View source for Ancud

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name           = Ancud
| native_name             = 
| other_name              = 
| settlement_type         = [[List of cities in Chile|City]] and [[Communes of Chile|Commune]]
| image_skyline           = Ancud.jpg
| image_caption           = Partial view of Ancud
| image_flag              = Bandera de Ancud.svg
| image_shield            = Escudo de Ancud.svg
| image_map               = Comuna de Ancud.svg
| map_alt                 = Map of Ancud commune in Los Lagos Region
| map_caption             = Map of Ancud commune in Los Lagos Region
| pushpin_map_narrow      = yes
| pushpin_map             = Chile
| pushpin_map_alt         = Location in Chile
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Chile
| coordinates             = {{coord|41|52|S|73|50|W|region:CL-LL|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint           = city
| subdivision_type        = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name        = [[Chile]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of Chile|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Los Lagos Region|Los Lagos]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces of Chile|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Chiloé Province|Chiloé]]
| established_title       = Founded as
| established_date        = San Carlos de Chiloé
| established_title2      = Founded
| established_date2       = 20 August 1768
| government_type         = [[Municipality]]
| government_footnotes    = <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |url = http://www.ancud.cl/ |title=Municipality of Ancud | access-date=10 November 2010|language=es}}</ref>
| leader_party            = [[Independent politician|Ind]]
| leader_title            = [[Alcalde]]
| leader_name             = Soledad Moreno Nuñez
| area_footnotes          = <ref name="INE">{{Cite web |url= http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php |title= National Statistics Institute |access-date=3 December 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101220210200/http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/censos_poblacion_vivienda/censo_pobl_vivi.php| archive-date= 20 December 2010 | url-status= live|language=es}}</ref>
| area_total_km2          = 1252.4
| elevation_m             = 0
| population_total        = 40819
| population_as_of        = 2012 Census
| population_density_km2  = auto
| population_blank1_title = [[urban area|Urban]]
| population_blank1       = 27292
| population_blank2_title = [[Rural]]
| population_blank2       = 12654
| population_demonym      = Ancuditano
| demographics_type1      = Sex
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="INE"/>
| demographics1_title1    = Men
| demographics1_info1     = 19,793
| demographics1_title2    = Women
| demographics1_info2     = 20,153
| timezone                = [[Time in Chile|CLT]]
| utc_offset              = −4
| timezone_DST            = [[Time in Chile|CLST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = −3
| postal_code_type        = 
| postal_code             = 
| area_code               = 56 + 65
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.muniancud.cl}} {{in lang|es}}
}}

'''Ancud''' ({{IPA|es|aŋˈkuð}}) is a [[city]] in southern [[Chile]] located in the northernmost part of the [[Chiloé Island|island]] and [[Chiloé Province|province of Chiloé]], in [[Los Lagos Region]]. It is the second largest city of [[Chiloé Archipelago]] after [[Castro, Chile|Castro]]. The city was established in 1768 to function as the capital of the archipelago and held that position until 1982. Founded as [[Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile|bulwark]] against foreign powers in [[Colonial Chile|colonial times]], the city played an important role in the Chilean colonization of [[Patagonia]] in the 19th century.

==Geography==
Numerous [[glaciations]] have dredged the [[Chacao Channel]] to the north, separating [[Chiloé Island]] from mainland Chile to the north, marking the border between two [[natural regions of Chile]], [[Zona Sur]] to the north and [[Zona Austral]] to the south. The [[Pacific Ocean]] lies on the west as the [[Chilean Coastal Range]] continues as a chain of islands. To the southeast of the commune is [[Quemchi]] and [[Dalcahue]] to the south. The commune has a surface area of {{convert|1752.4|sqkm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="INE"/> To the west are the coastal villages of Pumillahue and Quetalmahue, among others. 25 kilometers west of Ancud lies [[Islotes de Puñihuil Natural Monument]], a group of preserved islands that provide habitat to various penguin species.

==History==
Prior to its establishment as a Spanish settlement the site of Ancud was known as Puerto Inglés (lit. English port). It was on here that [[Hendrik Brouwer]], the leader of the [[Dutch expedition to Valdivia]] died on August 7, 1643, before reaching [[Valdivia]].<ref name=Kock>{{cite web|first=Robbert|last=Kock|url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutchchile.html|title=Dutch in Chile|publisher=Colonial Voyage.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229232448/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/dutch-chile/|archive-date=29 February 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lane |first=Kris E. |title=Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRgFqADzOLkC&q=Brouwer |year=1998 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-0-76560-256-5|page=89}}</ref>

As consequence of the [[Seven Years' War]] the Spanish authorities had the [[Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile|coastal fortification system of Chile]] updated and expanded.<ref name=MEMCh2>{{Citation
| url   = http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-printer-94644.html
| title = Lugares estratégicos
| work  = Memoria chilena
| publisher  = Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
| language =es
| access-date =30 December 2015
}}</ref><ref name=MEMCh>{{Citation
| url   = http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3522.html
| title = Ingeniería Militar durante la Colonia
| work  = Memoria chilena
| publisher  = Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
| language =es
| access-date =30 December 2015
}}</ref> Inspired in the recommendations of former governor [[Antonio Narciso de Santa María]], the Spanish  founded the "city-fort" of Ancud in 1767–1768 and separated Chiloé from the [[Captaincy General of Chile]] into a direct dependency of the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].<ref name=Urbina2014>{{cite journal |last=Urbina Carrasco |first=María Ximena |date=2014 |title=El frustrado fuerte de Tenquehuen en el archipiélago de los Chonos, 1750: Dimensión chilota de un conflicto hispano-británico  |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-71942014000100006&script=sci_arttext |journal=[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]] |volume=47 |issue=I |access-date=28 January 2016}}</ref> As with other 18th-century forts in Chile, the establishment of Ancud led through the new [[Caicumeo|Ancud-Castro road]] to an expansion on local trade and [[agriculture in Chile|agriculture]].<ref name=Sahady2010>{{cite journal |last1=Sahady Villanueva |first1=Antonio |last2=Bravo Sánchez |first2=José |last3=Quilodrán Rubio |first3=Carolina |date=2010 |title=Flandes Indiano Chiloense: un patrimonio invencible en el tiempo |url=http://www.anales-ii.ing.uchile.cl/index.php/RU/article/viewFile/11055/11360 |journal=[[Revista de Urbanismo]] |volume=23 |pages=1–27 |access-date=30 January 2016 |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220065835/http://www.anales-ii.ing.uchile.cl/index.php/RU/article/viewFile/11055/11360 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Between 1839 and 1864 the [[Chilean Navy]] ran the Ancud Nautical School ({{langx|es|Escuela Náutica de Ancud}}) in the town.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armadores-chile.cl/formacion-de-dotaciones/ |title=Formación de dotaciones |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=armadores-chile.cl |publisher=Asociación Nacional de Armadores A.G. |language=Spanish}}</ref> Among its alumni was [[Francisco Hudson]].<ref name=Sepulveda>{{Citation
 |last         = Sepúlveda Ortíz
 |first        = Jorge
 |title        = Francisco Hudson, un destacado marino poco conocido en nuestra historia
 |journal      = [[Revista de Marina]]
 |year         = 1998
 |pages        = 1–20
 |url          = http://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1998/6/sepulved.pdf
 |language     = es
 |access-date  = 2022-05-20
 |archive-date = 2019-01-23
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20190123230452/http://revistamarina.cl/revistas/1998/6/sepulved.pdf
 |url-status   = dead
}}</ref>

==Climate==
Ancud has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'') with significant precipitation in each month.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Kottek | first = M.|author2=J. Grieser |author3=C. Beck |author4=B. Rudolf |author5=F. Rubel | title =World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated| journal =Meteorol. Z.| volume =15 | pages =259–263| url =http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf| doi =10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130| access-date = December 27, 2012| year =2006| issue = 3}}</ref> Winters are cool and wet with a July average of {{convert|7.5|C|1}}. Precipitation during this time of the year is very high, averaging around {{convert|350|mm|in|0}} and humidity is high, averaging around 87-88%.<ref name="DMC" /> Summers are mild with a January average of {{convert|15.0|C|1}} and during this time, precipitation is lower though still significant, averaging {{convert|125|mm|in|0}} in January.<ref name="DMC" /> Temperatures rarely exceed {{convert|30|C|1}}. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|2540|mm|in|0}} and there are 200 days with measureable precipitation. However, precipitation is highly variable from year to year with 1993 being the driest, recording only {{convert|759|mm|in|0}} and 1977 being the wettest at {{convert|3712|mm|in|0}}.<ref name="DMC" /> The record high was {{convert|32.7|C|1}} on January 27, 1975, and the record low was {{convert|-3.0|C|1}} on June 30, 1970.<ref name="DMC" />

{{Weather box
|width = auto
| location = Ancud
| metric first = yes
| single line  = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.7
| Feb record high C = 28.2
| Mar record high C = 31.0
| Apr record high C = 24.7
| May record high C = 17.8
| Jun record high C = 19.2
| Jul record high C = 20.0
| Aug record high C = 17.2
| Sep record high C = 22.1
| Oct record high C = 23.6
| Nov record high C = 25.2
| Dec record high C = 30.0
| year record high C = 32.7
| Jan high C = 17.8
| Feb high C = 17.8
| Mar high C = 16.5
| Apr high C = 13.8
| May high C = 11.6
| Jun high C = 9.8
| Jul high C = 9.4
| Aug high C = 10.0
| Sep high C = 11.3
| Oct high C = 13.0
| Nov high C = 14.8
| Dec high C = 16.5
| year high C = 13.5
| Jan mean C = 15.0
| Feb mean C = 14.8
| Mar mean C = 13.6
| Apr mean C = 11.4
| May mean C = 9.7
| Jun mean C = 7.9
| Jul mean C = 7.5
| Aug mean C = 8.0
| Sep mean C = 9.1
| Oct mean C = 10.6
| Nov mean C = 12.3
| Dec mean C = 13.9
| year mean C = 11.1
| Jan low C = 10.9
| Feb low C = 10.3
| Mar low C = 9.6
| Apr low C = 8.2
| May low C = 7.2
| Jun low C = 5.6
| Jul low C = 5.2
| Aug low C = 5.4
| Sep low C = 6.1
| Oct low C = 7.0
| Nov low C = 8.6
| Dec low C = 10.0
| year low C = 7.8
| Jan record low C = 1.6
| Feb record low C = 0.9
| Mar record low C = 0.9
| Apr record low C = 0.0
| May record low C = 0.0
| Jun record low C = -3.0
| Jul record low C = -2.8
| Aug record low C = -2.2
| Sep record low C = -2.0
| Oct record low C = 0.2
| Nov record low C = 1.8
| Dec record low C = 0.0
| year record low C = -3.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 124.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 107.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 129.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 195.4
| May precipitation mm = 354.2
| Jun precipitation mm = 361.4
| Jul precipitation mm = 326.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 271.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 221.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 172.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 146.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 128.5
| Jan precipitation days = 14
| Feb precipitation days = 11
| Mar precipitation days = 13
| Apr precipitation days = 16
| May precipitation days = 20
| Jun precipitation days = 21
| Jul precipitation days = 20
| Aug precipitation days = 20
| Sep precipitation days = 19
| Oct precipitation days = 16
| Nov precipitation days = 16
| Dec precipitation days = 14
| Jan humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 76
| Mar humidity = 79
| Apr humidity = 84
| May humidity = 88
| Jun humidity = 88
| Jul humidity = 87
| Aug humidity = 85
| Sep humidity = 82
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 75
| source 1 = Dirección Meteorológica de Chile<ref name=DMC>{{cite web
 |url          = http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf
 |title        = Estadisca Climatologica Tomo II
 |access-date   = December 27, 2012
 |publisher    = Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil
 |language     = es
 |date         = March 2001
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180012/http://164.77.222.61/climatologia/publicaciones/Estadistica_ClimatologicaII.pdf
 |archive-date = 2016-03-03
 |url-status     = dead
}}</ref>
| date     = December 2012
}}

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location =  Punta Corona
|Jan high C = 16.7
|Feb high C = 16.7
|Mar high C = 15.1
|Apr high C = 13.7
|May high C = 11.9
|Jun high C = 10.7
|Jul high C = 10.2
|Aug high C = 10.3
|Sep high C = 11.0
|Oct high C = 12.5
|Nov high C = 13.5
|Dec high C = 15.1
| year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 13.7
|Feb mean C = 13.5
|Mar mean C = 12.7
|Apr mean C = 11.2
|May mean C = 9.6
|Jun mean C = 8.7
|Jul mean C = 8.3
|Aug mean C = 8.2
|Sep mean C = 8.7
|Oct mean C = 9.9
|Nov mean C = 10.9
|Dec mean C = 12.4
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 10.5
|Feb low C = 10.3
|Mar low C = 9.6
|Apr low C = 8.2
|May low C = 7.0
|Jun low C = 6.1
|Jul low C = 5.7
|Aug low C = 5.5
|Sep low C = 5.9
|Oct low C = 7.1
|Nov low C = 8.1
|Dec low C = 9.5
| year low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 83.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 109.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 153.9
|Apr precipitation mm = 213.3
|May precipitation mm = 328.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 332.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 315.0
|Aug precipitation mm = 273.7
|Sep precipitation mm = 205.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 124.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 141.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 119.7
|year precipitation mm = 
| Jan humidity = 85
| Feb humidity = 86
| Mar humidity = 88
| Apr humidity = 89
| May humidity = 89
| Jun humidity = 89
| Jul humidity = 89
| Aug humidity = 88
| Sep humidity = 86
| Oct humidity = 86
| Nov humidity = 85
| Dec humidity = 86
| year humidity =
|source 1 = Bioclimatografia de Chile<ref>{{cite web
| first1 = Ernst
| last1 = Hajek
| first2 = Francesco
| url = http://www.ecolyma.cl/documentos/bioclimatografia_de_chile.pdf
| title = Bioclimatografia de Chile
| access-date = 27 May 2024
| last2 = Castri
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20091122225453/http://www.ecolyma.cl/documentos/bioclimatografia_de_chile.pdf
|archive-date = 22 November 2009
| language = es
| year = 1975}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align=left
|source={{cite web|url=https://www.ine.gob.cl/estadisticas/sociales/censos-de-poblacion-y-vivienda/censo-de-poblacion-y-vivienda|publisher=National Statistics Institute|title=Censo de Población y Vivienda}}
|percentages=pagr
|1875 |11391
|1885 |11606
|1895 |11143
|1907 |11401
|1920 |12093
|1930 |11487
|1940 |13981
|1952 |17501
|1970 |23931
|1982 |29423
|1992 |37516
|2002 |39946
|2017 |38991
|2024 |40949
}}
According to the 2002 [[census]] of the [[National Statistics Institute (Chile)|National Statistics Institute]], Ancud spans an area of {{convert|1252.4|sqkm|0|abbr=on}} and has 39,946 inhabitants (19,793 men and 20,153 women). Of these, 27,292 (68.3%) lived in [[urban area]]s and 12,654 (31.7%) in [[rural area]]s. The population grew by 6.5% (2,430 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.<ref name= "INE"/> The [[demonym]] of a person from Ancud is ''Ancuditano'' for a man and ''Ancuditana'' for a woman.

==Administration==
As a [[Communes of Chile|commune]], Ancud is a third-level [[administrative division of Chile]] administered by a [[municipal council]], headed by an [[alcalde]] who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Federico Krüger Finterbüch.<ref name="Official"/>

Within the [[electoral divisions of Chile]], Ancud is represented in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Chile|Chamber of Deputies]] by Mr. Gabriel Ascencio ([[Christian Democratic Party|PDC]]) and Mr. Alejandro Santana ([[National Renewal (Chile)|RN]]) as part of the 58th electoral district, together with [[Castro, Chile|Castro]], [[Quemchi]], [[Dalcahue]], [[Curaco de Vélez]], [[Quinchao]], [[Puqueldón]], [[Chonchi]], [[Queilén]], [[Quellón]], [[Chaitén]], [[Hualaihué]], [[Futaleufú, Chile|Futaleufú]] and [[Palena, Chile|Palena]]. The commune is represented in the [[Senate of Chile|Senate]] by Camilo Escalona Medina ([[Socialist Party of Chile|PS]]) and Carlos Kuschel Silva (RN) as part of the 17th senatorial constituency (Los Lagos Region).

==Education==
Previously the area had a German school, Deutsche Schule Ancud-Chiloe.<ref>"[http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160312191648/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Archive]). [[Bundestag]] (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 21/51.</ref>

==Landmarks==
===Cathedral===
{{expand section|date=February 2016}}
The Cathedral of Ancud is the main religious temple of the city, and it is a building built after the 1960 earthquake, in the same place as the temple destroyed during that event.

===Colonial fort system===
[[File:Fuerte_San_Antonio_Ancud.jpg|thumb|The battery of San Antonio]]

{{further|Coastal fortifications of colonial Chile}}
The fort system of Ancud together with nearby the forts of Agüi one of the four fort systems that existed in [[history of Chiloé|colonial Chiloé]].<ref name=Sahady2010/><ref name=Sahady2011>{{cite journal |last1=Sahady Villanueva |first1=Antonio |last2=Bravo Sánchez |first2=José |last3=Quilodrán Rubio |first3=Carolina |date=2011 |title=Fuertes españoles en Chiloé: las huellas de la historia en medio del paisaje insular |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-83582011000300005 |journal=[[Revista INVI]] |volume=73 |issue=26 |pages=133–165 |doi= 10.4067/S0718-83582011000300005|access-date=30 January 2016|doi-access=free }}</ref> The fort system of Ancud is made up of two forts and four [[Artillery battery|batteries]]. Fuerte Real de San Carlos was built as late as 1824 by orders of [[Antonio de Quintanilla]], the last Spanish governor of Chiloé. The [[arsenal]] (polvorín) of this can still be seen at the centre of a small plaza. The battery of San Antonio is the best preserved part of the fort system.<ref name=Sahady2011/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ancud-Fuerte San Antonio.jpg|Fuerte San Antonio
File:AncudCostanera.jpg|Avenida Salvador Allende
File:AncudCostanera2.jpg|Avenida Salvador Allende
File:AncudCatedral.jpg|Cathedral
File:AncudPlaza.jpg|Plaza de Armas and Town Hall
File:AncudMonumento.jpg|Firebrigade Monument
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Ancud Volcanic Complex]]
*[[Churches of Chiloé]]
*[[Islotes de Puñihuil Natural Monument]]
*[[Mahlon Williamson (barque)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ancud}}
* {{wikivoyage-inline|Ancud}}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.ancud.cl/ Municipality of Ancud]
* [http://local.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Ancud,+Chile&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=8&ll=-42.730874,-73.416138&spn=1.997374,5.39978&t=k&iwloc=addr Satellite view of the Chiloé Archipelago (Google maps)]
* [http://local.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Ancud,+Chile&ie=UTF8&z=12&t=k&om=1&iwloc=addr Satellite view of Ancud (Google maps)]

{{Communes in Los Lagos Region}}
{{Chiloe Archipelago}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ancud| ]]
[[Category:Communes of Chile]]
[[Category:Port settlements in Chile]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1768]]
[[Category:Populated places in Chiloé Province]]
[[Category:1768 establishments in the Spanish Empire]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Chile]]