View source for Aloha shirt

{{short description|Loose-fitting short-sleeve shirts of brightly colored fabric in tropical prints}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Vintage aloha shirt crop.png|thumb|A vintage aloha shirt, circa 1960]]
The '''aloha shirt''' ({{Langx|haw|palaka aloha}}),<ref>Via {{Cite web|title=Nā Puke Wehewehe ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi|url=https://wehewehe.org/|url-status=live|publisher=Ulukau: The Hawaiian Electronic Library|postscript=:|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051210100843/http://wehewehe.org:80/ |archive-date=2005-12-10 }}

* {{Hawaiian Dictionaries|shirt|id=D31176}}
* {{Hawaiian Dictionaries|shirt|id=D45237|dic=mm}}
</ref> also referred to as a '''Hawaiian shirt''', is a style of [[dress shirt]] originating in [[Hawaii]]. They are collared and buttoned dress shirts, usually short-sleeved and made from [[Textile printing|printed fabric]]. They are traditionally worn untucked, but can be worn tucked into the waist of trousers. They are worn casually or as [[Informal wear|informal]] business attire in Hawaii.

"Aloha Friday", or [[Casual Friday]], a now-common tradition of celebrating the end of the workweek by wearing more casual attire on Fridays, initially grew out of an effort to promote aloha shirts.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nokaoimagazine.com/Departments/talk_story/Aipono_Tickets.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070808184143/http://www.nokaoimagazine.com/Departments/talk_story/Aipono_Tickets.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-08-08|title=Aloha Friday|magazine=[[Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine]]|volume=11 |issue=2 |date=March 2007}}</ref>

== Design ==
Aloha dress shirts are printed, mostly short-sleeved, and collared. They almost always have buttons, sometimes for the entire length of the shirt or at least up to the chest. They usually have a left chest pocket sewn in, often with attention to ensure the printed pattern remains continuous. Aloha shirts may be worn by men or women. Women's aloha shirts usually have a lower-cut, [[Shirt#Neck|v-neck]] style.

The lower hems are straight,<ref name=wsj2017-03-30 /> and the shirts are often worn with the shirt-tails hanging out, rather than tucked in. Wearing an untucked shirt was possibly influenced by the local Filipinos who wore shirt-tail out, and called these {{Transliteration|tl|bayau}} meaning "friend".{{Refn|name=fundaburk-p169|{{harvp|Fundaburk|1965}}, '''II: 4''', p. 169, apud Schimtt (1980)<ref name=schmitt />}}<ref name=keane&quinn />{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Rooted perhaps to the Filipino [[barong tagalog]].<ref name=hirahara&smith />}} Wearing it untucked or tucked depends on personal taste; it carries the same connotations of tucking or untucking a [[polo shirt]]. In the 1950s, the shirt became allowed as business attire for aloha week, but only if worn tucked in.<ref name=goggans&difranco />{{sfnp|Furer|1983|pp=19–20}}

Traditional men's aloha shirts are usually adorned with traditional Hawaiian quilt designs, [[tapa cloth|tapa]] designs, and simple floral patterns in more muted colors. Contemporary aloha shirts may have prints that do not feature any traditional Hawaiian quilt or floral designs but instead may incorporate drinks, palm trees, surf boards or other island tropical elements in a similar form as the traditional aloha shirt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapa_making |url=https://www.eua-island-tonga.com/tapa-making.html |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=www.eua-island-tonga.com}}</ref>

It has been observed that locals ([[kamaʻāina]]) tended to shy away from the garishness of aloha shirts as "too wild" when they first appeared,{{Refn|Linda B. Arthur in interview, Keane & Quinn (2010),<ref name=keane&quinn /> apud {{harvp|Hughes|2017|p=284}}}} whereas tourists embraced wearing designs of many bright colors.<ref name=keane&quinn /> An example of the type of shirt the locals may prefer includes the "reverse print"; these shirts are often printed on the interior, resulting in the muted color on the exterior.{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== History ==
[[File:Vintage aloha-shirt-quilt.JPG|thumb|Patchwork [[quilt]] made from vintage aloha shirt fabric, circa 1960s]]
According to some sources, the origin of aloha shirts can be traced to the 1920s{{sfnp|Furer|1983|p=19}} or the early 1930s,<ref name=hope-p17 /> when the Honolulu-based dry goods store "Musa-Shiya the Shirtmaker" under the proprietorship of Kōichirō Miyamoto,<ref name=hope-p17 /> started making shirts out of colorful Japanese prints.{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|Musa-Shiya was established by Japanese immigrant {{nihongo|Chōtarō Miyamoto|宮本長太郎}} in 1904. After Miyamoto's death in 1915, the shop was renamed "Musa-Shiya Shoten" (Japanese title: 武蔵屋呉服店 (Musashi-ya-gofukuten) by his son {{nihongo|Kōichirō Miyamoto|宮本孝一郎}}, who sewed Aloha shirts using Japanese kimono fabrics and was allegedly the first to sell shirts of this kind.<ref name=jomm />}}{{sfnp|Furer|1983|p=19}}<ref name=hope-p17>{{harvp|Hope|Tozian|2000|pp=17, 19}} apud {{harvp|Hughes|2017|p=284}}</ref> It has also been contended that the aloha shirt was devised in the early 1930s by Chinese merchant Ellery Chun of "King-Smith Clothiers and Dry Goods", a store in [[Waikiki]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/08/us/ellery-chun-91-popularizer-of-the-shirt-that-won-hawaii.html|title=Ellery Chun, 91, Popularizer of the Shirt That Won Hawaii|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=8 June 2000|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>{{sfnp|Hughes|2017|p=284}} Although this claim has been described as a myth reinforced by repeated telling,<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-2000-07-11 /> Chun may have been the first to mass-produce<ref name=hirahara&smith /> or to maintain the ready-to-wear in stock to be sold off the shelf.<ref name=schmitt /><ref name=fundaburk-p169 />

The name "aloha shirt" appeared later. By 1935 and 1936, the word ''aloha'' was being attached to various sorts of Hawaiian products, so calling the garments "aloha shirts" was hardly original.{{sfnp|Furer|1983|p=19}} The term aloha shirt first appeared in print in an advertisement for Musa-Shiya in the June 28, 1935 issue of ''[[The Honolulu Advertiser]]'' newspaper.{{sfnp|Furer|1983|p=19}}<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-1926-06-28 /> However, Ellery Chun is sometimes credited for coining the term,<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-1987-04-02 /> perhaps in 1933;<ref name=hendrickson /> Chun's store reportedly carried window signs that said "aloha shirts".<ref name=hirahara&smith /><ref name=honolulu-advertiser-formal /> The term "aloha sportswear" was registered as a [[trademark]] by Chun's company in 1936,{{sfnp|Furer|1983|p=19}}<ref name=schmitt /> followed by Chun trademarking "Aloha Shirt" in 1937 and owning the rights to this appellation for the next 20 years.{{sfnp|Furer|1983|p=16}}

[[File:Tori Richard Aloha Shirts in a Store.JPG|thumb|[[Tori Richard]] aloha shirts in a store]]

Within years, major designer labels sprang up all over Hawaii and began manufacturing and selling aloha shirts en masse. By the end of the 1930s, 450 people were employed in an industry worth $600,000 annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.racked.com/2018/2/23/16982034/aloha-shirt-history|title=The Origins and Appropriations of the Aloha Shirt|last1=Cheung|first1=Alexis|date=23 February 2018|work=Racked|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926224954/https://www.racked.com/2018/2/23/16982034/aloha-shirt-history|archive-date=26 September 2018|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2018}}</ref> Two notable manufacturers of this period are Kamehameha and Branfleet (later [[Kahala (apparel)|Kahala]]), both founded in 1936.{{sfnp|Hughes|2017|pp=288–289}}<ref name=keane&quinn /> Retail chains in Hawaii, including some based on the mainland, may mass-produce a single aloha shirt design for employee uniforms.

After [[World War II]], many servicemen and servicewomen returned to the United States from Asia and the Pacific islands with aloha shirts made in Hawaii since the 1930s.<ref name=wsj2012-06-07 /> One significant manufacturer was [[Alfred Shaheen|Shaheen]], which began business in 1948.<ref name=keane&quinn /> Following [[Hawaii Admission Act|Hawaii's statehood]] in 1959, when extant tropical prints came to be regarded as rather tacky, designer [[Alfred Shaheen]] became noted for producing aloha shirts of higher chic and quality, and [[Elvis Presley]] wore a Shaheen-designed red aloha on the album cover for ''[[Blue Hawaii (soundtrack)|Blue Hawaii]]'' (1961).<ref name=wsj2012-06-07 /><ref name=latimes2009-01-04 /> In 1956, [[Tori Richard]], a well-known brand of alohas was established.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=San Diego Magazine |year=1998 |volume=51 |page=4 |title=Tori Richard |quote=Since 1956.}}</ref><ref name=fujii /> Spooner's of Waikiki, precursor of  [[Reyn Spooner]], also established business in 1956.<ref name=latimes2010-06-20 />

=== Exports ===
Garments manufactured in Hawaii could bear "Made in Hawaii" labels before statehood (1959), and even afterwards, their sales to mainland United States continued to be referred to as "exports".<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller-Davenport |first=Sarah |author-link=<!--Sarah Miller-Davenport--> |title=Gateway State: Hawai{{okina}}i and the Cultural Transformation of American Empire |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XVzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 |page=170 |isbn=978-0-691-18596-5}}</ref>

Aloha shirts tend to be referred to as "Hawaiian shirts" by the populace from the mainland United States,<ref name=keane&quinn /> and are often brilliantly colored with floral patterns or generic [[Polynesian culture|Polynesian]] motifs.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

The aloha shirt is currently{{when|date=November 2018}} the premier textile export of the Hawaii manufacturing industry.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

== Aloha dress codes ==
<!--Section lead desired-->

=== Aloha Week ===
[[File:Aloha Festivals Floral Parade-Niklaus Schweizer (a0002608).jpg|thumb|upright|Man with a typical aloha shirt during the ''Aloha Festivals Floral Parade'' 2012]]
In 1946, the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce funded a study of aloha shirts and designs for comfortable business clothing worn during the hot Hawaiian summers. The [[City and County of Honolulu]] passed a resolution allowing their employees to wear sport shirts from June–October. City employees were not allowed to wear aloha shirts for business until the creation of the [[Aloha Week]] festival in 1947. The Aloha Week festival was motivated by both cultural and economic concerns: First held at [[Ala Moana Park]] in October, the festival revived interest in ancient Hawaiian music, dancing, sports, and traditions. There was a [[holoku]] ball, a floral parade, and a [[makahiki]] festival attended by 8,000 people. Economically, the week-long event first attracted visitors during October – traditionally a slow month for tourism – which benefited the Hawaiian fashion industry as they supplied the [[muumuu|mu{{okina}}umu{{okina}}u]] and aloha shirts worn for the celebration.{{sfnp|Arthur|2000|pp=34–35}} Aloha Week expanded in 1974 to six islands, and was lengthened to a month. In 1991, Aloha Week was renamed to [[Aloha Festivals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://alohafestivals.com/v3/pages/about/history.jsp|title=A Cultural Showcase of Hawaii|year=2006|work=Aloha Festivals|publisher=Hawaii Tourism Authority|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321142847/http://alohafestivals.com/v3/pages/about/history.jsp|archive-date=21 March 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=9 April 2008}}</ref>

In the end, Aloha Week had a direct influence on the resulting demand for alohawear, and was responsible for supporting local clothing manufacturing: locals needed the clothing for the festivals, and soon people in Hawaii began wearing the clothing in greater numbers on more of a daily basis. Hawaii's fashion industry was relieved, as they were initially worried that popular clothing from the mainland United States would eventually replace aloha attire.{{sfnp|Arthur|2000|p=39}}

=== Aloha Friday ===

In 1962, a professional manufacturing association known as the Hawaiian Fashion Guild began to promote aloha shirts and clothing for use in the workplace, particularly as business attire. In a campaign called "Operation Liberation", the Guild distributed two aloha shirts to every member of the [[Hawaii House of Representatives]] and the [[Hawaii Senate]]. Subsequently, a resolution passed in the Senate recommending aloha attire be worn throughout the summer, beginning on [[May Day|Lei Day]].{{sfnp|Brown|Arthur|2002|pp=78–79}} The wording of the resolution spoke of letting "the male populace return to 'aloha attire' during the summer months for the sake of comfort and in support of the 50th state's garment industry".{{sfnp|Hope|Tozian|2000|p=45}}

In 1965, Bill Foster Sr., president of the Hawaii Fashion Guild, led the organization in a campaign lobbying for "Aloha Friday", a day employers would allow men to wear aloha shirts on the last business day of the week a few months out of the year.{{sfnp|Hope|Tozian|2000|p=45}} Aloha Friday officially began in 1966,<ref name="formal2">{{cite web|url=http://www.honolulu.gov/csd/publiccom/honnews06/wearalohaexhibitopensathonoluluhale.htm|title='Wear Aloha' Exhibit Opens At Honolulu Hale|date=8 June 2006|quote=Mayor [[Mufi Hannemann]]: 'When the board of directors of the Chamber of Commerce of Hawai{{okina}}i voted in favor of Aloha Friday in 1966, they were acknowledging a sentiment widespread in our Island home: that we don't have to dress like Mainlanders to be taken seriously. Now the rest of the nation has caught some of the Aloha Friday spirit with "Casual Fridays."'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926074301/http://www.honolulu.gov/csd/publiccom/honnews06/wearalohaexhibitopensathonoluluhale.htm|archive-date=September 26, 2006}}</ref> and young adults of the 1960s embraced the style, replacing the formal business wear favored by previous generations. By 1970, aloha wear had gained acceptance in Hawaii as business attire for any day of the week.{{sfnp|Brown|Arthur|2002|pp=78–79}} Unlike the [[court dress]] required in most jurisdictions, attorneys in Hawaii may be allowed to wear aloha shirts in court, though this varies among individual courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiilitigation.com/2011/01/what-not-to-wear-hawaii-lawyers-edition/|title=AHFI Insights : What Not to Wear — Hawai{{okina}}i Lawyers Edition|last1=Ing|first1=Louise K. Y.|date=January 19, 2011|work=www.hawaiilitigation.com|access-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105180328/http://www.hawaiilitigation.com/2011/01/what-not-to-wear-hawaii-lawyers-edition/|archive-date=5 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hawaii's custom of Aloha Friday slowly spread east to California, continuing around the globe until the 1990s, when it became known as [[Casual Friday]].{{sfnp|Brown|Arthur|2002|pp=78–79}}{{sfnp|Hope|Tozian|2000|p=45}} Today in Hawaii, alohawear is worn as business attire for any day of the week,<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-formal /> and "Aloha Friday" is generally used to refer to the last day of the work week.{{sfnp|Brown|Arthur|2002|pp=78–79}} Now considered Hawaii's term for "Thank God It's Friday" (TGIF),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/16/travel/shopper-s-world-hawaii-s-short-sleeve-plumage.html|title=Shopper's World; Hawaii's Short-Sleeve Plumage|last=Loomis|first=Susan Herrmann|date=16 October 1988|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=21 June 2008}}</ref> the phrase was used by Kimo Kahoano and Paul Natto in their 1982 song, "It's Aloha Friday, No Work 'til Monday",<ref name=gazette /> heard every Friday on Hawaii radio stations across the state.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}

=== Aloha attire ===
The related concept of "aloha attire" stems from the aloha shirt. Semi-formal functions such as weddings, birthday parties, and dinners are often designated as "aloha attire", meaning that men wear aloha shirts and women wear [[muumuu]] or other tropical prints. Because Hawaii tends to be more casual, it is rarely appropriate to attend such functions in full evening wear like on the mainland;<ref name="formal3">Dale Hope: ''The Aloha Shirt'' with a different year of introduction.{{when|date=August 2019}}</ref> instead, aloha attire is seen as a happy medium between excessive formality and casual wear (i.e., [[business casual]]).

== See also ==
* [[Camp shirt]]—The "parent" shirt type; see for subtypes and similar shirts
* [[Jams (clothing line)|Jams]] – Aloha shirt brand
* [[Reyn Spooner]] – Aloha shirt brand
* [[Tori Richard]] – Aloha shirt brand
* [[Kente cloth]] – African traditional clothing pattern similar to the Aloha shirt in style

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References  ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=fujii>{{cite book|last=Fujii |first=Jocelyn K. |author-link=<!--Jocelyn K. Fujii--> |title=Tori Richard: The First Fifty Years |location=Honolulu, HI |publisher=TR Press |year=2006 |oclc=128234380 |isbn=0-9785466-0-1}}</ref>

<ref name=gazette>{{cite news|last=Brown |first=J. J. |author-link=<!--J. J. Brown--> |title=Did you ever wonder? |newspaper=[[The Gazette (Colorado Springs)|The Gazette]] |location=Colorado Springs |date=September 9, 2007 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20070909/ai_n21020377 |access-date=2008-04-10}}</ref>

<ref name=goggans&difranco>{{cite book|last1=Goggans |first1=Jan |author-link=<!--Jan Goggans--> |last2=DiFranco |first2=Aaron |author-link2=<!--Aaron DiFranco--> |title=The Pacific Region |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing]] |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlnkG6q318oC&pg=PA172 |page=172 |isbn=0-313-33266-5}}</ref>

<ref name=hendrickson>{{cite book|last=Hendrickson|first=Robert |author-link=<!--Robert Hendrickson--> |title=The Art of the Aloha Shirt |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]] |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ms9ZAAAAMAAJ |page=10 |isbn=0-471-34518-0}}</ref>

<ref name=hirahara&smith>{{cite book|last1=Hirahara |first1=Naomi |author-link=Naomi Hirahara |last2=Smith |first2=Henrietta M. |author-link2=Henrietta M. Smith |title=Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders |publisher=Island Heritage Publishing |year=2002 |page=43 |isbn=0-89610-406-0}}</ref>

<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-1926-06-28>{{cite news|title='Aloha' Shirts ― well tailored, beautiful designs and radiant colors (advertisement) |author=Musa-Shiya Shoten, Ltd. |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |date=28 June 1935 |page=17 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/260583937/}}</ref>

<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-1987-04-02>{{cite news|last=Ronck |first=Ronn |author-link=<!--Ronn Ronck--> |title=Print that Aloha Shirt |department=Arts Scene |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |date=2 April 1987 |page=21 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/264937736/}}</ref>

<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-2000-07-11>{{cite news|last=Hoover |first=Will |author-link=<!--Will Hoover--> |title=Aloha Shirts Unplugged: Unraveling Some Rumors and Fabrication |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |date=11 July 2000 |pages=21–23 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/266323552/}}</ref>

<!--was 1st ref in <ref name=formal />-->
<ref name=honolulu-advertiser-formal>{{cite news|last=Gordon|first=Mike |author-link=<!--Mike Gordon--> |title=Aloha shirts |newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser |date=2 July 2006 |pages=21–23 |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6alohashirts |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201025646/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/150/sesq6alohashirts |archive-date=2012-02-01}}</ref>

<ref name=jomm>{{cite web |url=http://www.jomm.jp/newsletter/tayori01_02.html |title=Aroha shatsu to nihonjin imin no rekishi |script-title=ja:アロハシャツと日本人移民の歴史<!--Inset title:もっと知りたい！アロハの魅力 (About Aloha's attractiveness)--> |trans-title=Aloha Shirt and the history of Japanese immigration |work=Japanese Overseas Migration Museum |publisher=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] |year=2012 |url-status=dead| access-date=2012-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909140339/http://www.jomm.jp/newsletter/tayori01_02.html |archive-date=2006-09-09 |language=ja}}</ref>

<ref name=keane&quinn>{{cite web|url=https://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/an-interview-with-aloha-shirt-author-and-scholar-linda-arthur/ |last1=Keune |first1=Maribeth |author-link=<!--Maribeth Keune--> |last2=Quinn |first2=Brad |author-link2=<!--Brad Quinn--> |title=Hawaiian Style: The Roots of the Aloha Shirt Interview with Linda Arthur |work=The Collectors Weekly |date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=latimes2009-01-04>{{cite news|last=Noland |first=Claire |author-link=<!--Claire Noland --> |title=Alfred Shaheen, garment industry pioneer, dies at 86 |department=Obituaries |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2009-01-04 |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-shaheen4-2009jan04-story.html |access-date= 2009-05-04}}</ref>

<ref name=latimes2010-06-20>{{cite news|last=Padilla|first=Max |author-link=<!--Max Padilla --> |title=Reyn Spooner's new wave of Hawaiian shirts |department=Shopping |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=2010-06-20 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jun-20-la-ig-shopping-20100620-story.html |access-date=2010-06-20}}</ref>

<ref name=schmitt>{{cite journal|last=Schmitt |first=Robert C. |author-link=<!--Robert C. Schmitt--> |title=Some Firsts in Island Business and Government |journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History |volume=14 |year=1980 |publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society |url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/577/2/JL14084.pdf |pages=86–87}}<!--https://books.google.com/books?id=_p0MAQAAMAAJ-->; cf. shorter entry in {{cite book|last=Schmitt |first=Robert C. |author-link=<!--Robert C. Schmitt--> |editor-last=Ronck |editor-first=Ronn |editor-link=<!--Ronn Ronck--> |title=Firsts and Almost Firsts in Hawai{{okina}}i |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ82fVMn1joC&pg=PA102 |pages=101–102|isbn=978-0-8248-1282-9 }}</ref>

<ref name=wsj2012-06-07>{{cite news|last=Smith |first=Ray A. |title=When Designers Meddle With Hawaiian Shirts|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=June 7, 2012|page=D6}}</ref>

<ref name=wsj2017-03-30>{{cite news|last=Christian |first=Scott |author-link=<!--Scott Christian--> |title=The Men's Shirt That Will Get You Noticed |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 30, 2017 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-mens-shirt-that-will-get-you-noticed-1490888731 }}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Arthur |first=Linda B. |author-link=<!--Linda B. Arthur, was assoc. prof.Textiles and Clothing at UH Manoa, now prof Wash State U--> |title=Aloha Attire: Hawaiian Dress in the Twentieth Century |location=Atglen, PA |publisher=[[Schiffer Publishing]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-7643-1015-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Brown |first1=DeSoto |author-link=<!--DeSoto Brown--> |last2=Arthur |first2=Linda |author-link2=<!--Linda B. Arthur--> |title=The Art of the Aloha Shirt |publisher=Island Heritage Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=0-89610-406-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Fundaburk |first=Emma Lila |author-link=<!--Emma Lila Fundaburk--> |title=The Garment Manufacturing Industry of Hawaii | volume=Part II, Vol. 4 |publisher=University of Hawaii, Economic Research Center |year=1965 }}
* {{citation|last=Furer |first=Gloria |author-link=<!--Gloria Furer, prof. U. Hawaii--> |title=Designs of Hawaiian Wear: An Evolution in History |work=ACPTC Proceedings: National meeting proceedings |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGZQAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hope |first1=Dale |author-link=<!--Dale Hope--> |last2=Tozian |first2=Gregory |author-link2=<!--Gregory Tozian--> |title=The Aloha Shirt: Spirit of the Islands |location=Hillsboro, OR |publisher=TR Press |year=2000 |isbn=1-58270-034-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Hughes |first=Roxane |author-link=<!--Roxane Hughes--> |chapter=Multicultural or Destitute Hawaii? Re-visioning the Symbolism of the Aloha Shirt |editor-last=Ludwig |editor-first=Sämi |title=American Multiculturalism in Context: Views from at Home and Abroad |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2017|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wBFUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281 |pages=281–300 |isbn=978-1-4438-7482-3}}
* {{Cite web |last=Imbler |first=Sabrina |date=2019-08-20 |title=The Not-So-Chill History of Hawai'i's Breeziest Shirt |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/history-of-aloha-hawaiian-shirt |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110207225830/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,722899-1,00.html "Musa-Shiya The Shirtmaker"] – ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' 1926
* [https://www.flickr.com/photos/uhmuseum/sets/72157622839041742/ Aloha shirts of the University of Hawaii Museum]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:American fashion]]
[[Category:Symbols of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Shirts]]
[[Category:Surf culture]]
[[Category:1930s fashion]]
[[Category:1950s fashion]]
[[Category:1960s fashion]]
[[Category:1990s fashion]]
[[Category:Textile arts of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Tiki culture]]