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{{Short description|Admiral of the Republic of Genoa (1466–1560)}}
{{About||the sunken ocean liner|SS Andrea Doria|the asteroid|2175 Andrea Doria|other uses|}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Andrea Doria
| image         = Andrea Doria.jpg
| caption       = Portrait of Andrea Doria, {{circa|1520}},<br>by [[Sebastiano del Piombo]]
| birth_date    = 30 November 1466
| birth_place   = [[Oneglia]], [[Republic of Genoa]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1560|11|25|1466|11|30|df=y}}
| death_place   = [[Genoa]], [[Republic of Genoa]]
| spouse        = 
| children      = 
| signature     = Signatur Andrea Doria.PNG
| allegiance    = [[File:Stemma della famiglia Della Rovere.svg|18px]] [[Duchy of Urbino]]<br/>[[File:Stemma della famiglia Ghislieri.svg|18px| ]] [[Papal States]]<br/>'''{{flag|Republic of Genoa}}'''<br/>{{flag|Kingdom of France|valois}}<br/>{{flagicon|Spain|1506}} [[Habsburg Spain|Kingdom of Spain]]<br/>{{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| battles       =
*'''Genoese-Barbary conflicts'''
**[[Battle of Pianosa]]
*'''[[Ottoman–Habsburg wars]]'''
**[[Campaign of Cherchell (1531)]]
**[[Conquest of Coron (1532)|Conquest of Coron]]
**[[Siege of Coron (1533–1534)|Siege of Coron]]
**[[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|Conquest of Tunis]]
**[[Battle of Preveza]]
**[[Algiers expedition (1541)|Siege of Algiers]]
**[[Capture of Mahdia (1550)|Conquest of Mahdia]]
*'''[[Italian War of 1536–1538]]'''
**[[Battle of Antipaxos]]
*'''[[Italian War of 1542–1546]]'''
**[[Siege of Nice]]
*'''[[Italian War of 1551–1559]]'''
**[[Battle of Ponza (1552)|Battle of Ponza]]
**[[Invasion of Corsica (1553)]]
}}

'''Andrea Doria''', [[Prince of Melfi]]<ref name="EB1911-p428">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Doria-Pamphilii-Landi |volume=8 |page=428}}</ref> ({{IPA|it|anˈdrɛːa ˈdɔːrja|lang}}; {{langx|lij|Drîa Döia}} {{IPA|lij|ˈdɾiːa ˈdɔːja|}}; 30 November 1466{{snd}}25 November 1560) was an [[Italians|Italian]] [[Politician|statesman]], ''{{lang|it|[[condottiero]]}}'' and [[admiral]], who played a key role in the [[Republic of Genoa]] during his lifetime.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUkFCXuw2pcC&q=andrea+doria+italian+condottiero&pg=PT158 |title=I grandi condottieri che hanno cambiato la storia |last=Frediani |first=Andrea |date=25 June 2012 |publisher=Newton Compton Editori |isbn=9788854144088|language=it |pages=158–160}}</ref>

Doria was considered the foremost naval leader in [[Europe]] at his time.{{sfnp|Tucker|2009|p=819}} From 1528, he served as [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]]'s grand admiral in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]],{{sfnp|Shaw|2014|p=133-134}} as well as his main shipbuilder along with [[Álvaro de Bazán the Elder]],{{sfnp|Stampa Piñeiro|2020|p=75}} while also acting as a [[privateer]] with the ships he owned in order to increase his own wealth.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=77}} Although he had mixed success against the eminent threat of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] admirals, his fleet helped secure the imperial naval lines between Spain and Italy.{{sfnp|Shaw|2014|p=134}} He also played a role in the development of [[amphibious warfare]] by the Spanish and Italian navies.{{sfnp|Fissel|2022|p=253}}

As a citizen of Genoa, Doria used his relationship with Charles V to both protect the republic's independence and exercise a predominant influence in its councils.{{sfnp|Shaw|2014|p=134}} He refused official charges, accepting only the title of [[Father of the Fatherland]], and instead ruled the republic as an economic and military player.{{sfnp|Cadenas y Vicent|1977|p=96}} Under his reforms, the [[Doge of Genoa|Doge's]] office was reduced to two years instead of being elected for life, while plebeians were declared ineligible, and the appointment was entrusted to the members of the great and the little councils. His constitutional reforms would last until the end of the republic in 1797.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Andrea Doria {{!}} Genoese statesman|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Andrea-Doria-Genoese-statesman|access-date=15 July 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

His posterior historical reputation became influenced by the lens of his [[republic of Venice|Venetian]] rivals, which accused him of unstrategic and duplicitous conduct in battle.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=236-241}} Even then, several ships in the next centuries were named in his honour, the most famous being the Italian passenger liner {{SS|Andrea Doria}}, launched in 1951, which sank following a collision in 1956.

==Early life==
[[File:Casa Andrea Doria.JPG|thumb|left|Natal home of Andrea Doria in [[Oneglia]]]]
Doria was born at [[Oneglia]] from the ancient Genoese family the Doria di Oneglia, a branch of the noble [[Doria (family)|Doria]] family, who played a major role in the history of the Republic since the 12th century. His parents were related: Ceva Doria, co-lord of Oneglia, and Caracosa Doria, of the [[Doria (family)|Doria di Dolceacqua]] branch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Famiglia Doria|url=http://www.nobili-napoletani.it/Doria.htm|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.nobili-napoletani.it}}</ref> Orphaned at an early age, he became a [[mercenary|soldier of fortune]], serving first in the papal guard and then under various Italian princes.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Doria, Andrea|volume=8|page=425|first=Luigi|last=Villari|author-link=Luigi Villari}}</ref> He soon gained enough renown for [[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]], the age's premier general, to tempt him to join him.{{sfnp|Currey|2018}}

==In the service of France==
In 1503, he fought in [[Corsica]] in the service of the [[Genoese Navy]], at that time under [[Kingdom of France|French]] [[vassal]]age. However, after the [[Battle of Ravenna (1512)|Battle of Ravenna]] of 1512, he turned against the Francophile government of Genoa represented by [[Giano II di Campofregoso|Gian Fregoso]].<ref>[[Francesco Guicciardini]], ''Storia d'Italia'', Lib. XI, chapter 9,</ref> At age 46, despite having no previous naval experience, Doria was appointed admiral and took upon him reorganizing the existent Genoese fleet. A French invasion of Genoa forced him and his fleet to escape to [[La Spezia]]. With the French defeat in [[Battle of Novara (1513)|Novara]] the following year, Doria returned and conquered the local French garrison in Briglia, expelled them from Genoa and helped [[Ottaviano Fregoso]] to become the new Doge.{{sfnp|Campodonico|1997|p=15, 30}}

Doria also scoured the [[Mediterranean]] in command of the Genoese fleet, waging war on the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]] and the [[Barbary pirates]]. When a fleet led by the brothers [[Aruj Barbarossa|Aruj]] and [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]], coming from a failed siege of the Spanish port of [[Béjaïa]], captured a Genoese ship in 1512, Doria attacked the brothers' base in [[La Goulette]] with twelve galleys, sacking the place and destroying the ships in port.{{sfnp|Jamieson|2013|p=35}}{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=61}} In the meanwhile, however, Genoa was recaptured by the French, as a new change of tide in [[battle of Marignano|Marignano]] forced Fregoso to pledge Genoa to King [[Francis I of France]] in 1515. Doria focused in his actions against Muslims, defeated another Turk fleet led by Caid Ali or Cadolin in at [[Battle of Pianosa|Pianosa]] in 1519, capturing his ships for his own fleet.{{sfnp|Currey|2018}}

===Italian Wars===
[[File:Domenico Alfani or Jan Massijs - Portrait of an old man (portrait of Andrea Doria?).jpg|thumb|200px|Portrait tentatively identified with Doria. [[Jan Massys]], 1555.]]
In 1522, during the [[Italian War of 1521–1526|Italian War]] between France and the [[empire of Charles V]], [[Spanish Empire|King of Spain]] and [[Holy Roman Emperor]], Genoa was conquered and sacked by imperial troops under the command of [[Prospero Colonna]] and [[Fernando d'Ávalos]], forcing Doria to escape with the fleet again. Taking refuge in [[Monaco]], he helped the French defend Marseille, but the war came to an abrupt end when Francis I was captured by the imperial army in [[battle of Pavia|Pavia]]. Doria prepared a plan to try to rescue him, but Francis ordered him to refrain.{{sfnp|Granata|1955|p=40-45}}

Doria then clashed with Francis' regent, [[Anne de Montmorency, 1st Duke of Montmorency|Anne de Montmorency]], and abandoned French service, forming a naval mercenary fleet. In June 1526, at the head of thirteen ships, he crossed paths again with Hayreddin Barbarossa in the coast of [[Civitavecchia]], defeating the Turk and capturing fifteen of his sixteen vessels, with Barbarossa managing to escape in his flagship alone.{{sfnp|Guglielmotti|1876|p=276-278}}

However, Doria ended up siding with France again when [[Pope Clement VII]] formed the [[War of the League of Cognac|League of Cognac]] to oppose [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], for which Doria was hired to command their armada while [[Giovanni delle Bande Nere]] did the same in their land army. Doria defeated a bigger Spanish fleet in [[Corsica]] and planned to conquer Genoa, still under imperial rule, but it was never carried on. With Giovanni's death in action and the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]] by mutinied imperial troops, the situation worsened for the League of Cognac, who depended on Doria more than ever.{{sfnp|Lingua|2006|p=18-22}}

In 1528, the League's armada, under the command of Doria and his nephew, [[Filippino Doria]], crushed a Spanish fleet on 28 April 1528 at the [[Battle of Capo d'Orso]], capturing the enemy commanders [[Alfonso d'Avalos]] and Ascanio Colonna. However, Andrea became dissatisfied with his treatment at the hands of Francis, who was mean about payment and replaced Doria for the French admiral Antoine de La Rochefoucauld. Meanwhile, d'Avalos capitalized on the chance to try convince Doria to switch sides, with Doria refusing to hand d'Avalos and Colonna to Francis as the king asked.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=149}} Charles V and Doria exchanged letters, and although Francis found about it and attempted to compensate the Genoese, the latter deserted the French for the emperor on June 1528.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=150}}{{sfnp|Campodonico|1997|p=50}}

==In the service of Spain==
Without Doria's fleet, the League collapsed. The Genoese lifted the [[Siege of Naples (1528)|siege of Naples]], chasing La Rochefoucauld until [[Provence]] and capturing four of his ships.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=151}} In September, Doria and his forces drove the French out of Genoa and were triumphantly received by the city.{{sfnp|Campodonico|1997|p=53}} Charles appointed him grand admiral, prince of [[Melfi]] and Marquis of [[Tursi]] in reward for his services. He found Doria an invaluable ally in the wars with Francis I, and through him extended his domination over the whole of Italy. He continued to serve the emperor in various wars, in which he was generally successful and always active.<ref name="EB1911" />

===Ruling the Genoese republic===
[[File:Angelo Bronzino - Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune - WGA3261.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune]]'' by [[Agnolo Bronzino]]]]
Doria reformed the constitution in an aristocratic sense, eliminating the factions that had plagued the republic in the past centuries, and constituted a new oligarchic form of government composed of the city’s principal aristocratic families,<ref name="EB1911" /> creating 28 [[Albergo (family)|Alberghi]] or "clans". The 28 Alberghi that formed this new ruling class included the [[Cybo]], [[Doria (family)|Doria]], [[Fieschi]], [[Giustiniani]], [[House of Grimaldi|Grimaldi]], [[Imperiale family|Imperiale]], [[Pallavicini family|Pallavicino]], and [[Spinola Family|Spinola]] families.<ref>{{cite book|title=he Grimaldis of Monaco|first=Anne|last= Edwards|authorlink= Anne Edwards|publisher= HarperCollins|year= 1992|url=  https://books.google.com/books?id=0rGiAAAACAAJ&q=%22The+Grimaldis+of+Monaco%22|isbn=0-00-215195-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Genoa and the sea: policy and power in an early modern maritime republic, 1559–1684|author= Thomas Allison Kirk|publisher= [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=2005|page= 25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHQ8G2k9DAgC&pg=PA25|isbn=0-8018-8083-1}}</ref>

He refused offers to take the lordship of Genoa and even the [[doge of Genoa|dogeship]], but accepted the position of "perpetual [[Roman censor|censor]]", and exercised predominant influence in the councils of the republic until his death.<ref name="EB1911"/> The title "censor" in this context was modelled on its meaning in the [[Roman Republic]], ''i.e.'', a highly respected senior public official (see [[Roman censor]]), rather than its modern meaning having to do with [[censorship]]. He was given two palaces, many privileges, and the title of {{lang|la|Liberator et Pater Patriae}} (Liberator and Father of His Country).<ref name="EB1911"/> He established himself in his newly-renovated villa in Fassolo, a [[Renaissance]] masterpiece known as [[Villa del Principe]], in an area just outside the now demolished Porta di San Tomaso, where he resided until his death.<ref>Granata, Mario (1955). L' ammiraglio della superba (Andrea Doria). Torino: Editrice S.A.I.E.</ref>

To protect the restored republic from future foreign attacks, Doria sponsored the construction of a new city wall, which was built in the third decade of the sixteenth century, on a design by the military engineer Giovanni Maria Olgiati. This new city wall actually followed the path of the previous 14th-century walls but replaced the old square-plan towers and walls with new curtain-shaped curtain walls and triangular bastions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Spissu|first=Anna|title=Il pirata e il condottiero|publisher=Corbaccio|pages=51|language=it}}</ref>

===War against the Ottoman Empire===
Actions against the Ottomans and Barbary pirates occupied again much of Doria's time.<ref name="Lloyd">{{cite book |last1=Lloyd |first1=Christopher |title=Ships and Seamen: a Pictorial History from the Vikings to the Present Day |date=1961 |publisher=World Publishing Company |location=Cleveland, Ohio |page=25}}</ref> In 1529, Spanish captain Rodrigo de Portundo was defeated by [[Aydın Reis]], lieutenant of [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]]. Finding out Barbarossa had [[Cádiz]] on his sights, Doria launched an [[Campaign of Cherchell (1531)|attack on Cherchell]], where Barbarossa was planning to supply his fleet. The raid went awry by the inexperience of Doria's freshly recruited troops, many of them French,<ref>''VI. Relations with France to 1536" In Suleiman the Magnificent, 1520-1566'', 126-144. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2013</ref> who disbanded to sack the place and were abandoned to their luck, possibly by Barbarossa being near,{{sfnp|Jamieson|2013|p=35}}{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=78}} but the operation succeeded in capturing a large part of the corsair's fleet in port and thwarting the campaign against Cádiz.{{sfnp|Concepción|1690|p=395}}{{sfnp|Sandoval|1614|p=88}}
[[File:Battle of Tunis 1535 Attack on Goletta.jpg|thumb|Conquest of Tunis.]]
In summer 1532, in response to the Turk invasion of [[Hungary]] in April, Andrea attacked the Ottoman positions in the [[Aegean Sea]] with a Spanish-Genoese fleet of 48 galleys and 35 vessels.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=163}} He headed to [[Morea]], [[Conquest of Coron (1532)|capturing]] [[Corone (Messenia)|Coron]] by way of a novel system of cannons and ladders in his masts to assault the coastal bulwark. Doria followed by taking and sacking [[Patras]], destroying fortresses around the [[Gulf of Corinth]]. Doria returned to Genoa with booty of 60.000 [[ducat]]s, having helped to force the Ottomans abort a possible conquest of Hungary.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=164}}

The Ottomans attempted to recover Coron the following year with a 110-ship armada captained by [[Lütfi Pasha]]. Doria gathered 27 galleys and 30 ships in [[Messina]] and lifted the [[Siege of Coron (1533–1534)|siege]].{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=164-165}} Doria forced Lufti to withdraw despite having a much smaller fleet, outmaneuvering the Turks with his galleys despite absence of wind having becalmed his other ships, and losing only three galleys in the battle.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=81}}{{sfnp|Jamieson|2013|p=35}} The relief of Coron would be called by [[Edmond Jurien de La Gravière]] one of the most skillful naval operations of the 16th century.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=81}}

Barbarossa, now turned into grand admiral of the Ottoman Empire, launched his own offensive from [[Constantinople]] with 80 galleys and French support, sacking around Naples and Sicily. In 1535, Charles V called for the [[Conquest of Tunis (1535)|conquest of Tunis]], which Barbarossa had just [[Conquest of Tunis (1534)|conquered]] and made his base. The fleet, with Doria sharing main command with [[Álvaro de Bazán the Elder|Bazán the Elder]], succeeded in taking Tunis and capturing Barbarossa's entire 42-ship fleet, although the corsair managed to escape.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=222-226}}{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=43}} Doria followed Barbarosa to [[Annaba|Bona]], which the Genoese stormed, but Barbarossa had fled and taken refuge in [[regency of Algiers|Algiers]]. Charles intended to continue the campaign taking Algiers next, but the weather impeded it.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=227}}

===Italian War of 1536–1538===
After the death of [[Francesco I Sforza]] in 1535, Charles V and Francis I clashed again for the succession of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. Doria was vital for the emperor to secure the friendship of the [[Médicis]] of [[republic of Florence|Florence]], favoring the ascension of [[Cosimo I de' Medici|Cosimo I]].{{sfnp|Campodonico|1997|p=102-104}} Doria and Bazán the Elder captured cities along the [[French Riviera]], although stopping in [[Marseille]].{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=228}} Shortly after, Babarossa attacked and sacked the [[Balearic Islands]] with 27 galleasses he gathered in Algiers, leading Doria to give him chase unsuccessfully with 30 galleys, with orders of Charles V to bring the Turk privateer dead or alive.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=93}} In a shocking move, Francis allied with the Ottomans in 1536, installing Barbarossa with a Franco-Turk fleet in Marseille, although the defenses built by Doria dissuaded them from trying to take Genoa.

In April 1537, Barbarossa appeared in front of Italy with 170 ships, but he had come to negotiate, and through a Spanish prisoner he proposed the emperor a possible desertion of the Ottoman Empire, citing his enmity with Lütfi and the political turmoil after the killing of [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]]. Nothing came from it.{{sfnp|Abercrombie|2024}}

In July, due to the outbreak of the [[Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540)|Ottoman–Venetian War]], Doria sailed off at the head of 28 galleys from [[Messina]]. Doria retreated to Messina, where being unable to confront directly the 320-ship Ottoman armada, he was forced to hear how Barbarossa sacked [[Apulia]] and the Ottomans boasted they might be able to choose their own Pope some day.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=95-97}} Doria harassed the Ottoman captured a fleet of 10 Ottoman supply ships, after which he defeated Ali Celebi and his 12 galleys in the [[Battle of Antipaxos]].{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=231-232}} After the battle, he managed to involve the Venetians with the war, leading to the Ottomans to depart Apulia and start the [[Siege of Corfu (1537)|siege]] of the Venetian colony of [[Corfu]]. After finally gathering 100 ships, Doria marched to relieve it, but the Ottomans had lifted it themselves.{{sfnp|Abercrombie|2024}}

In February 1538, Pope Paul III called for peace among the Christians and the formation of a [[Holy League (1538)|Holy League]] (comprising the [[Papal States]], Spain, the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Republic of Venice]], and the [[Maltese Knights]]) against the Turks. Although Francis did not join, the Italian War came to its end with the [[Truce of Nice]], and he accepted to break his alliance with the Ottomans.

===Holy League===
[[File:Leone leoni, andrea doria, 1541.JPG|thumb|Doria medal. [[Leone Leoni]], 1541.]]
In 1538, being given command of the Holy League, Doria sailed off with 80 Venetian galleys, 36 from the Vatican States, 30 from Spain, as well as 50 naus, with the goal to seek the encounter with Barbarossa's fleet and defeat him. He tracked Barbarossa and his lieutenants, which included [[Sinan Reis|Sinan]], [[Salah Rais|Salah]] and Dragut or [[Dragut|Turgut Reis]], to the strait of [[Corinth]], where he blockaded them. However, the Christian fleet was routed in unclear circumstances in the subsequent [[Battle of Preveza]] in September 1538.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=241}} Venetian sources, which became the mainstream account, accused Doria of lack of initiative, which might have obeyed to Spain and Genoa being unwilling to commit themselves in defense of the politically distant Venice, not any less to the fact that Doria owned many of the ships employed.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=45}} Imperial sources instead had Doria disobeyed by the Venetians out of political rivalry in a critical moment, forcing him to forfeit the battle.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=241-243}}

This victory secured Turkish dominance over the eastern Mediterranean for the next 33 years, until the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} To compensate the defeat, they captured Castelnuovo, but Charles and Venice argued about who would keep the place, causing the practical disbandment of the Holy League. The garrison, initially conceived as the [[beachhead]] of an invasion of the Ottoman Balkans, was besieged and defeated by Barbarossa in the notorious [[Siege of Castelnuovo]], although with enormous cost for the Turks.

In 1540, his nephew Giannettino Doria obtained a big victory in the [[Battle of Girolata]], capturing Dragut, the most eminent Turkish captain other than Babarossa. Andrea had him as a [[galley slave]] in his flagship during four years.<ref>Vedi G. Valente, Calabria, Calabresi e Turcheschi nei secoli della pirateria, Ed. Frama's, 1973.</ref> Meanwhile, Andrea conquered multiple remaining Ottoman strongholds in Africa, including [[Monastir, Tunisia|Monastir]], [[Sousse]] and [[Hammamet, Tunisia|Hammamet]]. Around this time, an usual partner to Doria, [[Bernardino de Mendoza (Captain General)|Bernardino de Mendoza]], achieved another victory over Ottoman privateers in the [[Battle of Alborán]].{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=250-251}}

Andrea, Giannettino and Mendoza were recruited by Charles V in 1541 to launch an [[Algiers expedition (1541)|expedition to Algiers]], a new attempt to capture Barbarossa. Doria tried to warn the emperor of the terrible timing of the move, as it was autumn and the Mediterranean weather was dangerous, but he was not heeded, and the Genoese reluctantly accepted to participate anyways.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=113}}{{sfnp|Jamieson|2013|p=24}} The result was a fiasco, as a storm disintegrated he imperial fleet, although the Dorias managed to secure the retreat of a large part of the fleet, taking a large effort to reorganize the other Genoese captains.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=120}}

===Italian War of 1542–1546===
In 1542, the now allied French and Ottomans sacked [[Nice]], being chased away by Doria, who captured four ships. In May, Hayreddin Barbarossa attacked [[Reggio Calabria|Reggio]] with 110 galleys, linking with the French fleet in Marseille, where command was shared with [[Francis, Count of Enghien|Francis of Bourbon]]. Again, Barbarossa and Bourbon conquered and [[siege of Nice|sacked Nice]], except by its citadel, and retreated with the arrival of Doria, who disembarked a land army led by [[Alfonso d'Avalos]] in Villefranche. Nice was recovered, while the Franco-Turk fleet moved to [[Antibes]].<ref name=Mend/> Meanwhile, Bazán the Elder destroyed the French Atlantic fleet in [[Battle of Muros Bay|Muros Bay]], where his son [[Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz|Álvaro de Bazán]] was present.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=272}}

To great outrage of Christendom, in 1544 Doria freed Dragut in exchange for a rich rescue of 3,000 ducats paid by Barbarossa, who had also threatened with blockading Genoa.{{sfnp|Jamieson|2013|p=48}} Doria was probably trying to gain the Ottomans' sympathy in the case one of his own relatives was captured, although he eventually repented his decision due to Dragut's many future successes.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=110}} The Genoese then advised d'Avalos not to look for a direct battle against the French, but due to the bad state of their relationship, d'Avalos rebuked him and did it nonetheless, being defeated in [[battle of Ceresole|Ceresole]]. Doria helped impeding the French from capitalizing on the chance, attacking the French positions in the coast.<ref name=Mend>Carlos Mendoza Álvarez, [https://www.mgar.net/var/andreadoria.htm Andrea Doria]</ref>

After the [[Peace of Crépy]] between Francis and Charles in 1544, Doria hoped to end his days in quiet. However, his great wealth and power, as well as the arrogance of his nephew and heir Giannettino Doria, had made him many enemies, and in 1547 the [[Giovanni Luigi Fieschi|Fieschi]] conspiracy to dislodge his family from power took place. Giannettino was killed, but the conspirators were defeated, and Doria showed great vindictiveness in punishing them, seizing many of their [[fief]]s for himself. He was also implicated in the murder of [[Pier Luigi Farnese]], [[duke of Parma]] and [[Piacenza]], who had helped Fieschi.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===Later years===
[[File:Veduta del palazzo del principe Doria a Fassolo.jpg|thumb|The Palace of Andrea Doria in Genoa during the 17th century.]]
Other conspiracies followed, of which the most important was that of [[Giulio Cybo]] (1548), but all failed. Although Doria was ambitious and harsh, he was a patriot and successfully opposed Emperor Charles's repeated attempts to have a citadel built in Genoa and garrisoned by Spaniards; neither blandishments nor threats could win him over to the scheme.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Nor did age lessen his energy, for in 1550, aged 84, he again put to sea to confront the Muslim armadas, as although Barbarossa had retired in 1545, Dragut and the Barbary pirates continued being a threat. Doria and Mendoza [[Capture of Mahdia (1550)|captured Mahdia]], which Dragut had recently conquered as his headquarters. In the citadel they captured Hesar, a nephew to Dragut himself.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=132}} Doria reinforced the garrison the next year, after which he found and chased Turgut and his 20 galleys to [[Djerba]], blockading the privateer with few ships in an inlet. Dragut still escaped, digging a channel and dragging his ships overland to it.{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=134-135}} Disgruntled, Doria sacked Djerba.{{sfnp|Jamieson|2013|p=48}}

In 1552, a 100-galley [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] fleet under the command of Dragut ambushed 40 Spanish and Genoese transport galleys commanded by Doria in the [[Battle of Ponza (1552)|Ponza]], although Doria managed to escape losing only seven of them.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=289}} The war between France and the Empire having broken out once more, the French [[Invasion of Corsica (1553)|invaded]] [[Corsica]], then administered by the Genoese [[Bank of Saint George]]. Doria was again summoned, and he spent two years (1553–1555) on the island fighting the French with varying fortune.<ref name="EB1911"/>

He returned to Genoa for good in 1555, now with Charles' successor [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]. Being very old and infirm, Doria gave over the command of the galleys to his great-nephew [[Giovanni Andrea Doria]], the son of Giannettino Doria, who conducted an expedition against [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], but proved even more unsuccessful than his great-uncle had been at [[Algiers]], barely escaping with his life after losing the [[Battle of Djerba]] against the Turkish fleet of [[Piyale Pasha]] and Dragut. Andrea Doria left his estates to Giovanni Andrea. The family of [[Doria-Pamphili-Landi]] is descended from Giovanni Andrea Doria and bears his title of [[Prince of Melfi]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Legacy==
[[File:Bust of Andrea Doria, Vilnius.jpg|thumb|200px|Bust of Doria. [[Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania]].]]
Historian [[Henry Kamen]] regarded Doria as the most distinguished admiral of his time,{{sfnp|Kamen|2003|p=93-94}} an opinion echoed by others.{{sfnp|Thevet|2009|p=14}}<ref>''[[Merriam-Webster]]'s Collegiate Encyclopedia'', 2000, p. 484 isbn 9780877790174</ref> Military historian [[Spencer C. Tucker]] considered him the best Christian admiral of his time, with successes in both land and sea.{{sfnp|Tucker|2009|p=819}} According to [[Stanley Lane-Poole]], "no name struck such terror into the hearts of the Turks."{{sfnp|Lane-Pool|1890|p=77}} Doria played a role in the evolving [[amphibious warfare]] in the 16th century, based in direct assaults with the help of marine infantry and artillery.{{sfnp|Fissel|2022|p=251-257}} In Genoa, his role at bringing the city both independence and fortune within the Habsburg sphere of power won him widespread popularity.{{sfnp|Keblusek|Noldus|2011|p=61}}

He was rivaled by his enemy Barbarossa, whose relationship with Hamilton Currey described as, "with them the ebb and flow of conquest and defeat alternated... great as was the one, it cannot be said that he was greater than the other".{{sfnp|Currey|2018}} It has been speculated the two maintained secret agreements to let each other escape, as Barbarossa was in usual negotiations with Charles V to potentially desert to imperial service.{{sfnp|Abercrombie|2024}}

Doria's reputation suffered with the fiasco of Preveza.{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=236-241}} Spanish-Imperial sources accused the Venetians of betraying Doria, while the Venetians accused Doria of sabotaging the battle, with the latter version becoming predominant in historiography due to its quickness and vigor. This colored Doria as a strong admiral, but also indecisive in his tactics and adverse to risk the fleets he owned, echoed by even Spanish chroniclers like [[Prudencio de Sandoval]].{{sfnp|Fernández Duro|1895|p=236-241}} Despite this, he retained the favor of Charles V and Philip II to his death.{{sfnp|Shaw|2014|p=134}}

Several ships were named in his honour since.

* Two [[United States Navy]] ships named {{USS|Andrew Doria}} (1775 and 1908).<ref>{{cite DANFS |title=Andrew Doria I (Brigantine) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/andrew-doria-i.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite DANFS |title=Andrew Doria II (IX-132) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/andrew-doria-ii.html}}</ref>
* The Italian ironclad {{ship|Italian ironclad|Andrea Doria||2}}, completed in 1891, which served in the late 19th and early 20th century, was decommissioned in 1911, and served as the floating battery ''GR104'' during [[World War I]] before being scrapped in 1929.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Gardiner|editor1-first=Robert|editor2-last=Gray|editor2-first=Randal|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|location=Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-907-3  |name-list-style=amp |page=260}}</ref>
* The Italian battleship {{ship|Italian battleship|Andrea Doria||2}}, completed in 1916, which served in both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] and was decommissioned in 1956.<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Battleships of World War II|year=1998 |location= Annapolis|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=1-55750-184-X|author-link=Michael J. Whitley |page=168}}</ref>
* The Italian passenger liner {{SS|Andrea Doria}}, which was launched in 1951, had her maiden voyage in 1953 and sank following a collision in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andreadoria.org/TheShips/Default.htm |title=The Ships |website=andreadoria.org |first=Anthony |last=Grillo |access-date=27 November 2019 }}</ref>
* The Italian missile cruiser {{ship|Italian cruiser|Andrea Doria||2}}, built in 1964 and decommissioned in 1991.<ref name=MMIt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/almanacco/Pagine/ABCD/andrea_doria_incrociatore.aspx |title=Andrea Doria |work= Marina Militare official website |access-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423055221/http://www.marina.difesa.it/storiacultura/storia/almanacco/Pagine/ABCD/andrea_doria_incrociatore.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The Italian {{sclass|Horizon|destroyer|1}} {{ship|Italian destroyer|Andrea Doria||2}}, commissioned in 2007.<ref>[http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/AndreaDoria.aspx Page at Marina Militare website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015080528/http://www.marina.difesa.it/uominimezzi/navi/Pagine/AndreaDoria.aspx|date=15 October 2012}}</ref>

A painted [[sheepskin]] for ''The Magnificent and Excellent Andrea Doria'' hangs at [[The Breakers]] in Newport, Rhode Island, US.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

== See also ==

* [[Genoa]]
* [[Genoese navy|Genoese Navy]]
* [[Republic of Genoa]]
* [[Villa del Principe]]
* [[Doria (family)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book|last=Abercrombie |first=Gordon Allyson |title=The Hospitaller Knights of Saint John, 1523-1565|year=2024|publisher=Pen and Sword }}
* {{Cite book|first=Vicente|last=Cadenas y Vicent|authorlink=Vicente de Cadenas y Vicent|title=El Protectorado de Carlos V en Génova: la "condotta" de Andrea Doria|publisher=Hidalguía|year=1977|isbn=9788400036515}}
* {{Cite book |last=Campodonico |first=Pierangelo|title=Andrea Doria |date=1997|publisher=Tormena}}
* {{Cite book|last=Currey |first=Hamilton|title=Sea Wolves of the Mediterranean|date=2018|publisher=Ozymandias Press|isbn=9781531280314}}
* {{Cite book|first=Gerónimo|last=Concepción|authorlink=Gerónimo de la Concepción|title=Emporio de el orbe: Cadiz illustrada, investigacion de sus antiguas grandezas' discurrida en concurso de general imperio de Espana|year=1690}}
* {{cite book|last=Fernández Duro|first=Cesáreo|author-link=Cesáreo Fernández Duro|title=Armada Española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón. I|date=1895|publisher=Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval}}
* {{cite book|last=Fissel|first=Mark|title=The Military Revolution and Revolutions in Military Affairs|year=2022|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783110657593}}
* {{Cite book|last=Granata |first=Mario |title=L'ammiraglio della Superba |date=1955}}
* {{Cite book|last=Guglielmotti|first=Alberto|authorlink=Alberto Guglielmotti|title=La guerra del pirati e la marina pontificia: dal 1500 al 1560|year=1876|publisher=Firenze}}
* {{cite book|last=Jamieson|first=Alan G.|title=Lords of the Sea: A History of the Barbary Corsairs|date=2013|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861899460}}
* {{cite book|last=Kamen|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Kamen|title=Who's Who in Europe 1450-1750|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134755479}}
* {{cite book|last1=Keblusek|first1=Marika|last2=Noldus|first2=Badeloch Vera|title=Double Agents: Cultural and Political Brokerage in Early Modern Europe|date=2011|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004215078}}
* {{cite book|last=Lane-Pool|first=Stanley|title=The Barbary Corsairs|date=1890|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Lingua |first=Paolo |title=Andrea Doria |date=2006}}
* {{Cite book|first=Prudencio|last=Sandoval|authorlink=Prudencio de Sandoval|title=Historia de la Vida y hechos del emperador Carlos V|year=1614}}
* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=Christina|title=Barons and Castellans: The Military Nobility of Renaissance Italy|year=2014|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004282766}}
* {{cite book|first=Leopoldo|last=Stampa Piñeiro|title=Los galeones de las especias: España y las Molucas|publisher=EDAF|year=2020|isbn=9788441440395}}
* {{cite book|first=André|last=Thevet|title=Portraits from the French Renaissance and the Wars of Religion|publisher=Penn State University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780271090719}}
* {{cite book|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|authorlink=Spencer C. Tucker|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East vol. 2|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|isbn=9781851096725}}

==External links==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Doria, Andrea}}
[[Category:Italian Renaissance people]]
[[Category:1466 births]]
[[Category:1560 deaths]]
[[Category:Doria family|Andrea]]
[[Category:Genoese admirals]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:People from Imperia]]
[[Category:People of the Ottoman–Venetian Wars]]
[[Category:15th-century condottieri]]
[[Category:Spanish admirals]]
[[Category:Spanish privateers]]
[[Category:Medieval Knights of the Holy Sepulchre]]
[[Category:Imperial Army (Holy Roman Empire) personnel]]
[[Category:16th-century condottieri]]
[[Category:Italian shipbuilders]]