View source for Angklung

{{Short description|Indonesian musical instrument made of bamboo}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name           = Angklung<br>{{sund| ᮃᮀᮊᮣᮥᮀ}}
| image          = Eight-pitch Angklung, Mitchell Park, Milwaukee.jpg
| image_size     = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = {{lang|su|Angklung}} with eight pitches
| background     = percussion
| names          = 
| classification = Idiophone
| hornbostel_sachs = 111.232
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = Sets of percussion tubes
| inventors      = 
| developed      = [[Indonesia]]
| timbre         = 
| volume         = 
| attack         = 
| decay          = 
| range          = G2 - C6
| pitch          = medium
| related        = 
| musicians      = 
| builders       = 
| articles       = 
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| ICH         = Indonesian Angklung
| State Party = Indonesia
| ID          = 00393
| Region      = APA
| Year        = 2010
| Session     = 5th
| List        = Representative
| Note        = '''Traditional {{lang|su|Angklung}}''' (Pentatonic – [[Slendro]] Scale: {{lang|su|Angklung Kanekes, Angklung Dogdog Lojor, Angklung Gabrag, Angklung Badeng, Angklung Bungko, Angklung Badud, Angklung Buncis}}, and {{lang|su|angklung [[Calung]]}}) and '''Modern {{lang|su|Angklung}}''' (Diatonic/Chromatic – {{lang|su|Slendro, [[Pelog]]}}, and {{lang|su|Madenda}} Scale: {{lang|su|Angklung Padaeng}}) 
}}
{{Music of Indonesia}}

The {{Lang|su|'''angklung'''}} ([[Sundanese script|Sundanese]]: {{Sund|ᮃᮀᮊᮣᮥᮀ}}) is a [[musical instrument]] from the [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] in [[Indonesia]] that is made of a varying number of [[bamboo]] tubes attached to a bamboo frame.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title="Indonesian Angklung", Inscribed in 2010 (5.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/indonesian-angklung-00393|publisher= UNESCO |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> The tubes are carved to produce a resonant pitch when struck and are tuned to [[octave]]s, similar to Western [[handbells]]. The base of the frame is held in one hand, while the other hand shakes the instrument, causing a repeating note to sound. Each performer in an {{Lang|su|angklung}} ensemble is typically responsible for just one pitch, sounding their individual {{Lang|su|angklung}} at the appropriate times to produce complete melodies (see [[Kotekan]]).

The {{Lang|su|angklung}} originated in what is now [[West Java]] and [[Banten]] provinces in Indonesia, and has been played by the [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] for many centuries. The {{Lang|su|angklung}} and its music have become an important part of the cultural identity of Sundanese communities.<ref>{{cite book | last = Spiller | first = Henry | year = 2004 | title = Gamelan: The Traditional Sounds of Indonesia, Volume 1 | page = 140 | publisher = ABC-CLIO | isbn = 9781851095063 | quote = Angklung has become a veritable symbol of Sundanese culture}}</ref> Playing the {{Lang|su|angklung}} as an orchestra requires cooperation and coordination, and is believed to promote the values of teamwork, mutual respect and social harmony.<ref name=":0" />

On 18 November 2010, [[UNESCO]] included the Indonesian {{Lang|su|angklung}} in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]], and encouraged the Indonesian people and the Indonesian government to safeguard, transmit, promote performances and to encourage the craftsmanship of the {{Lang|su|angklung}}.<ref name=":0" />

== Etymology ==
The word {{Lang|su|angklung}} may have originated from [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] {{Lang|su|angkleung-angkleungan}}, suggesting the movement of the {{Lang|su|angklung}} player and the [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] {{Not a typo|''klung''}} sound that comes from the instrument.<ref name="Indonesia travel">{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/596/saung-angklung-udjo-village-nature-and-culture-in-perfect-harmony/article/89/angklung-harmony-in-a-bamboo-orchestra |title=Angklung : Harmony in a Bamboo Orchestra |access-date=2 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140928195329/http://indonesia.travel/en/destination/596/saung-angklung-udjo-village-nature-and-culture-in-perfect-harmony/article/89/angklung-harmony-in-a-bamboo-orchestra |archive-date=28 September 2014 }}</ref>

== History ==
According to Dr. Groneman, the {{Lang|su|angklung}} had already been a favorite musical instrument of the entire archipelago even before the Hindu era.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penalis.com/seni-budaya/angklung/|title=Angklung, Warisan Budaya Sunda Kebanggaan Indonesia|website=penalis.com|date=23 May 2021 |language=id-ID|access-date=2021-05-24}}</ref> According to [[Jaap Kunst]] in ''Music in Java'', besides West Java, {{Lang|su|angklung}} also exists in [[South Sumatra]] and [[Kalimantan]]. [[Lampung]], East Java and Central Java are also familiar with the instrument.<ref name="Indonesia travel"/>

In the [[History of Indonesia#Early history|Hindu period]] and the time of the [[Kingdom of Sunda]], the instrument played an important role in ceremonies. The {{Lang|su|angklung}} was played to honor [[Dewi Sri]], the goddess of Rice , so she would bless their land and lives.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ujungkulon-tour.com/article/banten-angklung-buhun/ |title=Banten Angklung Buhun |access-date=2011-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003172013/http://ujungkulon-tourcom/article/banten-angklung-buhun/ |archive-date=2011-10-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  The {{Lang|su|angklung}} also signaled the time for prayers, and was said to have been played since the 7th century in the Kingdom of Sunda. In the Kingdom of Sunda, it provided martial [[music]] during the [[Battle of Bubat]], as told in the ''[[Kidung Sunda]]''.<ref name=Awi>Awi-Awi Mandiri, ''The Spirit of Angklung'', 2018</ref>
The oldest surviving {{Lang|su|angklung}} is the {{Lang|su|Angklung Gubrag}}, made in the 17th century in Jasinga, [[Bogor]]. Other antique {{Lang|su|angklung}} are stored in the Sri Baduga Museum, [[Bandung]].<ref name=Awi /> The oldest {{Lang|su|angklung}} tradition is called {{Lang|su|angklung buhun}} ("ancient {{Lang|su|angklung}}") from [[Lebak Regency]], [[Banten]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bantenprov.go.id/index.php?link=dtl&id=3129|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075717/http://bantenprov.go.id/get_page.php?link=dtl&id=3129|url-status= dead|title=Website Resmi Pemerintah Provinsi Banten|archive-date=Oct 2, 2011|website=bantenprov.go.id|access-date=Jan 6, 2021}}</ref> The {{Lang|su|angklung buhun}} is an ancient type of {{Lang|su|angklung}} played by [[Baduy people|Baduy]] people of the inland Banten province during the ''[[seren taun]]'' harvest ceremony.

In 1938, [[Daeng Soetigna]] (Sutigna), from [[Bandung]], created an {{Lang|su|angklung}} that is based on the diatonic scale instead of the traditional ''[[pélog]]'' or ''[[sléndro]]'' scales. Since then, the {{Lang|su|angklung}} has returned to popularity and is used for education and entertainment, and may even accompany Western instruments in an orchestra. One of the first performances of {{Lang|su|angklung}} in an orchestra was in 1955 during the [[Bandung Conference]]. In 1966 Udjo Ngalagena, a student of Daeng Soetigna, opened his {{Lang|su|Saung Angklung}} ("House of Angklung") as a centre for its preservation and development.<ref name=Awi />

[[UNESCO]] included the Indonesian {{Lang|su|angklung}} in the [[UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists|Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]] on 18 November 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/unesco-to-declare-indonesias-angklung-world-heritage/400274 |title=Unesco to Declare Indonesia's Angklung World Heritage |newspaper=The Jakarta Globe |date= October 8, 2018}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Baduy van de residentie Banten, West-Java, Jannes Theodorus Bik (attributed to), c. 1816 - c. 1846.jpg|An illustration of a Baduy man playing a [[calung]] by Jannes Theodorus Bik, c. 1816–1846.
File:Émile Bayard - Joueurs d'angklong.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} players in [[West Java]] by French illustrator [[Émile Bayard]] (1837–1891).
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Angklung-spelers Garoet West-Java TMnr 60013728.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} players in [[Garut]], [[West Java]], before 1904
File:Angklung-arumba.jpg|{{lang|su|Angklung}} is an [[intangible cultural heritage]] element
</gallery>

==Varieties==
===Traditional {{Lang|su|Angklung}}===
===={{Lang|su|Angklung kanekes}}====
[[File:Angklung-Baduy.jpg|thumb|upright|{{Lang|su|Angklung kanekes {{lang|en|or}} Angklung Buhun {{lang|en|or}} Angklung [[Baduy people|Baduy]]}}, [[Banten]]]]
{{Lang|su|Angklung kanekes}} or {{Lang|su|Angklung buhun}} or {{Lang|su|Angklung [[Baduy people|baduy]]}} is an ancient {{Lang|su|angklung}} originating from the [[Baduy people|Baduy]] in [[Lebak Regency|Lebak]], the [[Banten]] province of Indonesia. This {{Lang|su|angklung}} is used to accompany the ritual of planting rice on the fields passed down by their ancestors. {{Lang|su|Angklung kanekes}} are only made by the Baduy Dalam tribe who still maintain the pure traditions of their ancestors. The names of {{Lang|su|angklung}} instruments in Kanekes from the biggest are: {{Lang|su|indung, ringkung, dongdong, gunjing, engklok, indung leutik, torolok}}, and {{Lang|su|roel}}.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta">{{cite web|title=ANGKLUNG, Alat musik tradisional ini terbuat dari tabung-tabung bambu|url=https://disdik.purwakartakab.go.id/angklung|publisher=Government of Purwakarta |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung dogdog lojor}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung dogdog lojor}} is an {{Lang|su|angklung}} that originates from the Dogdog Lojor culture found in the Kasepuhan Pancer Pangawinan community or Kesatuan [[Banten]] Kidul scattered around [[Mount Halimun]]. {{Lang|su|Angklung dogdog lojor}} is used to accompany the tradition of farming, circumcision, and marriage. This {{Lang|su|angklung}} is played by six players consisting of two players playing the {{Lang|su|angklung dogdog lojor}} and four players playing the large {{Lang|su|angklung}}.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta"/><ref name="CNN Indonesia">{{cite web|title=Sejarah Angklung, Jenis, dan Cara Memainkan|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20201204124339-246-577949/sejarah-angklung-jenis-dan-cara-memainkan|publisher=cnnindonesia|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung gabrag}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung gabrag}} is an {{Lang|su|angklung}} originating from Cipinang village, Cigudeg, [[Bogor]], [[West Java]]. This {{Lang|su|angklung}} is very old and is used to honor the goddess of rice, [[Dewi Sri]]. {{Lang|su|Angklung}} is played during {{Lang|su|melak pare}} (rice planting), {{Lang|su|ngunjal pare}} (transporting rice), and {{Lang|su|ngadiukeun}} (storage) in the {{Lang|su|leuit}} (barn). According to legend, {{Lang|su|gubrag angklung}} began to exist when Cipining village experienced a dry season because [[Dewi Sri]] did not make it rain.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta"/>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung badeng}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung badeng}} is an {{Lang|su|angklung}} originating from [[Garut]], [[West Java]]. Initially, this {{Lang|su|angklung}} was used for the ritual of planting rice, but now it has shifted to be used to accompany the preaching of Islam. It takes nine {{Lang|su|angklung}} to complete the {{Lang|su|da'wah}} accompaniment process consisting of two {{Lang|su|angklung roel}}, one {{Lang|su|angklung kecer}}, four {{Lang|su|angklung indung}}, two {{Lang|su|angklung anak}}, two {{Lang|su|angklung dogdogs}}, and two {{Lang|su|gembyung}}.<ref name="CNN Indonesia"/>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung bungko}}====
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Enkelvellige cilindrische trom van bamboe TMnr 15-435.jpg|thumb|upright|{{Lang|su|Angklung Dogdog Lojor}}.]]
{{Lang|su|Angklung bungko}} is an {{Lang|su|angklung}} that originates in Bungko village, [[Cirebon]], [[West Java]]. {{Lang|su|Angklung Bungko}} is played with other musical instruments such as [[kendang]], {{Lang|su|tutukan, klenong}} and [[gong]]s. In ancient times, {{Lang|su|angklung bungko}} was a musical accompaniment to fights between villagers. The existing {{Lang|su|angklung bungko}} consists of three pieces which are believed to be 600 years old. This old {{Lang|su|angklung}} is believed to have originated from Ki Gede Bungko, the elder of Bungko village, as well as the Commander of the Navy of the [[Cirebon Sultanate]] in the [[Sunan Gunung Jati]] era around the 15th century. This {{Lang|su|angklung}} cannot be played anymore because it is fragile. The people believe that {{Lang|su|angklung bungko}} has magical powers. In ancient times, if a child was sick, when the {{Lang|su|angklung bungko}} was played around the village and accompanied by a dance, the child could recover on their own.<ref name="Kabupaten Cirebon">{{cite web|title=Angklung Bungko|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=301&lang=id|publisher=Government of West Java |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung badud}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung badud}} is a type of {{Lang|su|angklung}} that is used for performing arts at parades or carnivals. The art of {{Lang|su|badud angklung}} was born and preserved in Parakanhonje Village, Indihiang District, [[Tasikmalaya]] City, [[West Java]]. Under the care of the Kanca Indihiang Big Family, {{Lang|su|angklung badud}} in its era around the 70s can be known everywhere.{{Clarify|date=May 2021}} The main function of {{Lang|su|angklung badud}} in society is to entertain children before the circumcision ritual. Before the invention of local anesthetics, a child who was going to be circumcised early in the morning would be paraded to the pool ({{Lang|su|balong}}) to soak in it. {{Lang|su|Angklung badud}} would be played on the way to and from the pool as the people watched, similar to a parade.<ref name="Kota Tasikmalaya">{{cite web|title=Angklung Badud|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=344&lang=id|publisher=Government of West Java |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung buncis}}====
[[File:Seren Taun 2012 Bogor A.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|su|Angklung Buncis}} in [[Seren taun]] ceremony in [[Bogor]], [[West Java]].]]
{{Lang|su|Angklung buncis}} is an {{Lang|su|angklung}} used for entertainment, such as the {{Lang|su|angklung}} in the Baros area, Arjasari, [[Bandung]], [[West Java]]. The instruments used in the art of {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} are two {{Lang|su|angklung indung}}, two {{Lang|su|angklung ambrug}}, {{Lang|su|angklung panempas}}, two {{Lang|su|angklung pancer}}, one {{Lang|su|angklung enclok}}, three {{Lang|su|dogdogs}} (one {{Lang|su|talingtit}}, one {{Lang|su|panunggung}}, and one {{Lang|su|badublag}}). {{Lang|su|Tarompet}}, {{Lang|su|kecrek}}, and [[gong]]s have been added over time. The {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} has a {{Lang|su|[[Slendro|salendro]]}} tone and a vocal song can be {{Lang|su|[[madenda]]}} or {{Lang|su|[[degung]]}}.<ref name="Kabupaten Bandung">{{cite web|title=Angklung Buncis|url=http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=369&lang=id|publisher=Government of West Java |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

Initially, {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} was used in agricultural events related to rice. Nowadays, {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} is used as entertainment. This is related to societal changes and less emphasis on traditional beliefs. The 1940s can be considered the end of the ritual function of {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} in honor of rice because it has since turned into an entertainment form. In addition, rice storage barns ({{Lang|su|leuit}}) began to disappear from people's homes, replaced by sack places that were more practical and easy to carry. Many of the rice is now sold directly, not stored in barns. Thus the art of {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} that was used for the {{Lang|su|ngunjal}} (rice-carrying) ritual is no longer needed. The name of the {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} is related to the well-known lyrics "{{Lang|su|cis kacang buncis nyengcle...}}". The text is part of the art of {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}}, so this art form is called {{Lang|su|buncis}}.<ref name="Direktoral Jenderal Kebudayaan">{{cite web|title=Angklung Buncis|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&detailTetap=678|publisher=Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung calung}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung calung}} or {{Lang|su|calung}} is a prototype musical instrument made of bamboo. In contrast to the {{Lang|su|angklung}} which is played by shaking, the {{Lang|su|calung}} is played by hitting the rods ({{Lang|su|wilahan, bilah}}) of sections of bamboo tubes arranged according to {{Lang|su|titi laras}} (pentatonic scales), {{Lang|su|da-mi-na-ti-la}}. Most commonly {{Lang|su|calung}} are made from {{Lang|su|awi wulung}} (black bamboo), but some are made from {{Lang|su|awi temen}} (white bamboo).

The meaning of {{Lang|su|calung}}, apart from being a musical instrument, is also attached to the term performance art. There are two known forms of {{Lang|su|calung Sunda}}, namely {{Lang|su|calung rantay}} and {{Lang|su|calung jinjing}}. This musical instrument is a traditional Sundanese musical instrument, which is also known and developed in the Banyumas region. When playing the {{Lang|su|calung rantay}}, the player usually plays by sitting cross-legged, while a person playing {{Lang|su|calung jinjing}} carries the bamboo that has been lined up and plays it while standing. Initially, {{Lang|su|calung}} was performed to accompany Sundanese traditional ceremonies as a ritual for the celebration of the people of West Java, but with the development of the {{Lang|su|calung}} era, it began to be used as a musical instrument for entertainment.<ref name="Indonesia Kaya">{{cite web|title='Calung' Alat Musik yang Menghasilkan Harmoni Indah|url=https://www.indonesiakaya.com/jelajah-indonesia/detail/calung-alat-musik-yang-menghasilkan-harmoni-indah|publisher=Indonesia Kaya|access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung Reog}}====
Angklung Reog is a musical instrument to accompany the [[Reog]] Ponorogo Dance in [[East Java]]. Angklung Reog has a characteristic in terms of a very loud sound, has two tones and an attractive curved shape of rattan (unlike the usual angklung in the form of a cube) decorated with beautiful colored fringed threads.
It is said that angklung was a weapon from the kingdom of Bantarangin against the kingdom of Lodaya in the 11th century, when the victory by the kingdom of Bantarangin was happy, the soldiers were no exception, the angklung holder was no exception, because of the extraordinary strength of the reinforcement of the rope, it loosened to produce a distinctive sound, namely klong-klok. and klung-kluk when heard will feel spiritual vibrations.

===={{Lang|su|Angklung Reog Gong Gumbeng}}====
Is a type of Angklung Reog from Sambit, [[Ponorogo]]. Shaped like Angklung Reyog but arranged from small to the largest angklung with various tones, Gong Gumbeng Angklung is the first and oldest type of pitched angklung. A set of angklung Gong Gumbeng that is more than 250 years old is now stored in the Sri Baduga Bandung Museum. 

===={{Lang|su|Angklung Bali}}====
Balinese angklung called Rindik has a distinctive Balinese shape and tone. The angklung Rindik is played by hitting the bamboo like a gamelan. Rindik Bali was originally Angklung Reog from Ponorogo who was brought by later [[Majapahit]] officials.

===Modern {{Lang|su|angklung}} or {{Lang|su|Angklung padaeng}}===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Xylofoon van bamboe met vijftien toetsen onderdeel van tjalung-ensemble TMnr 1029-11a.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|su|[[Calung]] rantai}}, [[West Java]], before 1936.]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van de muziekpedagoog Daeng Sutigna TMnr 20000362.jpg|thumb|upright|Daeng Soetigna in 1971.]]
{{Lang|su|Angklung padaeng}} is a musical instrument made of bamboo which is a modern variant of {{Lang|su|angklung}}. Traditional {{Lang|su|angklung}} used the {{Lang|su|[[slendro]], [[pelog]]}}, and {{Lang|su|[[madenda]]}} scales. In 1938, [[Daeng Soetigna]] made an innovation so that the {{Lang|su|angklung}} could play [[Diatonic scale|diatonic]] notes. To appreciate his work, this {{Lang|su|angklung}} was named {{Lang|su|angklung padaeng}}, which comes from the words {{Lang|su|Pa}} (father, respected adult male) and {{Lang|su|Daeng}} (the inventor's name). The tuning used is diatonic, according to the western music system, and can even be presented in an orchestral form.<ref name="Kabupaten Purwakarta"/>

In line with [[music theory]], the {{Lang|su|angklung padaeng}} is divided into two groups: the melodic {{Lang|su|angklung}} and the {{Lang|su|akompanimen angklung}}. A melody {{Lang|su|angklung}} specifically consists of two sound tubes with a pitch difference of one octave. In one {{Lang|su|angklung}} unit, generally there are 31 small melodic {{Lang|su|angklung}} and 11 large melodic {{Lang|su|angklung}}. Meanwhile, the {{Lang|su|akompanimen angklung}} is used as an accompaniment to play harmonic tones. The voice tube consists of three to four, according to a diatonic chord. After Daeng Soetigna's innovation, other reforms continued to develop. Some of them are {{Lang|su|sarinande angklung, arumba, toel angklung}}, and {{Lang|su|Sri Murni angklung}}. After Daeng Soetigna, one of his students, Udjo Ngalagena, continued his efforts by establishing {{Lang|su|saung angklung}} in the [[Bandung]] area. To this day, the area known as {{Lang|su|Saung Angklung Udjo}} is still a center of creativity with regard to {{Lang|su|angklung}}.

===={{Lang|su|Angklung sarinande}}====
[[File:Raffles Javanese manufacturing tools and handicrafts.png|thumb|upright|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} musical instrument, [[The History of Java]] by [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] (1817).]]
{{Lang|su|Angklung sarinande}} is a term for {{Lang|su|angklung padaeng}} that only uses round tones (without chromatic tones) with a basic tone of C. The small unit of {{Lang|su|angklung sarinande}} contains 8 angklung (Low to High Do tones), while {{Lang|su|angklung sarinande}} plus contains 13 angklung (Low to High Sol until High mi).<ref name="Kumparan">{{cite web|title=7 Jenis Angklung, Alat Musik yang Ada di Indonesia|url=https://kumparan.com/berita-update/7-jenis-angklung-alat-musik-yang-ada-di-indonesia-1v9RRkfH47V/full|publisher=kumparan.com|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

===={{Lang|su|Angklung arumba}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung arumba}} is a musical ensemble of various musical instruments made of [[bamboo]]. {{Lang|su|Angklung arumba}} was born around the 1960s in [[West Java]], Indonesia, and is now a typical West Javanese musical instrument. In 1964, Yoes Roesadi and his friends formed a musical group that specifically added angklung to its ensemble line. They got the idea to call themselves the Arumba group (Alunan Rumpun Bambu – Strains of Bamboo). With the passage of time, the term arumba finally stuck as an ensemble of bamboo music from [[West Java]].
{{Lang|su|Angklung arumba}} is a term for a set of musical instruments consisting of at least:<ref name="UM Surabaya">{{cite web|title=Angklung|url=http://p2k.um-surabaya.ac.id/ind/2-3045-2942/Angklung_27430_um-surabaya_p2k-um-surabaya.html#Arumba|publisher=um-surabaya.ac.id|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>
*) ''Angklung'' – One unit of melody angklung, hung so that it can be played by one person
*) ''Lodong'' (big bamboo) – One lodong bass unit, also lined up so that it can be played by one person
*) ''Gambang I'' – Melody bamboo xylophone
*) ''Gambang II'' – Companion bamboo xylophone
*) ''Kendang'' – Traditional drum

===={{Lang|su|Angklung toel}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung toel}} is a new innovation from conventional angklung which was already legendary. The difference between Angklung toel and the angklung that people have known so far lies in its placement. This angklung has a waist-high frame with several angklungs lined up upside down and given a rubber band. How to play it is quite unique, almost similar to playing the piano. People who want to play {{Lang|su|Angklung toel}} simply 'touch' (toel) the angklung according to the tone and the angklung will vibrate for a while because of the rubber.<ref name="kumparan">{{cite web|title=7 Jenis Angklung, Alat Musik yang Ada di Indonesia|url=https://kumparan.com/berita-update/7-jenis-angklung-alat-musik-yang-ada-di-indonesia-1v9RRkfH47V/full|publisher=kumparan.com|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>

Angklung toel was created by Kang Yayan Udjo from Saung Angklung Udjo in 2008. With this Angklung toel, giving a new color to the world of angklung, this type of angklung makes playing it easier and simpler.

===={{Lang|su|Angklung sri murni}}====
{{Lang|su|Angklung sri murni}} was created from the idea of Eko Mursito Budi for the purposes of angklung robots. One angklung uses two or more sound tubes with the same tone, so that it will produce a pure tone (mono-tonal).<ref name="kumparan">{{cite web|title=7 Jenis Angklung, Alat Musik yang Ada di Indonesia|url=https://kumparan.com/berita-update/7-jenis-angklung-alat-musik-yang-ada-di-indonesia-1v9RRkfH47V/full|publisher=kumparan.com|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref> This is different from the multi-tonal in angklung Padaeng. With this simple idea, the robot can easily play a combination of several angklungs simultaneously to imitate the effects of melodic angklung and accompaniment angklung.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Muzikanten met angklungs en tifa's Batavia TMnr 10017848.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} performance in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (now Jakarta), c. 1910–1930.
File:Angklung (2315119130).jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} display.
File:Bali, gamelan player 2.jpg|{{Lang|su|Calung [[Bali]] (Rindhik)}}.
File:Pentas Seni Calung Menghibur Warga, Malam Kesenian 17 Agustus.jpg|{{Lang|su|Calung jinjing}} performance in [[West Java]].
</gallery>

==Notations==
===Sundanese Daminatila ===
It's a kind of numbered musical notation like the [[solfège]], but it uses a different system: high numbers correspond to low tones, and vice versa. This system might seem to be counterintuitive to people who are already familiar with the western solfège. There are only 5 notes used in each scales: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, read as ''da, mi, na, ti'', and ''la''. The absolute tones depend on the scale used and the base frequency, which don't adhere to western standards. Traditional angklung have some common scales: [[Slendro|saléndro]], [[Gamelan degung|degung]]/[[Pelog|pélog]], and [[sorog]]/[[madenda]]. 

===Diatonic===
Diatonic notation for angklung use a [[numbered musical notation]] in Indonesia, similar notation like [[Jianpu]], but with some different standards, like the placement of rhythm lines positions and chord notations. The musical notation is written based on [[Movable do solfege|movable do]]. The musical notation displays 1 as relative do, 2 as relative re, etc. Higher octave marked with a dot above, and lower octave marked with a dot below.

Also, some alternatives notations is writing the exact written numbers on the single angklung to the musical sheet, usually marked 0–31, 0 is the lowest tone and 31 is the highest tone. 

Some angklung types contains more than one notes usually marked with English chord notation, like C, Dm, Em, F, G, G7, Am, etc. This type of angklung is used for accompanying a musical piece.

==Cultural context==
The creation and existence of {{Lang|su|angklung}} is something that is very important in the culture of the [[Indonesian people]], especially the [[Sundanese people]]. At first, the function and manufacture of {{Lang|su|angklung}} were intended for certain events or ceremonies related to traditional ceremonies and rituals. Now, {{Lang|su|angklung}} has developed into traditional and modern musical instruments that are in demand not only by the people of Indonesia but also the world. The following are some of the functions of angklung in Indonesian culture:
===Offerings for Dewi Sri===
In the old Sundanese tradition, angklung is played as a form of calling to [[Dewi Sri]], a figure described as the goddess of fertility, who believed will gives blessings to rice plants so that they are fertile and prosperous for the community. The ceremony usually take place during [[Seren taun|Seren Taun]] rice harvesting and planting ceremony. This tradition is still carried out by the [[Baduy people|Baduy]] or Kanekes tribe, which is the remnant of the old Sundanese that still exists.

== {{Lang|su|Angklung}} center==
One of the largest angklung conservation and development centers is Saung Angklung Udjo (SAU). Founded in 1966 by Udjo Ngalagena and his wife Uum Sumiati, with the aim of preserving the traditional Sundanese arts and culture, especially angklung. SAU is located at Jalan Padasuka 118, East [[Bandung]], [[West Java]], Indonesia.

SAU is a complete cultural and educational tourism destination because SAU has a performance arena, a bamboo craft center, and a workshop for bamboo musical instruments. In addition, the presence of SAU in Bandung is more meaningful because of his concern to continue to preserve and develop Sundanese culture – especially Angklung – in the community through education and training facilities.<ref name="Saung Angklung Udjo">{{cite web|title=ANGKLUNG|url=https://angklungudjo.com/|publisher=angklungudjo.com|access-date=11 July 2021}}</ref>

SAU holds regular performances every afternoon. This show contains spectacular performances such as a wayang golek demonstration, a helaran ceremony, traditional dance art, beginner angklung, orchestra angklung, mass angklung, and arumba. In addition to regular performances every afternoon, Saung Angklung Udjo has repeatedly held various special performances that are performed in the morning or afternoon. The show is not limited to being held at the Saung Angklung Udjo, but also at various places both at domestic and abroad. SAU is not limited to performing arts but also sells various products of traditional bamboo musical instruments such as angklung, arumba, calung, and many more.

== Gamelan {{Lang|su|angklung}} ==
[[File:Single note angklung ('G'), 2015-05-21.jpg|thumb|upright|Single pitch {{Lang|su|angklung}}, for use in orchestras]]
In [[Bali]], an ensemble of {{Lang|su|angklung}} is called a {{Lang|su|'''gamelan angklung'''}}.  While the ensemble gets its name from the bamboo shakers, they are nowadays rarely included outside of East Bali. An ensemble of mostly bronze [[metallophone]]s is used instead, generally with about 20 musicians.

While the instrumentation of the {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}} is similar to ''[[gamelan gong kebyar]]'', there are several critical differences. The instruments in the {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}} are tuned to a 5-tone {{Lang|su|[[slendro]]}} scale, although most ensembles use a four-tone mode of the five-tone scale played on instruments with four keys. An exception is the five-tone {{Lang|su|angklung}} from the north of Bali, which is what as many as seven keys.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ornstein|first=Ruby|date=1971|title=The Five-Tone Gamelan Angklung of North Bali|journal=Ethnomusicology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=71–80|doi=10.2307/850388|jstor=850388}}</ref> In four-tone {{Lang|su|angklung}} groups, the flute players will occasionally use an implied fifth tone. Additionally, whereas many of the instruments in {{Lang|su|gong kebyar}} span multiple octaves of its pentatonic scale, most {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}} instruments only contain one octave, although some five-tone ensembles have roughly an octave and a half. The instruments are considerably smaller than those of the {{Lang|su|gong kebyar}}.

{{Lang|su|Gamelan angklung}} is heard in Balinese temples, where it supplies musical accompaniment to temple anniversaries ({{Lang|su|odalan}}). It is also characteristic of rituals related to death ({{Lang|su|pitra yadnya}}), and is therefore connected in Balinese culture to the invisible spiritual realm and transitions from life to death and beyond. Because of their portability, {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}} instruments may be carried in processions while a funeral bier is carried from temporary burial in a cemetery to the cremation site. The musicians also often play music to accompany the cremation ceremony. Thus, many Balinese listeners associate {{Lang|su|angklung}} music and its {{Lang|su|slendro}} scale with strong emotions evoking a combination of sacred sweetness and sadness.

The structure of the music is similar to {{Lang|su|gong kebyar}}, although employing a four-tone scale. A pair of {{Lang|su|jegog}} metallophones carries the basic melody, which is elaborated by ''[[gangsa]]'', ''[[reyong]]'', {{Lang|su|ceng-ceng}}, flute, and small drums played with mallets. A medium-sized gong, called {{Lang|su|kempur}}, is generally used to punctuate a piece's major sections.

Most older compositions do not employ the {{Lang|su|gong kebyar}}'s more ostentatious virtuosity and showmanship. Recently, many Balinese composers have created {{Lang|su|kebyar}}-style works for {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}} or have rearranged {{Lang|su|kebyar}} melodies to fit the {{Lang|su|angklung}}{{'}}s more restricted four-tone scale. These new pieces often feature [[dance]], so the {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}} is augmented with heavier gongs and larger drums. Additionally, some modern composers have created experimental instrumental pieces for the {{Lang|su|gamelan angklung}}.

== Outside Indonesia ==
In the early 20th century during the time of the [[Dutch East Indies]], the {{Lang|su|angklung}} was adopted in [[Thailand]], where it is called {{Lang|th|angkalung (อังกะลุง)|italic=yes}}. It was recorded that {{Lang|su|angklung}} was brought to Siam in 1908 by [[Luang Pradit Pairoh]], a royal musician in the entourage of Field Marshal Prince [[Bhanurangsi Savangwongse]] of Siam, who paid a royal visit to Java that year (27 years after the first state visit of his elder brother, King [[Chulalongkorn]], to Java in 1871). The Thai {{Lang|su|angklung}} are typically tuned in the Thai tuning system of seven equidistant steps per octave, and each {{Lang|su|angklung}} has three bamboo tubes tuned in three separate octaves rather than two, as is typical in Indonesia.

In 2008, there was a grand celebration in the Thai traditional music circle to mark the 100th anniversary of the introduction of {{Lang|su|angklung}} to Thailand. Both the Thai and Indonesian governments supported the celebration.

The {{Lang|su|angklung}} has also been adopted by its [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]-speaking neighbors, in particular by [[Malaysia]] and the [[Philippines]], where they are played as part of bamboo xylophone orchestras. Formally introduced into Malaysia sometime after the end of the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation|Confrontation]], {{Lang|su|angklung}} found immediate popularity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Angklung |first=Lay Tin |last=Koh |date=17 April 1999 |publisher=National Library Board Singapore |url=http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_843_2005-01-11.html |access-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014061707/http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/articles/SIP_843_2005-01-11.html |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}</ref> They are generally played using a [[pentatonic]] scale similar to the Indonesian ''[[slendro]]'', although in the Philippines, sets also come in the [[diatonic]] and [[minor scale]]s used to perform various [[Spain|Spanish]]-influenced [[folk music]] in addition to native songs in pentatonic.

At least one Sundanese {{Lang|su|angklung buncis}} ensemble exists in the [[United States]]. {{Lang|su|Angklung Buncis Sukahejo}} is an ensemble at [[The Evergreen State College]], and includes eighteen double rattles (nine tuned pairs) and four {{Lang|su|dog-dog}} drums.

== World record ==
On 9 July 2011, 5,182 people from many nations played {{Lang|su|angklung}} together in [[Washington, D.C.]], and are listed in the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the largest {{Lang|su|angklung}} ensemble.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/10/washington-dc-shakes-angklung-world-record.html |title=Washington DC shakes to angklung world record  |first=Endy M. |last=Bayuni |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |access-date=July 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712233030/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/10/washington-dc-shakes-angklung-world-record.html |archive-date=July 12, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On Saturday, 5 August 2023, Indonesia succeed to break the [[Guinness World Records]] of the world's largest angklung ensamble which was conducted by 15,110 participants at the [[Bung Karno Stadium]], Jakarta. This grand event was attended by the Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]] with the ministers of the cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia Berhasil Pecahkan Rekor Pagelaran Angklung Terbesar Dunia |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230807110548-293-982825/indonesia-berhasil-pecahkan-rekor-pagelaran-angklung-terbesar-dunia |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=CNN Indonesia |language=id-ID}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Jonge danser begeleid door anklungspelers Garoet TMnr 60019214.jpg|Young dancer accompanied by angklung players in [[Baduy people|Baduy]], [[Banten]]. c. 1910-1930.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Angklungspelers TMnr 10017815.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} players, Indonesia, 1949.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Angklungorkest van de Christelijke basisschool Paulus I TMnr 20000363.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} Orchestra, Indonesia in 1971.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Jonge angklungspelers West-Java TMnr 10017867.jpg|Sundanese boys playing the ''angklung'' in 1918.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kinderen bij angkloengspelers aan het meer van Bagendit. TMnr 60007815.jpg|Children with angklung players at Lake Bagendit.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Javaanse angkloengspelers en gemaskerde dansers TMnr 10004858.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} and dancers.
File:Mari bermain Angklung.jpg|Playing Angklung.
File:Saung Angklung Udjo.JPG|{{Lang|su|Angklung}} orchestra at Saung Angklung Udjo, Indonesia.
File:Angklung-kolintang.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung calung}} performance in [[Frankfurt]], Germany.
File:Kelompok musik calung di Malioboro.jpg|{{Lang|su|Angklung toel}} performance in [[Malioboro]] street in [[Yogyakarta]].
File:Mkif angklung.jpg|MKIF Angklung Group performance in Germany. 
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Music|Indonesia}}
* [[Music of Indonesia]]
* [[Gamelan]]
* [[Talempong]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Balinese Music |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6oTAQAAIAAJ&q=balinese+music|first=Michael |last=Tenzer |year=1998 |author-link=Michael Tenzer |location=Hong Kong |publisher=Periplus Eds |isbn=9789625931692}}
<!--* ''[http://www.cseas.niu.edu/outreach/angklung.html Can You Shake It? The Angklung of Southeast Asia]'' by Prof. Kuo-Huang Han, School of Music, Northern Illinois University-->

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Angklung}}
* [https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/indonesian-angklung-00393 UNESCO: Indonesian Angklung]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060519203523/http://www.gsj.org/gsj/index.cfm?fuseaction=Window.DisplayDescription&Entity=Description&EntityID=2 Gamelan Sekar Jaya (excerpt about angklung)] from [[Michael Tenzer]]'s book ''Balinese Music''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102248/http://www.gsj.org/windha/swf/tabuh_telu.swf Musical sample] composed by [[I Nyoman Windha]]
*[http://www.angklung-udjo.co.id/ Saung Angklung Udjo]
*{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130415184427/http://www.sabilulungan.org/angklungde Angklung Orchester Hamburg, Germany (2003/2004)]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150101110002/http://angklung-web-institute.com/ Angklung Web Institute]}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007235031/http://www.angklung.org/ Lancaster Angklung Orchestra, Lancaster, UK]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081008062947/http://www.sabilulungan.org/angklung3/ Angklung Hamburg]}}
*[http://angklung3.org/ Keluarga Paduan Angklung SMA Negeri 3 Bandung]

{{Gamelan}}
{{Indonesia UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage}}
{{UNESCO Oral and Intangible music}}
{{UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity}}
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{{Indonesian musical instruments}}
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[[Category:Gamelan instruments]]
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[[Category:Music of West Java]]
[[Category:Culture of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Sundanese culture]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]]
[[Category:Indonesian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Indonesian inventions]]
[[Category:Asian percussion instruments]]
[[Category:Intangible cultural heritage of Indonesia]]