==
Today the Allegheny Plateau is known for [[black cherry]], [[maple]] and other [[hardwoods]], but two hundred years ago these species were less numerous. Today's forest is largely the result of two things: the exploitation of timber at the turn of the 20th century and being managed by the Forest Service since 1923.

===18th century===
In the 18th century, the forest in northwest Pennsylvania was mostly [[Eastern Hemlock]] and [[American beech]]. Sugar maple, birch, chestnut, white pine, white oak and red maple were also common.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hamilton|first1=W. E.|last2=Sillman|first2=D. Y.|title=Trees of Western Pennsylvania|url=http://www.psu.edu/dept/nkbiology/hike/pdf/TreesEssay.pdf|publisher=Penn State University|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=This appears to be a college essay. Better sources would be (Lutz 1930), (Cassler 1973), or (Whitney 1990) cited in the essay.|date=January 2017}} White pine occurred in the original forest in relatively small, well-defined areas where it was typically accompanied by chestnut and to a lesser degree oak.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hough|first1=A. F.|last2=Forbes|first2=R. D.|title=The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania|journal=Ecological Monographs|date=July 1943|volume=13|pages=299–320|doi=10.2307/1943224}}</ref> [[Black cherry]] accounted for less than one percent of the plateau's trees. This [[old-growth forest]] contained rich, vibrant biodiversity, and was characterized by large trees, fallen logs, and a multi-layered [[canopy (biology)|forest canopy]]. Predation by the native [[eastern wolf]] (''Canis lupus lycaon'') and [[eastern cougar]] (''Puma concolor couguar'') kept [[deer]] populations at naturally regulated low levels, estimated at ten [[deer]] per square mile. The understory vegetation was dense and richly diverse.

Disturbances such as [[tornado]], blowdown, and ice storms were common events that created a random mosaic of small openings in the forest canopy across the landscape before human beings arrived to the North American continent. Later, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] burned small areas of the understory of the forest in locations to improve berry and oak mast production, hunting, and ease of travel.

=== Early colonization ===
[[Europe]]an [[settler]]s reached this area in the early 19th century. At first, trees were cut mostly to clear land for agriculture and provide timber for cabins and barns. Soon, the first commercial water-powered mills cut small amounts of lumber from selected pine, hemlock and large hardwoods. By 1840, portable steam engines made circular sawmills practical, and mills that could process {{convert|10,000|board feet|m3}} of lumber per day were common.

Tanneries that used hemlock bark as their source of tannin for curing leather began to appear in the late 1850s. This infant industry received a great boost by the Civil War demand for harness, military equipment and industrial belting. By the end of the century, the tanning industry was a major forest industry in Pennsylvania that used huge quantities of hemlock bark. The logs were removed later and sawn into lumber products.

===1850 to 1900===
Between 1850 and 1900, [[Society of the United States|American society]] and [[technology]] changed in dramatic ways. People, moving West and in the growing cities in the East, demanded lumber to build homes, stores and [[furniture]]. Demand for [[paper]] and other [[wood pulp]] products increased. An eightyfold increase in [[coal]] production led to the need for more lumber for [[mine prop]]s, timbers, and planks. Band saws came into use after 1880, making possible the construction of huge mills capable of sawing {{convert|100000|ft|m}} or more of lumber per day. [[Rail transport|Railroads]] provided convenient transportation to consumers and markets. They also opened up extensive and previously inaccessible areas of timber with specialized locomotives such as the [[Shay locomotive|Shay]] which could traverse steep hillsides, uneven tracks and sharp curves. All of these factors supported large sawmill and tannery industries.

===20th century===
By 1900, [[deer]] and their [[Predation|predators]] were almost eliminated due to overhunting. The Pennsylvania Game Commission began to restore the deer herd by importing deer from other states.

A new enterprise, the wood chemical industry, changed the course of forest development. Between 1890 and 1930, wood chemical plants produced [[charcoal]], [[methanol]], [[acetic acid]], [[Calcium acetate|acetate of lime]] and similar products, and provided a market for virtually every size, species and quality of tree growing on the Allegheny Plateau. Harvests during this era were the most complete ever made in the area, clearing nearly every accessible tree of every size. The once vast forest of the Allegheny Plateau was almost completely removed, leaving barren hillsides as far as the eye could see.

Many large forest landowners in Pennsylvania and other northeastern states simply abandoned the land and moved West in search of new forests. The land left behind often ended up on delinquent tax rolls, prompting a financial crisis for rural counties. The bare soil and logging slash made [[floods]] and [[wildfires]] a constant danger.

==== 1911 ====
In 1911, the [[United States Congress]] passed the [[Weeks Act]], allowing the [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] to buy land in eastern states for the establishment of National Forests. The Allegheny [[United States National Forest|National Forest]] was established in 1923.

But with low [[deer]] populations, a new forest quickly grew. This forest was different from the previous one because conditions were now different. Shade-tolerant, long-lived trees like hemlock and beech gave way to sun-loving, shorter-lived species like black cherry, which readily germinated on the bare sunny ground. [[Cherry]], [[red maple]], [[Betula lenta|black birch]], and [[sugar maple]] became common species in the [[understory]].

Today many of the Eastern National Forests are primarily second-growth and different in character from National Forests in the West created from huge reserves of largely virgin forest. In the Allegheny National Forest, the trees are roughly the same age because they started growing about the same time and the Forest Service continues to manage the land through a [[silviculture|silvicultural]] system known as even-aged management—a practice very closely related to [[clearcutting]].

==History after 1923==
An old-growth forest of hemlock and beech once stretched along northern Pennsylvania, but heavy logging between 1890 and 1930 left only pockets of that early forest in places like [[Hearts Content National Scenic Area|Hearts Content]]. Since the Forest Service began to manage the Allegheny National Forest in 1923, a different forest of hardwood trees like black cherry (that are more valuable as a timber product) was established through the use of herbicides and selective fertilizing. This weeded out the "undesirable" native trees while allowing the black cherry tree to thrive.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://environmentamerica.org/sites/environment/files/reports/Worth-More-Wild---PA.pdf|title=Worth More Wild|author=Christina Goldfuss|date=September 2007|publisher=[[Environment America]]|access-date=June 16, 2018}}</ref>

The Forest Service brought new concepts in forest management to the Allegheny Plateau, multiple benefits and sustainability. The Organic Act of 1897 introduced the National Forest mission: to improve the forest, provide favorable conditions for water flows, and furnish a continuous supply of timber to meet people's needs. On these lands, seedlings for tomorrow's forest are the focus of forest management activities. Watersheds are managed to ensure clear water for fisheries like [[trout]] and clean drinking water for all.

===Conservation===
Over time, various laws added other benefits like wilderness, heritage resources and grazing to the original idea of watershed protection and continuous timber. The [[Multiple Use - Sustained Yield Act of 1960|Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960]] recognized outdoor recreation, wilderness preservation, and habitat for wildlife and fisheries.

The motto "Land of Many Uses" captures the National Forest goal of a healthy, vigorous forest that provides wood products, watershed protection, a variety of wildlife habitats and recreational opportunities, not only for today, but in a sustainable way so future generations can enjoy these benefits, too.

When the Allegheny National Forest was established in 1923, the immediate challenge was nurturing the young trees growing amongst logging slash on the recently cleared hillsides. Because of such heavy logging and mining, wildfires, floods and erosion were a threat. With care and a general absence of overt human interference and manipulation, the forests grew. Since they started growing at roughly the same time, most of the trees in today's second-growth forest on the Allegheny Plateau are the same age (70–100 years old).

===1900 to Present===
Between 1900 and 1940, the young forest grew and evolved from openings to young forest to maturing forest.

Young forests offer diverse vegetation like seedlings, saplings, wildflowers and berries. Deer, grouse, songbirds and other wildlife thrive with the abundant food and cover. Rapidly growing trees soak up carbon, add much oxygen to the atmosphere, and protect soil. Taller trees shade streams, helping to regulate water temperature for aquatic life.

By the 1940s, the forest began to take on an appearance familiar to us today. The older trees provide acorns, cherries, and beech nuts for bear and turkey. Birds find sites for nests in the leafy tree crowns and plants like trillium prefer the filtered light of the maturing forest. In the 1940s, the Forest Service gradually resumed timber harvesting under strict research-based guidelines to ensure sustainability for future generations.

Abundant browse led to a dramatic increase in the deer population, which peaked in the 1940s and again in the late 1970s. Since the mid-1980s, the deer population has remained fairly constant, although at a level higher in many places than the forest can support.

Today the trees are mature and able to provide quality hardwood for furniture and other needs. Foresters deal with challenges like deer, insects, disease, drought and competing vegetation such as fern through research and careful management. A small percentage of the ANF, in select sections, will be left in its natural condition undisturbed by logging on a permanent basis, gradually progressing toward the biologically diverse old-growth condition.

This large region of Pennsylvania remains one of the least densely populated areas east of the Mississippi River.

==Forests and old growth==
The Forest lies within the [[Allegheny Highlands forests]] [[ecoregion]] and about 90% of its area is covered in forests. The Forest contains some of the most extensive tracts of remaining [[old-growth forest]] in Pennsylvania, totaling thousands of acres. These include [[northern hardwood forest]]s in [[Hearts Content Scenic Area]] and [[Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural Areas]] as well as riverine forests on [[Crull's Island, Pennsylvania|Crull's]] and [[Thompson's Island, Pennsylvania|Thompson's Islands]].<ref name="OldGrowthEastPA">{{cite web|url=http://www.primalnature.org/ogeast/pa.pdf|title=Old Growth in the East: A Survey. Pennsylvania|author=Mary Byrd Davis|date=January 23, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217114942/http://www.primalnature.org/ogeast/pa.pdf|archive-date=February 17, 2012}}</ref>

==Forest research==
The Forest Service also established a research station for the Northeast in 1923. Soon, research scientists were studying complex relationships among vegetation, animals, soil, nutrients, weather and disease. For decades, scientists have shared both research results and management guidelines based on these results with the ANF, other public and private landowners, and other scientists.

==Recreation==
[[Image:Minister Creek - Allegheny National Forest.JPG|thumb|right|Minister Creek runs {{convert|11.8|mi|km}} through Allegheny National Forest. A very popular hiking trail follows the creek.]]

During the 1920s, recreation on the ANF focused mostly on dispersed activities like hunting and fishing. In the 1930s, the [[Civilian Conservation Corps]] changed the face of [[United States National Forest|National Forest]]s across the country by building hundreds of recreation facilities, including Twin Lakes and Loleta Recreation Areas on the ANF. These and other facilities became popular after World War II when newly mobile families discovered the joys of outdoor recreation.

The creation of the [[Allegheny Reservoir]] when the [[Kinzua Dam]] was completed in 1965 brought the most dramatic change to developed recreation on the ANF. Within ten years, a tremendous development program resulted in campgrounds, boat launches, beaches, picnic areas, hiking trails and overlooks around the reservoir shoreline and elsewhere throughout the forest.

Over time, people's changing and more sophisticated expectations led to campground improvements like electricity, hot showers, and baby-changing stations. Areas to watch wildlife (Buzzard Swamp, Little Drummer), trails for cross-country skiing and motorized recreation (all-terrain vehicles, snowmobiles) and fully accessible fishing piers, trails and restrooms have been added, too. In 1984, President [[Ronald Reagan]] signed the Pennsylvania Wilderness Act into law, which designated the [[Hickory Creek Wilderness]] Area and [[Allegheny Islands Wilderness]] Area as part of the [[National Wilderness Preservation System]].

==Multiple benefits, sustainability and the future==
[[File:BeaverMeadowsAlleghenyForest.jpg|thumb|right|upright|View of a lake from the Beaver Meadows Trail.]]
Today, the Forest Service carries out a variety of management and research activities, providing multiple benefits with a strong scientific basis.

Defining the way a National Forest is to be managed can be controversial. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 required each National Forest to implement a Forest Plan with extensive public involvement, outlining a vision for how and where management activities will be emphasized. The ANF's initial Forest Plan, which was approved in 1986, is currently undergoing revision. The revision process began in the fall of 2003, and was expected to be complete by early 2007. Additional parcels of the ANF are expected to be recommended to Congress for permanent protection as wilderness areas under the [[Wilderness Act]] of 1964 as a result of the Forest Plan revision process. (In a related connection, the Wilderness Act was authored in 1956 primarily by [[Howard Zahniser]] of [[The Wilderness Society (United States)|The Wilderness Society]], who grew up in the ANF town of [[Tionesta, Pennsylvania|Tionesta]].)

==Conflict over oil and gas drilling rights==
Recently a conflict has arisen in the Allegheny National Forest over mineral rights. In 1923 the land that is now the Allegheny National Forest was purchased by the Federal Government, but the federal government did not buy the subsurface or mineral rights of the land because of financial issues. Private citizens currently own ninety-three percent of the subsurface land in the forest. Since the spike in oil prices around 2000, oil companies that own mineral rights have placed more drilling equipment in the forest. During an out of court settlement in April 2009, the [[United States Forest Service]] decided that the National Environmental Policy Act will govern all oil and gas drilling in the forest. The [[National Environmental Policy Act]] will make any [[Oil well|oil or gas drilling]] in the forest subject to public judgement. On June 1, 2009, the Minard Run Oil Co., Pennsylvania Oil and Gas Association, Allegheny Forest Alliance and Warren County Government filed suit in the United States District Court in Erie, Pennsylvania over the National Forest Service's use of the National Environmental Policy Act.<ref>{{cite news|author=Decker, James|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUS214733+24-Mar-2009+PRN20090324|title=Economic Impact of Oil and Gas Production on the Allegheny National Forest|date=March 24, 2009|agency=[[Reuters]]|access-date=December 16, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619163529/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS214733+24-Mar-2009+PRN20090324|archive-date=June 19, 2010}}</ref><ref>Thompson, Lisa. "Drillers, environmentalists clash over drilling in the Allegheny National Forest." GOErie 28 Jun 2009: n. pag. Web. 18 Oct 2009.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of national forests of the United States]]
*[[Pennsylvanian oil rush]]

==Sources==
*[http://www.fs.fed.us/r9/forests/allegheny/about/history/ USDA Forest Service – Allegheny National Forest – History]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/allegheny USDA Forest Service: official '''Allegheny National Forest''' website]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20150305214020/http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprd3822656.pdf USFS: Recreation map of Allegheny National Forest]
**[https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/allegheny/recreation Allegheny Islands Wilderness Area]
**[https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/allegheny/recreation Hickory Creek Trail and Wilderness Area]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040610084120/http://www.lrp.usace.army.mil/rec/lakes/kinzuala.htm U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Kinzua Lake]
*[http://www.pawild.org Friends of Allegheny Wilderness]
*[[Historic American Engineering Record]] (HAER) documentation:
**{{HAER |survey=PA-436 |id=pa3551 |title=Allegheny National Forest Oil Heritage, Warren, Warren County, PA |photos=4 |dwgs=3 |data=40 |cap=1|link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-437 |id=pa3552 |title=South Penn Oil Company, Mallory Lot 6 Lease, Klondike, McKean County, PA |photos=17 |color=2 |dwgs=3 |data=7 |cap=2 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-438 |id=pa3553 |title=South Penn Oil Company, G. M. Mead Lot 492 Lease, Clarendon, Warren County, PA |photos=13 |dwgs=3 |data=7 |cap=2 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-439 |id=pa3554 |title=South Penn Oil Company, Lockwood Warrant 2921 Lease, Warren, Warren County, PA |photos=10 |color=1 |dwgs=1 |data=6 |cap=1 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-440 |id=pa3555 |title=Golden Oil Company, Lot 410 Lease, Donaldson, Warren County, PA |photos=12 |dwgs=2 |data=6 |cap=2 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-441 |id=pa3556 |title=Geer–Tiona Lot 202 Lease, Tiona, Warren County, PA |photos=11 |dwgs=2 |data=6 |cap=1 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=PA-442 |id=pa3557 |title=McKenna–Jojo Air Lease, Kane, McKean County, PA |photos=7 |color=2 |dwgs=30 |data=6 |cap=1 |link=no}}
*{{HALS |survey=PA-25 |id=pa4153 |title=Allegheny National Forest, CCC Camp ANF-1, Marienville, Forest County, PA |photos=66 |data=28 |cap=10}}

{{Protected areas of Pennsylvania}}
{{National Forests of the United States}}
{{Pennsylvania}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Allegheny National Forest]]
[[Category:Historic American Engineering Record in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Historic American Landscapes Survey in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:National forests of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:National forests of the Appalachians]]
[[Category:Regions of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Warren County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas of McKean County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Forest County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Elk County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1923]]
[[Category:1923 establishments in Pennsylvania]]