View source for Andijan

{{for|the village in Iran|Andijan, Iran}}
{{for|the village in Buloqboshi District|Andijan (village)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Andijan
| native_name        = Andijon / Андижон
| official_name      = 
| settlement_type    = City
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Devonaboy Jome Mosque in Andijan.jpg
| photo2a = Navoi Square (Formerly Bobur Square) - Where 2005 Massacre Took Place - Andijon - Uzbekistan (7544000842).jpg
| photo2b = Chapel in Andijan 02.JPG
| photo3a = Andijan state university.jpg
| photo3c = Last Friday of Ramadan, Andijan.jpg
| photo4a = Panorama of Navoi Square (Formerly Bobur Square) - Where 2005 Massacre Took Place - Andijon - Uzbekistan - 01 (7543269364).jpg
| photo4c = 
| size = 280
| spacing = 2
| color = transparent
| border = 0
}}
| imagesize          = 
| image_caption      = '''Above''': Devonaboy Jome Mosque, '''Second''': Statue of Z.M. Babur, Andhjan Chapel of Saint George, '''Third''': [[Andijan State University]], Zubayr Ibn Avvom Jame Mosque, '''Bottom''': Panoramic view of [[Navoi Square]] (all relative items are left to right)
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_map          = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Uzbekistan
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_label_position = top
| pushpin_mapsize    = 290
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uzbekistan
| subdivision_type   = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of Uzbekistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name   = [[File:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|25px]] [[Uzbekistan]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Andijan Region]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| established_title  = First mention
| established_date   = V-IV BC
| government_type    = 
| leader_title       = Hokim
| leader_name        = Bakhromjon Khaydarov
| area_magnitude     = 
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_total_km2     = 74.3
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_land_km2      = 
| area_urban_sq_mi   = 
| area_urban_km2     = 
| area_metro_km2     = 
| area_metro_sq_mi   = 
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_footnotes = 
| population_total   = 501,131
| population_urban   = 
| population_metro   = 
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone           = [[Uzbekistan Time|UZT]]
| utc_offset         = +5
| timezone_DST       = not observed
| utc_offset_DST     = +5
| coordinates        = {{coord|40|47|N|72|20|E|region:UZ|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 500
| elevation_ft       = 
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 170100<ref name="SPR">{{cite web|title=Andijan|url=http://uz.spr.ru/andizhan-i-andizhanskiy-gorodskoy-okrug/|work=SPR|access-date=3 April 2014|language=ru|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830154920/http://uz.spr.ru/andizhan-i-andizhanskiy-gorodskoy-okrug/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_code          = +998 74<ref name="SPR"/>
| registration_plate = 
| website            = {{URL|www.andijan.uz}}
| footnotes          = 
| other_name         = Андижан
}}
'''Andijan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|n|d|ɪ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|n|,_|-|ˈ|dʒ|ɑː|n}} {{respell|AN-dih-JAN, -JAHN}}), also spelt '''Andijon''' ({{IPA|uz|ˌændɪˈdʒɒn|lang}}) and formerly [[romanized]] as '''Andizhan''' ({{langx|ru|Андижан}} {{IPA|ru|əndʲɪˈʐan|}}), is a city in [[Uzbekistan]]. It is the administrative, economic, and cultural center of [[Andijan Region]].<ref name=class>{{cite web|url=https://stat.uz/uploads/docs/soato(mhobt)_2020.xlsx|title=Classification system of territorial units of the Republic of Uzbekistan|language=uz, ru|date=July 2020|publisher=The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on statistics}}</ref> Andijan is a district-level city with an area of {{cvt|74|km2}}.<ref>[http://andijan.uz/towns_districts/andshahar Andijan city], Andijan region</ref> Andijan is the most densely populated city with density of 10,000 people/km<sup>2</sup> and it had 747,800 inhabitants in 2024.<ref name=andstat>{{cite web|url=http://andstat.uz/uz/rasmiy-statistika/demography-2|title=Hududlar bo'yicha shahar va qishloq aholisi soni|trans-title=Urban and rural population by district|publisher=Andijan regional department of statistics|lang=uz|type=PDF}}</ref> Andijan is located in a tense border region at the south-eastern edge of the [[Fergana Valley]] near Uzbekistan's border with [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laurelle |first1=Marlene |title=Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Challenges of Economic Development |date=2015 |page=126}}</ref>

At more 2,500 years in age,  Andijan is the oldest city in Uzbekistan<ref> https://uzbekistan.travel/en/o/a-facecard-of-andijan-devonaboy-mosque/ Retrieved at 11.51 on Friday 17/5/24.</ref> and one of the oldest cities in the Fergana Valley. In some parts of the city, archeologists have found items dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries [[Common Era|B.C.E.]] Historically, Andijan was an important city on the [[Silk Road]]. 

The city is perhaps best known as the birthplace of [[Babur]] who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the [[Mughal dynasty]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and became the first Mughal emperor. Andijan also gained notoriety in 2005 when government forces opened fire on protestors, killing hundreds in what came to be known as the [[2005 Andijan Massacre|Andijan Massacre]].

Andijan was developed into an important industrial city during the [[Soviet]] era. Manufactured goods produced in the city include [[Chemical substance|chemicals]], [[Major appliance|domestic appliance]]s, [[electronics]], [[food]]stuffs, [[furniture]], [[Plough|plow]]s, [[pump]]s, [[shoe]]s, spare parts for farming machines, various engineering tools, and [[wheelchair]]s.

Andijan experiences frequent seismic activity and was destroyed by a [[1902 Andijan earthquake|large earthquake in 1902]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Andijon|title=Andijon &#124; Andijon &#124; Uzbekistan, Silk Road, Fergana Valley &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> This was the worst earthquake to occur in Uzbekistan in the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/911881493877940126/pdf/114768-WP-PUBLIC-drp-uzbekistan.pdf |website=World Bank |title=Europe and Central Asia Risk Profiles}}</ref>

==History==

=== Toponymy ===
The origin of the name of the city is uncertain. Arab geographers of the 10th century referred to Andijan as "Andukan," "Andugan," or "Andigan."<ref>{{cite book|last=Pospelov|first=E. M.|title=Geographical Names of the World. Toponymic Dictionary|year=1998|publisher=Russkie slovari|location=Moscow|isbn=5-89216-029-7|page=36|language=ru}}</ref> The traditional explanation links the name of the city to the Turkic tribal names ''Andi'' and ''Adoq''/''Azoq''.<ref name="OʻzME">{{cite encyclopedia | year = 2000–2005 | title = Andijon | last = Ziyayev | first = Baxtiyor | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi | location = Toshkent | language = uz }}</ref>

=== Early history ===
Andijan is one of the oldest cities in the [[Fergana Valley]]. In some parts of the city, archeologists have found items dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries.<ref name="OʻzME"/> Historically, Andijan was an important city on the [[Silk Road]].<ref name="EL">{{cite encyclopedia | year = 1988 | title = Andijon | encyclopedia = Ensiklopedik lugʻat | publisher = Oʻzbek sovet ensiklopediyasi | location = Toshkent | language = uz | id = 5-89890-002-0 | pages = 42–43 | volume = 1}}</ref>

The city is perhaps best known as the birthplace of [[Babur]] who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the [[Mughal dynasty]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]] and became the first Mughal emperor.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Manz|first=Beatrice Forbes|title=Central Asian Uprisings in the Nineteenth Century: Ferghana under the Russians|journal=[[Russian Review]]|year=1987|volume=46|issue=3|pages=267–281|doi=10.2307/130563|jstor=130563}}</ref>

After the formation of the [[Khanate of Kokand]] in the 18th century, the capital was moved from Andijan to [[Kokand]]. In the mid-19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began occupying the area of present-day [[Central Asia]]. In 1876, the Russians conquered the Khanate of Kokand and the city of Andijan along with it.

Andijan was the center and flashpoint of the [[Andijan Uprising of 1898]] in which the followers of [[Sufi]] leader [[Madali Ishan]] attacked the Russian barracks in the city, killing 22 and injuring 16-20 more. In retaliation, 18 of the participants were hanged and 360 exiled.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 0-520-21355-6| pages = 59| last = Khalid| first = Adeeb |author-link=Adeeb Khalid| title = The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia|title-link=The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia| location = Berkeley| series = Comparative studies on Muslim societies| year = 1998}}</ref>

===20th century===
[[File:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu, 1769, Muslim commoners from Andijon.jpg|thumb|Muslim commoners from Andijan (安集延). [[Huang Qing Zhigong Tu]], 1769]]

====1902 earthquake====
{{main|1902 Andijan earthquake}}

On 16 December 1902, much of the city was leveled by a severe [[earthquake]] which destroyed up to 30,000 homes in the region and killed as many as 4,500 residents.<ref name="EL"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Kislov|first=D.|title=Paging through old journals: Evidence of the 1902 Andijan Earthquake|url=http://www.fergananews.com/article.php?id=5232|access-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=Ferghana|date=13 July 2007|language=ru}}</ref> After [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule was established in Andijan in 1917, the city quickly became an important industrial city in the [[Uzbek SSR]].

====Soviet era====

During the Soviet demarcation of [[Central Asia]],{{when|date=February 2024}} Andijan was separated from its historical [[hinterland]] as the [[Ferghana Valley]] was divided among three separate Soviet republics. Andijan itself became part of the [[Uzbek SSR]].

During [[Eastern Front (World War II)|World War II]], many Soviet citizens were evacuated to Andijan and the surrounding towns. Of the [[Jewish people|Jewish]] refugees fleeing [[Occupation of Poland (1939–45)|Nazi-occupied Poland]] and banished by the Soviets to [[Siberia]] and [[Central Asia]], some relocated to Andijan starting in 1941.

====Post-Soviet Islamic fundamentalism====
In the 1990s, Andijan and the surrounding region became politically unstable. Poverty and an upsurge in [[Islamic fundamentalism]] produced tensions in the region. The town, and the region as a whole, suffered a severe economic decline following the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. Repeated border closures badly damaged the local economy, worsening the already widespread poverty of Andijan's inhabitants.

=====May 2005 massacre=====
{{main|Andijan massacre}}
{{undue section|date=February 2024}}
On 13 May 2005, Uzbekistan's military opened fire on a mass of people who were protesting against poor living conditions and corrupt government.<ref name=OSCE>{{cite web|title=Preliminary findings on the events in Andijan, Uzbekistan, 13 May 2005|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/15653?download=true|work=Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe|access-date=7 April 2014|location=Warsaw|date=20 June 2005}}</ref><ref name=Documenting>{{cite web|last=Beehner|first=Lionel|title=Documenting Andijan|url=http://www.cfr.org/uzbekistan/documenting-andijan/p10984#6|work=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=7 April 2014|date=June 26, 2006|archive-date=22 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222103639/http://www.cfr.org/uzbekistan/documenting-andijan/p10984#6|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Burnashev>{{cite journal|last=Burnashev|first=Rustam|author2=Irina Chernykh|title=Changes in Uzbekistan's military policy after the Andijan Events|journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly|volume=5|issue=I|pages=67–73}}</ref> The estimates of those killed on 13 May range from 187, the official count of the government, to several hundred.<ref name=OSCE/><ref>{{cite web|last=Usmanova|first=Dilya|title=Uzbekistan: Andijan - A policeman's account|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/uzbekistan/uzbekistan-andijan-policemans-account|work=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|date=July 2005 |access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref> A defector from the [[National Security Service (Uzbekistan)|SNB]] alleged that 1,500 were killed.<ref name=Donovan>{{cite news|last=Donovan|first=Jeffrey|title=Former Uzbek spy accuses government of massacres, seeks asylum |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Former_Uzbek_Spy_Seeks_Asylum/1195372.html|access-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=[[RFE/RL]]|date=1 September 2008}}</ref> The bodies of many of those who died were allegedly hidden in [[mass grave]]s following the [[massacre]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andijan massacre a year after|url=http://www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/radio/175/2006-05-05/361.asp|work=Columbia Radio News|access-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610015311/http://www.jrn.columbia.edu/studentwork/radio/175/2006-05-05/361.asp|archive-date=10 June 2007|date=10 June 2007}}</ref>

The [[Uzbek government]] at first stated that the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]] organized the unrest and that the protesters were members of [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]].<ref name=HTIDEN>{{cite web|title=Border situation between Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan returns to normal|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/uzbekistan/border-situation-between-uzbekistan-kyrgyzstan-returns-normal|work=ReliefWeb|access-date=7 April 2014|date=26 May 2005}}</ref> Critics have argued that the radical Islamist label has been just a pretext for maintaining a repressive regime in the country.

Whether troops fired indiscriminately to prevent a [[colour revolution]] or acted legitimately to quell a prison break is also disputed.<ref name=RECKLESS>{{cite news|title=Uzbeks say troops shot recklessly at civilians|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/17/international/asia/17uzbek.html?_r=0|access-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 May 2005|author=C. J. Chivers|author2=Ethan Wilensky-Lanford}}</ref><ref name=CNN>{{cite news|title=Uzbek troops clash with protesters|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/13/uzbekistan.violence/index.html|access-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=CNN|date=13 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813051541/http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/05/13/uzbekistan.violence/index.html|archive-date=13 August 2007}}</ref><ref name=HREPORT>{{cite web|title=Uzbekistan: 'Bullets were falling like rain'|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/uzbekistan0605/2.htm#_Toc105632740|work=Human Rights Watch|access-date=7 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=TOETAG>{{cite news|last=Chivers|first=C. J.|title=Toe tags offer clues to Uzbeks' uprising|work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/23/international/asia/23uzbek.html?ex=1173758400&en=9bcdecf9d255f304&ei=5070|access-date=7 April 2014|date=23 May 2005}}</ref> Another theory is that the dispute was really an inter-clan struggle for state power.<ref name=Burnashev/> The Uzbek government eventually acknowledged that poor economic conditions in the region and popular resentment played a role in the uprising.<ref name=REAPPRAISES>{{cite news|title=Uzbekistan: Karimov reappraises Andijon|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1072151.html|access-date=7 April 2014|newspaper=RFE/RL|date=19 October 2006}}</ref>

{{wide image|Panorama of Navoi Square (Formerly Bobur Square) - Where 2005 Massacre Took Place - Andijon - Uzbekistan - 02 (7543304374).jpg|1200px|align-cap=center|Panorama of Navoi Square where the 2005 massacre took place}}

==Geography==
[[File:Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires (1882) (19565272478).jpg|300px|thumb|Detailed French map of 1882, showing position of Andijan (here spelled “Andidjâne”, slightly right of centre) in the Fergana valley]]
Andijan is located {{convert|450|m}} above sea level on the southeastern edge of the [[Fergana Valley]], near Uzbekistan's border with [[Kyrgyzstan]].<ref name="OʻzME"/> By road it is {{convert|22|km}} northeast of [[Asaka, Uzbekistan|Asaka]] and {{convert|68.6|km}} southeast of [[Namangan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.783333,72.333333&q=loc:40.783333,72.333333&hl=en&t=h&z=12|title=Andijan|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=8 April 2014}}</ref>

===Climate===
Andijan has a cold [[semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk'') with cold winters and hot summers, with a very [[continental climate]], although winters are milder than one might expect for a location in Central Asia. Rainfall is generally light and erratic, and summers are particularly dry.

{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Andijan (1991–2020)
 | Jan high C = 4.2
 | Feb high C = 7.9
 | Mar high C = 15.8
 | Apr high C = 23.0
 | May high C = 28.4
 | Jun high C = 33.4
 | Jul high C = 35.0
 | Aug high C = 33.4
 | Sep high C = 28.9
 | Oct high C = 21.5
 | Nov high C = 12.8
 | Dec high C = 5.6
 | year high C = 20.8

 | Jan mean C = -0.1
 | Feb mean C = 2.8
 | Mar mean C = 9.8
 | Apr mean C = 16.4
 | May mean C = 21.6
 | Jun mean C = 26.2
 | Jul mean C = 27.9
 | Aug mean C = 26.0
 | Sep mean C = 21.0
 | Oct mean C = 13.9
 | Nov mean C = 6.8
 | Dec mean C = 1.3
 | year mean C = 14.5

 | Jan low C = -3.3
 | Feb low C = -1.2
 | Mar low C = 4.8
 | Apr low C = 10.6
 | May low C = 15.1
 | Jun low C = 19.0
 | Jul low C = 20.6
 | Aug low C = 18.9
 | Sep low C = 14.0
 | Oct low C = 7.9
 | Nov low C = 2.3
 | Dec low C = -1.8
 | year low C = 8.9

 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 21.7
 | Feb precipitation mm = 31.9
 | Mar precipitation mm = 32.9
 | Apr precipitation mm = 26.8
 | May precipitation mm = 25.0
 | Jun precipitation mm = 12.8
 | Jul precipitation mm = 4.8
 | Aug precipitation mm = 4.1
 | Sep precipitation mm = 3.4
 | Oct precipitation mm = 17.5
 | Nov precipitation mm = 30.3
 | Dec precipitation mm = 32.6
 | year precipitation mm = 243.8

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 8
 | Feb precipitation days = 10
 | Mar precipitation days = 10
 | Apr precipitation days = 9
 | May precipitation days = 10
 | Jun precipitation days = 8
 | Jul precipitation days = 5
 | Aug precipitation days = 3
 | Sep precipitation days = 3
 | Oct precipitation days = 6
 | Nov precipitation days = 7
 | Dec precipitation days = 9
 | year precipitation days = 88

| Jan humidity = 84
| Feb humidity = 81
| Mar humidity = 72
| Apr humidity = 62
| May humidity = 54
| Jun humidity = 46
| Jul humidity = 50
| Aug humidity = 57
| Sep humidity = 60
| Oct humidity = 68
| Nov humidity = 77
| Dec humidity = 86
| year humidity = 66

 | Jan sun = 62.1
 | Feb sun = 95.1
 | Mar sun = 153.2
 | Apr sun = 217.1
 | May sun = 291.2
 | Jun sun = 331.0
 | Jul sun = 357.7
 | Aug sun = 339.0
 | Sep sun = 282.9
 | Oct sun = 210.8
 | Nov sun = 116.4
 | Dec sun = 64.4
 | year sun = 2520.9

 | source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] (humidity 1961-1990)<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Uzbekistan/CSV/Andizan_38475.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Andijan
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="NOAA">{{cite web|title=Climate normals for Andijan|url=ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/UZ/38475.TXT|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031033820/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/UZ/38475.TXT|archive-date=2020-10-31|url-status=dead|access-date=10 February 2013}}</ref> 
}}

[[Soil fertility|Fertile soils]], abundance of [[heat]] and [[light]], long frost-free period (about 210 days a year) favor the cultivation of heat-loving crops - [[cotton]], [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]], citrus and other subtropical crops in the vicinity of the city.

Andijan is surrounded by the [[foothills]] of the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] and [[Tian Shan]] mountains, which in summer are covered with snowy peaks, and in the lower reaches are enveloped by forest groves of [[walnut]] and [[Conifer|coniferous]] forests.

[[Winter|Winters]] are usually mild and short. [[Wind|Winds]] are weaker than in the western parts of the valley, averaging 5 m/s, and average annual precipitation is 232 mm per year. [[Summer|Summers]] are comparatively less hot than in Central Asia.

=== Canals and rivers ===
Main water arteries of Andijan city:

* "Andijonsoy" [[canal]], which crosses Andijan from south-east to north-west (urban length of the canal is 20 km with [[stream bed]] width from 5 to 10 meters);
* 2 rowing canals in the north-west suburb of Andijan (according to the new [[site plan]] they are not included in the [[city limits]]) are parallel and have a length of about 2.8 km with a width of 35-45 meters;
* The [[Kara Darya|Kara Darya River]] flows from the north-east to the north-west of Andijan and its suburbs 3-5 km from the city limits.

Despite the fact that in some places the urban neighborhoods of Andijan's [[Suburb|suburbs]] and the buildings of the [[Tashkent State Agrarian University]] are adjacent to the river, the [[Waterfront (area)|waterfront]] was not included in the new general plan of Andijan (adopted and approved in 2017) and in the city limits.

=== Vegetation ===
The [[vegetation]] of Andijan is diverse and rich. The city itself is decorated with exotic, ornamental, subtropical, fruit, citrus, nut, coniferous and deciduous crops of trees and shrubs. [[Floriculture]] and [[horticulture]] are widely developed.

In the years of Uzbekistan's independence, great importance was attached to planting exotic and subtropical crops to replace the year-round weedy [[Platanus orientalis|chinar]].

In the city streets, squares, alleys and near administrative buildings began to be planted:

* exotic palm trees;
* ornamental trees;
* deciduous trees.

[[Conifer|Conifers]] have been well established in Andijan for many [[Decade|decades]], and over the last 25 years coniferous and [[fir]] trees have become very popular in the city (especially [[picea abies]] and [[blue spruce]], [[Arca (disambiguation)|archa]], [[juniper]], fir, [[cupressus]], [[pine]] and [[cedrus]]).

[[Chestnut|Chestnuts]] and [[Walnut|walnuts]] are also being planted in Andijan, [[Almond|almonds]], [[Pistachio|pistachios]], [[diospyros]], [[elaeagnus angustifolia]], [[jujube]], [[Punica protopunica|pomegranate trees]], wine trees (yellow and black [[Fig|figs]]), [[laurus]] and various [[Fruit tree|fruit trees]] are growing in the [[Courtyard|courtyards]].

==Demographics==
In 2022, Andijan had a population of 458,500.<ref name="andstat"/> Representatives of many ethnic groups can be found in the city. [[Uzbek people|Uzbeks]] are the largest ethnic group.

{{Historical populations
|percentages=pagr
|source=<ref name="OʻzME"/><ref name="EL"/><ref name="OʻzSE"/><ref name="andstat"/>
|1897|57000
|1939|105000
|1959|161000
|1970|188000
|1985|275000
|2000|333400
|2010|373800
|2022|458500
|}}

==Economy==
Andijan has been an important craft and trade center in the [[Fergana Valley]] since the 15th century. After [[annexation]] by the Russians in 1876, the economy of the city started to grow significantly. Several industrial plants were built in Andijan after the city was connected with Russia with a railway line in 1889.<ref name="OʻzSE">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Moʻminov |editor-first=Ibrohim |date=1971 |encyclopedia=Oʻzbek sovet ensiklopediyasi |title=Andijon |language=uz |volume=1 |location=Toshkent |pages=359–360 }}</ref> Several hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and printing houses were established in the city during that period. After [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule was established in late December 1917, both [[Light industry|light]] and [[Heavy industry|heavy]] industries developed significantly. Andijan became the first city in Uzbekistan to be fully supplied with [[natural gas]].<ref name="OʻzSE"/>

Andijan remains an important industrial city in independent Uzbekistan. There are 48 large industrial plants and about 3,000 [[small and medium enterprises]] in the city.<ref name="OʻzME"/> Manufactured goods produced in the city include [[Chemical substance|chemicals]], [[Major appliance|domestic appliance]]s, [[electronics]], [[food]]stuffs, [[furniture]], [[Plough|plow]]s, [[pump]]s, [[shoe]]s, spare parts for farming machines, various engineering tools, and [[wheelchair]]s. Andijan is also home to over 50 international companies,{{fact|date=September 2017}} five of which produce spare parts for [[GM Uzbekistan]].

== Etymology ==
The etymology of the name of the city of Andijan is complex and yet to be fully determined, involving as it does not only the speculation of certain scholars but also the cautious interpretation of several local folk legends:

* The emergence of the city is associated with the name of the Turanian princess Adinajan, daughter of [[Afrasiab|Afrosiab]], the legendary ruler of ancient Turan. In search of a cure for her chronic ill-health, the ailing princess sought and found healing in one of the mountain valleys of the foothills of [[Takht-e Soleymān]]. To commemorate her miraculous recovery,  Afrosiab built for his beloved daughter a castle, surrounded by a great and wondrous garden, in the lush valley which had restored her to health. Consequently this area, located in the lower reaches of the mountain river Oshsay, was named Adinajan, after the princess, and the city, which later grew up around her castle, was given the name Andijan, a modified form of her name. To do her further honour, the doting Afrosiab made Andijan the capital of his majestic kingdom of [[Turan]].
* The origin of the toponym is directly connected with the Turkic-speaking peoples "Adok", "Azok" and "Andi". Folk rumor says that in ancient times these lands were inhabited by the Andi tribe, i.e. Hindus, and therefore the area was called "Andukan" (or "Hindu refuge").
* The name of the city is connected with the name of the so-called "discoverer" of the region, who laid the foundation of the future city. His name was Andi. So, in honor of the ancient builder-architect the city was named "Andijan".
* Russian historian V. P. Nalivkin supposes that the toponym "Andigan" appeared due to the name of the Turkic tribe Andi. The fact is that until some time residents of neighboring regions often called Andijan Uzbeks by the name of Andi, and claimed that Andi were of the same origin as those Turks who lived in the cities of [[Central Asia]].
* According to [[Vasily Bartold]], Andijan was founded by [[Mongol Khan|Mongol Khans]] at the end of the XIII century. Turks from different tribes and clans were transferred here. At the end of the XV century Andijan was considered a predominantly Turkic city in Fergana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-02 |title=В.В.БАРТОЛЬД О НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ РАЗМЕЖЕВАНИИ В СРЕДНЕЙ АЗИИ |url=http://kungrad.com/history/sssr/barthold/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102191228/http://kungrad.com/history/sssr/barthold/ |archive-date=2011-11-02 }}</ref>
* The state of Andia existed in the southern part of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref>[Всемирная История 1995 год. Издательство Академия Наук СССР. с. 516—517]</ref>
*Andi is a place of meeting and [[Kurultai|kurultais]] of [[Turkic tribes]] to solve friendly and important issues.

== Education ==
There are four higher education institutions in Andijan City. Andijan state university, Andijan medical institute, Andijan machine-building institute and Andijan branch Tashkent state agrarian university. The Andijan Medical Institute is the largest of the four. In 2022, [[Andijan state institute of foreign languages]] was founded, being the only state institute where foreign languages are taught. The city is also home to four colleges, one academic lyceum, 21 vocational schools, 47 secondary schools, three music and art schools, nine sports schools, and 86 kindergartens.<ref name="OʻzSE"/>
== Main sights ==
[[Andijan Jame Mosque Complex]] architectural monument (late 19th century). It consists of a mosque, a madrasa, and a minaret. In the mid-19th century, the city status was granted to settlements with a mosque in [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name="History1">{{Cite web|url= https://www.centralasia-travel.com/ru/countries/uzbekistan/places/andijan/djami|title= КОМПЛЕКС ДЖАМИ|website= www.centralasia-travel.com |accessdate= 2023-12-11}}</ref> The construction of the Mosque Complex took place from 1883 to 1890<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.advantour.com/rus/uzbekistan/andijan/djami.htm|title= Комплекс Джами, Андижан|website= www.advantour.com |accessdate= 2023-12-11}}</ref><ref name="History1" /><ref name="History2" /> and it covers a total area of 1.5 hectares.<ref name="History2">{{Cite web|url= https://bookatour.me/ru/uzbekistan/attraction/mechet-djami-andijan.html|title= МЕЧЕТЬ ДЖАМИ В АНДИЖАНЕ|website= bookatour.me |accessdate= 2023-12-11}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
[[File:万国来朝图 Andijan (安集延) delegates in Peking in 1761.jpg|thumb|Andijan (安集延) delegates in Peking in 1761. ''[[万国来朝图]]'']]
[[File:Idealized portrait of Babur (1483-1530) in Persian style, painted circa 1605-1615 in India (British Museum 1921,1011,0.3).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Babur, the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]]]]
* [[Babur]] (1483–1530) — an emperor and founder of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[Medieval India]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2000–2005 |title=Bobur |encyclopedia=Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi |location=Toshkent |url=https://n.ziyouz.com/books/uzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi/O'zbekiston%20Milliy%20Ensiklopediyasi%20-%20B%20harfi.pdf |access-date=7 June 2022 |pages=424–430 |language=uz |last2=Abdugʻafurov |first2=Abdurashid |last1=Muhammadjonov |first1=Abdulahad}}</ref>

* [[Nodira]] (1792–1842) — a poet and stateswoman<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Nodira
 | last = Qodirova
 | first = Mahbuba
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Choʻlpon]] (1897–1938) — an influential poet, playwright, novelist, and literary translator<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Choʻlpon
 | last = Karimov
 | first = Naim
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Abbos Bakirov]] (1910–1974) — a film actor and director, People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1939)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Bakirov Abbos
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Halima Nosirova]] (1913–2003) — an influential opera singer, People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1937)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Nosirova Halima
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>
* [[Khadicha Sulaimanova]] (1913-1965) — law professor, Chair of the Supreme Court of the Uzbek SSR

* [[Mukarram Turgʻunboyeva]] (1913–1978) — dancer, People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1937); generally regarded as the founder of modern Uzbek stage dance<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Turgʻunboyeva Mukarram
 | last = Qodirov
 | first = Muhsin
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Fotima Borukhova]] (1916–2009) — opera singer, People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1950)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Boruxova Fotima
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Shahodat Rahimova]] (1919–1979) — singer and actress, People's Artist of Uzbekistan (1940)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Rahimova Shahodat 
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Muhammad Yusuf (poet)|Muhammad Yusuf]] (1954–2001) — poet and a member of the Supreme Assembly of Uzbekistan, People's Poet of Uzbekistan (1998)<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Muhammad Yusuf
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

* [[Robert Ilatov]] (born 1971) — [[Israel]]i politician and member of the [[Knesset]] for [[Yisrael Beiteinu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=793|title=Ilatov, Robert (Personal Information)|publisher=The Knesset|access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref>
* [[Ruslan Chagaev]] (born 1978) — [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] [[heavyweight]] [[boxing]] champion<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
 | year = 2000–2005
 | title = Chagayev Ruslan Shamilevich
 | encyclopedia = Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi
 | location = Toshkent
 | language = uz
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Andijan}}
{{Commons category|Andijan}}
* [http://andijan.uz The official website of the Andijan Region Administration] {{in lang|en|ru|uz}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407062154/http://andijan.uz/ENG/Xokimliklar/andsh.shtml Information about the city of Andijan on the official website of the Andijan Region Administration] {{in lang|en|ru|uz}}

{{Andijan Region}}
{{Cities in Uzbekistan}}
{{Tourist attractions in Uzbekistan}}
{{Iranian architecture}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Andijan| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places in Andijan Region]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Fergana Oblast]]