View source for Amsterdam Metro

{{Expand Dutch|date=August 2021|topic=transport}}
{{short description|Rapid transit railway in the Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Public transit
| name = Amsterdam Metro
| image = Amsterdam metro logo.svg
| imagesize = 100px
| image2 = Metrotrein op de Noord-Zuidlijn in Station Noord.jpg
| native_name = ''Amsterdamse metro''
| caption2 = An [[M5 (Amsterdam Metro)|M5]] train at [[Noord metro station|Noord Station]]
| locale = [[Amsterdam]], [[Diemen]], [[Ouder-Amstel]]
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]
| lines = 5
| stations = 39<ref name="map" />
| ridership = 247,397 (2018)<ref name=nrc092618>{{cite news|url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/09/26/twee-maanden-noordzuidlijn-a1810716|title=Meer mensen met metro dan met tram door Noord/Zuidlijn|newspaper=NRC|date=26 September 2018|access-date=22 August 2019|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829211430/https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2018/09/26/twee-maanden-noordzuidlijn-a1810716|url-status=live |last1=Duursma |first1=Mark }}</ref>
| annual_ridership = 90.3 million (2018)<ref name="2018AnnualReport">{{cite web |url=https://jaarverslag.gvb.nl/pdfondemand/printpdf?do |title=Jaarverslag 2018 |publisher=[[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB Holding NV]] |page=45 |language=nl |trans-title=2018 Annual Report |format=pdf |access-date=22 June 2019 }}{{dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| began_operation = 14 October 1977
| ended_operation =
| owner = City of Amsterdam
| operator = [[Gemeente Vervoerbedrijf]]
| marks =
| vehicles = 90<ref name="Kerncijfers">{{cite web |url=https://assets.gvb.nl/2016/Holding/JV-Holding-2016.html |title=Jaarverslag 2016 |publisher=GVB Holding NV |language=nl |trans-title=Annual Report 2016 |page=18 |date=23 May 2017 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072711/https://assets.gvb.nl/2016/Holding/JV-Holding-2016.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| system_length = {{cvt|42.7|km}}<ref name="Network" />
| track_gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| el = {{750 V DC|conductor=third rail}}
| minimum_radius_of_curvature =
| average_speed =
| top_speed = {{cvt|70|km/h}}
| alt =
| caption =
| area served =
| line_number =
| start =
| end =
| chief_executive =
| website = {{URL|gvb.nl/en}}
| map                             = {{switcher
  | {{Rapid transit OSM map |system_qid=Q260870 |frame-lat=52.35 |frame-long=4.90 |frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center |stroke-width=3 |zoom=10 }}<hr>
  | Show interactive map
  | [[File:AmsterdamMetroWashingtonStyle (from 2018).svg|250px]]<hr>
  | Show static map
  | {{Amsterdam Metro route diagram|inline=yes}}<hr>
  | Show route diagram
  }}
}}

The '''Amsterdam Metro''' ({{langx|nl|Amsterdamse Metro}}) is a [[rapid transit]] system serving [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]], and extending into the surrounding municipalities of [[Diemen]] and [[Ouder-Amstel]]. The network is owned by the City of Amsterdam and operated by [[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB]], the municipal public transport company that also operates the city’s trams, buses, and ferries. The metro forms one part of Amsterdam’s rail-based public transport network alongside the [[Trams in Amsterdam|extensive tram system]] and frequent regional and intercity trains operated by [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]] (NS).

The metro is a relatively recent addition to [[Transport in Amsterdam|Amsterdam’s transportation system]], with service beginning in October 1977. The first line, the [[#Oostlijn (East Line)|Oostlijn (East Line)]], connected the city centre to the newly developed [[Bijlmermeer]] area in the southeastern borough of [[Amsterdam-Zuidoost]] via Lines [[Line 53 (Amsterdam Metro)|53]] and [[Line 54 (Amsterdam Metro)|54]]. Further expansion was delayed due to public opposition, resuming in the 1990s with the opening of [[Line 51 (Amsterdam Metro)|Line 51]], a hybrid metro/tram route developed as a compromise with the municipality of [[Amstelveen]].

The system now comprises five lines and 39 stations, spanning {{convert|42.7|km}}. Three lines—51, 53, and 54—originate at [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal Station]], with Lines 53 and 54 running southeast to Zuidoost, and Line 51 heading south before turning west. Until 2019, Line 51 continued as a tram into Amstelveen, but this segment was closed and replaced with a dedicated tram line, the [[Amsteltram]]. [[Line 50 (Amsterdam Metro)|Line 50]], the only route that bypasses the city centre, connects Zuidoost to western districts. The newest addition, [[Line 52 (Amsterdam Metro)|Line 52]], opened in July 2018 and runs from [[Amsterdam-Noord]] to [[Amsterdam-Zuid]] via Centraal. It was constructed mostly underground and does not share tracks with other lines.

== History ==

=== Planning history ===
[[File:Amsterdam1968.png|thumb|left|The 1968 plan for the metro{{sfn|Davids|2000|p=158}}|alt=]]
The first plans for an underground railway in Amsterdam date from the 1920s: in November 1922, members of the municipal council of Amsterdam [[Zeeger Gulden]] and [[Emanuel Boekman]] asked the responsible alderman Ter Haar to study the possibility of constructing an underground railway in the city, in response to which the municipal department of Public Works drafted reports with proposals for underground railways in both 1923 and 1929. These plans stalled in the planning phase, however, and it took until the 1950s for the discussion about underground rail to resurface again in Amsterdam.{{sfn|Jansen|1972}}{{sfn|Davids|2000|pp=161-162}}

The post-war population boom and increase in motorized traffic shifted the perception of underground rail transport in Amsterdam considerably: whereas in the 1920s, underground rail had been considered too expensive, halfway through the 1950s it was presented as a realistic solution to the problems caused by increased traffic. In 1955, a report published by the municipal government concerning the inner city of Amsterdam—known by the Dutch title ''Nota Binnenstad''—suggested installing a commission to explore solutions to the traffic problems Amsterdam faced. This commission, which was headed by former director of the department of Public Works J.W. Clerx, was subsequently installed in March 1956, and published its report ''Openbaar vervoer in de agglomeratie Amsterdam'' in 1960.{{sfn|Davids|2000|pp=163-164}}

The aldermen and mayor of Amsterdam agreed with the conclusion of the report of the Clerx commission that an underground railway network ought to be built in Amsterdam in the near future. In April 1963 they installed the ''Bureau Stadsspoorweg'' which had the task to study the technical feasibility of a metropolitan railway, to propose a route network, to suggest the preferred order of construction of the various lines, and to study the adverse effects of constructing a metro line, such as traffic disruption and the demolition of buildings.{{sfn|Davids|2000|p=164}}

In 1964 and 1965, ''Bureau Stadsspoorweg'' presented four reports to the municipal government of Amsterdam, which were made available to the public on 30 August 1966.{{sfn|Davids|2000|pp=165-166}} In March 1968, the aldermen and mayor of Amsterdam subsequently submitted a proposal to the municipal council of Amsterdam to agree to the construction of the metro network, which the council assented to on 16 May 1968 with 38 votes in favour and 3 against.{{sfn|Davids|2000|p=158}} Under the original plan, four lines were to be built, connecting the entire city and replacing many of the existing [[Trams in Amsterdam|tram]] lines. The following lines were planned: an east–west line from the southeast to the [[Osdorp]] district via [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station]]; a circle line from the [[Westpoort|western harbor area]] to the suburban town of [[Diemen]]; a north–south line from the [[Amsterdam-Noord|northern district]] via [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Amsterdam Centraal]] to Weteringplantsoen traffic circle, with two branches at both ends; and a second east–west line from [[Geuzenveld]] district to [[Gaasperplas]]. The system would be constructed gradually and was expected to be completed by the end of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.noordzuidlijnkennis.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/1968-Plan-Stadsspoor.pdf|title=Plan Stadsspoor|publisher=Communications Department, City of Amsterdam|language=nl|date=1968|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=7 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207230552/http://www.noordzuidlijnkennis.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/1968-Plan-Stadsspoor.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Design and construction ===
[[File:Nieuwmarkt Metro Station Inside.JPG|thumb|Wall decorations remembering the demolition in the Nieuwmarkt neighbourhood and protests against it]]

Construction of the ''Oostlijn'' (East Line) began in 1970 as the first phase of Amsterdam’s metro system, intended to connect the city centre with the newly developed residential district of [[Bijlmermeer]] in the southeast. The line opened on 14 October 1977, running underground from [[Weesperplein metro station|Weesperplein]] through the eastern districts to [[Amsterdam Amstel station]], then continuing above ground alongside existing NS railway tracks. At [[Van der Madeweg metro station|Van der Madeweg]], it splits into two branches: Route 53 follows a new right-of-way to [[Gaasperplas metro station|Gaasperplas]], while Route 54 continued along NS tracks to [[Amsterdam Holendrecht station|Holendrecht]]. Both routes were extended to [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Amsterdam Centraal]] on 11 October 1980, and Route 54 was further extended on a new right-of-way from Holendrecht to [[Gein metro station|Gein]] on 27 August 1982.

The stations were designed by city architect Ben Spängberg, later joined by {{ill|Sier van Rhijn|nl}}. Their approach emphasized smooth, rounded architecture,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/12-jaar-lang-aan-de-ontwerptafel-van-de-oostlijn-interview-met-ben-spangberg-architect/|title=12 jaar lang aan de ontwerptafel van de Oostlijn. Interview met Ben Spängberg, architect|author=Margreet Bosma|date=8 November 2012|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421194126/https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/12-jaar-lang-aan-de-ontwerptafel-van-de-oostlijn-interview-met-ben-spangberg-architect/|archive-date=21 April 2023|url-status=live|website=Wij Nemen Je Mee|publisher=[[Government of Amsterdam]]|language=Dutch}}</ref> though budget constraints initially limited features like elevators. Only two elevator shafts were permitted, with one activated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/twaalf-jaar-lang-aan-de-ontwerptafel-van-de-oostlijn-deel-2/|title=Twaalf jaar lang aan de ontwerptafel van de Oostlijn– deel 2|author=Margreet Bosma|date=13 November 2012|access-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028225010/https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/twaalf-jaar-lang-aan-de-ontwerptafel-van-de-oostlijn-deel-2/|archive-date=28 October 2022|url-status=live|website=Wij Nemen Je Mee|publisher=[[Government of Amsterdam]]|language=Dutch}}</ref> Station design continued during tunnel construction, requiring frequent site visits and adjustments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/12-jaar-lang-aan-de-ontwerptafel-van-de-oostlijn-interview-met-ben-spangberg-architect/|title=12 jaar lang aan de ontwerptafel van de Oostlijn. Interview met Ben Spängberg, architect|author=Margreet Bosma|date=8 November 2012|access-date=28 October 2022|website=Wij Nemen Je Mee|publisher=[[Government of Amsterdam]]|language=Dutch}}</ref> 

Because of Amsterdam's geography, tunneling was difficult and most sections were constructed using {{convert|40|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} [[caisson (engineering)|caissons]], built on site and lowered into place by blasting away the soil beneath.{{Sfn|Ouwendijk|1977|p=27}} Controversially, this method required the demolition of buildings above the tunnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/40-jaar-metro-zonder-zou-amsterdam-zijn-vastgelopen~b29e9f4c/|title=40 jaar metro: 'Zonder zou Amsterdam zijn vastgelopen'|author=Marc Kruyswijk|date=16 October 1977|access-date=21 September 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220922072217/https://www.parool.nl/nieuws/40-jaar-metro-zonder-zou-amsterdam-zijn-vastgelopen~b29e9f4c/|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|website=[[Het Parool]]|language=Dutch}}</ref> An exception was the [[Wibautstraat metro station|Wibautstraat]] area, where the [[cut-and-cover]] method was used.{{Sfn|Ouwendijk|1977|p=28}}

The planned demolition of parts of the [[Nieuwmarkt]] neighbourhood for tunnel construction sparked fierce opposition and the [[Nieuwmarkt riots]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/civil_unrest/nieuwmarkt_abc/index.en.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130222141441/http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/civil_unrest/nieuwmarkt_abc/index.en.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2013|title=Civil unrest, Nieuwmarkt ABC|publisher=Amsterdam City Archives|access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> While the East Line was completed, plans for a second metro tunnel and a highway through the area were abandoned. One level of the planned interchange between the two metro lines remains unused beneath [[Weesperplein metro station|Weesperplein]] and is still visible via elevator controls. Built during the [[Cold War]], Weesperplein also contains a never-used bomb shelter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://juroster.nl/boondoggles/nutteloze-bouwwerken-4|title=Boondoggles: Unfinished metro station underneath Weesperplein junction|work=Jur Oster |date=28 March 2013|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045647/http://juroster.nl/boondoggles/nutteloze-bouwwerken-4|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Later lines ===
[[File:AmsterdamMetroOpeningsdata.svg|thumb|Route network of the Amsterdam Metro with years of opening]]

In 1990, the Amstelveen Line ({{langx|nl|Amstelveenlijn}}) opened for service as [[Line 51 (Amsterdam Metro)|Route 51]]. As a political compromise between the city of Amsterdam and the municipality of [[Amstelveen]], the line was constructed as a hybrid system: the northern section operated as a metro line using third rail power, while the southern section functioned over an existing a tram line using overhead wires. As a result, Route 51 was designated an  ''sneltram'' ({{lit|express tram}}), and its vehicles were built to light rail specifications. The transition between power systems occurred at [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid station]].

In 1997, the Ring Line ({{langx|nl|Ringlijn}}) was added to the network, operating as Route 50. It provides a direct rapid transit connection between the southern and western parts of the city without passing through the city centre.

The most recent addition to the system is the North–South Line ({{langx|nl|Noord/Zuidlijn}}), which opened on 21 July 2018. Designated as Route 52, it connects [[Amsterdam-Noord]] and [[Amsterdam-Zuid]] via Centraal Station, primarily through deep-bored tunnels beneath the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]] and the city centre.

In March 2019, sneltram operations ceased. The southern portion of the route was replaced by the [[Amsteltram]], a more conventional tram service that retains some express characteristics, terminating at [[Amsterdam Zuid station|Zuid station]]. This conversion involved a €300 million reconstruction of the corridor. Passengers now transfer at Zuid station to continue on the metro network.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://amstelveeninzicht.nl/1899-2/ | title=AMSTELVEEN-LINE MAKEOVER – Amstelveen inzicht | access-date=20 December 2018 | archive-date=21 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041824/https://amstelveeninzicht.nl/1899-2/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The Line 51 designation was retained for a new circular route between Isolatorweg and Centraal Station.

== Network ==
From 1997 to 2018 the Amsterdam metro system consisted of four metro routes. The oldest routes are Route 54 (from [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal station]] to [[Gein metro station|Gein]]) and Route 53 (from [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal station]] to [[Gaasperplas metro station|Gaasperplas]]). Both routes are using the ''Oostlijn'' (East Line) infrastructure, which was completed in 1977. Route 51 (from [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal station]] to [[Westwijk metro station|Amstelveen Westwijk]]), using part of the East Line as well as the ''Amstelveenlijn'' (Amstelveen Line), was added in 1990. Route 50 (from [[Isolatorweg metro station|Isolatorweg]] to [[Gein metro station|Gein]]) using the ''Ringlijn'' (Ring Line or Circle Line), which was completed in 1997, as well as part of the East Line infrastructure.

A fifth line, Route 52 (from [[Noord metro station|Noord station]] to [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid station]]), was added to the network operating the ''Noord-Zuidlijn'' (North–South Line), which was completed and opened on 21 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/noordzuidlijn/noord-zuidlijn/planning-kosten/ |title=Planning & Kosten |work=Noord/Zuidlijn |publisher=Gemeente Amsterdam [City of Amsterdam] |language=nl |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813202308/https://www.wijnemenjemee.nl/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are 33 full metro stations,<ref name="map">{{cite web |url=http://en.gvb.nl/reisinformatie/plattegronden/Pages/Metrostations-kaart.aspx |title=Maps – Metro stations overview |publisher=[[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB]] |access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413215825/http://en.gvb.nl/reisinformatie/plattegronden/Pages/Metrostations-kaart.aspx |archive-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> Since Route 52 on the new North-South Line opened, six additional stations and {{convert|9.5|km|mi}} of route have been added to the metro system,<ref name="noordzuidlijnkennis.net_2">{{cite web |url=http://www.noordzuidlijnkennis.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/metronetstudie.pdf |title=Metronetstudie |publisher=Department of Infrastructure, Traffic and Transport, City of Amsterdam |language=nl |trans-title=Metronet Study |page=29 |date=5 June 2007 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808073315/http://www.noordzuidlijnkennis.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/metronetstudie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> yielding a new combined network length of {{convert|52|km|mi}}.<ref name="noordzuidlijnkennis.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.noordzuidlijnkennis.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/metronetstudie.pdf |title=Metronetstudie |publisher=Department of Infrastructure, Traffic and Transport, City of Amsterdam |language=nl |trans-title=Metronet Study |page=93 |date=5 June 2007 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-date=8 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808073315/http://www.noordzuidlijnkennis.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/metronetstudie.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, sneltram Route 51 no longer operates into the metro network. The southern sneltram portion was closed for conversion to be incorporated into the [[Trams in Amsterdam|tram network]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/dutch-amstelveen-lrt-reconstruction/|title=Dutch start reconstruction of Amstelveen LRT|date=5 March 2019|website=International Railway Journal|language=en|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321235508/https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/light-rail/dutch-amstelveen-lrt-reconstruction/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Route
! Symbol
! Line(s) used
! Termini
! Opening
! Length<br>km (mi)
! Stations
! Ridership<br>{{small|(2019 daily avg.)}}
|-
| style="text-align:center" | {{Rail icon|Amsterdam Metro|50}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Gvba50.svg|20x20px]]
| Ring, East (South branch)
| [[Isolatorweg metro station|Isolatorweg]] – [[Gein metro station|Gein]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1997
| {{convert|20.1|km|mi|abbr=values}}<ref name="Network">{{cite web|url=http://en.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/Netwerk.aspx|title=Network|publisher=[[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf|GVB]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141212181619/http://en.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/Netwerk.aspx/|archive-date=12 December 2014|access-date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center" | 20
| style="text-align:center" |100,200
|-
| style="text-align:center" | {{Rail icon|Amsterdam Metro|51}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Gvba51.svg|20x20px]]
| Ring, East
| [[Isolatorweg metro station|Isolatorweg]] – [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1990
| {{convert|19.5|km|mi|abbr=values}}<ref name="Network" />
| style="text-align:center" | 19
| style="text-align:center" | 60,800
|-
| style="text-align:center" | {{Rail icon|Amsterdam Metro|52}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Gvba52.svg|20x20px]]
| North–South
| [[Noord metro station|Noord]] – [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2018
| {{convert|9.5|km|mi|abbr=values}}<ref name="noordzuidlijnkennis.net_2" />
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 84,000<ref name=nrc092618 />
|-
| style="text-align:center" | {{Rail icon|Amsterdam Metro|53}}
| style="text-align:center" | [[File:Gvba53.svg|20x20px]]
| East (East branch)
| [[Gaasperplas metro station|Gaasperplas]] – [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center" | 1977
| {{convert|11.3|km|mi|abbr=values}}<ref name="Network" />
| style="text-align:center" | 14
| style="text-align:center" | 60,600
|-
|  style="text-align:center" | {{Rail icon|Amsterdam Metro|54}}
|  style="text-align:center" | [[File:Gvba54.svg|20x20px]]
| East (South branch)|| [[Gein metro station|Gein]] – [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal]]
|{{convert|12.1|km|mi|abbr=values}}
| style="text-align:center" | 15
| style="text-align:center" | 73,500
|}

=== East Line (Routes 53 and 54) ===
{{Main|Line 53 (Amsterdam Metro)|Line 54 (Amsterdam Metro)}}
==== Route ====
[[File:Waterlooplein metro station Oct 2011.jpg|thumb|[[Waterlooplein metro station|Waterlooplein station]], opened in 1980, seen before its 2010s renovation.]]
[[File:Metro Amsterdam M5 Kraaiennest 4.JPG|thumb|An M5 metro at [[Kraaiennest metro station|Kraaiennest station]]]]
On 14 October 1977, the first metro train ran on the ''Oostlijn'' (East Line) from [[Weesperplein metro station|Weesperplein]] to [[Amsterdam-Zuidoost]], with two branches respectively going to [[Gaasperplas]] (now Route 53) and [[Amsterdam Holendrecht railway station|Holendrecht]] (now Route 54). [[Spaklerweg metro station|Spaklerweg]] station was completed as a shell, but opened later. On 11 October 1980, both routes were extended to [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Amsterdam Centraal Station]], which is now their northern terminus. The Gein Branch was extended in the southern direction on 27 August 1982, when the section between Holendrecht and [[Gein metro station|Gein]] was completed. Spaklerweg station was then opened. In some plans for the Gein Branch, an extension to [[Weesp]] and [[Almere]] was being considered.  According to the most recent regional planning study, that now seems unlikely.<ref name="amsterdam.nl">{{cite web|url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/419019/plan-01-2011-eng.pdf|title=PlanAmsterdam: Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040|publisher=Department of Physical Planning, City of Amsterdam|date=2011}}</ref>

==== Architecture ====
A notable part of the East Line infrastructure is a dual metro overpass on the Gaasperplas Branch in the [[Bijlmermeer]] district between [[Ganzenhoef metro station|Ganzenhoef]] and [[Kraaiennest metro station|Kraaiennest]] stations. This {{Convert|1100|m|ftin|adj=on}} long colonnade contains two single crossovers, each consisting of 33 pillars carrying {{Convert|33|m|ftin|adj=on}} long beams. The center-to-center distance between the two overpasses is {{Convert|15|m|ftin}}. This exceptional height was necessary because the metro had to bridge the main thoroughfares in the Bijlmermeer district which were built on a system of raised embankments and viaducts.

[[File:BijlmerArena1.jpg|thumb|New [[Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station|Bijlmer Arena station]] (2007)]]
The stations, the infrastructure and the Diemen-Zuid maintenance facility of the East Line were designed by Ben Spängberg and Sier van Rhijn, two architects at the former Public Works Department of the City of Amsterdam. Their designs in [[Brutalist architecture|Brutalist]] style are characterized by large-scale application of bare concrete and excessive space in the underground station halls. It also included a sophisticated use of colour. For example, the red colour of the train doors in the original design was also used at major facilities such as billboards, gates, elevator doors, bins, and the platform signage. For the design of the entire East Line Spängberg and Van Rhijn received Merkelbach Award in 1979. The East Line was also awarded the ''Betonprijs'' (Concrete Award) in 1981, which is commemorated by the award plaques in the concourses of [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal station]] and [[Gein metro station|Gein station]].

As part of the city's policy that one percent of construction budgets for public works had to be spent on art, all stations on the ''Oostlijn'' have been decorated by different artists. In addition, the western wall of the tunnel was painted with lines and patterns which altered between the two stations, providing passengers with a fascinating view during the ride. Over the years, these decorations have completely been covered with graffiti. Some of the station artworks have also disappeared. Plans to remove all artworks as part of the large-scale renovation of the East Line tunnel in 2012 were altered after citizens' protests stating their historical significance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foliaweb.nl/studenten/metrokunst-waardevol-voor-stad/|title='Metrokunst waardevol voor stad' ('Metro art valuable for city')|publisher=FoliaWeb|date=26 March 2012|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042301/http://www.foliaweb.nl/studenten/metrokunst-waardevol-voor-stad/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/124/VERKEER/article/detail/3324194/2012/09/29/Stations-Oostlijn-mogen-beschadigde-kunstwerken-houden.dhtml|title=Stations Oostlijn mogen (beschadigde) kunstwerken houden (East Line station keep their (damaged) art works)|publisher=Het Parool|date=27 September 2012|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808042028/http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/124/VERKEER/article/detail/3324194/2012/09/29/Stations-Oostlijn-mogen-beschadigde-kunstwerken-houden.dhtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Renovation ====
Over the years, several stations along the East Line were expanded or renovated. Since 2003, the metro station at [[Amsterdam Centraal station]] has been continuously under construction in order to accommodate the new North–South Line station. As part of commercial development of the area surrounding the [[Amsterdam Arena]] football stadium, which included a new major business and shopping district, the [[Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station|Bijlmer Arena station]] was substantially enlarged in order to handle the increasing number of passengers. The new station, designed by Grimshaw and Arcadis Articon Architects, opened in 2007 and was shortlisted for the [[Stirling Prize]] of the Royal Institute of British Architects.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2008/09/09/bijlmer-station-by-grimshaw-and-arcadis-articon-architects/|title=Bijlmer Station by Grimshaw|publisher=DeZeen Magazine|date=9 September 2008|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043730/http://www.dezeen.com/2008/09/09/bijlmer-station-by-grimshaw-and-arcadis-articon-architects/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another East Line station, [[Kraaiennest metro station|Kraaiennest]] on Route 53, was reconstructed and upgraded in 2013 as part of the major urban renewal efforts in the [[Bijlmermeer]] district. The station designed by Maccreanor Lavington features a stainless steel facade with a floral design, which, according to the architects, "allows the station to be a lantern for the local neighbourhood, creating a sense of warmth on street level and creating an instantly recognisable feature for the station" at night time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/08/kraaiennest-metro-station-amsterdam-maccreanor-lavington/|title=Maccreanor Lavington overhauls Amsterdam's Kraaiennest metro station|publisher=DeZeen Magazine|date=8 April 2014|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043732/http://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/08/kraaiennest-metro-station-amsterdam-maccreanor-lavington/|url-status=live}}</ref> The design was awarded the 2014 EU [[Stirling Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.architecture.com/RIBA/Contactus/NewsAndPress/PressReleases/2014/Thebestnewbuildings%E2%80%932014RIBANationalAwardwinnersareannounced.aspx|title=The best new buildings – 2014 RIBA National Award winners are announced|publisher=Royal Institute of British Architects|date=19 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104184003/http://www.architecture.com/RIBA/Contactus/NewsAndPress/PressReleases/2014/Thebestnewbuildings%E2%80%932014RIBANationalAwardwinnersareannounced.aspx|archive-date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2014/07/amsterdam_metro_station_is_wor.php|title=Amsterdam metro station is world famous for its architecture|publisher=DutchNews.nl|date=29 July 2014|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802080423/http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2014/07/amsterdam_metro_station_is_wor.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

A major overhaul of sixteen East Line stations was announced in June 2014. The renovation works taking place from 2015 until 2017 should bring more light and space to the stations. By removing paint layers on the walls, the original [[Brutalist architecture]] will become more pronounced. In addition, disused ticket offices are to be removed and lighting and signage will be improved.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/parkeren-verkeer/verkeersprojecten/renovatie-oostlijn/stationsrenovatie/|title=Stationsrenovatie Oostlijn (Station renovation East Line)|publisher=Metro Department, City of Amsterdam|language=nl|date=25 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zwarts.jansma.nl/page/1060/en|title=MetroMorphosis Amsterdam: Renovation of 18 metro stations on the Eastern Line|publisher=Zwarts en Jansma Architects|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045810/http://www.zwarts.jansma.nl/page/1060/en|url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=September 2025}}

=== Amstelveen Line (former route 51) ===
[[File:Zuid-WTC.jpg|thumb|Route 51 vehicle at [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid station]], where it changed from [[third rail]] to [[overhead wire]] power supply.]]

{{Main|Line 51 (Amsterdam Metro)}}
==== History ====
Following the [[Nieuwmarkt Riots]] in 1975, the next major expansion of the metro network into the bordering city of [[Amstelveen]] was politically sensitive. When the decision was made to begin construction of the ''Amstelveenlijn'' (Amstelveen Line) in 1984, it was originally considered an express tram service rather than a fully-fledged metro route. On 1 December 1990 the section running from [[Spaklerweg metro station|Spaklerweg]] to [[Poortwachter metro station|Poortwachter Station]] in [[Amstelveen]] was completed. As the sensitivity surrounding the metro expansion waned in the 1990s, the route was increasingly being referred to as a metro service. On 13 September 2004 an extension to [[Westwijk metro station|Amstelveen Westwijk]] was completed.

Originally, the entire route of the Amstelveen Line from [[Spaklerweg metro station|Spaklerweg]], where it connects with the East Line, to [[Amstelveen]] was to be powered via overhead wiring. Eventually, it was decided to use a [[third rail]] between Spaklerweg and [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid station]] in order to be able to increase metro service on this section of the line during exhibitions at the [[Amsterdam RAI Exhibition and Convention Centre|RAI]] convention centre, and overhead wiring on the southern section into [[Amstelveen]].

The line was officially opened on 30 November 1990, replacing the overcrowded bus route 67. The equipment, lightrail [[S1/S2 (Amsterdam Metro)|series S1 and S2]], was built between 1990 and 1994 by Belgian manufacturer [[La Brugeoise et Nivelles|BN]] in Bruges. From 1994, a total of 25 light rail vehicles was in operation. Since the extension to [[Westwijk metro station|Westwijk]] in 2004, a number of S3 series trains are sometimes used on this route, raising the total number of vehicles available to 29.

Shortly before the opening, two lightrail vehicles had collided during trial runs, which reduced the number of vehicles available for the route to 11. Because of the lack of equipment and startup problems, the route was initially operated with limited service. In February 1991 heavy snowfall, continuing technical problems and equipment shortages led to the decision to limit the route to the route between [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Centraal Station]] and [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid Station]] for nearly seven months, with replacement bus services on the remaining route into [[Amstelveen]].

In 2018, after the completion of the ''Noord-Zuidlijn'' (North–South Line), there would be no more room at [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Amsterdam Zuid station]] for Route 51 to continue as express tram service into [[Amstelveen]]. According to a long-term regional planning study of 2011, the ''Amstelveenlijn'' was to be upgraded to a fully-fledged metro service.<ref name="amsterdam.nl" /> On 12 March 2013, however, the regional council of the City Region of Amsterdam decided that Route 51 would be replaced by an improved express tram service running from [[Westwijk metro station|Westwijk]] to [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid Station]] and a separate metro service running from [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid Station]] and [[Amsterdam Amstel railway station|Amstel Station]]. Passengers from [[Amstelveen]] would then be required to change at [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid Station]] to the metro route for [[Amsterdam Amstel railway station|Amstel]] or to the new Route 52 for [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Centraal Station]]. It was also decided that [[Tram line 5 (Amsterdam)|Tram Route 5]] would run between [[Amstelveen]] and [[Westergasfabriek]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rtva.nl/2017/06/tram-5-vanaf-2018-naar-westergasfabriek/|title=Tram 5 vanaf 2018 naar Westergasfabriek)|publisher=rtva.nl|date=1 June 2017|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=10 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202714/https://rtva.nl/2017/06/tram-5-vanaf-2018-naar-westergasfabriek/|url-status=live}}</ref> Conversion of the southern section of the Amstelveen Line to tram operation started in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amstelveenlijn.nl/actueel/nieuws/121/persbericht-regioraad-stelt-plannen-voor-ombouw-amstelveenlijn-vast|title=Persbericht: Regioraad stelt plannen voor ombouw Amstelveenlijn vast (Press notice: Regional council approves plans for conversion of Amstelveen Line)|publisher=Amstelveenlijn.nl|date=12 March 2013|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815010316/http://amstelveenlijn.nl/actueel/nieuws/121/persbericht-regioraad-stelt-plannen-voor-ombouw-amstelveenlijn-vast|archive-date=15 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amstelveenlijn.nl/userfiles/AVL_BeschrijvingVoorkeursvariant.pdf|title=Beschrijving voorkeursvariant Amstelveenlijn (Description Preferred Version Amstelveen Line), p. 12|publisher=City Region of Amsterdam|date=13 March 2013|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202212205/http://amstelveenlijn.nl/userfiles/AVL_BeschrijvingVoorkeursvariant.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 3 March 2019, the Amstelveen branch (the hybrid metro/tram line) was cut from route 51 as the tunnel connecting the metro line with the tram network had to make way for an underground section of the A10 motorway. In December 2020, the Amstelveen Line would become [[Amsterdam tram line 25|tram line 25]].<ref name="ovpro-2019-09-11">{{cite web |url=https://www.ovpro.nl/tram/2019/09/11/vernieuwde-amstelveenlijn-krijgt-lijnnummer-25/ |title=Vernieuwde Amstelveenlijn krijgt lijnnummer 25 |author=Inge Jacobs |date=11 September 2019 |website=OV Pro |access-date=15 January 2020 |language=nl |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116175206/https://www.ovpro.nl/tram/2019/09/11/vernieuwde-amstelveenlijn-krijgt-lijnnummer-25/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Route ====
From [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Centraal Station]] to [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Amsterdam Zuid station]], Route 51 ran as a full metro service and had no at-grade intersections. The light-rail vehicles on the line were powered by a [[third rail]] with the line being suitable for {{Convert|3|m|ftin|adj=on}} wide trams. The [[La Brugeoise et Nivelles|BN]] vehicles, however, had a width of {{Convert|2.65|m|ftin}} which was the maximum width on the southern section of the line between [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid Station]] and [[Westwijk metro station|Westwijk]]. In order to bridge the gap between the trains and the platforms in northern section, the vehicles were equipped with retractable footboards at the doors. In addition, the vehicles were equipped with [[Pantograph (rail)|pantographs]] in order to retrieve power from the overhead wiring on the southern section. From [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid Station]] to [[Westwijk metro station|Westwijk]], the route operated as an express tram service. On the northern half of this section, Route 51 shared tracks with [[Tram line 5 (Amsterdam)|Line 5]] of the [[Amsterdam tram|tramway]], with dual height [[railway platform|platforms]] provided at the stops shared by both lines.

Since 3 March 2019, the Amstelveen section of route 51 has been discontinued. Line 51 was upgraded to a full metro line and now runs between Central Station and Isolatorweg. Since December 2020, [[Amsterdam tram line 25|tram line 25]] has been serving the route from Zuid Station to Westwijk.

=== Ring Line (Route 50) ===
{{Main|Line 50 (Amsterdam Metro)}}

Opened on 1 June 1997, the ''Ringlijn'' (Ring Line or Circle Line) is entirely built on embankments and viaducts, and has no level crossings. The line was initially for political reasons called "express circle tram", but since the opening of the Ring Line the transit service on the line is referred to as a Metro Route 50 (from [[Gein metro station|Gein]] to [[Isolatorweg metro station|Isolatorweg]]). Because it was originally considered a tram line, the light rail vehicle width of 2,65 meters was to be applied; the width that was also used on the Amstelveen Line. The new "trams" (Series M4 and S3) have retractable running boards to bridge the space between the vehicle and the platform at existing stations. Since Route 50 proved hugely popular, the express tram vehicles were insufficient to handle the number of passengers. Instead of ordering additional vehicles, in 2000 the city of Amsterdam decided to adjust the platforms at the stations between [[Amstelveenseweg metro station|Amstelveenseweg]] and [[Isolatorweg metro station|Isolatorweg]], whereby the older rolling stock (M1, M2 and M3) serving on the East Line could also serve on the Ring Line. Such an operation was already taken into account during the construction of the stations.

=== North–South line (Route 52) ===
[[File:20180120 CS15.jpg|thumb|Platforms of the North–South Line at Amsterdam Centraal]]

{{Main|Line 52 (Amsterdam Metro)}}

In 2002, the construction of the ''Noord/Zuidlijn'' (North–South line) was started. The new metro line is the first to serve the Amsterdam North district, via a tunnel under the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]]. From there, it runs via Amsterdam Centraal to [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Amsterdam Zuid]], which is planned to become the second biggest transport hub in the city, after Amsterdam Centraal.<ref name="Zuidas Visie">{{cite web| url=http://www.humanhub.nl/Zuidas_Visie.pdf| title=Zuidas Visie| access-date=13 July 2006| archive-date=20 June 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620165356/http://humanhub.nl/Zuidas_Visie.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref> The line includes a mixture of bored tunnels and immersed tunnels under the IJ.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban-rail/single-view/view/last-section-of-noordzuidlijn-nears-completion.html |title=Last section of Noord/Zuidlijn nears completion |journal=[[Railway Gazette International]] |access-date=24 September 2012 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929001336/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban-rail/single-view/view/last-section-of-noordzuidlijn-nears-completion.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The construction programme experienced several difficulties, mainly at Amsterdam Centraal, resulting in the project running more than 40% over budget and the opening being delayed several times. The project initially had a budget of €1.46 billion, but after several setbacks the total cost estimate has been adjusted to €3.1 billion (at 2009 prices). The original planned opening was for 2011, but eventually the line was opened on 21 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wijnemenjemee.nl/noordzuidlijn |title=Planning en begroting |trans-title=Planning and Budgeting |publisher=Gemeente Amsterdam [Municipality of Amsterdam] |work=Noord/Zuidlijn |language=nl |access-date=8 July 2016 |archive-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713131602/http://wijnemenjemee.nl/noordzuidlijn |url-status=live }}</ref>

The North–South line might be extended to [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] in the future.<ref name="Zuidas Visie" /> In August 2014, it was announced that the line was to be equipped with [[4G]] mobile phone coverage, to be funded jointly by the major mobile phone operators.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.telecompaper.com/news/new-amsterdam-metro-line-to-get-4g-coverage--1030240|title = New Amsterdam metro line to get 4G coverage|date = 8 August 2014|access-date = 12 August 2014|website = Telecompaper|archive-date = 24 September 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130833/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/new-amsterdam-metro-line-to-get-4g-coverage--1030240|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Planned expansion ==
The tram line to [[IJburg]] in the east was originally planned to be a metro line. For this reason, a short tunnel was constructed eastwards from [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Centraal Station]] underneath the railway lines. As this line was eventually constructed for tram services, the tunnel was abandoned, and there are plans to use it as part of a chocolate museum.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.arcam.nl/specials/nieuwstespecial_nl.html | title=The biggest useless works of Amsterdam | access-date=9 June 2014 | archive-date=24 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224200615/http://www.arcam.nl/specials/nieuwstespecial_nl.html | url-status=live }}</ref> There are still plans for the tram to IJburg to be upgraded to metro and connect to the nearby city of [[Almere]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://almere20.almere.nl/fileadmin/files/almere/subsites/almere_20/optimalisatierapport-een-metro-van-amsterdam-naar-almere-2_1_.pdf| title=A Metro from Amsterdam to Almere (pdf)| access-date=9 June 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714162150/http://almere20.almere.nl/fileadmin/files/almere/subsites/almere_20/optimalisatierapport-een-metro-van-amsterdam-naar-almere-2_1_.pdf| archive-date=14 July 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

On completion of the north–south metro line, Amsterdam Municipality announced it was analysing a possible east–west line at a projected cost of €7 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/amsterdam-completes-eur-3-1-billion-metro-line/|title=Amsterdam completes EUR 3.1 billion metro line|website=Railway PRO|date=23 January 2018|access-date=18 June 2020|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619210232/https://www.railwaypro.com/wp/amsterdam-completes-eur-3-1-billion-metro-line/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2019, the CEO of [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]], [[Dick Benschop]], announced that agreements had been reached to extend the north–south line to the airport and [[Hoofddorp]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-expat-news/amsterdam-metro-line-be-extended-schiphol-airport|title=Amsterdam metro line to be extended to Schiphol airport|website=I Am Expat|date=9 January 2019|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=29 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729170816/https://www.iamexpat.nl/expat-info/dutch-expat-news/amsterdam-metro-line-be-extended-schiphol-airport|url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2019, the province of North Holland outlined plans to extend the metro to [[Zaandam]] and [[Purmerend]] along with Schiphol and Hoofddorp.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/247518/provincie-wil-metro-naar-zaandam-purmerend-hoofddorp-en-schiphol|title=Provincie wil metro naar Zaandam, Purmerend, Hoofddorp en Schiphol|website=NH Nieuws|date=12 June 2019|access-date=17 November 2019|language=nl|archive-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613130835/https://www.nhnieuws.nl/nieuws/247518/provincie-wil-metro-naar-zaandam-purmerend-hoofddorp-en-schiphol|url-status=live}}</ref> A station box has already been constructed for a [[Sixhaven metro station|potential underground station in Sixhaven]], on the north–south line between Noorderpark and Centraal, to be opened at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/actueel/nieuws/brug-over-het-ij/|title=Amsterdam krijgt brug over het IJ|website=www.amsterdam.nl|date= 11 January 2017|language=nl}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Rolling stock ===
{{As of|2016|1}}, the Amsterdam Metro system operates 90 [[electric multiple unit]] (EMU) trainsets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/metro.aspx|title=Amsterdamse Metro (Metro Amsterdam)|language=nl|publisher=Dutch Wikipedia|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109172116/http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/metro.aspx|archive-date=9 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> All use [[Standard-gauge railway|standard-gauge]] track and run on a {{750 V DC}} [[third rail]] electrification system.

==== M1/M2/M3 ====
[[File:Metro Amsterdam, Car 1A line 54 to Central Station p1.JPG|thumb|The first M1 train built, operating on Line 54 in 2009]]

The original, first-generation fleet consisted of types M1, M2, and M3, designed as four-axle, two-car sets manufactured by the German firm [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] and delivered between 1973 and 1980. The M1 units were the original four prototype trainsets delivered in 1973 for testing ahead of the metro line's opening. The M2 series comprised the main production run of 33 trainsets built between 1976 and 1977. The M3 series was an expansion order of 7 additional trainsets delivered in 1980. The original M1 units were rebuilt in 1980 to the same specifications as the M3 series.

The 44 first-generation trainsets were nicknamed
nicknamed ''zilvermeeuw'' ({{Literal translation|[[herring gull]]}}) because of their unpainted [[steel]] bodies, which gave them a [[silver]]y appearance. In 2009, all trains received new interior designs by various artists.

As they were built to full metro carrying capacity, they were used mainly on the East Line services, Routes 53 and 54, with occasional use on Route 50.

As they neared the end of their life cycle and spare parts no longer available, the entire fleet of was gradually retired from 2012 to 2015, being replaced by the modern M5 trains. The last unit (No. 23) was retired after a farewell tour on 19 December 2015 and has been preserved as a [[heritage train]]. All other units have been scrapped, with the final scrapping taking place in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vjcWJXwwCBs |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/vjcWJXwwCBs |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Laatste rit en afscheid Zilvermeeuw Metro GVB Amsterdam (Last ride and farewell of the "Herring gull" Metro GVB Amsterdam)|date=19 December 2015 |language=nl|publisher=Huey-dean van Eerde|access-date=3 January 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== S1/S2 and S3/M4 ====
{{Main|S1/S2 (Amsterdam Metro)|S3/M4 (Amsterdam Metro)}}

The second-generation fleet consisted of smaller, narrower two-section, 6-axle units that could operate both on the main metro network and the express tram ("sneltram") line to Amstelveen. 

The S1 and S2 trainsets were built by [[La Brugeoise et Nivelles]] and entered service in 1990 on line 51 (the sneltram). These dual-mode units can run on the metro's 750 V DC third rail system and the tram's 600 V DC overhead line system. The tram sections of the line also had a narrower [[loading gauge]], and the cars were equipped with retractable footboards to fill [[Platform gap|the gap]] between the car and metro platforms. They operated exclusively on Route 51.

The S3 and M4 series, built by CAF and introduced in 1997, expanded the fleet. They were built similarly to the S1 and S2 trainsets with retractable footboards along their sides to accommodate the differing loading gauges. The four S3 sets retained pantographs for use on line 51, while M4 sets are third-rail only and primarily operate on line 50. The platforms on the Ring Line used by line 50 were originally built to the smaller tram loading gauge but were later narrowed to the metro gauge to accommodate the older but wider M1–M3 sets. When that happened, the footboards on the M4 fleet were permanently locked in the extended position. In 2016, the M4 vehicles were equipped for semi-automatic operation using Alstom's [[communications-based train control|CBTC]]-based Urbalis system, making them capable of [[automatic train operation|fully-automatic operation]], however, they remain controlled by drivers for the time being.

Amsterdam Metro has been working to retire this second-generation fleet as the dual-mode, dual-gauge systems introduced significant complexity and additional moving parts. With the conversion of the sneltram line to the [[Amsteltram]] in 2019, the S1 and S2 trainsets were retired between 2021 and 2024. With the arrival of the M7 trains, the S3 and M4 trainsets are scheduled to be replaced by 2027.

==== M5 ====
[[File:GVB metro M5, 109.jpg|thumb|M5 train near [[Kraaiennest metro station|Kraaiennest station]]]]
{{Main|M5 (Amsterdam Metro)}}
The third-generation fleet, the M5 series, was introduced in 2013 and built by [[Alstom Konstal]] based on the [[Alstom Metropolis|Metropolis platform]]. These are [[Open-gangway|fully walk-through]] six-car trainsets capable of carrying up to 1,000 passengers each. They can operate on all lines and are equipped with Alstom's CBTC-based Urbalis system, making them capable of fully-automatic operation, however, they remain controlled by drivers for the time being. All M5 sets feature air conditioning, LED lighting, and a longitudinal seating layout to maximize standing space. Trainsets are composed of two three-car halves that are semi-permanently coupled. The M5 fleet replaced the M1/M2/M3 sets on the East Line, provided a fleet for the new Route 52 and increased overall capacity on the generally overstretched metro network.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nieuwe metro: de M5 Metropolis (New Metro: the M5 Metropolis) |url=http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/nieuwemetro.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817015028/http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/bedrijfsprofiel/MaterieelEnCijfers/Pages/nieuwemetro.aspx |archive-date=17 August 2014 |access-date=1 August 2014 |publisher=GVB |language=nl}}</ref> The exterior design and colour scheme draws inspiration from the original M1/M2/M3 series.

==== M7 ====
[[File:Amsterdam Metro M7 169 at Van der Madeweg, 2024.jpg|thumb|M7 trainset [[Van der Madeweg metro station|Van der Madeweg station]]]]
{{Main|M7 (Amsterdam Metro)}}
The M7 series is a continuation of the third-generation fleet. After the introduction of the M5 series, it became clear that the long trains could lead to overcapacity during off-peak hours and complicate maintenance, since all six carriages would need to be taken out of service at once. As a result, further purchases were stopped. Instead, the M7 series was purchased: shorter, three-car trains with open gangways and a total length of about 61 metres (200 ft). The M7 can operate in pairs during peak times to match the capacity of a single M5 train, while single sets can run during quieter periods, helping to avoid overcapacity and allowing for more flexible maintenance. The M7 is built by [[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]] and is based on the Inneo platform. The exterior design of the M7 series was intentionally made to match the M5. The fleet is capable of fully-automatic operation, however, they remain controlled by drivers for the time being. The initial order of 30 M7 trainsets replaced the S1/S2 fleet, and a future order is expected to replace the S3/M4 fleet by 2027. These trains are primarily used on lines 50, 53, and 54.

==== Summary ====
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sticky-header"
|+
!
!M1/M2/M3
![[S1/S2 (Amsterdam Metro)|S1/S2]]
![[S3/M4 (Amsterdam Metro)|S3/M4]]
![[M5 (Amsterdam Metro)|M5]]
![[M7 (Amsterdam Metro)|M7]]
|-
!
|[[File:Amsterdam Metro LHB M2 003.JPG|130x130px]]
|[[File:Amsterdam Metro S1–S2, 2022.jpg|130x130px]]
|[[File:Amsterdam Metro S3–M4, 2022.jpg|130x130px]]
|[[File:Amsterdam Metro M5, 2022.jpg|130x130px]]
|[[File:Amsterdam Metro M7 coupled at Heemstedestraat, 2024.jpg|130x130px]]
|-
!Type
|Metro
|Metro/tram
|Metro/tram
|Metro
|Metro
|-
!Qty (sets)
|44
|25
|4&nbsp;S3 / 33&nbsp;M4
|28
|30
|-
!Cars per set
|2
|2
|2
|6
|3
|-
!Primary line(s)
|{{rint|amsterdam|53}} {{rint|amsterdam|54}}
|{{rint|amsterdam|51}}
|{{rint|amsterdam|50}} {{rint|amsterdam|51}}
|{{rint|amsterdam|50}} {{rint|amsterdam|51}} {{rint|amsterdam|52}} {{rint|amsterdam|53}} {{rint|amsterdam|54}}
|{{rint|amsterdam|50}} {{rint|amsterdam|53}} {{rint|amsterdam|54}}
|-
!Builder
|[[Linke-Hofmann-Busch|LHB]]
|[[La Brugeoise et Nivelles|BN]]
|[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
|[[Konstal|Alstom Konstal]]
|[[Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles|CAF]]
|-
!Length
|{{cvt|37.5|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|30.6|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|30.9|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|116.2|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|59.6|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|-
!Width
|{{cvt|3|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|2.65|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|2.65|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|3|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|{{cvt|3|m|ftin|frac=8}}
|-
!Weight<br />(empty)
|{{cvt|57|t|lb}}
|{{cvt|46|t|lb}}
|{{cvt|48|t|lb}}
|{{cvt|192|t|lb}}
|{{cvt|85|t|lb}}
|-
!Max speed
|{{cvt|70|km/h|mph}}
|{{cvt|70|km/h|mph}}
|{{cvt|70|km/h|mph}}
|{{cvt|90|km/h}}
|{{cvt|80|km/h}}
|-
!Power
|4 × {{cvt|195|kW}}
|6 × {{cvt|74|kW}}
|6 × {{cvt|70|kW}}
|16 × {{cvt|200|kW}}
|
|-
!Operation
|1977–2015
|1990–2024
|1997–present
|2013–present
|2023–present
|}

=== Ticketing system ===
[[File:Metro station De Pijp Amsterdam 2018 6.jpg|thumb|Ticket barriers for the [[OV-chipkaart]] at [[De Pijp metro station|De Pijp]]]]
The ''[[OV-chipkaart]]'', a nationwide [[smart card#Contactless smart cards|contactless smart card]] system, is the primary form of ticketing on the metro system.<ref>{{cite web |title=OV-Chip card in Amsterdam |url=http://www.amsterdamtips.com/tips/ov-chipkaart.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702030047/http://www.amsterdamtips.com/tips/ov-chipkaart.php |archive-date=2 July 2014 |access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref> It replaced the ''[[National Tariff System#Strippenkaart|strippenkaart]]'' system on 27 August 2009, after the two systems had operated in parallel since 2006. [[Turnstile|Ticket barriers]] have been installed in all metro stations, with free-standing card readers provided at locations where platforms are shared with train or tram lines.

=== Graphic design ===
Signage on the Amsterdam Metro system has featured multiple styles across different eras. The original 1974 signage used the M.O.L. [[typeface]], specially designed for the metro by [[Gerard Unger]]. The letterforms have enlarged internal spaces to improve legibility when illuminated. The name ''M.O.L.'' refers to the Dutch word ''mol'', which means "[[Mole (animal)|mole]]" in English. A proposal to use a mole as the metro's mascot was rejected by city authorities.<ref>{{cite web |title=M.O.L. (1974) |url=http://www.gerardunger.com/allmytypedesigns/allmytypedesigns03.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210020821/http://www.gerardunger.com/allmytypedesigns/allmytypedesigns03.html |archive-date=10 December 2008 |access-date=31 July 2014 |publisher=Gerard Unger}}</ref>

Other versions include the 1991 signage used on the Amstelveen Line, the 1995 version found mainly on the Ring Line featuring GVB branding, and a 2009 update to the GVB-branded signage, which has replaced earlier styles at many stations.

In 2016, the Amsterdam regional transport authority commissioned a new signage system and logo to harmonize all signage and wayfinding elements across metro lines, in preparation for the renovation of the East Line and the opening of the North–South Line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayfinding: nieuwe borden op metrostations – Stadsregio Amsterdam |url=https://www.stadsregioamsterdam.nl/artikel/20160203-wayfinding-nieuwe-borden-op-metrostations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315160041/https://www.stadsregioamsterdam.nl/artikel/20160203-wayfinding-nieuwe-borden-op-metrostations |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=www.stadsregioamsterdam.nl}}</ref> The new design is based on the existing [[R-net]] branding, though somewhat modified.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title='R-net' op onze metroborden; wat is het? |url=http://wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/r-net-op-onze-metroborden-wat-is-het |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131233420/http://wijnemenjemee.nl/nieuws/r-net-op-onze-metroborden-wat-is-het |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=6 September 2016 |website=www.wijnmenjemee.nl}}</ref> It uses the Profile typeface and recalls Unger's original design through its use of blue, white, and red design elements.

All wayfinding systems introduced after the original 1974 design have been created by [[Paul Mijksenaar]].<gallery mode="packed">
File:UngerM.O.L.JPG|1974 original design, featuring M.O.L. typeface
File:Amstelveen - Beneluxbaan bij tramhalte Zonnestein - panoramio (cropped).jpg|1991 Amstelveen Line style sign
File:Isolatorweg1 (cropped).jpg|1995 GVB style sign
File:Amst bijlmer arena haltebord.JPG|2009 GVB style sign
File:NoordZuidLijn Metrostation Vijzelgracht hnapel 012.jpg|2016 style sign
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Transport in Amsterdam]]
* [[Trams in Amsterdam]]
* [[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf]] (GVB)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Davids |first=Carel |date=2000 |title=Sporen in de stad. De metro en de strijd om de ruimtelijke ordening in Amsterdam |url=http://www.tijdschriftholland.nl/wp-content/uploads/2000_3-4_Davids.pdf |journal=Tijdschrift Holland |volume=32 |issue=3/4 |pages=157–182 |access-date=3 April 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413181400/http://www.tijdschriftholland.nl/wp-content/uploads/2000_3-4_Davids.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite journal |last=Jansen |first=L. |date=1972 |title=Een oud metroplan |url=https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/images/2017/07/een-oud-metroplan-ons-amsterdam.pdf |archive-date=15 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115104155/https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/images/2017/07/een-oud-metroplan-ons-amsterdam.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Ons Amsterdam |volume=24 |pages=310–314 |access-date=25 July 2017 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ouwendijk|first=Cees|date=October 1977|title=Een metro in Amsterdam|url=https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/images/2017/10/een_metro_in_amsterdam_webversie.pdf|access-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920191225/https://noordzuidlijn.wijnemenjemee.nl/images/2017/10/een_metro_in_amsterdam_webversie.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2022|url-status=live|publisher=[[Gemeente Vervoerbedrijf]]|language=Dutch}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons and category-inline|Metro, Amsterdam|Amsterdam Metro}}
* [https://www.gvb.nl/en GVB – official website]

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