View source for Anne of Austria

{{Short description|Queen of France from 1615 to 1644}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{About|the queen consort|other women named Anne of Austria|Anna of Austria (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort      = yes
| title        = 
| image        = Peter Paul Rubens - Portrait of Anne of Austria - WGA20365.jpg
| caption      = Portrait by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], {{c.}} 1620s
| succession   = [[Queen consort of France]]
| reign        = 24 November 1615 – 14 May 1643
| succession1  = [[Queen consort of Navarre]]
| reign1       = 24 November 1615 – 20 October 1620
| reign-type2  = Regency
| succession2  = [[Queen regent of France]]
| reign2       = 14 May 1643 – 7 September 1651
| pre-type2    = Monarch
| predecessor2 = [[Louis XIV]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1601|9|22|df=y}}
| birth_place  = Benavente Palace, [[Valladolid]], [[Crown of Castile]], [[Spain]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1666|1|20|1601|9|22|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Paris]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| burial_place = [[Basilica of St Denis]], Paris, France
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Louis XIII]] | 24 November 1615|14 May 1643|end=died}}
| issue        = {{ubl|[[Louis XIV]] | [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]]}}
| full name    = {{langx|es|Ana María Mauricia de Austria y Austria|italic=no}}<br/>{{langx|fr|Anne-Marie-Mauricie d'Autriche|italic=no}}
| house        = [[Habsburg]]
| father       = [[Philip III of Spain]]
| mother       = [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]
| signature    = Signature Anne d Autriche.png
| religion     = [[Roman Catholicism]]
}}

'''Anne of Austria''' ({{langx|fr|Anne d'Autriche}}; {{langx|es|Ana de Austria}}; born Ana María Mauricia; 22 September 1601 &ndash; 20 January 1666) was [[Queen of France]] from 1615 to 1643 by marriage to King [[Louis XIII]]. She was also [[Queen of Navarre]] until the kingdom's annexation into the French crown in 1620. After her husband's death, Anne was regent to her son [[Louis XIV]] during his minority until 1651.

Anne was born in [[Valladolid]] to King [[Philip III of Spain]] and [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]. She was betrothed to King Louis XIII of France in 1612 and they married three years later. The two had a difficult marital relationship, exacerbated by her miscarriages and the anti-[[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] stance of Louis' first minister, [[Cardinal Richelieu]]. Despite a climate of distrust amidst the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] and twenty-three years of childlessness in which she suffered five miscarriages, Anne gave birth to an heir, Louis, in 1638 and a second son, [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe]] two years later.

When Louis XIII died in 1643, Anne outmaneuvered her opponents to become sole regent to her four-year-old son, Louis XIV, and appointed [[Cardinal Mazarin]] as chief minister. [[The Fronde]], a major revolt by the French nobility against Anne and Mazarin's government, broke out but was ultimately suppressed. In 1651, Anne's regency formally ended when Louis was declared of age. Accounts of French court life of her era emphasize her closeness to her son, and her disapproval of his infidelity to her niece and daughter-in-law [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|pp=496–498}} She retired from active politics in 1661 and moved to the convent she had commissioned, [[Val-de-Grâce (church)|Val-de-Grâce]], where she died of breast cancer five years later.

==Early life==
[[Image:Juan Pantoja de la Cruz - Infanta Ana Mauricia - 1607.jpg|thumb|left|Anne at the age of six, 1607|upright 0.85]]

Born at the {{Ill|Benavente Palace|es|Palacio de los Condes de Benavente}} in [[Valladolid]], [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], and baptised Ana María Mauricia, she was the eldest daughter of King [[Philip III of Spain]] and his wife [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]].{{sfn|Mansel|2020|p=xxxiv}}{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=4}} She held the titles of [[Infanta]] of Spain and of Portugal (since her father was [[Iberian Union|king of Portugal as well as Spain]]) and Archduchess of Austria. Despite her Spanish birth, she was referred to as Anne of Austria because the rulers of Spain belonged to the senior branch of the [[House of Austria]],{{Sfn|Fraser|2007|page=3}} known later as the House of Habsburg, a designation relatively uncommon before the 19th century.

Anne was raised mainly at the [[Royal Alcázar of Madrid]]. Unusually for a royal princess, Anne grew up close to her parents, who were very religious.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|pages=5–6}} She was raised to be religious too, and was often taken to visit monasteries during her childhood.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=8}} In 1611, she lost her mother, who died in childbirth.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=6}} Despite her grief, Anne did her best to take care of her younger siblings, who referred to her with affection as their mother.

==Queen of France==

At age eleven, Anne was betrothed to King [[Louis XIII]] of France.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=15}} Her father gave her a [[dowry]] of 500,000 crowns and many beautiful jewels.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=15}}{{sfn|Freer|1864|page=5}} For fear that Louis XIII would die early, the Spanish court stipulated that she would return to Spain with her dowry, jewels, and wardrobe if he did die.{{sfn|Freer|1864|page=6}} Prior to the marriage, Anne renounced all succession rights she had for herself and her descendants by Louis, with a provision that she would resume her rights should she be left a childless widow. On 18 October 1615, Louis and Anne were [[married by proxy]] in [[Burgos]] while Louis's sister, [[Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain|Elisabeth of France]], and Anne's brother, [[Philip IV of Spain]], were married by proxy in [[Bordeaux]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|pages=22–23}} These marriages followed the tradition of cementing military and political alliances between France and Spain that began with the marriage of [[Philip II of Spain]] to [[Elisabeth of Valois]] in 1559 as part of the [[Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis]]. Anne and Elisabeth were exchanged on the [[Isle of Pheasants]] between [[Hendaye]] and [[Fuenterrabía]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=24}} She was lively and beautiful during her youth.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=26}}{{sfn|Freer|1864|page=18}} She was also a noted [[Equestrianism|equestrian]], a taste her son, Louis, would inherit. At the time, Anne had many admirers, including the handsome [[George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham|Duke of Buckingham]], although her intimates believed their flirtations remained chaste.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=64}} Historian [[Desmond Seward]] alleges that during his 1625 visit to France, when the French court took official leave of the English embassy at [[Amiens]], "Buckingham climbed into a private garden where the Queen was taking an evening walk", and "may even have tried to rape her", although "Anne's shrieks summoned her attendants."{{sfn|Seward|2022|pages=60–61}}
[[File:Anna of Austria by Rubens (1622-1625, Norton Simon Museum).jpg|thumbnail|right|Anne of Austria, coronation costume, by [[Peter Paul Rubens]]]]

Anne and Louis, both fourteen years old, were pressured to consummate their marriage in order to forestall any possibility of future [[annulment]],{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=26}} but Louis ignored his bride.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=42}} Louis's mother, [[Marie de' Medici]], continued to conduct herself as queen of France, without showing any deference to her daughter-in-law. Anne, surrounded by her entourage of high-born Spanish [[ladies-in-waiting]] headed by [[Inés de la Torre]],{{sfn|Freer|1864|page=24}} continued to live according to Spanish etiquette and failed to improve her French.

In 1617, Louis conspired with his favourite [[Charles d'Albert de Luynes]] to dispense with the influence of his mother in a palace ''[[coup d'état]]'' and had her favourite [[Concino Concini]] assassinated on 26 April of that year. During the years he was in the ascendancy Luynes attempted to remedy the formal distance between Louis and his queen. He sent away Inés de la Torre and the other Spanish ladies and replaced them with French ones, notably the Princess of Conti ([[Louise Marguerite of Lorraine]]) and his wife [[Marie de Rohan]],{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=54}} with whom he organized court events that would bring the couple together under amiable circumstances. Anne began to dress in the French manner and, in 1619, Luynes pressed the king to bed his queen.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=43}} Some affection developed, to the point where it was noted that Louis was distracted during a serious illness of the queen.

A series of miscarriages disenchanted the king and served to chill their relations. On 14 March 1622, while playing with her ladies, Anne fell and suffered her second stillbirth. Louis blamed her for the incident and was angry with Marie de Rohan, now the Dowager Duchess of Luynes, for having encouraged the queen in what was seen as negligence.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=56}} The king's already strained relationship with the duchess{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=55}} worsened after the incident, leading him to demand her departure from the court.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=57}} However, Rohan returned just a few months later with her new husband [[Claude, Duke of Chevreuse]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=58}}

Louis turned now to [[Cardinal Richelieu]] as his advisor, who served as his first minister from 1624 until his death in 1642. Richelieu's foreign policy of struggle against the Habsburgs, who surrounded France on two fronts, inevitably created tension between Louis and Anne, who remained childless for another sixteen years.

Under the influence of Marie de Rohan, the queen let herself be drawn into political opposition to Richelieu and became embroiled in several intrigues against his policies. Vague rumours of betrayal circulated in the court, notably her supposed involvement, first, with the [[Chalais conspiracy]] that Marie organized in 1626, and then those of the king's treacherous favorite, [[Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars|Cinq-Mars]], who had been introduced to him by Richelieu.

In 1626, the Cardinal placed [[Madeleine du Fargis]] as ''[[Dame d'atour]]'' in the household of the queen to act as a spy, but she was instead to become a trusted confidant and favourite of the queen. In December 1630, Louis XIII reduced Anne's court and purged a great amount of her favourites as punishment for a plot in which the queen had cooperated with queen dowager Marie de' Medici in an attempt to depose Cardinal Richelieu, and among those fired were [[Madame de Motteville]] and Madeleine du Fargis.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=79}} Queen Anne asked the Cardinal to intervene so that she might keep du Fargis. When he refused, she swore that she would never forgive him.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=79}}{{sfn|Freer|1864|page=214}} Du Fargis left for Brussels, where her spouse had sided with the king's brother [[Gaston, Duke of Orléans]] against the monarch. After the invasion of Gaston in 1632, letters were discovered from du Fargis to people in Paris describing the plans of a marriage between Gaston and Anne after the death of Louis XIII.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=82}} Anne was questioned and confirmed that the letters were written by du Fargis, but denied any knowledge of the plans.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=83}}

In 1635, France [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|declared war on Spain]], placing the queen in an untenable position.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=84}} Her secret correspondence with her brother [[Philip IV of Spain]] was not the only communication she had with the Spanish. She also corresponded with the Spanish ambassador Mirabel and the governor of the [[Spanish Netherlands]].{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=83–84}} With the assistance of Anne's servant La Porte, who acted as courier, Madeleine du Fargis and Marie de Rohan acted as agents for her secret correspondence and channelled her letters to other contacts.{{sfn|Freer|1864|page=358}} In July 1637, Anne gave du Fargis the mission to examine whether there was any truth to the rumour of an alliance between France and [[Kingdom of England|England]], as this would force Spain to cut off diplomatic connections to France and disturb her network of couriers between the Spanish embassies of Paris and Brussels.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=98}}

On 11 August 1637, Anne came under so much suspicion that Richelieu issued an investigation. Her courier La Porte as well as the abbess of Anne's favourite convent Val-de-Grâce (where Anne had written many of her secret letters) were questioned and admitted to having participated in channelling the queen's secret correspondence.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=99}} Anne initially swore on the Holy Sacrament that she had participated in no illegal correspondence, but finally admitted her guilt on 15 August.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|pages=100–101}} On 17 August, Queen Anne was forced to sign covenants regarding her correspondence, which was henceforth open to inspection; she was further banned from visiting convents without permission and was never to be left alone but was always to be in the presence of one of her ladies-in-waiting.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|pages=102–103}} This was soon followed up by a purge of her household, where those officials loyal to the queen were replaced by those loyal to the king and the Cardinal. Consequently, count Jean de Galard de Bearn de Brassac, known to be loyal to Richelieu, was appointed chamberlain of her household, and his spouse [[Catherine de Brassac]] replaced [[Marie-Catherine de Senecey]] as her ''[[Première dame d'honneur]]'' to keep the queen and her household under control.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=113}}
 
===Birth of an heir===
[[File:Louis XIII, Anne of Austria, and their son Louis XIV, flanked by Cardinal Richelieu and the Duchesse de Chevreuse.jpg|right|thumb|[[Louis XIII]], Anne, and their son [[Louis XIV]], flanked by [[Cardinal Richelieu]] and the Duchesse de Chevreuse]]
{{Quote box|align=right|width=40%|salign=right|They saw in the arms of this princess whom they had watched suffer great persecutions with so much staunchness, their child-King, like a gift given by Heaven in answer to their prayers.|—Madame de Motteville{{Sfn|Fraser|2007}}}}

Despite a climate of distrust, the queen became pregnant once more, a circumstance attributed to a single stormy night in December 1637{{efn|name=dec1637
|According to a contemporary account,{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|p=193}} on the night of 5 December 1637, the King was caught in a storm in the centre of Paris and was unable to reach his own bed, which had been arranged for him at the [[Princes of Condé|Condé]] estate in [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés#Château|Saint-Maur]], south-east of [[Vincennes]]. Cut off from his household staff, he was persuaded by the Captain of the Queen's Guard to spend the night at the Louvre; as a result, the King and Queen ate together and, since there was no royal bed available except the Queen's, slept together as well, resulting in Louis XIV's birth exactly nine months later.{{sfn|Noone|1988|p=42}}{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|pp=193–194}}}} or, as historians deem more likely, to a royal tour that occurred sometime during the previous month.{{efn|name=nov1637
|The reliable ''[[La Gazette (France)|La Gazette]]'' recorded that the royal couple lodged in [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye|St Germain]] from 9 November till 1 December 1637, before heading to Paris. On 2 December, the King travelled from Paris to [[Crosne, Essonne|Crosne]]–instead of Saint-Maur–whence he went to [[History of the Palace of Versailles#Louis XIII|Versailles]] on 5 December while the Queen remained in Paris. Kleinman contends that the King might well have stopped over in Paris on his way to Versailles, but even if he had spent the night of 5 December with the Queen, it doesn't imply this was the first time they shared a bed since August. The Queen's doctor, [[Charles Bouvard]], calculated that her pregnancy had begun at the end of November.{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|p=194}}}} [[Louis XIV]] was born on 5 September 1638, an event that secured the Bourbon line. At this time, Anne was 37.{{Sfn|Fraser|2007}} The official newspaper ''[[Gazette de France]]'' called the birth "a marvel when it was least expected".{{Sfn|Fraser|2007}}

The birth of a living son failed to re-establish confidence between the royal couple. However, she conceived again fifteen months later. At [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] on 21 September 1640, Anne gave birth to her second son, [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans]], who later founded the modern [[House of Orléans]]. Both of her children were placed under the supervision of the royal governess [[Françoise de Lansac]], who was disliked by Anne and loyal to the king and the cardinal.{{sfn|Kleinman|1985|page=146}} 

Richelieu made Louis XIII a gift of his palatial hôtel, the ''[[Palais-Royal|Palais Cardinal]]'', north of the Louvre, in 1636, but the king never took possession of it. Anne left the [[Louvre Palace]] to install herself there with her two small sons and remained as regent, hence the name Palais-Royal that the structure still carries.

===Issue===
The couple had the following children:
{| style="text-align:left; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=20% | Name !! Lifespan !! Notes 
|-
|stillborn child 
||December&nbsp;1619
||{{sfn|Dulong|1980|p=30}}{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|p=88}}
|-
|miscarriage 
||Spring&nbsp;1621
||{{sfn|Dulong|1980|p=30}}
|-
|miscarriage 
||14&nbsp;March&nbsp;1622
||{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|pp=105–107}}
|-
|miscarriage 
||November&nbsp;1626
||{{sfn|Dulong|1980|p=70}}
|-
|miscarriage
||April&nbsp;1631
||{{sfn|Kleinman|1993|p=159}}
|-
|[[Louis XIV of France]] 
||5&nbsp;September&nbsp;1638 – 1&nbsp;September&nbsp;1715
||Married [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa of Austria]] (1638–1683) in 1660. Had issue. Later secretly married [[Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon|Françoise d’Aubigné, “Madame de Maintenon”]], his last [[List of French royal mistresses|''maîtresse-en-titre'']], and had no issue.
|-
|[[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans]] 
||21&nbsp;September&nbsp;1640 – 8&nbsp;June&nbsp;1701
||Married (1) [[Princess Henrietta of England]] (1644–1670) in 1661. Had issue.<br />Married (2) [[Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate|Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, "Madame Palatine"]] (1652–1722) in 1671. Had issue.
|}

==Regent of France==
[[File:AnnaofAustria13.jpg|thumbnail|right|Anne of Austria widow, by [[Charles de Steuben]], [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]]. She never lost her love for magnificent jewellery, and she especially loved bracelets, which emphasized her famously beautiful hands.]]
Upon Louis' death in 1643, Anne was named [[regent]], despite his attempts to prevent her from obtaining the position. With the aid of [[Pierre Séguier]], she had the [[Parlement of Paris]] revoke the will of the late king, which would have limited her powers.{{cn|date=March 2024}} Their four-year-old son was crowned King Louis XIV of France. Anne assumed the regency but to general surprise entrusted the government to the chief minister, [[Cardinal Mazarin]], who was a protégé of Cardinal Richelieu and figured among the council of the regency. Mazarin took up residence at the Palais Royal near Queen Anne. Before long he was believed to be her lover, and, it was hinted, even her husband.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

With Mazarin's support, Anne overcame the aristocratic revolt, led by [[Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé]], that became known as the [[Fronde]]. In 1651, when her son Louis XIV officially came of age, her regency legally ended. However, she kept much power and influence over her son until the death of Mazarin.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

In January 1648, while acting as regent, Anne received a request on behalf of artists who were affiliated with the crown or aristocracy. The artists, led by painter [[Charles Le Brun]], wanted independence from the monopoly control of the [[guild]], which fined the artists or seized their work. The painters and sculptors petitioned Louis XIV and the Queen Regent to form a new organization. They wanted to found an academy that would be for the [[visual arts]] what [[Académie Française]] was for [[French literature]]; this was to become the [[Académie Royale]].{{sfn|Baetjer|2019|page=15}}

==Later life==
[[File:Anne d'Autriche, infante d'Espagne, reine de France, en costume royal, vers 1650, copie autrichienne d'après Beaubrun.jpg|thumbnail|left|upright|Final grand portrait of Anne of Austria, [[Charles Beaubrun]]]]

Anne's regency formally ended in 1651, when Louis XIV was declared of legal majority at the age of thirteen.

In 1659, the war with Spain ended with the [[Treaty of the Pyrenees]]. The following year, peace was cemented by the marriage of the young king to Anne's niece, the Spanish Habsburg princess [[Maria Theresa of Spain]]. In 1661, the same year as the death of Mazarin, an heir to the throne was born, Anne's first grandchild [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711)|Louis]]. Many other children would follow, but all in the legitimate line would die except for Louis.

Anne had issues a lump and pain in her breast since 1663, but didn't receive treatment until October 1664 when she started appearing [[Jaundice|jaundiced]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olson |first=James Stuart |url=http://archive.org/details/bathshebasbreast00olso |title=Bathsheba's breast : women, cancer & history |date=2002 |publisher=Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8018-6936-5 |pages=17-26}}</ref> Physician [[Antoine Vallot]] started treating her for  breast cancer, which had spread to her liver and caused her jaundice. The medical knowledge at the time was that [[Humorism|black bile]] was causing the cancer, so physicians treated her with [[Bleeding|bleedings]], [[Laxative|laxatives]], [[lead]], [[Poultice|quicksilver poultice]], [[Astringent|astringents]], and [[Salve|salves]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arikha |first=Noga |url=http://archive.org/details/passionstempers00arik |title=Passions and tempers : a history of the humours |date=2007 |publisher=New York, NY : Ecco |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-06-073116-8}}</ref> After Vallot lanced open a tumor under her arm, she nearly passed but Anne was quoted by [[Françoise Bertaut de Motteville]] as saying "Death is so close that when I see the end of another day it seems to me a miracle which I had not expected".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Motteville |first=Françoise de |url=http://archive.org/details/memoirsofmadamed01mottuoft |title=Memoirs of Madame de Motteville on Anne of Austria and her court. With an introd. by C.A. Saint-Beuve. Translated by Katharine Prescott Wormeley |last2=Wormeley |first2=Katharine Prescott |date=1902 |publisher=Boston Hardy, Pratt |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> She retired to the convent of [[Val-de-Grâce]] and passed from her cancer on January 20th, 1666.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kleinman |first=Ruth |date=1997 |title=Facing Cancer in the Seventeenth Century: The Last Illness of Anne of Austria, 1664-1666 |url=https://archive.org/details/anneofaustriaque0000klei |journal=Advances in Thanatology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=37-55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1916-02-03 |title=The Last Illness of Anne of Austria |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM191602031740520 |journal=The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal |volume=174 |issue=5 |pages=185–186 |doi=10.1056/NEJM191602031740520}}</ref>

==Conventual patronage and the Val-de-Grâce==
As part of her role as a member of French royalty, Anne visited churches and convents across France, where she met Marguerite de Veny d'Arbouze at the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce de la-Ville-d'Evêque. As well as securing from the King the position of Abbess at the Benedictine Val-de-Grâce de Notre-Dame-de-la-Crèche for Marguerite in 1618, Anne purchased lands and transferred the convent to Paris in 1621. She was named the new foundress of the convent in the same year. Her patronage included the building of a small church and an apartment for herself between 1620 and 1625, against the wishes of both Louis and Cardinal Richelieu.{{sfn|Hills|2003|pages=48–9}}

The [[Val-de-Grâce (church)|Val-de-Grâce]] was commissioned by Anne in 1645, which was undertaken initially by Francois Mansart, who was dismissed in 1646 and succeeded by Jacques Lemercier. This church became Anne's main place of worship and would later gain dynastic significance during the Fronde when she was queen regent. In 1662, she acquired the heart of her ancestor, Anne Elizabeth of France, and placed it in the 
[[Val-de-Grâce (church)#Chapels of Saint Anne and Saint Louis|Chapel of Saint Anne]]. In 1666, Anne's own body was interred next to Louis XIII's at the [[Basilica of St Denis]] in Paris,{{sfn|Saint Denis}} but her heart in the [[Val-de-Grâce (church)#Chapels of Saint Anne and Saint Louis|Chapel of Saint Sacrament]],{{sfn|Dulong|1980|p=348}} alongside the body of Marguerite d'Arbouze.{{sfn|Mignot|2001|page=112}}

== In fiction ==
She is one of the central figures in [[Alexandre Dumas]]'s 1844 novel ''[[The Three Musketeers]]'' and its sequels ''[[Twenty Years After]]'' (1845) and ''[[The Vicomte de Bragelonne]]'' (1847–1850), and has thus been portrayed in [[The Three Musketeers in film|numerous film adaptations]].

Her lady-in-waiting [[Madame de Motteville]] wrote the story of the queen's life in her ''Mémoires d'Anne d'Autriche''. 

She was portrayed by [[Geraldine Chaplin]] in [[The Three Musketeers (1973 live-action film)|''The Three Musketeers'']] and [[The Four Musketeers (1974 film)|''The Four Musketeers'']].

She appears in a French film based on the life of Louis XIV, [[Le Roi danse]], portrayed by Collette Emmanuelle, and King Louis portrayed by [[Benoît Magimel]] (2000). 

She was portrayed by [[Alexandra Dowling]] in the BBC series ''[[The Musketeers]]'' (2014–2016).

She first appears as a character in the ''[[Dinosaur King#Anime|Dinosaur King]]'' season two episode "The French Conniption" as a young teen along with a young King Louis and others.

She appeared in ''[[Legends of Tomorrow]]''{{'}}s second-season premiere episode "Out of Time", played by Rebecca Roberts.

She appeared in final episode of the third season of series ''[[As If (Turkish TV series)|As If]]'', played by Yeşim Ceylan.

She was portrayed by [[Vicky Krieps]] in the 2023 French film ''[[The Three Musketeers: D'Artagnan]]'' and ''[[The Three Musketeers: Milady]]''.

Anne of Austria has a cameo in television series [[Versailles (TV series)|''Versailles'']] (season 1, episode 1).

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
| boxstyle_1 = background-color: #fcc;
| boxstyle_2 = background-color: #fb9;
| boxstyle_3 = background-color: #ffc;
| boxstyle_4 = background-color: #bfc;
| 1 = {{nowrap|1. '''Anne of Austria'''}}
| 2 = 2. [[Philip III of Spain]]
| 3 = 3. [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]
| 4 = 4. [[Philip II of Spain]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip III">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Philipp III. |volume=7 |page=120}}</ref> 
| 5 = 5. [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anna of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Philip III"/> (≠ 15)
| 6 = 6. [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria|Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Margaretha">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien) |volume=7 |page=13}}</ref>
| 7 = 7. [[Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)|Maria Anna of Bavaria]]<ref name="BLKO-Margaretha"/>
| 8 = 8. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="CathEncy-Philip II">{{CathEncy |wstitle=Philip II |volume=12|first=Godefroid |last=Kurth}}</ref>
| 9 = 9. [[Isabella of Portugal]]<ref name="CathEncy-Philip II"/>
| 10 = 10. [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Anna">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Spanien) |volume=6 |page=151}}</ref>
| 11 = 11. [[Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress|Maria of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Anna"/>
| 12 = 12. [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<ref name="BLKO-Karl II">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Karl II. von Steiermark |volume=6 |page=352}}</ref>
| 13 = 13. [[Anne of Bohemia and Hungary]]<ref name="BLKO-Karl II"/>
| 14 = 14. [[Albert V, Duke of Bavaria]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria von Bayern">{{BLKO |wstitle=Habsburg, Maria von Bayern |volume=7 |page=20}}</ref>
| 15 = 15. [[Archduchess Anna of Austria|Anna of Austria]]<ref name="BLKO-Maria von Bayern"/> (≠ 5)
}}

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|File:Anne of Austria by Frans Pourbus, 1616.jpg|Portrait of Anne at the age of 15 by [[Frans Pourbus the Younger]], {{circa|1616}}, ([[Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe]])
|File:Anne of Austria by Rubens (c.1622, Prado).jpg|Anne of Austria, 1622, by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] ([[Prado]])
|File:Portrait équestre d'Anne d'Autriche.jpg|Equestrian portrait of Anne ([[Versailles]])
|File:Anne of Austria (Queen mother) with her two sons Louis XIV of France and Philippe, Duke of Orléans (unknown artist).jpg|Anne with her sons, [[Louis XIV of France|Louis]] and [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe]] ([[Versailles Museum of French History]])
|File:Royal Monogram of Anne of Austria, Queen of France.svg|[[Royal monogram]] as Queen of France
|File:Anne of Austria with her children (King Louis XIV and Philippe, Duke of Anjou) praying to the Holy trinity (Philippe de Champaigne).jpg|Anne of Austria with her children praying to the Holy Trinity with [[Benedict of Nursia|St Benedict]] and his sister [[Scholastica|St Scholastica]] by [[Philippe de Champaigne]]
|File:AnnaofAustria10.jpg|Portrait by [[Charles Beaubrun]], {{circa|1650}}
}}

==Explanatory footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
====Books====
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last= Baetjer |first= Katharine |title= French Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art from the Early Eighteenth Century Through the Revolution |date= 2019 |isbn= 978-158-839661-7 |page= 15 |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3CqQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |access-date= 3 August 2019}}
* {{Cite book |last= Dulong |first= Claude |date= 1980 |type= hardcover |title= Anne d'Autriche, Mère de Louis XIV |language= fr |location= Paris |publisher= Hachette |isbn= 978-2-0100-4474-8}}
* {{Cite book |last= Fraser |first= Antonia |title= Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King |publisher= National Geographic Books |date= 2007 |isbn= 978-1-4000-3374-4 |author-link= Antonia Fraser}}
* {{Cite book |last= Freer |first= Martha Walker |title= The Married Life of Anne of Austria, Queen of France |publisher= Tinsley Brothers |date= 1864 |location= London}} Vols [https://books.google.com/books?id=OdQ5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 1] & [https://books.google.com/books?id=jL9PAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 2] at Google Books.
* {{cite book |last= Hills |first= Helen |title= Architecture and the Politics of Gender in Early Modern Europe |date= 2003 |publisher= Ashgate |location= Aldershot |isbn= 978-0-7546-0309-2 |pages= 48–9}}
* {{Cite book |last= Kleinman |first= Ruth |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=li-yAAAAIAAJ |title= Anne of Austria: Queen of France |date= 1985 |publisher= Ohio State University Press |isbn= 978-0-8142-0389-7 |location=University of California |pages= 279}}
* {{Cite book |last= Kleinman |first= Ruth |date= 1993 |title= Anne d'Autriche |language= French |orig-date= First published 1985. Columbus: Ohio State University Press (in English) |location= Paris |publisher= Fayard |isbn= 978-2-2130-3030-2}}
* {{Cite book |last= Mansel |first= Philip |title= King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV |publisher= University of Chicago Press |date= 2020 |isbn= 978-0-226-69089-6}}
* {{Cite book |last= Mignot |first= Claude |title= Le Val-de-Grâce : l'ermitage d'une Reine |language= fr |date= 2001 |publisher= CNRS Éditions |location= Paris |isbn= 978-2-2710-5144-8 |page= 112 |edition= [Réimpr.]}}
* {{cite book |last= Noone |first= John |author-link= John Noone |date= 1988 |type= hardcover |title= The Man behind the Mask |location= Gloucester |publisher= Alan Sutton |isbn= 978-0-86299-475-4}}
* {{Cite book |last= Seward |first= Desmond |author-link= Desmond Seward |date= 2022 |title= The Bourbon Kings of France |location= London |publisher= Lume Books |pages= 60–61 |isbn= 979-8-367-43030-1}}
{{refend}}

====Websites====
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title=Map of the tombs in the Basilica of Saint Denis |url=https://uk.tourisme93.com/basilica/map-of-the-tombs-saint-denis-basilica.html |at=[Scroll down to: Figures whose effigies were destroyed or were never made] |publisher=Seine-Saint-Denis Tourism |website=tourisme93.com |access-date=8 December 2024 |df=dmy-all |quote=Anne of Austria † 1666 |ref={{sfnref|Saint Denis}}}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* La Varende, Jean de (1938). ''Anne d' Autriche: femme de Louis XIII''. Paris: Les Éditions de France. {{OCLC|34567717}}. 2014 reprint: {{ISBN|9782851577269}}.
* Mallick, Oliver (2011). "Freundin oder Gönnerin? Anna von Österreich im Spiegel ihrer Korrespondenz", in: ''Freundschaft. Eine politisch-soziale Beziehung in Deutschland und Frankreich, 12.–19. Jahrhundert (8. Sommerkurs des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Paris in Zusammenarbeit mit der Universität Paris-Sorbonne, der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg und der École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 3.–6. Juli 2011)'', ed. by Bertrand Haan, Christian Kühner (discussions, 8). [http://www.perspectivia.net/content/publikationen/discussions/8-2013/mallick_freundin Online at perspectivia.net]
* Mallick, Oliver (2013). "Clients and Friends: The Ladies-in-waiting at the Court of Anne of Austria (1615–1666)", in ''The Politics of Female Households. Ladies-in-Waiting across Early Modern Europe'', ed. by Nadine N. Akkerman, Birgit Houben, Leiden: Brill, p.&nbsp;231–264.
* Mallick, Oliver (2016). "Au service de la reine. Anne d'Autriche et sa maison (1616–1666)", in: ''www.cour-de-france.de''. [http://cour-de-france.fr/article4211.html?lang=fr Online at cour-de-france.fr]
* Mallick, Oliver (2016). '''Spiritus intus agit'. Die Patronagepolitik der Anna von Österreich 1643–1666''. Berlin: De Gruyter.
*{{cite book |last=Robiquet |first=Paul |date=1912 |title=Le coeur d'une Reine. Anne d'Autriche, Louis XIII et Mazarin |publisher=Felix Alcan |location=Paris}}
*{{cite book |last=Vignal Souleyreau |first=Marie-Catherine |title=Anne d' Autriche: La jeunesse d' une souveraine|date=2006 |publisher=Flammarion |location=Paris}}

==External links ==
*{{Commons-inline}}
* {{cite Q|Q115750030|editor-first=Henry Gardiner|editor-last=Adams}}<!-- [[s:A Cyclopaedia of Female Biography/Anne of Austria]] -->
*[http://www.altesses.eu/princes003.php An expansive portrait gallery of Anne of Austria and her husband Louis XIII]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Habsburg]]|22 September|1601|20 January|1666}}
{{s-roy|fr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|rows=2|last=[[Marie de' Medici]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of Navarre]]|years=1615 – 1620}}
{{s-non|reason=French annexation}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen consort of France]]|years=1615 – 1643}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Maria Theresa of Spain]]}}
{{s-roy|pt}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Philip III of Spain|Philip (II)]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Princess of Portugal]]|years=22 September 1601 – 8 April 1605}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Philip IV of Spain|Philip (III)]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Austrian archduchesses}}
{{Infantas of Spain}}
{{Portuguese infantas}}
{{French consorts}}
{{Navarrese royal consorts}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anne Of Austria}}
[[Category:Anne of Austria| ]]
[[Category:1601 births]]
[[Category:1666 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:17th-century regents]]
[[Category:17th-century women regents]]
[[Category:17th-century French writers]]
[[Category:17th-century Spanish women writers]]
[[Category:17th-century memoirists]]
[[Category:Queens consort of France]]
[[Category:Louis XIII]]
[[Category:French queen mothers]]
[[Category:Regents of France]]

[[Category:Austrian princesses]]
[[Category:French memoirists]]
[[Category:Navarrese royal consorts]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantas]]
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[[Category:People from Valladolid]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:Deaths from breast cancer in France]]
[[Category:People of the Fronde]]
[[Category:Castilian infantas]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantas]]

[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:Children of Philip III of Spain]]
[[Category:Navarrese queen mothers]]
[[Category:Daughters of dukes]]