View source for Anazarbus

{{Short description|Ancient Cilician city in Anatolia}}
{{more citations|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Anazarbus
|native_name = Anavarza {{in lang|tr}}
|alternate_name = Caesarea, Justinopolis
|image = Anavarza_Triumphal_arch_in_Anazarbus_2754.jpg
|alt = 
|caption = The triumphal arch of Anazarbus was later converted to the city's South Gate.
|map_type = Turkey
|map_alt = 
|map_size = 270
|coordinates = {{coord|37|15|50|N|35|54|20|E|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Adana Province]], Turkey
|region = [[Cilicia]]
|type = Settlement
|part_of = 
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|material = 
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|abandoned = 1374
|epochs = <!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->
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}}

[[File:Anazarbe_vue_générale_1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|General view of the site]]
[[Image:Anazarbus clikya west gate and anvarza castle.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Anazarbus West Gate]]
'''Anazarbus''', also known as '''Justinopolis '''({{langx|grc|Ἀναζαρβός / Ίουστινούπολις}}, medieval '''Ain Zarba'''; modern '''Anavarza'''; {{langx|ar|عَيْنُ زَرْبَة}}), was an ancient [[Cilicia]]n city. Under the [[later Roman Empire|late Roman Empire]], it was the capital of [[Cilicia Secunda]]. [[Roman emperor]] [[Justinian I]] rebuilt the city in 527 after a strong earthquake hit it. It was destroyed in 1374 by the forces of the [[Mamluk Empire]], after their conquest of [[Cilician Armenia]].

== Location ==
It was situated in [[Anatolia]] in modern Turkey, in the present [[Çukurova]] (or classical [[Aleian plain]]) about 15&nbsp;km west of the main stream of the present [[Ceyhan River]] (or classical [[Pyramus river]]) and near its tributary the [[Sempas Su]].

A lofty isolated ridge formed its [[acropolis]]. Though some of the masonry in the ruins is certainly pre-Roman, the [[Suda]]'s identification of it with [[Cyinda]], famous as a treasure city in the wars of [[Eumenes of Cardia]], cannot be accepted in the face of [[Strabo]]'s express location of Cyinda in western Cilicia.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Anazarbus|volume=1|page=944|first=David George|last=Hogarth|author-link=David George Hogarth}}</ref>

== History ==
According to the ''[[Suda]]'', the original name of the place was '''Cyinda''' or '''Kyinda''' or '''Quinda''' ({{langx|el|Κύϊνδα}}); and that it was next called '''Diocaesarea''' (Διοκαισάρεια).<ref>''[[Suda]]'', ''s.v.'' Κύϊνδα.</ref> A city in Cilicia called '''Kundu''' rebelled against the Assyrian king [[Esarhaddon]] in 7th century BC, but it's unclear if there is a connection. At least it's known a city called '''Anazarbus''' (Ἀνάζαρβος) and '''Anazarba''' (Ἀνάζαρβα) and '''Anazarbon''' (Ἀνάζαρβον),<ref>[https://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/1866 Suda Encyclopedia, alpha 1866]</ref> situated on the river [[Pyramus]], existed in the first century BC and was a part of the small client-kingdom of [[Tarcondimotus I]] until it was annexed by Rome.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tobin |first1=Jenner |title=The Tarcondimotid Dynasty in Smooth Cilicia |journal=Actes de la Table Ronde d'Istanbul, 2-5 novembre 1999 |date=2001 |pages=381–387}}</ref> How the city obtained the name is a matter of conjecture. According to [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], after the city was destroyed by an earthquake, the emperor [[Nerva]] sent thither one Anazarbus, a man of senatorial rank, who rebuilt the city, and gave to it his name.<ref>{{Cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Ἀνάζαρβος}}</ref> This account cannot be accurate, as [[Henri Valois|Valesius]] remarks,<ref>Amm. Marc. 14.8.</ref> for it was called Anazarbus in [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny's]] time.<ref>{{Cite Pliny|5.27}}</ref> There are three writers of antiquity from this city. [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] is called a native of Anazarbus; but the period of Dioscorides is not certain. It was also the home of the poet [[Oppian]] and the historian [[Asclepiades of Anazarba]]. Its later name was '''Caesarea ad Anazarbum''', and there are many medals of the place in which it is both named Anazarbus and Caesarea at or under Anazarbus. On the division of Cilicia it became the chief place of the [[Roman province]] of [[Cilicia Secunda]], with the title of Metropolis. Early in the sixth century, in the reign of [[Eastern Roman emperor]] [[Justin I]], it was named '''Justinopolis''' or '''Ioustinoupolis''' (Ἰουστινούπολις). The city suffered from an earthquake in 526 and was rebuilt by [[Justinian I]] and renamed '''Justinianopolis''' or '''Ioustinianoupolis''' (Ἰουστινιανούπολις);<ref>{{cite book |title=Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Routledge |page=28}}</ref> but the old name persisted, and when [[Thoros I of Armenia|Thoros I]], king of [[Lesser Armenia]], made it his capital early in the 12th century, it was known as '''Anazarva'''.
[[File:Porte entrée anavarza ok.jpg|thumb|Digital reconstruction of the main gate of the city]]

Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which [[debouch]]ed from the [[Cilician Gates]], made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] and the early Muslim invaders. It had been rebuilt by [[Harun al-Rashid]] in 796, refortified at great expense by the [[Hamdanid]] [[Sayf al-Dawla]]<ref name="EB1911"/> (mid-10th century) and again destroyed in 962 by [[Nikephoros II Phokas]]. In the 11th century it was again a major fortress, comparable to Tarsos and Marash, and belonged to the realm of [[Philaretos Brachamios]] before it was captured around 1084 by the [[Seljuk Turks]].<ref name="Oltean">{{cite journal |last1=Oltean |first1=Daniel |title=From the Monastery of the Theotokos tou Roudiou to Simanaklay?: Greek and Armenian monks in a Changing World |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |date=2022 |volume=76 |pages=101–116 |jstor=27172436 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27172436}}</ref> In late 1097 or early 1098 it was captured by the armies of the [[First Crusade]] and after the [[Siege of Antioch|conquest of Antioch]] it was incorporated into [[Bohemond I of Antioch|Bohemond of Taranto]]'s [[Principality of Antioch]].  
The site briefly exchanged hands between the [[Byzantine Empire]] and Armenians, until it was formally part of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]. Anazarbus was one of a chain of Armenian fortifications stretching through Cilicia. The [[Sis (ancient city)|castle of Sis]] (modern [[Kozan, Adana]]) lies to the north while Tumlu Castle and [[Yilankale]] are to the south, and the fortresses of [[Amouda]] and [[Sarvandikar]] are to the east. The [[Mamluk]] Empire of Egypt finally destroyed the city in 1374.

== Remains ==
[[File:Anavarza_castle_2775.jpg|thumb|right| Anavarza's upper city]]
[[File:Anavarza_castle_2778.jpg|thumb|left| Anavarza's upper city]]
[[File:Anavarza_castle_2783.jpg|thumb|right| In the foreground: Some remains of the burial church of the Armenian kings, 12th century]]
[[File:Anavarza_castle_2792.jpg|thumb|left| Anavarza's castle]]

The Crusaders are probably responsible for the construction of an impressive donjon atop the center of the outcrop.  Most of the remaining fortifications, including the curtain walls, massive horseshoe-shaped towers, undercrofts, cisterns, and free-standing structures date from the Armenian periods of occupation, which began with the arrival of the [[Thoros I, Prince of Armenia|Rubenid Baron T‛oros I]], {{circa|1111}}.<ref name="edwards">{{cite book| last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII |date=1987 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University| location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-88402-163-7|pages=65–72, 281, pls.9a–18b, 287b–289c}}</ref>  Within the fortress are two Armenian chapels and the magnificent (but severely damaged) three-aisle church built by T‛oros I to celebrate his conquests.<ref>Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: First Report, ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 36, 1982, pp.156–61, 168, pls.1–7.</ref><ref>Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report, ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' 37, 1983, pp.128–34, pls.2, 18–29, 36–46.</ref>  The church was once surrounded by a continuous, well-executed dedicatory inscription in Armenian.

The present wall of the lower city is of late construction. It encloses a mass of ruins conspicuous in which are a fine [[triumphal arch]], the colonnades of two streets, a [[gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]], etc. A stadium and a theatre lie outside the walls to the south. The remains of the acropolis fortifications are very interesting, including roads and ditches hewn in the rock. There are no notable structures in the upper town. For picturesqueness the site is not equaled in Cilicia, and it is worthwhile to trace the three fine [[aqueduct (watercourse)|aqueducts]] to their sources.<ref name="EB1911"/>  A necropolis on the escarpment to the south of the curtain wall can also be seen complete with signs of illegal modern excavations.

A modest Turkish farming village ([[Dilekkaya, Kozan|Dilekkaya]]) lies to the southwest of the ancient city. A small outdoor museum with some of the artifacts collected in the area can be viewed for a small fee. Also nearby are some beautiful mosaics discovered in a farmers field.

A visit in December 2002 showed that the three aqueducts mentioned above have been nearly completely destroyed. Only small, isolated sections are left standing with the largest portion lying in a pile of rubble that stretches the length of where the aqueducts once stood. A powerful earthquake that struck the area in 1945 is thought to be responsible for the destruction.

In 2013, excavations uncovered the first known colonnaded double-lane road of the ancient world, 34 meters wide and 2700 meters long, also uncovered the ruins of a church and a bathhouse.<ref name="dailysabah.com">[https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2017/11/26/statue-of-hygieia-and-eros-uncovered-in-southern-turkey Statue of Hygieia and Eros uncovered in southern Turkey]</ref>

In 2017, archaeologists discovered a limestone statue of the goddess [[Hygieia]] and the god [[Eros]]. The statue is thought to date to the third or fourth century B.C.<ref name="dailysabah.com"/>

== Ecclesiastical history ==
Anazarbus was the capital and so also from 553 (the date of the [[Second Council of Constantinople]]) the [[metropolitan see]] of the Late [[Roman province]] of [[Cilicia Secunda]].<ref name="edwards4">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W., "Anazarbos" |title=The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney |date=2016 |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing| location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |isbn=978-0-8028-9016-0| pages=57–58}}</ref><ref>''Oriens christianus: in quatuor patriarchatus digestus : quo exhibentur ...'' by Michel Le Quien ((O.P.)), ''Oriens christianus'' (ex Typographia Regia, 1740) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC p40].</ref>

In the 4th century, one of the bishops of Anazarbus was Athanasius, a "consistent expounder of the theology of Arius." His theological opponent, Athanasius of Alexandria, in ''De Synodis'' 17, 1 refers to Anazarbus as Ναζαρβῶν.<ref>R. P. C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy 318–381 (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1988), 41-3, quote, 43.</ref>

[[Maximin of Anazarbus]] attended the [[Council of Chalcedon]].<ref>[http://www.orthodoxa.org/GB/orthodoxy/canonlaw/canons3econcileGB.htm The Cannons of the two hundred Holy and Blessed Fathers who met at Ephesus].</ref><ref>Charles Joseph Hefele, A History of the Councils of the Church: from the Original Documents, to the close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787 (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 1 February 2007) page 151.</ref>

A 6th century ''[[Notitia Episcopatuum]]'' indicates that it had as [[suffragan]] sees [[Epiphania, Cilicia|Epiphania]], [[Alexandria Minor]], [[Irenopolis, Cilicia|Irenopolis]], [[Flavias]], [[Castabala (city)|Castabala]] and [[Aegeae (Cilicia)|Aegeae]]. [[Arsuz|Rhosus]] was also subject to Anazarbus, but after the 6th century was made exempt, and [[Mopsuestia]] was raised to the rank of [[autocephalous]] [[metropolitan see]], though without suffragans.<ref>Michel Le Quien, [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C ''Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus''], Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 885–888</ref><ref>Gaetano Moroni, ''Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=I7QAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA40 Vol. 2], pp.&nbsp;40–41</ref><ref>Siméon Vailhé, v. ''Anazarbe'', in [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6561037d/f776.image ''Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques''], vol. II, Paris 1914, coll. 1504–1506</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/echosdorient10pariuoft#page/n99/mode/2up ''Echos d'Orient'' 1907], p. 95.</ref>

=== Latin Catholic titular see ===
The [[titular archbishopric]] was revived in the 18th century as a [[titular see|see]] of the [[Latin Catholic]] church, Anazarbus.<ref>''[[Annuario Pontificio]] 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}).</ref>

It is vacant, having had the following incumbents, generally of the highest (Metropolitan) rank, ''with an episcopal (lowest rank) exception:''
* Titular Archbishop Giuseppe Maria Saporiti (1726.04.08 – 1743.12.02)
* ''Titular Bishop Isidro Alfonso Cavanillas (1753.04.09 – 1755.05.12)''
* Titular Archbishop Gerolamo Formagliari (1760.07.21 – 1781)
* Titular Archbishop Romain-Frédéric Gallard (1839.02.21 – 1839.09.28)
* Titular Archbishop [[Andon Bedros Hassoun]] (1842.06.07 – 1846.08.02),  as [[Coadjutor Archeparch]] of [[Istanbul of the Armenians]] (Turkey) (1842.06.07 – 1846.08.02), succeeded as Archeparch of Istanbul of the Armenians (Turkey) (1846.08.02 – 1866.09.14), later Patriarch of Cilicia of the Armenians (Lebanon) ([1866.09.14] 1867.07.12 – 1881.06), created [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Ss. Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio]] (1880.12.16 – 1884.02.28)
* Titular Archbishop Giorgio Labella, [[Friars Minor]] (O.F.M.) (1847.06.04 – 1860.10.27)
* Titular Archbishop Charles Petre Eyre (1868.12.03 – 1878.03.15)
* Titular Archbishop John Baptist Salpointe (1884.04.22 – 1885.08.18)
* Titular Archbishop [[Michael Logue]] (1887.04.19 – 1887.12.03) (later Cardinal)*
* Titular Archbishop François Laurencin (1888.06.01 – 1892.12.18)
* Titular Archbishop Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas (1893.06.15 – 1897.09.26)
* Titular Archbishop Raimondo Ingheo (1907.12.16 – 1911.07.08)
* Titular Archbishop Cláudio José Gonçalves Ponce de Leon, [[Lazarists]] (C.M.) (1912.01.09 – 1924.05.26)
* Titular Archbishop Raymund Netzhammer, [[Benedictine Order]](] O.S.B.) (1924.07.14 – 1945.09.18)
* Titular Archbishop Michele Akras (1945.10.27 – 1947.02.05)
* Titular Archbishop Heinrich Döring (ハインリヒ・デーリング), S.J. (1948.01.15 – 1951.12.17)
* Titular Archbishop Joseph-Marie Le Gouaze (1955.06.24 – 1964.07.31)

=== Armenian Catholic titular see ===
In the 19th century, an [[Armenian Catholic]] [[titular bishopric]] of '''Anazarbus (of the Armenians)''' ('''Anazarbus degli Armeni''' in Curiate Italian) was established.

It was a suppressed in 1933,<ref name="catholic-hierarchy1">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/barpi.html ''Hierarchia Catholica Medii et Recentioris Aevi'', Volume 8, Page 99, and Page 328].</ref> having had a single incumbent, of the intermediary (archiepiscopal) rank :
* Titular Archbishop [[Avedis Arpiarian]] (1898.04.05 – 1911.08.27), previously Eparch of [[Kharput of the Armenians]] (1890.09.23 – 1898.04.05); later Eparch of [[Marasc of the Armenians]] (1911.08.27 – 1928.06.29), [[Auxiliary Eparch]] of the patriarchate [[Cilicia of the Armenians]] (Lebanon) (1928.06.29 – 1931.10.17), [[Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia]] (Lebanon) ([1931.10.17] 1933.03.13 – 1937.10.26)

== Notable locals ==
* [[Pedanius Dioscorides]] (1st century) Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist
* St. [[Domnina of Anazarbus]]<ref name="antiochian1">[http://www.antiochian.org/node/16799 Domina of Anazarbus].</ref>
* St. [[Theodula of Anazarbus]]<ref name="antiochian2">[http://www.antiochian.org/node/17489 St. Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia].</ref>

{{Commons category|Anazarbus}}

== See also ==
* [[Diocese of Alexandretta]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===General references===
* {{Suda}}
{{DGRG|title=Anazarbus}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0125.htm GCatholic Latin titular see]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t3412.htm GCatholic Armenian Catholic former titular see]
* [https://charlvarchive.org/Site/79 Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Anazarbus Castle]

{{Former settlements in Turkey}}
{{Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey}}

[[Category:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Cilicia]]
[[Category:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic titular sees]]
[[Category:History of Adana Province]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Adana Province]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Turkey]]
[[Category:Defunct dioceses of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
[[Category:Populated places in ancient Cilicia]]