View source for Amphibole

{{Short description|Group of inosilicate minerals}}
{{about|the mineral|the logical fallacy|equivocation|the ambiguous grammatical construction|amphibology|the study of amphibians (amphibiology)|amphibian}}
[[File:Tremolite-121232.jpg|thumb|Amphibole ([[tremolite]])]]

'''Amphibole''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|f|ə|b|oʊ|l}} {{respell|AM|fə|bohl}}) is a group of [[Silicate minerals#Inosilicates|inosilicate]] [[mineral]]s, forming prism or needlelike crystals,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theodora.com/geology/glossarya.html#amphibole |title=Amphibole |work=Dictionary of Geology |access-date=2013-01-21}}</ref> composed of double chain {{chem|SiO|4}} [[tetrahedron|tetrahedra]], linked at the vertices and generally containing [[ion]]s of [[iron]] and/or [[magnesium]] in their structures. Its [[International Mineralogical Association|IMA]] [[List of mineral symbols|symbol]] is Amp.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA-CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref> Amphiboles can be green, black, colorless, white, yellow, blue, or brown. The [[International Mineralogical Association]] currently classifies amphiboles as a mineral supergroup, within which are two groups and several subgroups.<ref>[http://www.mindat.org/min-207.html Mindat, Amphibole Supergroup]</ref>

==Mineralogy==
[[File:Thin section microscopy Siilinjärvi R636 6335 amphibole.jpg|thumb|[[Optical mineralogy|Photomicrographs]] of a thin section containing an amphibole crystal; under cross-polarized light on the left, and plane-polarized light on the right.]]
Amphiboles crystallize into two crystal systems, [[monoclinic]] and [[orthorhombic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |last2=Hurlbut |first2=Cornelius S. Jr. |title=Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) |date=1993 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=047157452X |page=491 |edition=21st}}</ref> In chemical composition and general characteristics they are similar to the [[pyroxene]]s. The chief differences from pyroxenes are that (i) amphiboles contain essential hydroxyl (OH) or halogen (F, Cl) and (ii) the basic structure is a double chain of tetrahedra (as opposed to the single chain structure of pyroxene). Most apparent, in hand specimens, is that amphiboles form oblique cleavage planes (at around 120 degrees), whereas pyroxenes have cleavage angles of approximately 90 degrees. Amphiboles are also specifically less dense than the corresponding pyroxenes.{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|pp=474-475,478,491}} Amphiboles are the primary constituent of [[amphibolite]]s.{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|pp=590}}

===Structure===
Like pyroxenes, amphiboles are classified as inosilicate (chain silicate) minerals. However, the pyroxene structure is built around single chains of silica tetrahedra while amphiboles are built around double chains of silica tetrahedra. In other words, as with almost all silicate minerals, each silicon ion is surrounded by four oxygen ions. In amphiboles, some of the oxygen ions are shared between silicon ions to form a double chain structure as depicted below. These chains extend along the [001] axis of the crystal. One side of each chain has ''apical'' oxygen ions, shared by only one silicon ion, and pairs of double chains are bound to each other by metal ions that connect apical oxygen ions. The pairs of double chains have been likened to [[I-beams]]. Each I-beam is bonded to its neighbor by additional metal ions to form the complete crystal structure. Large gaps in the structure may be empty or partially filled by large metal ions, such as sodium, but remain points of weakness that help define the cleavage planes of the crystal.<ref name=Nesse2000p277t279>{{cite book |last1=Nesse |first1=William D. |title=Introduction to mineralogy |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195106916 |pages=277–279}}</ref>
<gallery>

File:Amphibole 100.jpg|Double-chain inosilicate structure looking up the [100] axis. Silicon ions are hidden by apical oxygen ions.
File:Amphibole 010.jpg|Side view (along [010]) of double chain inosilicate backbone. Apical oxygens are at the bottom.
File:Amphibole 001.jpg|Amphibole structure looking along the [001] axis. Silicon ions are emphasized. Two "I-beams" are outlined in green.
</gallery>

===In rocks===
[[File:Mineralogy igneous rocks EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Mineral assemblage of igneous rocks]]
[[File:Horndio.jpg|thumb|Hornblende diorite from the Henry Mountains, Utah, US]]
[[File:Amphibolite (Precambrian; Warrensburg, Adirondack Mountains, New York State, USA) 1.jpg|thumb|Amphibolite from Warrensburg, Adirondack Mountains, New York State, USA]]
Amphiboles are minerals of either [[igneous rock|igneous]] or [[metamorphism|metamorphic]] origin. Amphiboles are more common in [[intermediate rock|intermediate]] to [[felsic]] igneous rocks than in [[mafic]] igneous rocks,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peters|first1=Stefan T. M.|last2=Troll|first2=Valentin R.|last3=Weis|first3=Franz A.|last4=Dallai|first4=Luigi|last5=Chadwick|first5=Jane P.|last6=Schulz|first6=Bernhard|date=2017-03-16|title=Amphibole megacrysts as a probe into the deep plumbing system of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1338-0|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|language=en|volume=172|issue=4|pages=16|doi=10.1007/s00410-017-1338-0|bibcode=2017CoMP..172...16P|s2cid=132014026|issn=1432-0967|hdl=1871.1/e2dbf586-263b-4487-beb6-0ce7f2e1ff80|hdl-access=free}}</ref> because the higher [[silica]] and dissolved water content of the more [[igneous differentiation|evolved]] magmas favors formation of amphiboles rather than pyroxenes.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=279–280}}  The highest amphibole content, around 20%, is found in [[andesite]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levin |first1=Harold L. |title=The earth through time |date=2010 |publisher=J. Wiley |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-0470387740 |page=62 |edition=9th}}</ref> [[Hornblende]] is widespread in igneous and metamorphic rocks and is particularly common in [[syenite]]s and [[diorite]]s. Calcium is sometimes a constituent of naturally occurring amphiboles. Amphiboles of metamorphic origin include those developed in [[limestone]]s by contact metamorphism ([[tremolite]]) and those formed by the alteration of other ferromagnesian minerals (such as hornblende as an alteration product of pyroxene).{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|p=496-497}} [[Pseudomorph]]s of amphibole after pyroxene are known as [[uralite]].{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=285}}

==History and etymology==
The name ''amphibole'' derives from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{Transliteration|grc|amphíbolos}} ({{wikt-lang|grc|ἀμφίβολος}}, {{lit|double entendre}}), implying ambiguity. The name was used by {{lang|fr|italics=unset|[[René Just Haüy]]}} to include tremolite, [[actinolite]] and [[hornblende]]. The group was so named by Haüy in allusion to the protean variety, in composition and appearance, assumed by its minerals. This term has since been applied to the whole group. Numerous sub-species and varieties are distinguished, the more important of which are tabulated below in two series. The formulae of each will be seen to be built on the general double-chain [[silicate]] formula RSi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>11</sub>.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Amphibole|volume=1|pages=883-884|first=Leonard James|last=Spencer|authorlink=Leonard James Spencer}}</ref>

Four of the amphibole minerals are commonly called [[asbestos]]. These are: anthophyllite, riebeckite, the cummingtonite/grunerite series, and the actinolite/tremolite series. The cummingtonite/grunerite series is often termed [[amosite]] or "brown asbestos", and [[riebeckite]] is known as crocidolite or "blue asbestos". These are generally called amphibole asbestos.<ref>US Geological Survey, [https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/asbestos/ Asbestos], accessed 20 July 2015.</ref>  Mining, manufacture and prolonged use of these minerals can cause serious illnesses.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=242}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Health Effects of Asbestos |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/asbestos/health_effects_asbestos.html |website=Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |date=10 December 2018 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

==Mineral species==
The more common amphiboles are classified as shown in the following table:{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=278}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
! colspan=8 | Amphibole classification (After Nesse 2000{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=278}})
|-
! Group
! W
! {{chem2|X2}}
! {{chem2|Y5}}
! {{chem2|Z8O22(OH)2}}
! Mineral
! Symmetry
! Comment
|-
|rowspan=3| Iron-magnesium 
| 
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)2}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)5}}
| {{chem2|Si8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Anthophyllite]] 
|rowspan=2|Orthorhombic
|rowspan=2|Orthoamphibolite
|-
|
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)2}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)3Al2}}
| {{chem2|Al2Si6O22(OH)2}}
| [[Gedrite]]
|-
|
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)2}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)5}}
| {{chem2|Si8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Cummingtonite]]-[[Grunerite]]
| rowspan=8 | Monoclinic
| Low-Ca-clinoamphibolite
|-
| rowspan=3 |Calcic
|
| {{chem2|Ca2}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)5}}
| {{chem2|Si8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Tremolite]]-[[actinolite]]
| rowspan=3 | Ca-clinoamphibole
|-
| {{chem2|(Na,K)_{0-1}|}}
| {{chem2|Ca2}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe,Fe^{3+},Al)5}}
| {{chem2|(Si,Al)8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Hornblende]]
|-
| {{chem2|Na|}}
| {{chem2|Ca2}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)4Ti}}
| {{chem2|Si6Al2O22(OH)2}}
| [[Kaersutite]]
|-
| rowspan=2 | Sodic-calcic
| {{chem2|Na|}}
| {{chem2|NaCa}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)5}}
| {{chem2|Si8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Richterite]]
| rowspan=2 | Na-Ca-clinonamphibole
|-
| {{chem2|Na|}}
| {{chem2|NaCa}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)4Fe^{3+}|}}
| {{chem2|Si7AlO22(OH)2}}
| [[Katophorite]]
|-
| rowspan=2 |Sodic
|
| {{chem2|Na2|}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)3(Al,Fe^{3+})2}}
| {{chem2|Si8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Glaucophane]]-[[riebeckite]]
| rowspan=2 | Na-clinoamphibole
|-
| {{chem2|Na|}}
| {{chem2|Na2|}}
| {{chem2|(Mg,Fe)4(Al,Fe^{3+})}}
| {{chem2|Si8O22(OH)2}}
| [[Eckermanite]]-[[arfvedsonite]]
|}

===Other species===
'''Orthorhombic series'''
* [[Holmquistite]], Li<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>
'''Monoclinic series'''
* [[Pargasite]], NaCa<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>3</sub>Fe<sup>2+</sup>Si<sub>6</sub>Al<sub>3</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>
* [[Winchite]], (CaNa)Mg<sub>4</sub>(Al,Fe<sup>3+</sup>)Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>
* [[Edenite]], NaCa<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>5</sub>(Si<sub>7</sub>Al)O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>

===Series===
Certain amphibole minerals form solid solution series, at least at elevated temperature. Ferrous iron usually substitutes freely for magnesium in amphiboles to form continuous solid solution series between magnesium-rich and iron-rich endmembers. These include the cummington (magnesium) to grunerite (iron) endmembers, where the dividing line is placed at 30% magnesium.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|pp=277-290}}

In addition, the orthoamphiboles, anthophyllite and gedrite, which differ in their aluminium content, form a continuous solid solution at elevated temperature. As the amphibole cools, the two end members exsolve to form very thin layers (lamellae).{{sfn|Nesse|2000|pp=277-290}}

Hornblende is highly variable in composition, and includes at least five solid solution series: magnesiohornblende-ferrohornblende ({{chem2|Ca2[(Mg,Fe)4Al]Si7AlO22(OH)2}}), tschermakite-ferrotschermakite ({{chem2|Ca2[(Mg,Fe)3Al2]Si6Al2O22(OH)2}}), edenite-ferroedenite ({{chem2|NaCa2(Mg,Fe)5Si7AlO22(OH)2}}), pargasite-ferropargasite ({{chem2|NaCa2[(Mg,Fe)4Al]Si6Al2O22(OH)2}}) and magnesiohastingstite-hastingsite ({{chem2|NaCa2[(Mg,Fe)4Fe^{3+}]Si6Al2O22(OH)2}}). In addition, titanium, manganese, or chromium can substitute for some of the cations and oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine for some of the hydroxide. The different chemical types are almost impossible to distinguish even by optical or X-ray methods, and detailed chemical analysis using an electron microprobe is required.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=285}}

Glaucophane to riebeckite form yet another solid solution series, which also extends towards hornblende and arfvedsonite.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=287}}

There is ''not'' a continuous series between calcic clinoamphiboles, such as hornblende, and low-calcium amphiboles, such as orthoamphiboles or the cummingtonite-grunerite series. Compositions intermediate in calcium are almost nonexistent in nature.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=279}} However, there is a solid solution series between hornblende and tremolite-actinolite at elevated temperature. A [[miscibility gap]] exists at lower temperatures, and, as a result, hornblende often contains exsolution lamellae of grunerite.{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|p=496}}

===Descriptions===
On account of the wide variations in chemical composition, the different members vary considerably in properties and general appearance.

[[Anthophyllite]] occurs as brownish, fibrous or lamellar masses with hornblende in [[mica]]-[[schist]] at [[Kongsberg]] in [[Norway]] and some other localities. An aluminous related species is known as [[gedrite]] and a deep green [[Russia]]n variety containing little [[iron]] as [[kupfferite]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

[[Hornblende]] is an important constituent of many igneous rocks. It is also an important constituent of [[amphibolite]]s formed by metamorphism of [[basalt]].{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=286}}

[[Actinolite]] is an important and common member of the monoclinic series, forming radiating groups of [[Crystal habit|acicular]] crystals of a bright green or greyish-green color. It occurs frequently as a constituent of [[greenschist]]s. The name (from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος/aktís, aktînos'', a 'ray' and ''λίθος/líthos'', a 'stone') is a translation of the old [[German language|German]] word ''Strahlstein'' (radiated stone).<ref name="EB1911"/>{{sfn|Klein|Hurlbut|1993|pp=495-496}}

[[Glaucophane]], [[crocidolite]], [[riebeckite]] and [[arfvedsonite]] form a somewhat special group of alkali-amphiboles. The first two are blue fibrous minerals, with glaucophane occurring in [[blueschist]]s and crocidolite (blue asbestos) in ironstone formations, both resulting from dynamo-metamorphic processes. The latter two are dark green minerals, which occur as original constituents of igneous rocks rich in sodium, such as [[nepheline]]-[[syenite]] and [[phonolite]].<ref name="EB1911"/>{{sfn|Nesse|2000|pp=287-289}}

[[Pargasite]] is a rare magnesium-rich variety of hornblende{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=285}} with essential [[sodium]], usually found in [[ultramafic]] rocks. For instance, it occurs in uncommon [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] [[xenolith]]s, carried up by [[kimberlite]]. It is hard, dense, black and usually [[Rock microstructure#Crystal shapes|automorphic]], with a red-brown [[pleochroism]] in [[Petrography|petrographic]] [[thin section]].<ref name="Handbook">
 {{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/pargasite.pdf
 |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org |title=Handbook of Mineralogy
 |chapter=Pargasite |format=pdf
 |publisher=[[Mineralogical Society of America]] |access-date=2012-12-17
 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Minerals}}
* [[List of minerals]]
* [[Classification of silicate minerals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Minerals}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Inosilicates]]
[[Category:Asbestos]]