View source for Anshan

{{About||the capital city in the historic region of Persia|Anshan (Persia)||Anshan (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|name                         = Anshan
|native_name                  = 鞍山市
|native_name_lang = zh
|settlement_type              = [[Prefecture-level city]]
|total_type                   = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
|motto                        = 
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline                = {{multiple image
| border                   = infobox
| total_width              = 290
| image_style              = border:1;
| perrow                   = 1/2/1
| image1                   = Anshan City Skyline.jpg
| image2                   = Jade Buddha Palace in Anshan.jpg
| image3                   = Anshan train station.jpg
| image4                   = Lishan, Anshan, Liaoning, China - panoramio (1).jpg
}}
| image_size               = 
| image_caption            = '''Left to right, top to bottom:''' Anshan skyline, the [[Jade Buddha Palace]], the [[Anshan railway station]], [[Lishan District|Lishan]] Temple
|image_map                    = Location of Anshan Prefecture within Liaoning (China).png
|mapsize                      = 
|map_caption                  = Location of Anshan City jurisdiction in Liaoning
|image_map1                   = 
|mapsize1                     = 
|map_caption1                 = 
|image_dot_map                = 
|dot_mapsize                  = 
|dot_map_caption              = 
|dot_x                        = 
|dot_y                        = 
|pushpin_map                  = Liaoning
|pushpin_label_position       = top
|pushpin_map_caption          = Location of the city centre in Liaoning
|pushpin_mapsize              = 
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type             = Country
|subdivision_name             = [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|subdivision_type1            = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
|subdivision_name1            = [[Liaoning]]
|subdivision_type2            = 
|subdivision_name2            = 
<!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->
|seat_type                    = Municipal seat
|seat                         = [[Tiedong District, Anshan|Tiedong District]]
|parts_type                   = Districts and Counties
|parts_style                  = coll
|parts                        = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list -->
|p1                           = [[Tiedong District, Anshan|Tiedong District]]
|p2                           = [[Tiexi District, Anshan|Tiexi District]]
|p3                           = [[Lishan District]]
|p4                           = [[Qianshan District]]
|p5                           = [[Haicheng, Liaoning|Haicheng]] City
|p6                           = [[Tai'an County, Liaoning|Tai'an County]]
|p7                           = [[Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County]]
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes         = 
|government_type              = 
|leader_title                 = [[Party Committee Secretary|Party Secretary]]
|leader_name                  = Wang Shiwei
|leader_title1                = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name1                 = Wu Zhongqiong
|established_title            = <!-- Settled -->
|established_date             = 
<!-- Area    --------------------->
|area_magnitude               = 
|unit_pref                    = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric-->
|area_footnotes               = 
|area_total_km2               = 9270
|area_land_km2                = 8563
|area_water_km2               = 689
|area_water_percent           = 7.4
|area_blank1_title       = [[District (China)|Districts]]
|area_blank1_km2         =  
|area_urban_km2          = 794.9 
|area_metro_km2          = 3997.8 
|area_urban_footnotes    = <ref name="CUCSY_2017">{{cite book |editor1=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |editor-link=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development |title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2017 |date=2019 |publisher=China Statistics Press |location=Beijing |page=50 |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |access-date=11 January 2020 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618043019/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02019012421874448287322500.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<!-- Elevation -------------------------->
|elevation_footnotes          = <!--for references: use <ref> tags-->
|elevation_m                  = 
|elevation_ft                 = 
|elevation_max_m              = 1141
|elevation_max_ft             = 
|elevation_min_m              = 2
|elevation_min_ft             = 
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
|population_as_of             = 2020 census
|population_footnotes         = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/liaoning/admin/|title=China: Liáoníng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
|population_note              = 
|population_total             = 3325372
|population_urban_title = 
|population_blank1            = 
|population_urban             = 1543696
|population_metro             = 2712789
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_density_urban_km2       = auto
|population_density_metro_km2       = auto
|population_density_km2       = auto
| demographics_type2   = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=辽宁省统计局、国家统计局辽宁调查总队 |title=《辽宁统计年鉴－2016》 |date=October 2016 |publisher=[[China Statistics Press]] |isbn=978-7-5037-7900-8 |url=http://www.ln.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjcx/ndsj/otherpages/2016/indexch.htm |access-date=2017-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605134500/http://www.ln.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjcx/ndsj/otherpages/2016/indexch.htm |archive-date=2017-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 233.7 billion<br />[[US$]] 37.5 billion 
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 64,710<br />US$ 10,389 
<!-- General information  --------------->
|timezone                     = [[Time in China|China Standard]]
|utc_offset                   = +8
|coordinates                  = {{coord|41.108|N|122.994|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-21_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
|coor_pinpoint = Anshan municipal government
|postal_code_type             = [[List of postal codes in China|Postal code]]
|postal_code                  = 114010
|area_code                    = [[Telephone numbers in China|412]]
|blank_name                   = [[Vehicle registration plates of China|Licence plates]]
|blank_info                   = {{lang|zh-cn|辽C}}
|blank1_name                  = [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Administrative division code]]
|blank1_info                  = 210300
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-LN-03]]
|website                      = [http://www.anshan.gov.cn/ Anshan.gov.cn]
|footnotes                    = 
}}

'''Anshan''' ({{lang-zh|s=鞍山|p=Ānshān}}) is an inland [[prefecture-level city]] in central-southeast [[Liaoning province]], [[People's Republic of China]], about {{convert|92|km}} south of the provincial capital [[Shenyang]]. As of the 2020 census, it was Liaoning's third most populous city with a population of 3,325,372 people, over an area of about {{convert|9,270|km2|abbr=on}} spanning {{convert|133|km|abbr=on}} from east to the west. Its built-up area encompassing the 4 Anshan urban districts (1,543,696 inhabitants), the 4 out of 5 urban [[Liaoyang]] districts (796,962 inhabitants, Gongchangling not being conurbated yet) and Liaoyang county largely being conurbated, was home to 2,712,789 inhabitants in 2020.

The city's name came from the [[horse saddle]]-like shape of a nearby mountain south of the city, which can be seen on the left (west) about five minutes before the northbound train arrives at [[Anshan railway station]].  Anshan is home to the [[Anshan Iron and Steel Group]], one of the largest [[steel industry|steel producer]]s in China.  Anshan is [[sister city]] with [[Sheffield]], [[United Kingdom]].

Anshan holds one-third of the world's supply of [[talcum]]<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China">{{cite web|title=China Briefing Business Reports|url=http://shopping.china-briefing.com/index_eproduct_view.php?products_id=21|publisher=Asia Briefing|year=2009|access-date=2009-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090218223602/http://shopping.china-briefing.com/index_eproduct_view.php?products_id=21|archive-date=18 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and a quarter of the world's reserves of [[magnesite]].<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>  Anshan also produced the largest ever [[jade]] stone, now a local tourist attraction carved as a [[Buddha statue]].<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>

==History==
[[File:Old Anshan Cheng Gate.jpg|thumb|left|Anshan old city gate]]
The area of Anshan has been inhabited since prehistoric times.  It has been a site of iron mining and metallurgy for over 2,000 years.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=289}} The area remained of little significance, a small city in Liaodong province, overshadowed by neighbouring Liaoyang city, until the mid-20th Century.

In 1587 Anshan was fortified by the [[Ming Dynasty]] to combat the growing power of the [[Manchu]]. The city was burnt down during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], and was destroyed again in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905). As a result of this war, Japan had gained influence in Liaoning and was engaged in industrialising the region. Anshan lay beside the new [[South Manchuria Railway]] line that ran from the port of [[Dalian]] to the major city of [[Shenyang]].

As part of the economic privileges that Japan forced China to cede in 1915, Japan obtained concessions in Anshan.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=29}}

From 1918 to 1945, Anshan was under Japanese colonial control and was a centre for modern iron and steel production.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=289}} After the [[Mukden Incident]] in 1931, Japan occupied the northeast of China. The mills were turned into a Japanese-owned monopoly. In 1933, the site was expanded to include steel production and the company was renamed [[Showa Steel Works]].<ref>Yoshihisa Tak Matsusaka, ''The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904-1932'' (2001), p.222–3.</ref> Anshan became part of the Japanese puppet state of [[Manchukuo]]. In 1937, [[Puyi]] officially designated Anshan as a city.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=56}} During Japanese colonial control, Anshan was ethnically separated, with Japanese living east of its railway line and Chinese living west of it.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|pages=56–57}} Schools in the city were also segregated.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=57}}

Additional industries developed around the iron and steel mills. Anshan grew significantly in size around this new industrial site, becoming one of, if not the largest producers of iron and steel in Asia.<ref name="Beasley 1991">{{cite book
 | last = Beasley
 | first = W.G.
 | year = 1991
 | title = Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | isbn = 0-19-822168-1
}}</ref> It was therefore of strategic importance in the [[Pacific War]], and was subject to several attacks by [[B-29 Superfortress]] [[strategic bomber]]s of the [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]]. The Japanese Army detached the 1st ''Chutai'' (unit) of the 104th ''[[Sentai]]'' (squadron) of the [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Force]], to Anshan, with other air squadrons for industrial defence purposes. Although this unit was equipped with modern [[Nakajima Ki-84]] Ia (Manshu Type) Hayate "Frank" fighters, manufactured by [[Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company|Manshūkoku Hikōki Seizo KK]], the plant suffered heavy damage from the air raids, losing up to 30% of its capacity.<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Astor
 | first = Gerald
 | year = 2004
 | title = The Jungle War: Mavericks, Marauders and Madmen in the China-Burma-India Theater of World War II
| publisher = Wiley
 | pages = 312
 | isbn = 0-471-27393-7
}}</ref>

After the [[Victory in Europe Day|war in Europe ended]], the [[Soviet Union]] declared war on Japan, as the Red Army simultaneously launched [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|Operation August Storm]]. Soviet forces advanced rapidly and soon captured much of Manchuria from the Japanese. In late 1945, the [[Soviet Red Army]] occupied a large amount of Liaoning and took major portions of the area's manufacturing and mining equipment to the Soviet Union.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=289}}

With the defeat of Japan in 1945, Anshan was returned to China along with the rest of the Chinese Manchuria. Civil war continued between the Nationalists and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP). The Nationalist Government attempted to revive manufacturing in the area during their period of control from 1946 to 1948.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=|pages=289–290}} The Nationalists withdrew from Anshan in February 1948.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=91}}

The CCP entered the city on 28 February.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=97}} Upon beginning governing in Anshan, CCP authorities sought to implement [[New Democracy]] by nationalizing some private enterprises with compensation and providing financial support to other private business.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=121}} A significant amount of Japanese remained in Anshan, and they were governed indirectly by the CCP through an intermediary group of Japanese Communist cadre, which included members of the [[Japanese Communist Party]] who had been in the region before 1945, former Japanese soldiers who had been reeducated in [[Yan'an Soviet|Yan'an]], and Japanese Communists recruited and trained by the CCP after 1945.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=122}}

The northeast of China was marked out to become a major industrial centre for the new People's Republic of China. Anshan became a key part of China's approach to "socialist industrialization" which, modeled after the Soviet approach, focused on the development of heavy industry [[State-owned enterprises of China|state-owned enterprises]].<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=1}} Its mining and manufacturing industries had to be rebuilt almost from scratch, however.<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|pages=289–290}} During this period, Anshan was given the same status as [[provinces]], although it was reversed after the period ended. In December 1948, the [[Anshan Steel|Anshan Iron and Steel Company]]—also known as ''Angang''—was founded. It was a centre of industrialization as part of China's First [[Five-year plans of China|Five-Year Plan]].<ref name=":1" />{{Rp|page=290}} Production in the newly repaired steel plant resumed on July 9, 1949. The plant was the largest steel producer in China.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hirata |first=Koji |title=Making Mao's Steelworks: Industrial Manchuria and the Transnational Origins of Chinese Socialism |date=2024 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-009-38227-4 |series=Cambridge Studies in the History of the People's Republic of China series |location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=1}} Anshan developed the nickname, "Steel Metropolis".<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=1}} Other industries set up alongside the steel plant including mining for coal, iron and other minerals.

Anshan became a formal administrative region under the Northeastern People's Government (later renamed as the Northeastern Administration Commission) in November 1949.

Anshan is reported to have served as a base for Soviet MIG fighter aircraft and pilots during the Korean War (1950–1953) in air combat operations against US/UN forces.<ref>Zhang, Xiaoming (2002). ''Red Wings Over The Yalu: China, the Soviet Union, and the Air War In Korea''</ref>

In 1954, Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited Anshan.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=1}}

On March 12, 1953, the city became a municipality under the Central Government's direct administration. [[Haicheng, Liaoning|Haicheng]] County and Xiuyan County were subordinated to [[Liaodong]] Province. Tai'an County was subordinated to [[Liaoxi]] Province. On August 22, 1954, the central government decided that Anshan should be administered by [[Liaoning]] Province.

During the [[Cultural Revolution]], on 17 August 1967, the CCP's central authorities issued the ''Resolution on the Anshan Question'' which criticized the CCP Angang Committee and the CCP Anshan City Committee members as [[capitalist roader]]s.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=253}} Three days later, the Anshan City Military Control Committee was established by the People's Liberation Army with Zhang Feng and [[Chen Shaokun]] as the Committee directors.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=253}} The Committee implemented military control over both Angang and Anshan.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=253}} On 20 March 1968, the city's [[Revolutionary committee (China)|Revolutionary Committee]] was created.<ref name=":0" />{{Rp|page=253}}

The State Council confirmed that Anshan should be in charge of Xiuyan County and Haicheng City in 1985.

The furnaces of the steel plant were changed in the 1980s to designs which blow oxygen in from the front. This increased the production and also reduced pollution. In the 1990s, they were additionally altered to blow oxygen in from the top as well. This further increases production and reduces pollution. In December 2000, all three production lines of Anshan Iron and Steel Company switched from mould-casting to continuous casting. This new technology has significantly reduced the dust and other pollution in the city. The new plant equipment is also much less labour-intensive. This has meant a reduction in the workforce has caused an unemployment problem in the city. A new drive to market Anshan as a tourist destination is hoped to help bolster the city's economy.

==Geography==
Sited north of the [[Liao River]] plains, Anshan has wide flat lands in the west and central regions that develop into hilly and mountainous terrain on the southeastern fringes, which is bounded by the [[Qian Mountains]] and contains the famous [[Qianshan National Park]].  The region is rich in minerals including [[iron ore]], [[coal]], [[magnesite]], [[talcum]] and [[jade]].  The plains of western Anshan have large flat fertile fields ideal for agriculture, with {{convert|24480|ha|acre}} of arable land accounting for 26.4% of its total land area.  One such agricultural product that Anshan has become renowned for is the Nanguo pears ({{lang-zh|南果梨}}, ''[[Pyrus ussuriensis]] [[cultivated variety|c.v.]] Nanguo''), nicknamed the "king of pears". Anshan was used as a travel post with [[motels]] during the [[Ming Dynasty]] ({{lang-zh|明朝}}) for travellers who passed by on work duty.

===Climate===
Anshan has a [[monsoon]]-influenced [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dwa'') characterised by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and rather long, cold, and arid winters, due to the [[Siberian anticyclone]]. The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from {{convert|−7.6|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|25.9|°C|1}} in July, while the annual mean is {{convert|10.6|°C|1}}. Sunshine is generous and amounts to 2,595.4 hours annually, while relative humidity averages 55%, ranging from 44% in April to 71% in July and August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|−26.9|°C|1}} up to {{convert|36.7|°C|1}}.

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Anshan, elevation {{convert|77|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2025)
|Jan high C = 	-3.3
|Feb high C = 	1.2
|Mar high C = 	8.4
|Apr high C = 	17.4
|May high C = 	24.2
|Jun high C = 	28.0
|Jul high C = 	30.0
|Aug high C = 	29.2
|Sep high C = 	24.9
|Oct high C = 	17.1
|Nov high C = 	7.1
|Dec high C = 	-0.7
|Jan mean C = 	-7.6
|Feb mean C = 	-3.3
|Mar mean C = 	3.6
|Apr mean C = 	12.1
|May mean C = 	18.9
|Jun mean C = 	23.3
|Jul mean C = 	25.9
|Aug mean C = 	25.0
|Sep mean C = 	19.9
|Oct mean C = 	12.1
|Nov mean C = 	2.7
|Dec mean C = 	-5.0
|Jan low C = 	-11.2
|Feb low C = 	-7.1
|Mar low C = 	-0.5
|Apr low C = 	7.5
|May low C = 	14.1
|Jun low C = 	19.0
|Jul low C = 	22.3
|Aug low C = 	21.4
|Sep low C = 	15.5
|Oct low C = 	7.7
|Nov low C = 	-1.1
|Dec low C = 	-8.6
|Jan record high C = 8.9 |Jan record low C = -26.9
|Feb record high C = 17.5 |Feb record low C = -23.9
|Mar record high C = 26.1 |Mar record low C = -24.0
|Apr record high C = 30.2 |Apr record low C = -6.3
|May record high C = 34.7 |May record low C = 1.2
|Jun record high C = 36.5 |Jun record low C = 8.0
|Jul record high C = 36.7 |Jul record low C = 13.6
|Aug record high C = 36.0 |Aug record low C = 9.5
|Sep record high C = 32.6 |Sep record low C = 1.7
|Oct record high C = 29.2 |Oct record low C = -6.2
|Nov record high C = 22.7 |Nov record low C = -16.0
|Dec record high C = 15.5 |Dec record low C = -24.5
|year high C =  |year low C = 
|year high F =  |year low F =
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	8.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 	10.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 	17.7
|Apr precipitation mm = 	37.2
|May precipitation mm = 	65.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 	87.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 	154.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 	180.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 	54.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 	44.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 	27.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 	13.0
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days =  3.6
|Feb precipitation days =  3.5
|Mar precipitation days =  4.6
|Apr precipitation days =  7.0
|May precipitation days =  8.5
|Jun precipitation days = 11.1
|Jul precipitation days = 13.2
|Aug precipitation days = 11.0
|Sep precipitation days =  7.5
|Oct precipitation days =  6.6
|Nov precipitation days =  5.2
|Dec precipitation days =  3.7
|Jan humidity = 	53
|Feb humidity = 	47
|Mar humidity = 	45
|Apr humidity = 	44
|May humidity = 	49
|Jun humidity = 	60
|Jul humidity = 	71
|Aug humidity = 	71
|Sep humidity = 	61
|Oct humidity = 	54
|Nov humidity = 	54
|Dec humidity = 	54
|Jan sun = 	186.1
|Feb sun = 	196.4
|Mar sun = 	236.2
|Apr sun = 	241.5
|May sun = 	270.5
|Jun sun = 	238.5
|Jul sun = 	213.6
|Aug sun = 	222.4
|Sep sun = 	236.3
|Oct sun = 	213.2
|Nov sun = 	173.1
|Dec sun = 	167.6
|year sun = 
| Jan percentsun = 	62
| Feb percentsun = 	65
| Mar percentsun = 	64
| Apr percentsun = 	60
| May percentsun = 	60
| Jun percentsun = 	53
| Jul percentsun = 	47
| Aug percentsun = 	53
| Sep percentsun = 	64
| Oct percentsun = 	63
| Nov percentsun = 	59
| Dec percentsun = 	59
| year percentsun =
|Jan snow days = 	5.7
|Feb snow days = 	4.8
|Mar snow days = 	4.2
|Apr snow days = 	1.2
|May snow days = 	0
|Jun snow days = 	0
|Jul snow days = 	0
|Aug snow days = 	0
|Sep snow days = 	0
|Oct snow days = 	0.4
|Nov snow days = 	4.3
|Dec snow days = 	6.0
|year snow days = 
|source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =29 July 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather China<ref name = Clim>{{cite web
| url = http://www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101070301.shtml?
| script-title=zh:鞍山 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 
| publisher = Weather China
| language = zh
| access-date = 28 November 2022}}</ref>
}}

== Administrative divisions ==
Anshan is divided into four districts, one city, one county and one autonomous county.

{|class="wikitable"
!colspan="6"| Map
|-
|colspan="6" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Anshan.png|width=400|link=}} 
{{Image label|x=480|y=395|scale=400/950|text=[[Tiedong District, Anshan|{{small|'''Tiedong'''}}]]}}
{{Image label|x=390|y=350|scale=400/950|text=[[Tiexi District, Anshan|'''Tiexi''']]}}
{{Image label|x=520|y=340|scale=400/950|text=[[Lishan District|'''Lishan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=390|y=460|scale=400/950|text=[[Qianshan District|'''Qianshan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=300|y=590|scale=400/950|text=[[Haicheng, Liaoning|'''Haicheng<br>{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label|x=110|y=150|scale=400/950|text=[[Tai'an County, Liaoning|'''Tai'an<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=640|y=890|scale=400/950|text=[[Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County|'''Xiuyan<br>County''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|S]])
! [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]]
! Population<br>(2003 est.)
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density (/km<sup>2</sup>)
|----------
|[[Tiedong District, Anshan|Tiedong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|铁东区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Tiědōng Qū}}
|490,000
|30
|16,333
|----------
|[[Tiexi District, Anshan|Tiexi District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|铁西区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Tiěxī Qū}}
|290,000
|34
|8,529
|----------
|[[Lishan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|立山区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Lìshān Qū}}
|420,000
|55
|7,636
|----------
|[[Qianshan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|千山区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Qiānshān Qū}}
|260,000
|503
|517
|----------
|[[Haicheng, Liaoning|Haicheng City]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|海城市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Hǎichéng Shì}}
|1,130,000
|2,732
|414
|----------
|[[Tai'an County, Liaoning|Tai'an County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|台安县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Tái'ān Xiàn}}
|380,000
|1,393
|273
|----------
|[[Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|岫岩满族<br>自治县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Xiùyán Mǎnzú<br>Zìzhìxiàn}}
|510,000
|4,502
|113
|}

==Economy==
[[File:鞍山市齐大山铁矿.JPG|thumb|461x461px|Qidashan open cast iron ore mine, one of three large pits surrounding Anshan city]]
The north east of China is a major industrial zone and Anshan is one of the key sites of the north east. Anshan is in the midst of a at least a quarter of China's iron and coal resources.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Harrell |first=Stevan |title=An Ecological History of Modern China |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |year=2023 |isbn=9780295751719 |location=Seattle}}</ref>{{Rp|page=289}} The city is renowned as "China's capital of iron and steel". Prior to the development of the Iron and Steel industries, Anshan was a relatively small city of little importance. As the steel mills expanded, so to did the city. Spin off industries developed alongside the steel plant making the area a centre of heavy industry.

As a joint Sino-Japanese venture, Anshan Zhenzing Iron Ore Company Unlimited was started in Anshan in 1918. When Japan occupied Northeast China in 1931, these mills were turned into a Japanese owned monopoly. Anshan subsequently became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and additional industries developed around the iron and steel mills. Due to its mills, the city became a significant strategic industrial hub during World War II and as such, was subject to constant Allied bombing during the war.

Total production of processed [[iron]] in [[Manchuria]] reached 1,000,000 tonnes in 1931–32, of which almost half was made by Shōwa Steel in Anshan. Iron production grew to 7,000,000 tonnes in 1938 and by 1941, Shōwa Steel Works had a total capacity production of 1,750,000 tonnes of iron bars and 1,000,000 tonnes of processed [[steel]]. By 1942, Anshan's Shōwa Steel Works total production capacity reached 3,600,000 tonnes, making it one of the major iron and steel centers in the world.<ref name="Beasley 1991"/>
[[File:Showa Steel Works.JPG|thumb|An Gang steel company before 1945]]
In 1945, the steel plant was looted by Soviet forces. The [[Nationalist government|Republic of China government]] partially repaired the site, but it was destroyed again during the [[Chinese Civil War]] that saw the CCP forces victorious. The mills were once again repaired and Anshan Iron and Steel Company (Angang) was founded in 1948. From then to 2001, the company produced 290 million tons of steel, 284 million tons of pig iron and 192 million tons of rolled steel. Until {{When|date=February 2011}} the opening of a new steel plant in Shanghai, Angang was the largest steel producer in China. Today, Angang consists of three steelworks with 13 rolling mills plus supporting plants which produce coke, refractory materials and machinery for the steel plants. The company has an annual production capacity of 10 million tons of pig iron, 10 million tons of steel and 9.5 million tons of rolled steel. A quarter of China's total iron ore reserves, about 10 billion tons, are located in Anshan, ensuring that the city will remain an important steel producer well into the future.<ref>{{cite book
  | last = Huang
  | first = Youyi
  |author2=Xiao Siaoming |author3=Li Zhenguo |author4=Zhang Zouku
   | title = Liaoning, Home of the Manchus & Cradle of Qing Empire
  | publisher = Foreign Languages Press, Beijing
  | year = 2006
  | pages = 227
  | isbn = 7-119-04517-2}}</ref>

Anshan is rich in other mineral wealth too. The southern and south eastern areas of Anshan are rich in magnesite, with reserves equivalent to a quarter of all worldwide reserves. Anshan also has the world's largest reserve of talcum, accounting for fully one third of the entire world supply. The Xiuyan area of Anshan is known for the production of jade. The largest single jade stone ever found came from Xiuyan, now carved into the form of a Buddha, it is a major tourist attraction in the area.

Anshan is serviced by Shenyang airport, about {{convert|90|km|0|abbr=off}} to the north, and by two major highways linking it with Shenyang and Dalian.<ref name="China Briefing Business Guide: North East China"/>

The government of Anshan established a [[Five-year plans of China|five-year plan]] in 2000 with the aim of turning the city into a strong modern industrial city with plenty of tourism. It also aimed to make the city [[GDP]] reach 100 billion RMB by 2005 and to build a modern industrial city by using advances in technology to transform the traditional industries. Attracting foreign investment is also another main idea in the plan. The Anshan government anticipates the foreign investment assets would be around 80 billion RMB by 2005.

Anshan has been identified by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the [[CHAMPS (China)|CHAMPS]] ([[Chongqing|'''C'''hongqing]], [[Hefei|'''H'''efei]], '''A'''nshan, [[Maanshan|'''M'''aanshan]], [[Pingdingshan|'''P'''ingdingshan]] and [[Shenyang|'''S'''henyang]]), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.<ref>[http://www.sourcewire.com/releases/rel_display.php?relid=60590 THE RISE OF THE ‘CHAMPS’ - NEW REPORT MAPS BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY IN CHINA’S FASTEST GROWING CITIES] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406135228/http://www.sourcewire.com/releases/rel_display.php?relid=60590 |date=April 6, 2012 }}</ref> The opportunities for engaging Anshan's consumers have been documented by the ethnographer and cultural sociologist Michael B. Griffiths.<ref>Griffiths, Michael. B. (2012) 'Consumers and Individuals in China: Standing out, Fitting in', Routledge: London, New York</ref>

==Demographics==
Out of the 3,584,000 people living in Anshan prefecture, 519,400 are [[Manchu people|ethnic Manchu]], a holdover from [[northeast China]]'s historical rule by the ethnic group. They are mainly in or around the Xiuyan Man regional ethnic autonomy area which is within Anshan's borders. During the last years of the [[Qing dynasty]], large numbers of [[Han Chinese|Han]] people migrated to the north east in search of work. This pattern continued into the 20th century. The development of Anshan as a large industrial center during and after World War II caused the city's population to increase rapidly, and the new arrivals began to significantly outnumber the local Man people. As of the last census data, Anshan was home to 48 Chinese ethnic groups. The Han people make up the lion's share at 3,020,500 people. Next, after the Han and Man people, come the [[Hui people|Hui]] and the [[Korea|Chaoxian]] with 23,400 and 10,000 people respectively. The Hui population is widely dispersed but the Chaoxian population is mostly concentrated in Teixi (West district) and Qianshan district.<ref>{{cite web
 |title=Population and Nationality 
 |publisher=Anshan Municipal Government 
 |url=http://www.anshan.gov.cn/en/population.asp 
 |access-date=5 December 2007 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102180914/http://www.anshan.gov.cn/en/population.asp 
 |archive-date=2007-11-02 
 |url-status=live 
}}</ref>

Anshan has a population of 3.65 million at the 2010 census. As the city has expanded, the area between Anshan and the neighbouring city of Liaoyang has become urbanised, with little or no farmland visible on route between them. According to the 2010 census, the conurbation of urban Anshan and urban Liaoyang districts contains 2.17 million inhabitants.

The city of Anshan can be divided into districts. The East district, Tiedong has a population of 452,900. The western district, Tiexi has 311,600 people. These two districts are demarcated by the railway lines that run north to south through the city. The north western portion of the city is dominated by the large steel works of Angang. The district of Lishan houses 425,600 people and the suburbs of Qianshan district have 366,200 soles. Within Anshan prefecture lies the subordinate city of Haicheng which accounts for 1,181,100 people. The neighbouring subordinate town of Tai'an has 354,700 people.

==Transportation==
[[File:Anshan train station.jpg|thumb|Anshan train station at night]]
Anshan has no river or sea port. The nearby military airport, [[Anshan Teng'ao Airport]] (AOG), also accepts commercial domestic flights. Currently there are five routes in operation, Anshan–Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Nanjing, with one flight each per day throughout the year. Anshan Teng'ao Airport is {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the city centre. In addition to the small terminal building at the airport, there is also a city terminal situated just off Qianshan Road in Tiexi district. Passengers may buy tickets and check-in at the city terminal, from which they are taken by coach to the main airport terminal. The nearest other major commercial airports are [[Shenyang Taoxian International Airport]] (SHE), about {{convert|90|km|abbr=on}} to the north and [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport]] about {{convert|270|km|abbr=on}} to the south.

The city is beside the [[Shenyang–Dalian Expressway]] (part of the [[G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway]]), a privately funded eight-lane tolled highway, and was the first road of its kind in mainland China. The [[Liaozhong Ring Expressway|Liaozhong Ring Expressway (G91)]] passes just a few kilometers north of Anshan city. It connects east to [[Benxi]] and west onto the Jingshen Expressway (G1). The [[Panhai]] and Danxi Expressways (together forming the G16) pass through Anshan's counties of Haicheng and Xiuyan, connecting them to [[Yingkou]] and [[Panjin]] in the west and [[Dandong]] to the east.

Anshan is connected to the Chinese rail network with rail routes to [[Beijing]], Dalian, and to the northeastern provinces of [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]] as well as to eastern [[Inner Mongolia]], and even a direct, albeit slow, train to [[Hong Kong]]. As of December 2012,<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2012-12/01/c_132012027.htm Harbin-Dalian high-speed train begins operation - Xinhua | English.news.cn<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817100209/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/video/2012-12/01/c_132012027.htm |date=August 17, 2016 }}</ref> the new [[Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway]] serves [[Anshan West Railway Station]] and [[Haicheng West Railway Station]].<ref>[http://www.china.org.cn/video/2012-11/24/content_27216119.htm Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail to begin operation - China.org.cn<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231317/http://www.china.org.cn/video/2012-11/24/content_27216119.htm |date=March 3, 2016 }}</ref> It connects south to Dalian and north east to Shenyang, [[Changchun]] and [[Harbin]]. This line was hailed as the world's first alpine high-speed rail line.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014402/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20121201/102886.shtml Harbin-Dalian High-speed train begins operation CCTV News - CNTV English<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In summer it runs at its full speed of 300&nbsp;km/h but in winter speeds are restricted to 200&nbsp;km/h.<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-04/11/content_16391578.htm Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail to reach 300 km/h |Society |chinadaily.com.cn<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075503/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-04/11/content_16391578.htm |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> High-speed services also run via Anshan to Beijing. Tai'an county of Anshan is served by another high-speed rail line linking Shenyang to Beijing.

Long-distance coaches run to all the main cities of the province as well as to Beijing.

Local transportation is primarily by bus or taxi. Anshan used to have a single [[Trams in China|tram line]]—along Zhonghua Avenue, through the city centre and past Angang main gate—but this has been closed and the tracks removed. Due to the flat topography of the city centre, bicycles are popular. Almost all roads have a wide cycle lane on each side. Often this lane is further protected by a traffic island that separates the bikes from larger motor vehicles.

==Tourist attractions==
In recent years, Anshan has been trying to throw off its image as a heavy industrial town along with the dirt and pollution that goes with such industry. It has remodeled itself as a tourist destination.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}
[[File:Qianshan National Park 2, China.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Qianshan National Park]]
Foremost among the attractions in Anshan is [[Qianshan National Park]] which is about {{convert|18|km|abbr=on}}, by road, to the southeast of the city. Qianshan, literally 'Thousand Mountains', is an abbreviation of 'Thousand lotus flower mountains'. The peaks were said to resemble the petals of the lotus flower which had been dropped to earth by a goddess. The park area of {{convert|44|km2|abbr=on}}, is filled with both [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]] temples, monasteries and nunneries. It is one of few locations where both religions are found sharing the same site. Cars are not allowed within the park.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}}

One of the mountains in the park is believed to resemble [[Maitreya]] Buddha. It is claimed to be the largest naturally occurring image of Maitreya in the world. Several temples have been built on the peaks of the overlooking hills. Near the Buddha is a bird park.
[[File:Jade Buddha Palace in Anshan.jpg|thumb|Jade Buddha Palace within 219 Park in Anshan houses the world's largest Buddha statue made entirely of jade.<ref name="Anshan Municipal Government">{{cite web|url=http://www1.anshan.cn/en/jade.asp |title=Anshan Municipal Government - Jade Buddha Park |publisher=Anshan Municipal Government |access-date=2008-10-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714204535/http://www.anshan.cn/en/jade.asp |archive-date=July 14, 2007 }}</ref>]]
Another major tourist location is "219 Park". The name of the park commemorates the liberation of Anshan by the People's Liberation Army on February 19, 1948. The park contains the Dongshan (East Mountain) scenic area as well as numerous lakes.

Of particular note is the [[Jade Buddha Palace]]. This large Buddhist temple complex of 22,104 square metres, houses the world's largest statue of Buddha made of Jade (It is called jade in Chinese, but in English it is Serpentine). It is a single piece of jade stone measuring 6.88 metres in width, 4.10 metres front to back and 7.95 metres high. The jade stone weighs 260.76 tons.<ref name="Anshan Municipal Government"/> The front of the stone has been carved with an image of [[Sakyamuni]] (aka. Gautama) Buddha. On the back of the stone [[Guanyin]] (aka. Avalokitesvara) Buddha has been carved. The jade stone was found in 1960 in Xiuyan County. It was declared a treasure of the State and listed as a protected property by Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]]. Anshan city government commissioned the carving which took a team of 120 sculptures 18 months to complete. The temple complex was opened on September 3, 1996. The building that houses the Jade Buddha statue is 33 metres tall, representing the 33 layers of heaven in Buddhism. It claims to be one of the tallest two-story buildings of traditional Chinese architectural style in China.

Anshan contains naturally hot spring water spas. There are four spas/hotels in Anshan. Visitors may shower and bathe in the spring water. At [[Tanggangzi]] Spa, once frequented by the Qing Emperors of China, visitors may have mud treatment where they are buried in hot volcanic sand, which has been infused with the spring water. The [[geothermal energy]] is also used to provide hot steam and water for winter heating throughout the area.

{{Gallery
|title=Scenes of Anshan
|width=210
|height=210
|align=center
|File:Anshan City 2-1-9 Park, Anshan, Liaoning Province, China.jpg|alt1=219 Park|219 Park
|File:Lake View, Anshan's 2-1-9 Park, Liaoning Province, China.jpg|alt2=Lake view at Anshan's 219 Park|Lake view at Anshan's 219 Park
|File:Tea house restaurant near Anshan.jpg|alt3=Tea house restaurant near Anshan 219 Park|Tea house restaurant near Anshan 219 Park
|File:Anshan_City_Museum,_Anshan,_Liaoning_Province,_China.jpg|alt4=Anshan City Museum|Anshan City Museum
}}

== Education system ==
The city contains two large universities:

* [[Anshan Normal University]]
* [[University of Science and Technology, Liaoning]]

== Notable people ==
*[[Kei Tomiyama]] (1938&ndash;1995), Japanese actor, voice actor, and narrator, born in Anshan
*[[Zhang Dejiang]] (b. 1946), retired politician, served as the [[Chairperson of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] of the [[12th National People's Congress]]
*[[Ann Hui]] (b. 1947), [[Hong Kong New Wave]] [[film director]], born in Anshan. Hui's 2006 film ''[[The Postmodern Life of My Aunt]]'' was partly set and filmed in Anshan.<ref>[http://www.chowofhongkong.com/Article_postmodern.html chowofhongkong] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905095743/http://www.chowofhongkong.com/Article_postmodern.html |date=September 5, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Guo Mingyi]] (b. 1958), philanthropist who began work at [[Anshan Iron and Steel Group]]
*[[Chen Xiaoxu]] (1965&ndash;2007), actress noted for playing [[Lin Daiyu]]
*[[Tang Xiao'ou]] (1968–2023), computer scientist and co-founder of [[SenseTime]]
*[[Lei Jiayin]] (b. 1983), actor noted for playing Chen Junsheng in ''[[The First Half of My Life]]''
*[[Du Jing]] (b. 1984), female [[badminton]] player, former women's double champion
*[[Zhang Xiaofei (actress)|Zhang Xiaofei]] (b. 1986), actress noted for her performance in ''[[Hi, Mom (2021 film)|Hi, Mom]]''
*[[Chen Tao (footballer, born 1985)|Chen Tao]] (b. 1986), [[association football|footballer]], most recently played as [[midfielder]] for [[Sichuan Longfor]]
*[[Zhang Wenzhao]] (b. 1987), footballer, most recently played as a midfielder for [[Beijing Renhe]]
*[[Li Jiahang]] (b. 1987), actor noted for playing [[Fuk'anggan|Fu Erkang]] in ''[[New My Fair Princess]]''.
*[[Li Man]] (b. 1988), actress noted for her role in [[Zhang Yimou]]'s''[[Curse of the Golden Flower]]''.
*[[Li Xiaoxia]] (b. 1988), female [[table tennis]] player, Grand Slam champion.
*[[Guo Yue (table tennis)|Guo Yue]], table tennis player, 2007 women's world champion.
*[[Ma Long (table tennis)|Ma Long]] (b. 1988), widely considered the greatest tennis player of all time.
*[[Wang Yanlin]] (b. 1989), actor
*[[Beiwen Zhang]] (b. 1990), Chinese-born American badminton player
*[[Xu Mengtao]] (b. 1990), 2022 Olympic Champion aerial skier.
*[[Xu Minghao]] (stage name The8; b. 1997), member of popular [[K-pop]] group [[Seventeen (South Korean band)|Seventeen]], born in Anshan
*[[Shao Jieni]] (b. 1994), Chinese-born Portuguese Olympic Table Tennis player.

== See also ==
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q74957|v=no|voy=Anshan|m=no|mw=no|s=no|c=Category:Anshan|q=no|n=no|b=no|wikt=no}}
{{Wiktionary|Anshan|An-shan}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|zh}}

{{Liaoning}}
{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Metropolitan cities of the People's Republic of China|major cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Anshan| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Liaoning]]
[[Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning]]
[[Category:National Civilized City]]