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{{Short description|Christian devotion}}
{{About|the religious devotion}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
[[FIle:Jean-François Millet (II) 001.jpg|thumb|''[[The Angelus (painting)|The Angelus]]'' (1857–1859) by [[Jean-François Millet]]]]
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The '''Angelus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|dʒ|əl|ə|s}}; [[Latin]] for "angel") is a [[Catholic devotion]] commemorating the [[Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]] of [[Jesus Christ|Christ]]. As with many Catholic prayers, the name ''Angelus'' is derived from its [[incipit]]&mdash;the first few words of the text: {{lang|la|Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariæ}} ("The [[Gabriel|Angel of the Lord]] declared unto [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]]"). The devotion is practised by reciting as [[versicle]] and response three [[Biblical]] verses narrating the [[Sacred mysteries#Christian mysteries|mystery]], alternating with the prayer "[[Hail Mary]]". The Angelus exemplifies a species of prayers called the "prayer of the devotee".<ref name="Prayer p. 128">{{Cite book |last=Zaleski |first=Philip|author-link=Philip Zaleski|title=Prayer: a history |year=2005 |isbn=0-618-15288-1 |page=128}}</ref>

The devotion is traditionally recited in [[Roman Catholic]] churches, convents, monasteries and by the faithful three times a day:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Angelus |url=http://www.preces-latinae.org/thesaurus/Cotidiana/Angelus.html |access-date=2017-11-23 |website=Preces-latinae.org}}</ref> in the morning, at noon and in the evening (usually just before or after [[Vespers]]). The devotion is also observed by some [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Rite Orthodox]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]] churches.<ref name="Masheck2023">{{cite book |last1=Masheck |first1=Joseph |title=Faith in Art: Religion, Aesthetics, and Early Abstraction |date=15 June 2023 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-350-21698-3 |page=26 |language=en |quote=Here Kadinky refers to the Angelus, a brief devotion sometimes used in the Anglican or Lutheran churches as well as the Catholic; practiced wherever out of doors one happens to be, it is signaled by the ringing of a church bell, and involves recalling the annunciation by saying the Ave Maria and a special prayer.}}</ref>

The Angelus is usually accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus church bells, which is a [[call to prayer]] and to spread goodwill to everyone. The angel referred to in the prayer is [[Gabriel]], a messenger of God who revealed to the [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Virgin Mary]] that she would [[Virgin birth of Jesus|conceive a child to be born the Son of God]] (Luke 1:26–38).<ref>{{bibleverse|Luke|1:26-38}}</ref> In [[Eastertide]], the Angelus is replaced by the [[Regina Coeli]].

==History==
According to [[Herbert Thurston]], the Angelus originated with the 11th-century monastic custom of reciting three Hail Marys at the evening, or [[Compline]], bell.<ref name="Thurston">{{Cite book |last=Thurston| first=Herbert |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01486b.htm |title=Angelus |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |year=1907 |volume=1 |location=New York |access-date=2020-04-27}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

The first written documentation stems from the Italian Franciscan friar [[Benedetto Sinigardi|Sinigardi di Arezzo]] (died 1282).{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 218}} Franciscan friaries in Italy document the use in 1263 and 1295. The current form of the Angelus prayer is included in a Venetian [[Catechism]] from 1560. The older usages seem to have commemorated the resurrection of Christ in the morning, his suffering at noon, and the [[annunciation]] in the evening.{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 218}} In 1269, [[St Bonaventure]] urged the faithful to adopt the custom of the [[Franciscans]] of saying three Hail Marys as the Compline bell was rung.{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 220}}

The Angelus is not identical to the "noon bell" ordered by [[Pope Calixtus III]] (1455–58) in 1456, who asked for a long midday bell-ringing and prayer for protection against the [[Turkey|Turkish]] invasions of his time. In his 1956 Apostolic Letter ''[[Dum Maerenti Animo]]'' about the persecution of the Catholic church in Eastern [[Europe]] and [[China]], [[Pope Pius XII]] recalls the 500th anniversary of the "noon bell", a prayer crusade ordered by his predecessors against what they considered to be dangers from the East. He again asks the faithful throughout the world, to pray for the persecuted Church in the East during the mid-day Angelus.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The custom of reciting it in the morning apparently grew from the monastic custom of saying three Hail Marys while a bell rang at [[Prime (liturgy)|Prime]]. The noon time custom apparently arose from the noon time commemoration of the [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] on Fridays. The institution of the Angelus is by some ascribed to [[Pope Urban II]], by some to [[Pope John XXII]] in the year 1317.{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 220}} The triple recitation is ascribed to [[Louis XI of France]], who in 1472 ordered it to be recited three times daily.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Angelus|volume=2|page=8}}</ref> The form of the prayer was standardised by the 17th century.{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 220}}

The manner of ringing the Angelus—the triple stroke repeated three times, with a pause between each set of three (a total of nine strokes), sometimes followed by a longer peal as at curfew—seems to have been long established. The 15th-century constitutions of [[Syon Abbey]] dictate that the [[lay brother]] "shall toll the Ave bell nine strokes at three times, keeping the space of one Pater and Ave between each three tollings".{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 221}} The pattern of ringing on Irish [[RT%C3%89_Radio_1|RTÉ Radio One]] and television, [[RT%C3%89_One|RTÉ One]], consists of three groups of three peals, each group separated by a pause, followed by a group of nine peals, for a total of eighteen rings.<ref name="rte">{{Cite web |title=RTÉ Independent Productions |url=http://www.rte.ie/commissioning/angelus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512044037/http://www.rte.ie/commissioning/angelus.html |archive-date=12 May 2015 |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=RTÉ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recording of the Angelus on Irish television | website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMNQ84nHFZo |access-date=2007-01-02}}</ref>

In his [[Ecclesiastical letter#Letters of the popes in modern times|Apostolic Letter]] ''[[Marialis Cultus]]'' (1974), [[Pope Paul VI]] encouraged the praying of the Angelus considering it important and a reminder to faithful Catholics of the [[Paschal Mystery]], in which by recalling the incarnation of the son of God they pray that they may be led "through his passion and cross to the glory of his resurrection."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marialis Cultus (February 2, 1974) - Paul VI |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_p-vi_exh_19740202_marialis-cultus_en.html |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=Vatican.va}}</ref>
{{Mariology}}

==Modern usage==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2021}} 
It is common practice that during the recital of the Angelus prayer, for the lines "And the [[Logos (Christianity)|Word]] was made flesh/And dwelt among us", those reciting the prayer [[bowing|bow]] or [[genuflect]]. Either of these actions draws attention to the moment of the [[Incarnation of Christ]] into human flesh.

During [[Paschaltide]], the [[Hymns to Mary#Marian antiphons|Marian antiphon]] ''[[Regina Coeli|Regina Cœli]]'' with versicle and prayer, is said in place of the Angelus.<ref name=Thurston/>

In some [[Catholic school]]s, the Angelus is recited periodically. In most [[Franciscan]] and [[Christian contemplation|contemplative]] monasteries, the Angelus is prayed three times a day.

===Angelus broadcasts===
In [[Germany]], particular dioceses and their radio stations broadcast the Angelus. In addition, Roman Catholic churches (and some Protestant ones) ring the Angelus bell thrice daily.{{sfn|Schauerle|1967|page = 221}}

In [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], ''[[The Angelus (television programme)|The Angelus]]'' is currently broadcast every night before the [[Six-One News|main evening news]] at 18:00 on the main national TV channel, [[RTÉ One]],<ref name="rte" /> and on the broadcaster's sister radio station, [[RTÉ Radio 1|Radio 1]], at noon and 18:00. In 2015, in advertising for a commission to independent film makers to produce versions of the Angelus, RTÉ described the playing of the Angelus as follows:

<blockquote>The daily "Angelus" broadcast on RTÉ One is by far RTÉ's longest-running and most watched Religious programme. It's also, possibly, the most controversial. For some, the reflective slot, which airs for just one minute in every 1440 per day and on only one RTÉ TV channel, is as much part of Ireland's unique cultural identity as the harp on your passport; for others, it's an anachronism&nbsp;– a reminder of more homogeneously and observantly Christian times.<ref name="rte" /></blockquote>

{{As of|2015}}, RTÉ Audience Research found that a clear majority of Irish viewers still favour keeping the "Angelus" broadcasts, chimes and all. Its appeal is summarised by one audience member as follows: "To the person of faith, it's a moment of grace; to the person without faith, it's a moment of peace. What's not to like?" The station also notes that the prayer itself is never broadcast, whether in vocal or text form.<ref name="rte" />

The Angelus is broadcast daily on radio in the city of [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]], at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00.{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

In [[Brazil]], radio stations associated with the Catholic Radio Network (''Rede Católica de Rádio'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) broadcast the Angelus daily at 18:00; radio stations that are not affiliated with the network but are run by Catholic personnel also broadcast the prayer at the same hour.

In the [[Philippines]], radio and television stations of the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Philippine Catholic Church]] and some religious orders broadcast the Angelus at 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00 [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] ([[GMT+8]]). The devotion is also broadcast over the [[public address|public address system]] at noon and 18:00 in some shopping malls, and in many Catholic educational institutions at noon on schooldays. Individual parish churches also ring bells at 18:00. It was once custom for a family to be home by the evening Angelus, where it is recited kneeling in front of the house altar.

In the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], some Catholic radio stations run by laity broadcast the Angelus daily. American [[Trappist]] monasteries and convents often combine the Angelus with midday prayers or Vespers and pray them together in the Church. At the Roman Catholic [[University of Portland]], the bell tower near the centre of campus peals the Angelus at noon and 18:00.

[[Slovakia|Slovak]] Catholic [[:sk:Rádio Lumen|Rádio Lumen]] broadcasts the Angelus and other prayers daily for 10 minutes at noon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modlitba Anjel Pána + zamyslenie |url=https://www.lumen.sk/relacie/modlitba/modlitba-anjel-pana--zamyslenie.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Rádio Lumen |language=sk}}</ref> Likewise, [[:sk:TV Lux|TV Lux]] broadcasts the Angelus regularly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANJEL PÁNA |url=https://www.tvlux.sk/relacia/anjel-pana |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=TV Lux |language=sk}}</ref>

===Indulgences===
The singular prayer of the Angelus grants a partial indulgence. The ''[[Raccolta]]'' (superseded by the ''[[Enchiridion Indulgentiarum]]'' in 1968) includes an indulgence for praying the Angelus monthly. It was originally granted by [[Pope Benedict XIII]] in 1724 as a plenary indulgence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholic.org/prayers/indulgw.php|title=The Enchiridion of Indulgences - Prayers|first=Catholic|last=Online|website=Catholic Online}}</ref> 

===Papal custom===

[[File:Papa Francesco Angelus 2018.jpg|300px|thumb|right|[[Pope Francis]] during the Angelus Address in [[Vatican City]], 2018.]]
In [[Vatican City]] since [[Pope John XXIII]], the [[Pope]] delivers an address in Italian every Sunday at noon (except Easter Sunday which the address is given on [[Easter Monday]] instead). Pope John XXIII spoke of the Angelus "as a summary of 'the Christian epic' in three books: the divine invitation and initiative; the human response of obedience, ''fiat''; and the result of this obedience, the Word made flesh."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hebblethwaite |first=Peter |url=https://www.theway.org.uk/back/s051Hebblethwaite.pdf |title=The Mariology of Three Popes |work=Mary in Christian Tradition |page=55}}</ref>

Known informally as the Angelus Address (“Regina Cœli Address” during Eastertide), the short ritual is broadcast live at 12 p.m. (noon - [[Central European Time]]) on online platforms ([[Vatican News]] - with simultaneous interpretation), by public television ([[Rai 1]]) and through [[Eurovision Network]]. At the end of the Address, the Pope leads recitation of the Angelus or Regina Cœli, and concludes with a blessing upon the crowds in [[Saint Peter's Square]] and televiewers.

===Anglican practice===
The Angelus is found in two popular twentieth-century [[Anglo-Catholic]] manuals of devotion. ''The Practice of Religion: A Short Manual of Instructions and Devotions'' by [[Archibald Campbell Knowles]], first published in 1908, refers to the Angelus as "the memorial of the Incarnation" and notes that "In the Mystery of the Incarnation we worship and adore Our Lord as God of God, we honour and reverence Saint Mary as 'Blessed among women.' In honouring Mary, the Instrument of the Incarnation, we really honour Christ, Who became Incarnate."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knowles |first=Archibald Campbell |title=The Practice of Religion: A Short Manual of Instructions and Devotions |publisher=Morehouse-Gorham Co. |year=1935 |edition=7 |location=New York |page=183}}</ref>

The Angelus is also found in ''Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for members of the Episcopal Church'', first published in 1947 (Revised Edition, 1967).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Saint Augustine's Prayer Book: A Book of Devotion for members of the Episcopal Church |publisher=Holy Cross Publications, Revised Edition |year=1967 |editor-last=Gavitt |editor-first=Loren |location=West Park, New York |page=18}}</ref>

In many [[Anglo-Catholic]] communities of the [[Anglican Communion]], there is a tradition of singing the Angelus,<ref>{{Cite web |title=An example from a Lincolnshire, England, Anglican church |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh80I5c-ygM |via=YouTube}}</ref> particularly before or after the Sunday parish Mass.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demonstration video by an Anglican priest |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87pW2jtFseA |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singing the Angelus as part of Anglican patrimony |url=https://ordinariateexpats.wordpress.com/2013/10/25/examples-of-anglican-patrimony-in-the-personal-ordinariate-of-our-lady-of-walsingham-part-8-singing-the-angelus |website=English Roman Catholic Ordinariate|date=October 25, 2013 }}</ref> The practice has spread more commonly into Roman Catholicism through the Ordinariate jurisdictions for former Anglicans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fr. Edwin Barnes |date=2011-10-07 |title=Mary and the Patrimony |url=http://www.theanglocatholic.com/tag/angelus/ |website=Ordinariate website|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013023908/http://www.theanglocatholic.com/tag/angelus/ |archive-date=October 13, 2011 }}</ref>

==Text==

===Latin===

''[[Versicle|℣]]''. ''Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariæ,''<br />
''[[Response (liturgy)|℟]]''. ''Et concepit de Spiritu Sancto.''

''Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Iesus. * Sancta Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatoribus, nunc et in hora mortis nostræ. Amen.''

''℣''. ''Ecce ancilla Domini.''<br />
''℟''. ''Fiat mihi secundum verbum tuum.''

''Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Iesus. * Sancta Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatoribus, nunc et in hora mortis nostræ. Amen.''

''℣''. ''Et Verbum caro factum est.''<br />
''℟''. ''Et habitavit in nobis.''

''Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Benedicta tu in mulieribus, et benedictus fructus ventris tui, Iesus. * Sancta Maria, Mater Dei, ora pro nobis peccatoribus, nunc et in hora mortis nostræ. Amen.''

''℣''. ''Ora pro nobis, Sancta Dei Genitrix.''<br />
''℟''. ''Ut digni efficiamur promissionibus Christi.''

''[[Oremus]]''.<br /> ''Gratiam tuam, quæsumus, Domine, mentibus nostris infunde; ut qui, Angelo nuntiante, Christi Filii tui incarnationem cognovimus, per passionem eius et Crucem ad resurrectionis gloriam perducamur. Per eundem Christum Dominum nostrum.''<br />
''℟'': ''Amen.''<ref name="EWTN">{{Cite web |title=LATIN PRAYERS |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/prayer/latrosar.htm |access-date=23 November 2017 |website=Ewtn.com}}</ref>

===English===
''℣''. The [[Angel of the Lord|Angel of the {{Lord}}]] declared unto Mary,<br />
''℟''. And she conceived of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]].

V. Hail Mary, full of grace; the {{Lord}} is with thee: blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the Fruit of thy womb, Jesus.* 

R. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.

''℣''. Behold the handmaid of the {{Lord}}.<br />
''℟''. Be it done unto me according to thy word.

V. Hail Mary, full of grace; the {{Lord}} is with thee: blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the Fruit of thy womb, Jesus.* 

R. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.

''℣''. And the [[Logos (Christianity)|Word]] was made flesh.<br />
''℟''. And dwelt among us.

V. Hail Mary, full of grace; the {{Lord}} is with thee: blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the Fruit of thy womb, Jesus.* 

R. Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death.

''℣''. Pray for us, O Holy Mother of God.<br />
''℟''. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.

Let us pray,<br />
Pour forth, we beseech Thee, O {{Lord}}, Thy grace into our hearts; that, we, to whom the Incarnation of Christ, Thy Son, was made known by the message of an angel, may by His [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]] and [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Cross]] be brought to the glory of His [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]. Through the same Christ our Lord.<br />

''℟''. Amen.<ref name=EWTN/>

In some places, the ''[[Gloria Patri]]'' is added, either once or thrice.<br>

''℣''. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit. <br >
''℟''. As it was in the beginning, is now and ever shall be, [[Unto the ages of ages|world without end]].<br />
Amen.

In the published Anglican versions of the Angelus, the text of the concluding [[collect]] reads: <br /> 
We beseech Thee, O LORD, pour Thy grace into our hearts; that as we have known the Incarnation of Thy Son, Jesus Christ, by the message of an angel, so by His Cross and Passion we may be brought unto the glory of His Resurrection. Through the same Jesus Christ our Lord.

==Indulgence==
[[Pope Benedict XIII]] on 14 September 1724 added to the recitation of the Angelus the 100-day indulgence for the faithful who recited it on their knees (standing on Saturday evenings and Sundays) at dawn, at midday and at sunset, at the ringing of the bell.<ref name=":6">Herbert Thurston, voce Angelus, in Charles George Herbermann (a cura di), Catholic Encyclopedia, Robert Appleton Company, New York , vol. I, 1907, [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01486b.htm p. 486].</ref> [[Pope Leo XIII|Leo XIII]] (1878-1903) modified, making them easier, the conditions for obtaining the gift of indulgence. Until the reform of indulgences implemented by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1967<ref>See Paul VI, ''[http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_p- vi_apc_01011967_indulgentiarum-doctrina.html Apostolic Constitution «Indulgentiarum Doctrina»]'', on ''[http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it.html The Holy See]'', 1 January 1967.</ref> was still granted the [[indulgence]] of 100 and plenary once a month, provided that he had recited it every day at the three prescribed times of the day (dawn, midday, sunset), and had confessed and communicated.<ref>See. ''Massime eterne'', 80th edition, Libreria Editrice "Aquileia", [[Udine]], 1922, page. 8.</ref>

The ''Enchiridion Indulgentiarum'' includes a [[indulgence|partial indulgence]] for the faithful who recite the Angelus in the three prescribed times.<ref name=":4">See [[Apostolic Penitentiary]], ''[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/ apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_doc_20020826_enchiridion-indulgentiarum_lt.html Enchiridion indulgentiarum]'', quarto editur, 16 July 1999, on ''[http://www.vatican.va/content/romancuria/it/tribunali/penitenzieria-apostolica.index. html The Holy See]'', ''Concessiones'' 17, § 2.</ref> As with all indulgences, it is necessary to be in a state of [[Grace in Christianity|grace]]; furthermore, the indulgence is applicable to oneself or to the souls of the deceased, but is not applicable to other living people on earth.<ref>Cf. Apostolic Penitentiary, ''[http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/tribunals/apost_penit/documents/rc_trib_appen_pro_20000129_indulgence_it.html The gift of Indulgence]'', on ''[http://www.vatican.va/ content/romancuria/it/tribunali/penitenzieria-apostolica/documenti.html The Holy See]'', Rome, 29 January 2000, nn. 3.7. URL consulted on 11 February 2021.</ref>

==Angelus bell==
[[File:The Angelus bell being rung at La Ermita (27487529958).jpg|thumb|Angelus bell being rung at {{Interlanguage link|Ermita de Nuestra Señora de las Angustias| wikidata|Q97633465}}]]
The Angelus, in all its stages of development, was closely associated with the ringing of a [[church bell]]. The bell is still rung in some English country churches and has often been mistaken for, and alleged to be a remnant of, the [[curfew bell]].<ref name="EB1911" /> The Angelus bell is not rung on Good Friday and Holy Saturday.

Where the town bell and the bells of the principal church or monastery were distinct, the curfew was generally rung upon the town bell. Where the church bell served for both purposes, the Ave and the curfew were probably rung upon the same bell at different hours.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The ringing of the Angelus in the 14th century and even in the 13th century must have been very general.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Angelus Bell |encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01487a.htm |access-date=24 April 2013}}</ref> The number of bells belonging to these two centuries that still survive is relatively low, but a considerable proportion bear inscriptions that suggest that they were originally intended to serve as Ave bells. Such bells bear words like ''Missi de coelis nomen habeo Gabrielis'' ("I bear the name of Gabriel sent from heaven") or ''Missus vero pie Gabriel fert laeta Mariae'' ("Gabriel the messenger brings joyous tidings to holy Mary").<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Emilie |date=10 March 2003 |title=The Angelus |url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/425/article/angelus |access-date=24 April 2013 |website=America Magazine}}</ref>

Bells inscribed with ''Ave Maria'' are also numerous in England, but there the Angelus bells seem in a very large number of instances to have been dedicated to [[Gabriel|St Gabriel]], the angel mentioned in the prayer (Luke 1:26–27). In the [[Diocese of Lincoln]] alone there are nineteen surviving medieval bells bearing the name of Gabriel, while only six bear the name of [[Michael (archangel)|Michael]], a much more popular patron in other respects.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In [[France]], the ''Ave Maria'' seems to have been the ordinary label for Angelus bells; but in Germany the most common inscription of all, even in the case of many bells of the 13th century, is the words ''O Rex Gloriæ Veni Cum Pace'' ("O King of Glory, Come with Peace"). In Germany, the [[Netherlands]], and in some parts of France, the Angelus bell was regularly known as the ''Peace bell'', and ''pro pace schlagen'' (to toll for peace) was a phrase popularly used for ringing the Angelus.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In [[Italy]], the three recitals of the Angelus are referred to as ''avemmaria'', hence ''L' avemmaria del giorno'', ''L' avemmaria del mezzo giorno'' and ''L' avemmaria della sera''. It was customary at one time to calculate hours of the day from the evening Angelus, or ''avemmaria'' for short. Hence the origin of the phrase that appears in Leoncavallo's opera ''[[Pagliacci]]'': "venti tre ore"' ("the twenty-third hour") refers to one hour before the evening Angelus.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In [[Slovakia]], mainly the noon Angelus was commonly referred to as "na Anjel Pána" (at Angelus), similar to [[Czech language|Czech]] "na Anděl Páně". These terms were also part of their contemporary artistic works.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferko Urbánek: Dramatická literatúra 2. Činohry (Sedláček V. — Príborský Fr.: A keď zvonili na Anjel Pána) - elektronická knižnica |url=https://zlatyfond.sme.sk/dielo/1648/Urbanek_Dramaticka-literatura-2-Cinohry/56 |access-date=2021-12-12 |website=zlatyfond.sme.sk}}</ref>

==Poetry==
The poem "The Irish Unionist's Farewell" by [[Sir John Betjeman]] has the line "and the Angelus is calling".<ref name="Betjeman 1922">{{Cite web |last=Betjeman |first=John |year=1922 |title=The Irish Unionist's farewell to Greta Hellastrom |url=http://famouspoetsandpoems.com/poets/john_betjeman/poems/810}}</ref>

[[Francis Bret Harte]] wrote "The Angelus" referencing the twilight tolling of the Angelus bell at a Californian mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Angelus by Francis Bret Harte |url=http://allpoetry.com/poem/8588927-The-Angelus-by-Francis-Bret-Harte |access-date=2017-11-23 |website=Allpoetry.com}}</ref>

[[Denis Florence MacCarthy]]'s poem "The Bell-Founder" describes the fashioning of Angelus bells.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title=The Bell-Founder Part II – Triumph And Reward (Denis Florence MacCarthy Poems) - Famous Inspirational Poems, Poetry, Quotes |url=http://www.inspirationalstories.com/poems/the-bell-founder-part-ii-triumph-and-reward-denis-florence-maccarthy-poems/ |access-date=2017-11-23 |website=Inspirationalstories.com}}</ref>

Angelus is mentioned in Book 11 of ''[[Pan Tadeusz]]'' by [[Adam Mickiewicz]].

[[Francis Jammes]]' most famous collection of poems is the 1897 ''De l'angélus de l'aube à l'angélus du soir'' ("From morning Angelus to evening Angelus").<ref>{{wikisource-inline|links=[[:wikisource:fr:De l'Angélus de l'aube à l'Angélus du soir|De l'Angélus de l'aube à l'Angélus du soir]]}}</ref>

In "The Angelus", Donegal poet [[Elizabeth Shane]] portrays an elderly couple cutting peat reminiscent of the scene in Millet's painting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shane |first=Elizabeth |title=The Angelu |url=http://www.timberheadmusic.com/disc/angelus.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111021119/http://www.timberheadmusic.com/disc/angelus.htm |archive-date=2014-01-11}}</ref>

In a poem set to music circa 1919, "[[Foggy Dew (Irish ballad)|The Foggy Dew]]", Canon Charles O'Neill (1887–1963) memorialized the [[Easter Rising]] also known as the [[Easter Rebellion]] of 1916. One of the lines reads: "But the Angelus Bell o'er the Liffey's swell rang out in the foggy dew".<ref name="bbc">{{Cite news |title=History – 1916 Easter Rising – Rebel Songs (Part 4) |publisher=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/easterrising/songs/rs04.shtml}}</ref>

A poem by [[Edgar Allan Poe]], "A Catholic Hymn", and various similar titles in 1835 as part of a short story and again in 1845.  Apparently written after hearing the Angelus bells whilst passing a church.<ref>[[Poems by Edgar Allan Poe#Hymn .281835.29|Hymn, by E.A. Poe, 1835]]</ref>

In "[[The Dry Salvages]]", [[T.S. Eliot]] analogizes a fog bell floating on the ocean to a "perpetual Angelus".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dry Salvages by T.S. Eliot |url=http://www.davidgorman.com/4quartets/3-salvages.htm |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=DavidGorman.com}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Franz Biebl]] set the prayer for two men's choirs, called [[Ave Maria (Biebl)|Ave Maria (Angelus Domini)]], published also in versions for mixed choirs.

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism}}
* [[Catholic devotions]]
* [[Marialis Cultus]]
* [[Memorare]]
* [[Regina caeli]]
* [[Three Hail Marys]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Schauerle |first=H. |title=Angelus Domini |work=Lexikon der Marienkunde |publisher=Regensburg |year=1967}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Angelus}}
{{Commons category|Angelus}}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01487a.htm "Angelus Bell"] in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' on [[New Advent]]
* Lynch, Brian. [http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-origins-of-the-angelus-on-radio-eireann/ "The Origins of the Angelus on Radio Éireann"], ''[[History Ireland]]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151222112537/https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/a/angelus-painting.php "Angelus Painting"] on All About Mary at [[The University of Dayton]]'s [[The Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute|Marian Library/International Marian Research Institute]] (IMRI)

{{Catholic Prayers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Christian hymns in Latin]]
[[Category:Marian devotions]]
[[Category:Marian hymns]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic prayers]]
[[Category:Vulgate Latin words and phrases]]