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{{Short description|American statesman and soldier (1745–1796)}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name           = Anthony Wayne
| image          = Anthony Wayne (1745–1796).jpg
| caption        = Portrait by [[Edward Savage (artist)|Edward Savage]], {{circa}} 1795
| order          = 5th
| office         = Senior Officer of the United States Army
| term_start     = April 13, 1792
| term_end       = December 15, 1796
| president      = [[George Washington]]
| predecessor    = [[Arthur St. Clair]]
| successor      = [[James Wilkinson]]
| state1         = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| district1      = {{ushr|GA|1|1st}}
| term_start1    = March 4, 1791
| term_end1      = March 21, 1792
| predecessor1   = [[James Jackson (Georgia politician)|James Jackson]]
| successor1     = [[John Milledge]]
| office2        = [[Pennsylvania General Assembly|Legislature Member of the Pennsylvania Assembly]]
| term_start2    = 1774
| term_end2      = 1775
| birth_date     = {{birth date|1745|1|1}}
| birth_place    = [[Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania|Easttown Township]], [[Province of Pennsylvania]], [[British America]]
| death_date     = {{death date and age|1796|12|15|1745|1|1}}
| death_place    = [[Fort Presque Isle]], [[Erie, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| resting_place  = Fort Presque Isle, Erie, Pennsylvania, U.S.<br/>and<br/>[[St. David's Episcopal Church (Radnor, Pennsylvania)|St. David's Episcopal Church]], [[Radnor, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| party          = [[Anti-Administration party]]
| spouse         = {{marriage|Mary Penrose|1763}}
| relatives      = [[William Wayne (1828–1901)|William Wayne]] (great-grandson)<br />[[William Wayne]] (great-great-grandson)<br />[[Blake Wayne Van Leer]]<br />[[Jonwayne]]<br />[[Samuel Van Leer]] (brother-in-law)
| children       = 2, including [[Isaac Wayne|Isaac]]
| father         = [[Isaac Wayne (1699–1774)|Isaac Wayne]]
| occupation     = Soldier
| awards         =
| signature      = Signature of Anthony Wayne (1904) (cropped).png
| nickname       = ''Mad Anthony''
| allegiance     = United States
| branch         = [[Pennsylvania Army National Guard|Pennsylvania Militia]] <br />[[Continental Army]] <br />[[United States Army]]
| serviceyears   = Continental Army (1775–1783) <br /> United States Army (1792–1796)
| rank           = [[Major general (United States)|Major general]]
| unit           =
| commands       =
| battles        = {{tree list}}
*[[American Revolutionary War]]
**[[Battle of Trois-Rivières]]
**[[Battle of Brandywine]]
**[[Battle of Paoli]]
**[[Battle of Germantown]]
**[[Battle of Monmouth]]
**[[Battle of Stony Point]]{{WIA}}
**[[Battle of Bull's Ferry]]
**[[Battle of Green Spring]]
*[[Northwest Indian War]]
**[[Siege of Fort Recovery]]
**[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Anthony Wayne''' (January 1, 1745 – December 15, 1796) was an American soldier, officer, statesman, and a [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father of the United States]]. He adopted a military career at the outset of the [[American Revolutionary War]], where his military exploits and fiery personality quickly earned him a promotion to brigadier general and the nickname "'''Mad Anthony'''".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boatner |first1=Mark M. |title=Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History |date=2006 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=Detroit, MI |page=670}}</ref> He later served as the [[Commanding General of the United States Army|Senior Officer of the Army]] on the [[Ohio Country]] frontier and led the [[Legion of the United States]].

Wayne was born in [[Chester County, Pennsylvania]], and worked as a tanner and surveyor after attending the [[Academy and College of Philadelphia|College of Philadelphia]]. He was elected to the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] and helped raise a Pennsylvania militia unit in 1775. During the Revolutionary War, he served in the [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|Invasion of Quebec]], the [[Philadelphia campaign]], and the [[Yorktown campaign]]. Although his reputation suffered after his defeat in the [[Battle of Paoli]], he won wide praise for his leadership in the 1779 [[Battle of Stony Point]] and was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Washington |first1=George |title=Wayne Storms Stony Point, New York (1779) |journal=Primary Source Media |date=July 16, 1799 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/EJ2153000098/UHIC?u=vol_s22s&sid=bookmark-UHIC&xid=75c9f2d0|access-date=January 1, 2023}}</ref> Soon after being promoted to major general in 1783, he retired from the [[Continental Army]]. Anthony Wayne was a member of the [[Society of the Cincinnati]] of the state of Georgia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aimone|first=Alan Conrad|date=2005|title=New York State Society of the Cincinnati: Biographies of Original Members and Other Continental Officers (review)|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=69|issue=1|pages=231–232|doi=10.1353/jmh.2005.0002|s2cid=162248285|issn=1543-7795}}</ref> In 1780, he was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Anthony+Wayne&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-03-31|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

After the war, Wayne held a brief career in congress and private business. Following [[St. Clair's defeat]], Wayne was recalled by President Washington from civilian life to command of U.S. forces in the [[Northwest Indian War]], where he defeated the [[Northwestern Confederacy]], an alliance of several [[Tribe (Native American)|American Indian tribes]]. Leading up to the war, Wayne oversaw a major change and reorganization of the entire [[United States Army]]. Following the 1794 [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]], he later negotiated the [[Treaty of Greenville]] which ended the war and their alliance with the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Hixson-2013" /> In the 21st century, Wayne's legacy has become controversial due to his ownership of slaves and scorched earth tactics against Indian tribes during the [[Northwest Indian War]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixon |first=Mark E. |date=2015-05-20 |title=What Almost Bankrupted Gen. Anthony Wayne |url=https://mainlinetoday.com/life-style/what-almost-bankrupted-gen-anthony-wayne/ |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Main Line Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=Rob |date=2021 |title=Across the City Council Divide |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/796676 |journal=Reviews in American History |language=en |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=222–231 |doi=10.1353/rah.2021.0023 |s2cid=238033600 |issn=1080-6628|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Hixson-2013">{{Cite book |last=Hixson |first=W. |title=American Settler Colonialism: A History |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-137-37426-4 |pages=69–70 |language=en |quote=the American approach to Indian removal: it would seek to accomplish the project humanely and through diplomacy but when Indians resisted giving up colonial space, "justice" was on the side of military aggression and ethnic cleansing.}}</ref>

==Early life==
Wayne was one of four children born to [[Isaac Wayne (1699–1774)|Isaac Wayne]], who had immigrated to [[Easttown Township, Pennsylvania|Easttown, Pennsylvania]], from Ireland, and Elizabeth Iddings Wayne. He was part of a Protestant Anglo-Irish family; his grandfather was a veteran of the [[Battle of the Boyne]], where he fought for the [[Williamite]] side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hsp.org/blogs/archival-adventures-in-small-repositories/mad-anthony-wayne|title="Mad" Anthony Wayne|last=Caust-Ellenbogen|first=Celia|website=Historical Society of Pennsylvania|access-date=January 15, 2020}}</ref>

Wayne was born on January 1, 1745, on his family's 500 [[acre]] [[Waynesborough]] estate.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=5–6}}<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908">{{Cite journal |date=1908 |title=Anthony Wayne |journal=[[The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=257–301}}</ref> During his upbringing, Wayne clashed with his father's desires that he become a farmer.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-20 |title=What Almost Bankrupted Gen. Anthony Wayne |url=https://mainlinetoday.com/life-style/what-almost-bankrupted-gen-anthony-wayne/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |website=Main Line Today |language=en-US}}</ref> As a child, his father served as a captain during the [[French and Indian War]], leaving an impression on Wayne who would mimic stories of battles at the time.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /> He was educated as a surveyor at his uncle's private academy in Philadelphia and at the [[Academy and College of Philadelphia|College of Philadelphia]] for two years.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /> In 1765, [[Benjamin Franklin]] sent him and some associates to work for a year surveying land granted in Nova Scotia, where he surveyed 100,000 acres. He assisted with starting a settlement the following year at [[Township of Monckton|The Township of Monckton]] and was involved with preparing the infrastructure to last through winters.<ref>Labaree, pp. 345-350.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Getting to Know 'Mad' Anthony Wayne |url=https://www.thewaynemuseum.org/post/meet-wayne-s-namesake-mad-anthony-wayne |website=Wayne Historic Sites |language=en |date=13 April 2022}}</ref>

He married Mary Penrose in 1763, and they had two children. Their daughter, Margretta, was born in 1770, and their son, [[Isaac Wayne]], was born in 1772. Wayne had romantic relationships with other women throughout his life, including Mary Vining, a wealthy woman in Delaware, eventually causing his wife becoming [[Family estrangement|estranged]] from him.<ref name="Harper-2021a">{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=Rob |date=June 2021 |title=Across the City Council Divide |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/796676 |journal=[[Reviews in American History]] |publication-place=[[Baltimore]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=222–231 |doi=10.1353/rah.2021.0023 |s2cid=238033600|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=4–5, 208}} He later became a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony and Mary (Penrose) Wayne Family Bible |url=https://genealogycenter.info/bibles/viewbiblepage_wayneanthony.php?p=10 |access-date=October 18, 2021 |publisher=ACPL Genealogy Center}}</ref>

Wayne was an avid reader and often quoted [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] and [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] at length while serving in the military.<ref name="September 2019">{{Cite web|author=HistoryNet Staff|date=2019-07-10|title=Book Review: Unlikely General|url=https://www.historynet.com/book-review-unlikely-general.htm|access-date=2021-10-13|website=HistoryNet|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 1767, he returned to work in his father's tannery while continuing work as a surveyor.

As discontent with the British grew in the [[Thirteen Colonies]], Wayne stepped into the political limelight locally and was elected chairman of the Chester County Committee of Safety and then to the [[Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |url=https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/43855/43576 |title=Anthony Wayne: Soldier as Politician |journal=Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |series=American National Biography Online |year=1982 |pages=463–481}}</ref>

==American Revolution==
[[File:Estatua del General Anthony Wayne, Fort Wayne, Indiana, Estados Unidos, 2012-11-12, DD 01.jpg|thumb|left|A statue of General Wayne at Freimann Square in [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]]]
[[File:Anthony Wayne 1780.jpg|thumb|A 1780 letter from Wayne to [[Israel Shreve]]]]
In 1775, Wayne was nominated to the Pennsylvania [[Committee of safety (American Revolution)|Committee of Safety]], where he served along with three other Pennsylvania committee members, [[John Dickinson]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], and [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]].<ref name="Soldier">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |date=October 1982 |title=Anthony Wayne: Soldier as Politician |journal=[[The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=463–481 }}</ref> Following Great Britain's enactment of the [[Intolerable Acts]], Wayne began to oppose the British and by October 1775, his chairman position for the Chester County Committee of Safety was replaced by a [[Quaker]] as citizens described him as a "radical" against the British, an accusation Wayne denied.<ref name="Soldier" /> On January 3, 1776, Wayne was nominated as colonel of the [[4th Pennsylvania Regiment]] by the Pennsylvania delegation of the [[Second Continental Congress]].<ref name="Soldier" /> The poor supplies and controversies between his regiment and the Pennsylvania assembly would later influence Wayne to support the centralization of government.<ref name="Soldier" />

===American Revolutionary War===
Wayne discarded the conventional tactics of [[Line (formation)|line]] warfare, stating "the only good lines are those nature made", and instead focused on [[maneuver warfare]] and strict discipline.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /> He and his regiment were part of the [[Continental Army]]'s unsuccessful [[Invasion of Quebec (1775)|invasion of Canada]] where he was sent to aid [[Benedict Arnold]]. Wayne commanded a successful rear-guard action at the [[Battle of Trois-Rivières]] and then led the forces on Lake Champlain at [[Fort Ticonderoga]] and [[Mount Independence (Vermont)|Mount Independence]]. His service led to his promotion to brigadier general on February 21, 1777. Some historians claim Wayne's nickname  "Mad Anthony" came from his bold military tactics from the Battle of Green Spring in Virginia, which his men barely escaped an outnumbered British force with a bold bayonet charge. Others claim it was from his quick temper and what historians label "off-color language," specifically during an incident when he severely punished a skilled informant for being drunk.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|p=125}}<ref name="POL">{{Cite web|last=Savage|first=Charlie |author-link=Charlie Savage (author) |date=31 July 2020|title=When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne|url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/07/31/culture-wars-fort-wayne-373011 |access-date=2021-05-03|website=[[POLITICO]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dimuro |first1=Claudia |title=Does the fighting spirit of General 'Mad' Anthony Wayne still haunt Pa.? |url=https://www.pennlive.com/life/2022/10/does-the-fighting-spirit-of-general-mad-anthony-wayne-still-haunt-pa.html#:~:text=Others%20attribute%20Anthony's%20%E2%80%9CMad%E2%80%9D%20sobriquet,name%20was%20given%20to%20Wayne |work=pennlive |date=31 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On September 11, 1777, Wayne commanded the [[Pennsylvania Line]] at the [[Battle of Brandywine]], where they held off General [[Wilhelm von Knyphausen]] in order to protect the American right flank. The two forces fought for three hours until the American line withdrew and Wayne was ordered to retreat.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|p=52}} He was then ordered to harass the British rear in order to slow General [[William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe|William Howe's]] advance towards Pennsylvania. Wayne's camp was attacked on the night of September 20–21 in the [[Battle of Paoli]]. General [[Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey|Charles Grey]] had ordered his men to remove their flints and attack with bayonets in order to keep their assault secret.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=55–58}} The battle earned Grey the sobriquet of "General Flint", but Wayne's own reputation was tarnished by the significant American losses, and he demanded a formal inquiry in order to clear his name.

On October 4, 1777, Wayne again led his forces against the British in the [[Battle of Germantown]]. His soldiers pushed ahead of other units, and the British "pushed on with their Bayonets—and took Ample Vengeance" as they retreated, according to Wayne's report.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|p=60}} Wayne and General [[John Sullivan (general)|John Sullivan]] advanced too rapidly and became entrapped when they were {{Convert|2|mi||abbr=|spell=in}} ahead of other American units. They retreated as Howe arrived to re-form the British line. Wayne was again ordered to hold off the British and cover the rear of the retreating body.

After winter quarters at [[Valley Forge]], Wayne led the attack at the 1778 [[Battle of Monmouth]], where his forces were abandoned by General [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]] and were pinned down by a numerically superior British force. Wayne held out until relieved by reinforcements sent by General [[George Washington]]. He then re-formed his troops and continued to fight.<ref>Lancaster, pp. 195–197.</ref> The body of British Lt. Colonel [[Henry Monckton]] was discovered by the [[1st Pennsylvania Regiment]], and a legend grew that he had died fighting Wayne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boatner |first1=Mark M. |title=Encyclopedia of the American Revolution |date=1994 |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, Pa |isbn=0-8117-0578-1}}</ref>

Wayne also set an example for coping with adversity during military operations. In October 1778, Wayne wrote of the brutal cold and lack of appropriate supplies, "During the very severe storm from Christmas to New Year's, whilst our people lay without any cover except their old tents, and when the drifting of snow prevented the green wood from taking fire."<ref name="Pennypacker-1908" /> Through these tough conditions, Wayne wrote that he sought to keep his soldiers "well and comfortable."<ref name="Pennypacker-1908" />

In January 1779, Wayne was staying at the home of [[Abraham Van Neste]], owner of the mills at the site of the [[Battle of Millstone]], along with his subordinate soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders Online: General Orders, 6 February 1779 |url=https://founders.archives.gov/?q=%22van%20nest%22&s=1111311111&sa=&r=3&sr= |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=founders.archives.gov |language=en}}</ref> Following an argument one night between Wayne's [[Aide-de-camp]], [[Benjamin Fishbourn]], and Van Neste, Van Neste was assaulted. Wayne prevented a local constable from serving process on the subordinate. General Washington was brought into the situation by the Governor of New Jersey, [[William Livingston]],to help resolve the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders Online: From George Washington to Brigadier General Anthony Wayne, 16 … |url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-19-02-0504 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=founders.archives.gov |language=en}}</ref> 

In July 1779, Washington named Wayne to command the Corps of Light Infantry, a temporary unit of four regiments of [[light infantry]] companies drawn from all the regiments in the main army. His successful attack on British positions in the [[Battle of Stony Point]] was the highlight of his Revolutionary War service. On July 16, 1779, he replicated the bold attack used against him at Paoli and personally led a nighttime bayonet attack lasting 30 minutes. His three columns of about 1,500 light infantry stormed and captured British fortifications at Stony Point, a cliff-side [[redoubt]] commanding the southern [[Hudson River]]. The battle ended with around 550 prisoners taken, with fewer than 100 casualties for Wayne's forces. Wayne was wounded during the attack when an enemy musket ball gashed his scalp. The success of this operation provided a small boost to the morale of the army, which had suffered a series of military defeats, and the Continental Congress awarded him a medal for the victory.<ref name="POL"/>

On July 21, 1780, Washington sent Wayne with two Pennsylvania brigades and four cannons to destroy a [[blockhouse]] at [[Bulls Ferry]] opposite New York City in the [[Battle of Bull's Ferry]]. Wayne's troops were unable to capture the position, suffering 64 casualties while inflicting 21 casualties on the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalist]] defenders.<ref>Boatner, pp. 119–120.</ref>

On January 1, 1781, Wayne served as commanding officer of the Pennsylvania Line of the [[Continental Army]] when pay and condition concerns led to the [[Pennsylvania Line Mutiny]], one of the most serious of the war. He successfully resolved the mutiny by dismissing about half the line. He returned the Pennsylvania Line to full strength by May 1781. This delayed his departure to [[Virginia]], however, where he had been sent to assist General [[Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette|Lafayette]] against British forces operating there. The line's departure was delayed once more when the men complained about being paid in the nearly worthless [[Early American currency|Continental currency]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wright |first1=Robert K. Jr. |title=Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line |date=2006 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=Detroit, MI |pages=772–775}}</ref><ref name="Journal of the American Revolution-2013" />

On July 4, General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]] departed [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]] for [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], planning to cross the [[James River]] en route to [[Portsmouth, Virginia|Portsmouth]]. Lafayette believed he could stage an attack on Cornwallis' rear guard during the crossing. Cornwallis anticipated Lafayette's plan and laid an elaborate trap. Wayne led a small scouting force of 500 in 1781 at the [[Battle of Green Spring]] to determine the location of Cornwallis, and they fell into the trap; only a bold bayonet charge against the numerically overwhelming British enabled his forces to retreat. The action reinforced the perception among contemporaries that justified the moniker "Mad" to describe Wayne.<ref>Lancaster, pp. 319–322.</ref> During the [[Yorktown campaign]], Wayne was shot in the leg; the lead musket ball was never removed from his leg.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-08|title=The Legacy of Anthony Wayne|url=https://blog.yalebooks.com/2020/05/08/the-legacy-of-anthony-wayne/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Yale University Press Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>

After the British under Cornwallis [[Siege of Yorktown|surrendered at Yorktown]], Wayne went farther south and disbanded the British alliance with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribes in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].<ref name="Journal of the American Revolution-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-05-03 |title=The Nicknaming of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/05/the-nicknaming-of-general-mad-anthony-wayne/ |access-date=2021-10-13 |website=Journal of the American Revolution |language=en-US}}</ref> With the goal of establishing peace between settlers and Native Americans, Wayne captured [[Muscogee|Creek]] troops early in his time in Georgia, releasing them in order to establish goodwill between the Creek people and the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stockwell |first1=Mary |title=Unlikely General: "Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America |date=1 January 2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-21475-8 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb1TDwAAQBAJ&dq=unlikely+general+stockwell+creek+executed&pg=PA211 |language=en}}</ref>

Assuming good relations with the Creek soldiers and fearing an attacked from [[Thomas Brown (loyalist)|Lt Colonel Thomas Brown]] from Savannah, Wayne made camp and prepared for a British confrontation. Unbeknownst to him, Brown spent time influencing the Creek and Cherokee, and persuaded them to attack Wayne. The Creek people ambushed his camp at night which woke Wayne. Assuming another bayonet style British ambush, Wayne alerted his soldiers to arm themselves and prepare to die with him. The attack would be repelled.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thomas Brown |url=https://american-revolution-experience.battlefields.org/people/thomas-brown#brown-georgia-royal |website=The American Revolution Experience |language=en}}</ref> He eventually negotiated peace treaties with both the Creeks and the [[Cherokee]]s during a bout with [[malaria]], for which Georgia purchased a rice plantation for 4,000 [[Guinea (coin)|guineas]] and rewarded it to him.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /><ref name="Journal of the American Revolution-2013" /> Wayne would suffer from complications related to malaria for the remainder of his life.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" />

==Civilian life==
[[File:Valley Forge Anthony Wayne statue.jpg|thumb|Statue of Wayne at [[Valley Forge]], facing toward his home in nearby [[Paoli, Pennsylvania]]]]

=== Brief retirement and slavery ===
==== Pennsylvania ====

In 1783, Wayne returned to Pennsylvania and was celebrated as a war hero, deciding to enter politics with other friends at the time.<ref name="Soldier" /> Initially a supporter of more democratic views, Wayne later aligned more with [[Federalist Party]] and George Washington after the end of the Revolutionary War had aligned himself with that party as well. Like most [[Federalism in the United States|federalists]], he favored [[Centralized government|centralization]], federalism, [[Modernization theory|modernization]], and [[Protectionism in the United States|protectionism]].<ref name="Stockwell 2018 88–236">{{Cite book |last=Stockwell |first=Mary |title=Unlikely General |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2018 |pages=88–236}}</ref> He went on to support [[Republicanism in the United States|Republicanism]] because Wayne ultimately believed that the United States should have a strong centrally-controlled government, stronger banks, manufacturing, and a standing army and navy.

Eventually Wayne presented himself as a candidate for the Pennsylvania Council of Censors and on election day in October 1783, he gathered troops and approached electoral judges, demanding that they would be allowed to vote. On October 10, 1783, he was promoted to major general. Wayne was elected to serve in the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] for two years.The Council convened to assess Pennsylvania's governmental operations and ascertain if constitutional reforms were deemed imperative.<ref>{{cite web |title=B. Gen. Anthony Wayne |url=https://pasocietyofthecincinnati.org/gallery_post/b-gen-anthony-wayne/ |website=PA Society of the Cincinnati}}</ref>

Wayne was a member and took an active part of the [[Constitutional Convention (United States)|Constitutional Convention]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography of General Anthony Wayne |url=https://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/wayne.html |website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/4b29b713h |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=WAYNE, Anthony {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/W/WAYNE,-Anthony-(W000216)/ |website=history.house.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==== Georgia ====

Wayne's view on slavery was the same as most of the [[Planter class|American planters]] at the time, which is he supported [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]]. However, like Washington, Wayne gradually grew to oppose the practice of it. His ownership of slaves was during his brief private career. Letters by Wayne from this time express concern about the economic efficiency of finding and managing slaves and concern about their harsh punishments. He was documented providing refuge for slaves from punishment in Georgia. During the Revolutionary War, Wayne wrote letters expressing how horrified he was by the treatment of slaves while traveling between camps and even urged Governor Martin to recruit blacks to fight with the Patriots.<ref name="Stockwell-2018">{{Cite book |last=Stockwell |first=Mary |title=Unlikely General |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=2018 |pages=56–184}}</ref>

He owned enslaved [[African Americans]] after the war; he would eventually take over the family farm and tannery business in Chester County. Wayne inherited a 40-year-old male slave named Toby, who was registered in Chester County as a "slave for life."<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2020 |title=1780 Chester County Slave Register |url=https://www.chesco.org/DocumentCenter/View/59090/Slave-Name?bidId= |website=[[Chester County, Pennsylvania]]}}</ref>  In 1786, he obtained slaves through the confiscated plantations, [[Richmond Oak Grove Plantation|Richmond and Kew]] with a total area of {{Convert|1,134|acres|hectare}}. The 47 [[slaves]] were purchased from Adam Tunno, Samuel Potts, and others. He hired a [[plantation overseer]] to manage the plantation and direct the actions of his slaves.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015" /> A record shows 9 boys, 12 girls, 11 women, and 15 men – from Adam Tunno for 3,300 pounds, paying 990 pounds initially and then 2,310 pounds over a five-year period.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015" /><ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940">{{cite journal |date=June 1940 |title=RICHMOND OAKGROVE PLANTATION: Part II |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=124–144}}</ref> Wayne also had a personal slave named "Caesar" that he named after his favorite historical figure, [[Julius Caesar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Wayne family papers 1681-1913 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?cc=clementsead;c=clementsead;idno=umich-wcl-M-398way;didno=umich-wcl-M-398way;view=text |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=[[William L. Clements Library]], [[University of Michigan]]}}</ref><ref name="Unlikely General">{{cite web |title=Unlikely General |url=https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300251876/unlikely-general/ |website=Yale University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-05-03|title=The Nicknaming of General "Mad" Anthony Wayne|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/05/the-nicknaming-of-general-mad-anthony-wayne/|access-date=2021-10-13|website=Journal of the American Revolution|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Procknow |first=Gene |date=2018-06-20 |title=Unlikely General: Mad Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America |url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/06/unlikely-general-mad-anthony-wayne-and-the-battle-for-america/ |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=Journal of the American Revolution |language=en-US |quote=Wayne condoned slavery and readily purchased numerous slaves after the Revolution to work on his new plantation given to him by the state of Georgia for his service in chasing the British from the state.}}</ref>

The plantations, were confiscated and officially given to Wayne in 1786 along with loans from Dutch bankers for repairs.<ref name="Main Line Today-2015" /><ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogers|first=George C. Jr.|date=April 1988|title=A Social Portrait of the South at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century|journal=Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society|publisher=[[American Antiquarian Society]]|volume=98, Part 1|pages=35–49}}</ref>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=187–208}} Wayne quickly fell into debt running the plantations. He is also documented neglecting his business, frequently attending out of state political events, social parties, time with former soldiers, time in Pennsylvania, or traveling. His plantations were ultimately unsuccessful because of neglect and acquiring a large amount of debt. He later begged various acquaintances to assist him with making payments before selling the plantations. His contemporaries criticized him and his overseer for having a "relaxed" hand.<ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940"/>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=4–5, 187–208}}<ref name="Georgia Historical Society">{{cite journal |date=June 1940 |title=Richmond Oakgrove Plantation: Part II |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=124–144}}</ref><ref name="The Georgia Historical Quarterly-1940"/>

==== Reinstatement ====

After the war, Wayne spent his time living a retired life between Pennsylvania and Georgia. He had a brief career in private business running his tanner business in Pennsylvania and two rice plantations in Georgia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders Online: May [1791] |url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/01-06-02-0002-0004 |access-date=2021-05-03 |website=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |language=en}}</ref>

President George Washington however called Wayne out of retirement in spring 1792 to command the newly formed [[Legion of the United States]] to secure the [[Northwest Territory]] for [[American pioneer|American settlers]]. Wayne became the senior commander in the [[United States Army|U.S Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Wayne (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/anthony-wayne.htm |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>

==== Congressman ====
[[File:Anthony Wayne.jpg|thumb|upright|18th-century print of Wayne]] He was a delegate to the state convention that ratified the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]] in 1788 and lost elections to the Senate and [[1789 United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia#Upper District|the House]] that same year.<ref name="Soldier" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Nation Votes |url=https://elections.lib.tufts.edu/catalog/rf55z808j |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=elections.lib.tufts.edu}}</ref> In late 1790, he was elected into the [[2nd United States Congress]] as a representative of [[Georgia's 1st congressional district]].<ref name="Soldier" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Wayne, Anthony, (1745–1796)|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000216 |publisher=bioguide.congress.gov}}</ref> During his brief political career, he would remain loyal to George Washington with support. While in Congress, Wayne promoted the increased militarization of the United States and warned against future attacks from the British. He supported an act of 5,000 troops entering to secure ceded land in the [[Northwest Territory]].<ref name="Soldier" />

Wayne's opponent [[James Jackson (Georgia politician)|James Jackson]] accused Wayne's campaign manager Judge [[Thomas Gibbons (politician)|Thomas Gibbons]] of electoral fraud.<ref name="Soldier" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gumbel |first=Andrew |date=Winter 2008 |title=Election Fraud and the Myths of American Democracy |journal=[[Social Research]] |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=1109–1134|doi=10.1353/sor.2008.0004 |s2cid=151028336 }}</ref><ref name="Stockwell-2018"/> A House committee determined that electoral fraud had been committed in the 1790 election and Local magistrates would later be implicated and not Wayne himself.<ref name="Soldier" /><ref name="Urwin-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Urwin |first=Gregory J W |date=Spring 2020 |title=Unlikely General: "Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=138–140|doi=10.1353/jer.2020.0009 |s2cid=213615655 }}</ref> A [[1792 Georgia's 1st congressional district special election|special election]] was held on July 9, 1792. Wayne attempted to run again, however was disqualified due to failing residency qualifications. [[John Milledge]] eventually filled Wayne's vacant seat.<ref>''United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results'' confirms the seat was declared vacant on March 21, 1792.</ref><ref name="tehistory.org">{{Cite web |title=TEHS - Quarterly Archives |url=https://tehistory.org/hqda/html/v24/v24n2p067.html |website=tehistory.org}}</ref>{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=4–5, 208, 187–208}}<ref name="Georgia Historical Society" /><ref name="detroithistorical.org">{{Cite web |title=Wayne, General Anthony &#124; Detroit Historical Society |url=https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/wayne-general-anthony |website=detroithistorical.org}}</ref><ref name="tehistory.org" />

During his time in Georgia, his wife abandoned him after rumors of a relationship between Wayne and General [[Nathanael Greene|Nathanael Greene's]] wife [[Catharine Littlefield Greene|Catherine]] spread.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1939 |title=Mulberry Grove from the Revolution to the Present Time |journal=The Georgia Historical Quarterly |publisher=[[Georgia Historical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=315–336}}</ref> As a civilian, Wayne ultimately found himself bankrupt, abandoned by his wife, and later removed from office.

==Later military career==

{{main|Northwest Indian War}}
The Northwest Indian War had been a disaster for the United States, as the British refused to leave the ceded land and continued their influence in Native American politics. Four years after the start of the British-supported Native American military campaign, the Constitution of the United States went into effect; George Washington was sworn in as president, which made him the commander-in-chief of U.S. military forces. Accordingly, Washington directed the United States Army to enforce U.S. sovereignty over the territory. The U.S. Army, mainly consisting of untrained recruits and volunteer militiamen, suffered a series of major significant defeats.

The British also sought to make the [[Ohio River]] the border with the United States and Native Americans to slow their progress.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /> Many Native Americans in the [[Northwest Territory]] had sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, but the British had ceded any sovereignty over the land to the United States in the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris of 1783]]. The British were known for persuading Native Americans to fight for them and continued to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/roles-native-americans-during-revolution|title=Roles of Native Americans during the Revolution|date=January 21, 2021|website=American Battlefield Trust}}</ref> Although the British were reluctant to directly engage the United States, historian Reginald Horsman writes of their involvement in organizing Native American support, "The Indian Department at Detroit had done all within its power to bolster northwestern Indian resistance to American expansion. The agents had acted as organizers, advisers, and suppliers of the Indians, and they had made it possible for an Indian army to face Wayne."<ref name="Horsman-1962">{{Cite journal |last=Horsman |first=Reginald |date=1962-09-01 |title=The British Indian Department and the Resistance to General Anthony Wayne, 1793–1795 |journal=Journal of American History |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=269–290 |doi=10.2307/1888630 |jstor=1888630 |issn=0021-8723}}</ref>

The United States formally organized the region in the [[Land Ordinance of 1785]] and negotiated treaties allowing settlement, but the [[Northwestern Confederacy]] refused to acknowledge them as they were unaware of the British agreement. The British were determined to make the Ohio River the permanent boundary between the United States and sent war supplies to their Native Allies. People in the area quickly became embroiled in conflicts, and the skirmishes resulted in 1,500 deaths over a period of seven years.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /><ref name="Horsman-1962" />

After years of conflict in the region, Lieutenant Colonel [[James Wilkinson]], who had a goal of becoming the next military leader, launched what he thought was a clever raid at the Battle of Kenapacomaqua. Wilkinson killed 9 Wea and Miami, and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Little Turtle (1752 – July 1812) |publisher=The Supreme Court of Ohio & The Ohio Judicial System |url=http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/littleTurtle.asp |access-date=9 November 2015 |archive-date=24 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224043034/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/MJC/places/littleTurtle.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of the confederation leaders were considering terms of peace to present to the United States, but when they received news of Wilkinson's raid, they readied for war.{{sfn|Sword|2003|p=159}} Wilkinson's raid thus had the opposite effect and contributed to [[St. Clair's defeat]]. Up until that point, it was "the most decisive defeat in the history of the American military"<ref>{{cite book|author=Landon Y. Jones|title=William Clark and the Shaping of the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyUjI6nBqnoC&pg=PT41|year=2005|page=41|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-1-4299-4536-3}}</ref> and its largest defeat ever by Native Americans.<ref name="WIMTBA">{{cite web |last=Calloway |first=Colin G. |date=9 June 2015 |title=The Biggest Forgotten American Indian Victory |website=What It Means to be American |publisher=The Smithsonian Institution |url=http://www.whatitmeanstobeamerican.org/ideas/the-biggest-forgotten-american-indian-victory/ |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Wayne's close friend Major General [[Richard Butler (general)|Richard Butler]] died during St. Clair's defeat. Wayne felt a lack of a well organized military and politics contributed to this defeat.<ref name="Urwin-2020" /> This defeat would leave the United States completely open to attack from the British and their allies without the ability to defend itself. It was also later discovered that the British had a frequent tactic of dressing up as Native Americans to participate in their battles.{{sfn|Sword|2003|page=298}}

Interested in helping the U.S. Military rebuild, Wayne wrote to President Washington in the spring of 1789 asking to "organize & discipline a Legionary Corps," writing that "Dignity, wealth, & Power" in the United States could only be achieved by the military.<ref name="Cayton-1992">{{Cite journal |last=Cayton |first=Andrew R L. |date=June 1992 |title="Separate Interests" and the Nation-State: The Washington Administration and the Origins of Regionalism in the Trans-Appalachian West |journal=[[The Journal of American History]] |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=39–67 |doi=10.2307/2078467 |jstor=2078467}}</ref> [[United States Secretary of War]] [[Henry Knox]] would agree with Wayne in July 1789, writing "the sword of the Republic only, is adequate to guard a due administration of Justice, and the preservation of the peace," believing that treaties with Native Americans were worthless.<ref name="Cayton-1992" /> At a time of his life when Wayne experienced a shameful political and personal status, President Washington recalled Wayne from civilian life to lead an expedition in the British-led Northwest Indian War.<ref name="Savage-2020a">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Charlie |author-link=Charlie Savage (author) |date=31 July 2020 |title=When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/07/31/culture-wars-fort-wayne-373011 |access-date=2021-05-03 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en}}</ref>

In the north In May 1793, Wayne wrote to then Secretary of War Henry Knox, "Knowing the critical situation of our infant nation and feeling for the honor and reputation of the government which I shall support with my latest breath, you may rest assured that I will not commit the legion unnecessarily."<ref name="Pennypacker-1908">{{Cite journal |last=Pennypacker |first=Samuel |date=1908 |title=Anthony Wayne |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=257–301 |jstor=20085434 }}</ref> [[Samuel W. Pennypacker]], a former governor of Pennsylvania and president of the [[Historical Society of Pennsylvania]], goes on to elaborate on Wayne's perceived importance of American demonstrations of strength, "Wayne had reached the conclusion that we should never have a permanent peace until the Indians were taught to respect the power of the United States, and until the British were compelled to give up their posts along the shores of the lake."<ref name="Pennypacker-1908" />

The confederacy achieved major victories in 1790 and 1791 under the leadership of [[Blue Jacket]] of the [[Shawnee]]s and [[Little Turtle]] of the [[Miami people|Miami tribe]]. The tribes were encouraged to refuse peace treaties and were supported by the British, who refused to evacuate their own fortifications in the region as stipulated in the Treaty of Paris, arguing that the American refusal to pay the debt agreements in the treaty meant that the treaty was not yet in effect.<ref name="Horsman-1962"/>

At the same time, Washington was under congressional investigation and needed to raise a larger army to protect the borders against the British and their allied tribes. He felt his best choice was to recruit Wayne to take on this daunting task despite Wayne's recent past. Injured, with swollen legs and recurring malaria, Wayne accepted command of the new [[Legion of the United States]] in 1792.<ref>{{Cite news|last=DuVal|first=Kathleen|date=2018-05-15|title='Unlikely General' Review: He Opened the Way West|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/unlikely-general-review-he-opened-the-way-west-1526423409|access-date=2021-10-13|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Washington also allotted an extraordinary budget for Wayne to triple the size of the army, administering $1 million, about 83% of the federal budget, to establish control of the Northwest territory through 1,280 enlisted soldiers.<ref name="Hixson-2013" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Deloria |first=Philip |date=2 November 2020 |title=Defiance |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=XCVI |issue=34 |quote=After the defeats, George Washington tripled the size of the Army and committed five-sixths of the federal budget to subdue the Western Indians. Anthony Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers was made possible because the Americans, out of necessity, threw everything they had at the Indian alliance.}}</ref><ref name="Brooke-1895" />

===Command of the Legion of the United States===
{{main|Legion of the United States}}
 [[File:Anthony Wayne, uniform.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Wayne, circa 1795]]
Upon accepting his new position, Wayne said, "I clearly foresee that it is a command which must inevitably be attended with the most anxious care, fatigue, and difficulty, and from which more may be expected than will be in my power to perform."<ref name="Gaff-2008" /> As the new commanding officer for the Legion of the United States, Wayne was first tasked with increasing the number of soldiers in his force. He expanded [[Fort Hamilton]] while he began recruiting in the spring of 1792 in [[Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fort Hamilton History - New |url=https://www.bchistoricalsociety.com/fort-hamilton-history/ |website=Butler County Historical Society}}</ref> Although recruiting proved to be a difficult effort with the failures of past American expeditions still fresh, Wayne eventually was able to successfully boost the number of soldiers in the Legion.<ref name="Brooke-1895" /> He helped create several infantry regiments that still exist today, one of them being the Third United States Infantry, called 1st Sub-Legion at the time and later named [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|Third Regiment of Infantry]].<ref name="history.army.mil">{{Cite web |title=Third Regiment of Infantry {{!}} The Army of the US Historical Sketches of Staff and Line with Portraits of Generals-in-Chief |url=https://history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-3IN.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620012207/http://www.history.army.mil/books/R&H/R&H-3IN.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 20, 2008 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=history.army.mil}}</ref>

Wayne then established [[Fort Lafayette (Pennsylvania)|Fort Lafayette]] on September 4, 1792, as a frontier settlement from [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]].<ref name="Tucker-2013">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |title=Almanac of American Military History, Volume 1 |publisher=[[ABC-Clio]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-59884-530-3 |pages=412–427 |language=en}}</ref> Based on earlier failures of American generals, it was vital to train new soldiers and prepare them for new conflicts. Wayne established a basic training facility at [[Legionville]] to prepare professional soldiers for the reorganized army, stating that the area near Pittsburgh was "a frontier [[Gomorrah (city)|Gomorrah]]" that distracted troops.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> Using the ''[[Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States]]'' authored by Prussian military officer [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben]], Wayne began to train his troops.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> This was the first attempt to provide basic training for regular Army recruits, and Legionville was the first facility established expressly for this purpose. Wayne set up a well-organized structure of sub-legions led by [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier generals]], seen as forerunners of today's [[brigade combat team]]s.<ref name="Quintin">{{cite web |last=Quintin |first=Brandon |date=24 June 2019 |title=Assessment of the Legion as the Ideal Small Wars Force Structure |url=https://divergentoptions.org/2019/06/24/assessment-of-the-legion-as-the-ideal-small-wars-force-structure/ |access-date=27 November 2019 |website=Divergent Options}}</ref> Wayne was a strict [[disciplinarian]] and executed several troops for offenses.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> Two soldiers were executed for sleeping at their posts.<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /> He required his soldiers to adhere to a sharp dress code, with each sub-legion having a distinctive cap and [[Military colours, standards and guidons#United States Army|regimental standards]] with their unit colors.<ref name="Stockwell-2018"/> On April 7, 1793, Wayne's troops moved to [[Fort Washington (Ohio)|Fort Washington]] in Ohio and continued their intense training while also entrenching themselves to repel potential attacks.<ref name="Tucker-2013" />

Although some experts today are quick to point to the drawbacks of Wayne's severe disciplinary methods, Major John Brooke finds they also helped build confidence among his troops.<ref name="Brooke-1895">{{Cite journal |last=Brooke |first=John |title=Anthony Wayne: His Campaign against the Indians of the Northwest |journal=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1895 |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=387–396 |jstor=20085650 }}</ref> Each day, he allowed troops to receive half a gill of whiskey with their rations and an extra one for the best shooters. Barrels of rum, whiskey, wine, flour, and rations were stockpiled at various forts and traveled with Wayne's legion.<ref name="Stockwell-2018" /> Brooke goes on to write about Wayne's strong relationship with his soldiers, "The winter passed drearily at Greeneville. They were almost in the heart of the Indian country, cut off from communication with the outside world, and surrounded by crafty and treacherous foes. Wayne shared the hardships and privations of his men, and personally saw that discipline and instruction were kept up. The sentinel on post might know when to expect the conventional visit from the officer of the day, but he never knew at what hour he might see the form of the commander-in-chief emerge from the wintry gloom."<ref name="Brooke-1895" /> Wayne's support of his soldiers builds on his earlier experiences with his soldiers during the Revolutionary War.<ref name="Pennypacker-1908" />

During his command of the Legion of the United States, Wayne also encountered domestic problems en route to securing the Northwest Territory. On May 5, 1793, Wayne entered [[Cincinnati]] in preparation for future conflict further West. Although Kentucky was a newly independent state after breaking away from [[Virginia]], many citizens still believed that the United States federal government did little to protect their economic interests in the region. Historian Paul David Nelson writes of the local sentiment,"Thus, a few of Kentucky's citizens continued into 1793 to plot all sorts of schemes, including assisting the French to attack Spanish territory, using [[Kentucky]] as a base of operations; taking Kentucky out of the federal union and uniting it with the [[Spanish Empire]]; and striking a deal with some Canadian citizens to form a separate nation in the West, free from the control of the United States, Britain, or Spain."<ref name="Nelson-1986">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |date=1986 |title="Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Kentuckians of the 1790s |journal=The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society  |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |jstor=23381138 }}</ref> After learning of a smaller than originally anticipated military force, Wayne had to turn to recruiting local Kentucky citizens with the help of Kentucky Governor, [[Isaac Shelby]]. Although Wayne was able to successfully add Kentucky citizens to the Legion, there were still fewer than expected and many joined too late to have a significant impact.<ref name="Nelson-1986" /> Nelson goes on to write about the ineffectiveness of the Kentucky troops during the Northwest Indian War, "Once the Kentucky soldiers reached Wayne's winter head quarters, moreover, they did not cover themselves with glory. The commander, knowing that the troops were restless and murmuring about returning to their home state, suggested to Scott in late October that the Kentucky Mounted Volunteers be detached for a 'desultory expedition against the Indian Villages at Au Glaize'...To Wayne's utter disgust, one-third of Scott's men — through no fault of Scott — simply decamped for home in mid November without order."<ref name="Nelson-1986" />

On December 24, 1793, Wayne dispatched a force to Ohio to establish [[Fort Recovery]] at the location of St. Clair's defeat as a base of operations.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> Friendly Native Americans helped Wayne recover a cannon that the attackers had buried nearby, with its redeployment at the fort.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> The fort became a magnet for military skirmishes in the summer of 1794, with an attack led by Miami chief [[Little Turtle]] failing after two days and resulting in [[Blue Jacket]] becoming war leader.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> In response, the British built [[Fort Miami (Ohio)|Fort Miami]] to block Wayne's advance and to protect [[Fort Shelby (Michigan)#Fort Lernoult under the British|Fort Lernoult]] in Detroit. Wayne's army continued north, building strategically defensive forts ahead of the main force. British officer [[Alexander McKee]] provided strategic battle advice to the western confederacy beforehand.{{sfn|Sword|2003|page=296}}

On August 3, 1794, a tree fell on Wayne's tent at Fort Adams in northern [[Mercer County, Ohio|Mercer County.]] He was knocked unconscious, but he recovered sufficiently to resume the march the next day to the newly built [[Fort Defiance (Ohio)|Fort Defiance]] on August 8, 1794.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /><ref>Carter, p. 133.</ref> After observing Wayne's activities for two years, Little Turtle declared that Wayne was "the Chief that does not sleep" and advised fellow Indians to answer calls for peace, though British agents and Blue Jacket were opposed.<ref name="Tucker-2013" /> On August 20, 1794, Wayne mounted an assault on the Indian confederacy at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] near modern [[Maumee, Ohio]], which was a decisive victory for the U.S. forces, effectively ending the war. It was later discovered that a British company under Lieutenant Colonel [[William Caldwell (ranger)|William Caldwell]] had dressed as Native Americans and participated in the battle.{{sfn|Sword|2003|page=298}} Following the battle, Wayne used Fort Defiance as a [[base of operation]]s and under the direction of Washington's policies, destroyed their villages and food stocks.<ref name="POL" /> Like many wars throughout history, the U.S. military essentially used a common war tactic known as [[scorched earth]] tactics in the later part of the campaign, destroying fields and homes of Native Americans as winter approached.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zelnik |first=Eran |date=Spring 2021 |title=Self-Evident Walls: Reckoning with Recent Histories of Race and Nation |journal=[[Journal of the Early Republic]] |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=1–38|doi=10.1353/jer.2021.0000 |s2cid=234183824 }}</ref><ref name="Hixson-2013" /> Reporting on the progress, Wayne would write "their future prospects must naturally be gloomy & unpleasant".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bergmann |first=William H |date=Spring 2008 |title=A "Commercial View of This Unfortunate War": Economic Roots of an American National State in the Ohio Valley, 1775-1795 |journal=[[Early American Studies]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=137–164|doi=10.1353/eam.2008.0000 |s2cid=144686624 }}</ref>

The Native American troops attempted to find refuge at their British ally's fort, known as Fort Miami. The British realizing their ally lost the battle, locked the doors and prevented refuge.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Gary Clayton |title=Ethnic Cleansing and the Indian: The Crime That Should Haunt America |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-8061-4508-2 |page=105 |language=en |quote=General Wayne prepared his army for combat. Plain and simple, the young United States was going to war to "cleanse" Ohio of its Indians.}}</ref> Wayne then used Fort Deposit as a base of operations because of its proximity to Fort Miami and encamped for three days in sight of Fort Miami. Wayne attempted to provoke the fort's commander, Major [[William Campbell (British Army officer, died 1796)|William Campbell]], by destroying McKee's post as well as Native American crops and villages within sight of Fort Miami before withdrawing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Defiance, Ohio - Ohio History Central|url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Defiance,_Ohio|access-date=2021-05-03|website=ohiohistorycentral.org}}</ref> When Campbell asked the meaning of the encampment, Wayne replied that the answer had already been given by the sound of their muskets. The next day, Wayne rode alone to Fort Miami and slowly conducted an inspection of the fort's exterior walls. The British garrison debated whether to engage Wayne, but in the absence of orders and with Britain already being at war with France, Campbell declined to fire the first shot at the United States.{{sfn|Hogeland|pp=350–351}} Neither Campbell nor Wayne was willing to be the one to start a second war, and the Legion finally departed for Fort Recovery.

Throughout the campaign, Wayne warned against future British attacks and planned for another large battle while the Legion was at full strength. When Wayne arrived at [[Kekionga]] unopposed on September 17, 1794, he razed the Miami capital and then selected it as the site for the new Fort Wayne.<ref name="Tucker-2013" />{{sfn|Poinsatte|pp=27–28}} Wayne wanted a strong fort, capable of withstanding a possible attack by British artillery from Fort Detroit. Fort Wayne was finished by October 17 and was capable of withstanding 24-pound cannon. Although the British did not attack from the Northwest and Native Americans did not re-form into a large army, small bands continued to harass the Legion's perimeter, scouts, and supply trains.{{sfn|Nelson|1985|pp=269-270}}
[[File:Anthony Wayne letter to Colonel Meigs, November 25, 1795 - DPLA - 88907ea28bdc0499ebd535cacc075faf (page 2).jpg|thumb|upright|Anthony Wayne letter to Colonel Meigs, November 25, 1795]]
Wayne then negotiated the [[Treaty of Greenville]] between the tribal confederacy — which had experienced a difficult winter – and the United States, which was signed on August 3, 1795. The U.S. stated the land was already ceded to the French or British in previous wars. At the meetings, Wayne promised the land of "[[Indiana Territory|Indiana]]", the remaining land to the west, to remain Indian forever.<ref name="Savage-2020a" /> Wayne also supplied food and farming supplies as a good faith gesture. Wayne read portions of the Paris Treaty, informing them that the British were encouraging them to fight for land and forts the British already ceded to the United States.

While crops were planted and farmed again, Wayne's promise of land and treaty were left vulnerable after his death. A Spanish spy Wilkinson would take command of his army. Citizens eventually continued to settle beyond the borders and the state of Ohio later entered into the Union in 1803. After Wayne's death, settlers continued moving past the borders and pushing the Native American people who lived there further westward.<ref name="Savage-2020a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shalev |first=Eran |date=Summer 2021 |title="This Natural Defect of Apprehension": Native Americans and the Politics of Time in the Young United States |journal=European Journal of American Studies |volume=16 |issue=2|doi=10.4000/ejas.16983 |s2cid=237798370 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Stockwell 2018 88–236"/>

===Betrayal by Wilkinson===

When picking a general to lead the Legion of the United States, President Washington considered a few options, most notably Wayne and [[James Wilkinson]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Landon |title=William Clark and the Shaping of the West |publisher=Hill and Wang |year=2004}}</ref> When thinking of his choices, Washington found Wayne to be, "more active and enterprising than Judicious and cautious," and Wilkinson to be lacking experience, "as he was but a short time in the Service."<ref name="Gaff-2008">{{Cite book |last=Gaff |first=Alan D. |title=Bayonets in the wilderness: Anthony Wayne's legion in the Old Northwest |date=2008 |publisher=Univ. of Oklahoma Press |pages=22–24 |oclc=914618152}}</ref> Throughout the campaign, Wayne's second in command, General Wilkinson secretly tried to undermine him. Wilkinson wrote anonymous negative letters to local newspapers about Wayne and spent years writing negative letters to politicians in Washington, D.C. Wayne was unaware as Wilkinson was recorded as being extremely polite to Wayne in person. Wilkinson was also a Spanish spy at the time and even served as an officer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.taraross.com/post/tdih-plot-against-anthony-wayne|title=This Day in History: The Secret Plot Against General Mad Anthony Wayne|date=January 25, 2019|website=Taraross}}</ref> In December 1794, Wilkinson secretly instructed suppliers to delay rations and send just enough to keep the army alive in hopes of preventing progress.<ref name="Stockwell 2018 88–236"/> Secretary of War [[Henry Knox]] eventually alerted Wayne about Wilkinson, and Wayne began an investigation. Eventually, Spanish couriers carrying payments for Wilkinson were intercepted. Wayne's suspicions were confirmed, and he attempted to [[court-martial]] Wilkinson for his treachery. However, Wayne developed a stomach ulcer and died on December 15, 1796; there was no court-martial. Instead Wilkinson began his first tenure as [[Commanding General of the United States Army|Senior Officer of the Army]], which lasted for about a year and a half. He continued to pass on intelligence to the Spanish in return for large sums in gold.<ref name="Nelson, 1999">Nelson, 1999</ref>

==Death==
[[File:AnthonyWayneGrave.png|thumb|Wayne's grave at [[St. David's Episcopal Church (Radnor, Pennsylvania)|St. David's Episcopal Church]] in [[Radnor Township, Pennsylvania]], which contains Wayne's bones]]
Wayne died during a return trip to [[Pennsylvania]] from a military post in [[Detroit]]. It has been speculated but never proven that Wilkinson had him assassinated by poison. Wilkinson is documented secretly undermining him throughout his later career, benefited from his death, and would replace him as commander after his death.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2013/08/was-general-anthony-wayne-murdered/|title=Was General Anthony Wayne Murdered?|first=Hugh T.|last=Harrington|date=August 20, 2013|website=Journal of the American Revolution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/159602|title=Why I Believe Meriwether Lewis Was Assassinated &#124; History News Network|website=historynewsnetwork.org|date=June 28, 2015 }}</ref>

Wayne was buried at [[Fort Presque Isle]], where the modern Wayne Blockhouse stands. His son, [[Isaac Wayne]], disinterred the body in 1809 and had the corpse boiled to remove the remaining flesh from the bones.<ref name="IHA">{{cite web |title=Wayne Buried in Two Places |url=http://www.ushistory.org/paoli/history/wayneburied.htm |website=Paoli Battlefield |publisher=Independence Hall Association |via=ushistory.org |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref> He then placed the bones into two saddlebags and relocated them to the family plot in the graveyard of [[St. David's Episcopal Church (Radnor, Pennsylvania)|St. David's Episcopal Church]] in [[Wayne, Pennsylvania]].<ref>[http://www.americanrevolution.org/wayne.html Hugh T. Harrington and Lisa A. Ennis. ''"Mad" Anthony Wayne: His Body Did Not Rest in Peace''], citing History of Erie County, Pennsylvania, vol. 1. pp. 211–212. Warner, Beers & Co., Chicago. 1884.</ref> The other remains were reburied but were rediscovered in 1878, giving Wayne two known grave sites.<ref name="IHA" /><ref>[https://unchartedlancaster.com/2021/10/10/haunted-lancaster-mad-anthonys-missing-ghostly-bones/ Haunted Lancaster: The Ghost of General 'Mad Anthony' Wayne and his Missing Bones – Uncharted Lancaster]</ref><ref>[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-ghost-of-bruce-wayne-s-real-life-namesake-haunts-pennsylvania Atlas Obscura: Nosowitz, Dan, "The Ghost Of Bruce Wayne's Real-Life Namesake Haunts Pennsylvania" ]</ref>

==Legacy==
Wayne's army overhaul and build up is considered the first attempt by the United States to provide formalized basic training for regular Army troops. His recruits and Legionville were the first facility established expressly for the purpose of a regular army.<ref name="Quintin"/>

President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] later praised Wayne as America's best fighting general. [[Henry Cabot Lodge]] mentions with the exception of Washington, and perhaps Greene, that he was the best general the Americans developed in the contest.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Roosevelt|first1=Theodore|author-link=Theodore Roosevelt|last2=Lodge|first2=Henry Cabot|author-link2=Henry Cabot Lodge|title=Hero Tales from American History - The Storming of Stony Point|url=http://www.togetherweteach.com/TWT%20Reading%20Room/PHEROES/PHERO07.HTM |access-date=October 18, 2021|publisher=Together We Teach}}</ref>

Along with other Founding Fathers, Wayne's reputation has been scrutinized for slavery and policies under Washington against Native American tribes. Shortly after the Northwest Indian War, Wayne died and his treaty was not enforced.<ref name="thoughtco.com">{{cite web |title=Mad Anthony: Major General Anthony Wayne |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/major-general-anthony-wayne-2360619 |website=ThoughtCo |language=en}}</ref>

His skills as a military leader received mixed views by his contemporaries, some of whom he had [[personality clash]]es with.<ref name="Harper-2021b" /><ref name="Nelson-1982" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Anthony Wayne |url=https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/anthony-wayne/ |website=George Washington's Mount Vernon |language=en}}</ref><ref name="thoughtco.com"/> Historian and author of  ''Unlikely General'' Mary Stockwell highlighted his decisive military victories while shedding light on his many personal flaws, being a spendthrift, womanizer, and heavy drinker.<ref name="Unlikely General"/><ref name="Harper-2021b">{{Cite journal |last=Harper |first=Rob |date=June 2021 |title=Across the City Council Divide |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/796676 |journal=[[Reviews in American History]] |publication-place=[[Baltimore]] |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=222–231 |doi=10.1353/rah.2021.0023 |s2cid=238033600 |quote=[Wayne] lacked the imagination and pragmatic adaptability of a Washington or Nathanael Greene. He was a better tactician than a strategist, and a better bon vivant than a human being. He was impulsive and prone to flights of grandiosity, flavored with a heavy dose of Julius Caesar.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Urwin |first1=Gregory J. W. |title=Unlikely General: "Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America by Mary Stockwell (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/749278/pdf |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |pages=138–140 |doi=10.1353/jer.2020.0009 |date=2020|volume=40 |issue=1 |s2cid=213615655 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martino |first1=Gina M. |title=Unlikely General: "Mad" Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America by Mary Stockwell (review) |journal=Canadian Journal of History |pages=202–204 |date=2019|volume=54 |issue=1 |doi=10.3138/cjh.54.1-2.11-br15 |s2cid=243721857 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Harper-2021a" /><ref name="Nelson-1982">{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |date=October 1982 |title=Anthony Wayne: Soldier as Politician |journal=[[The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography]] |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=463–464 |quote=Anthony Wayne is remembered in history primarily as a "proud, quick-tempered, impetuous, and even arrogant" soldier of the Revolutionary War, ... "General Wayne had a constitutional attachment to the sword," said Henry Lee of his colleague in arms, "and this cast of character had acquired strength from indulgence." ... [Wayne's] reputation as a rash, impulsive officer who acted first and thought later}}</ref> Some considered him impulsive, bad-tempered, and aggressive as a military leader with a fiery personality who advocated the tactics of [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Maurice de Saxe]].<ref name="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography-1908" /><ref name="detroithistorical.org" /><ref name="Harper-2021b" /><ref name="Nelson-1982" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2018/06/unlikely-general-mad-anthony-wayne-and-the-battle-for-america/|title=Unlikely General: Mad Anthony Wayne and the Battle for America|first=Gene|last=Procknow|date=June 20, 2018|website=Journal of the American Revolution}}</ref>

Several of Wayne's uniforms, ranks, tactics and military legions exist today in the US Army. His legions were renamed regiments. One of them is now known as the Third Regiment of Infantry which is best known for its role in the changing-of-the-guard ceremony at the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)|Tomb of the Unknown Soldier]] at the [[Arlington National Cemetery]].<ref name="Savage-2020b">{{Cite web |last=Savage |first=Charlie |date=July 21, 2020 |title=When the Culture Wars Hit Fort Wayne |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2020/07/31/culture-wars-fort-wayne-373011 |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=Politico}}</ref><ref name="history.army.mil" />

===In popular culture===
Wayne has been covered in numerous books, comics, TV shows and articles. In 2017 Wayne was played by [[Michael J. Burg]] in the TV series [[Turn: Washington's Spies]].<ref>{{cite web |title="TURN: Washington's Spies" Nightmare (TV Episode 2017) - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6139204/characters/nm0121119?ref_=tt_cl_c_15}}</ref> In 2018, Anthony Wayne was featured on PBS series A Taste of History in episode Remember Paoli!<ref>{{cite web |title=Remember Paoli! |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8668466/ |website=A Taste of History |date=31 May 2018}}</ref> Wayne is one of the main characters in [[Ann Rinaldi]]'s historical novel, ''[[A Ride into Morning]]''. Wayne is a character in [[Diana Gabaldon]]'s [[Outlander (franchise)|''Outlander'' series]]. [[Batman]] co-creator and writer Bill Finger named Bruce Wayne after him, and later writers established Bruce Wayne as a fictional descendant of Anthony Wayne. Anthony Wayne was depicted in the comic series as Bruce's direct ancestor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anthony Wayne: Wayne State's Namesake and Batman's Ancestor – Ethnic Layers of Detroit |url=https://s.wayne.edu/eld/digital-stories/anthony-wayne-wayne-states-namesake-and-batmans-ancestor/ |website=s.wayne.edu}}</ref> Most recently in 2020, historian and writer Mary Stockwell published a biography with [[Yale University Press]].<ref name="Unlikely General"/>

===Descendants and relatives===
Wayne's notable relatives and descendants include:
*[[Isaac Wayne]] (1772–1852), Wayne's son, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ushistory.org/Valleyforge/served/wayne.html|title=Biography of General Anthony Wayne|website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref>
*[[William Wayne (1828–1901)|William Wayne]] (1828–1901), great-grandson, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and member of the Union Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hsp.org/blogs/archival-adventures-in-small-repositories/mad-anthony-wayne|title="Mad" Anthony Wayne &#124; Historical Society of Pennsylvania|website=hsp.org}}</ref><ref name="historic">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historichomesins00cope/page/168/mode/2up |title=Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania |editor-last1=Cope |editor-first1=Gilbert |editor-last2=Ashmead |editor-first2=Henry Graham |volume=1 |publisher=The Lewis Publishing Company |year=1904 |pages=168–170 |via=[[Archive.org]] |access-date=2023-12-03}}{{Open access}}</ref>
*[[William Wayne]] (1855–1933), great-great-grandson, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives<ref name="historic"/>
*Isaac Wayne Van Leer (1846–1861) enlisted for the Union during the Civil War at age 15 and was documented in several publications for his patriotism.<ref>{{cite magazine|year=2007|title=History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sotOsiKJFPIC&q=Warwick+Furnace+Farms+%22van+leer%22&pg=PA752|magazine=History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical|pages=752–753|isbn=978-0-7884-4387-9 |last1=Smith Futhey |first1=J. }}</ref>
*[[Blake Ragsdale Van Leer]] (1893–1956), fifth president of [[Georgia Tech]] and leader in desegregation
*[[Blake Wayne Van Leer]] (1926–1997), a prominent commander and captain in the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] and led [[Seabee]] program, the nuclear research and power unit at [[McMurdo Station]] during [[Operation Deep Freeze]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vanleerarchives.org/the-wayne-family/|title=Wayne Family|website=www.vanleerarchives.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tehistory.org/hqda/html/v16/v16n4p067.html|title=TEHS - Quarterly Archives|website=tehistory.org}}</ref>
*[[Jonwayne]] (1990–present), a [[Southern California]]-based rapper and record producer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/8743-you-can-find-this-on-the-internet-mixtapes-you-might-have-missed/?page=2|title=Staff Lists: You Can Find This on the Internet: Overlooked Mixtapes (page 2 of 2)|work=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|first=Jeff|last=Weiss|date=December 19, 2011|accessdate=December 3, 2023}}</ref>
*Blake Van Leer III (1982–present), an entrepreneur, film producer and candidate for [[North Carolina House of Representatives]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Van Leer For NC |url=https://vanleernc.com/ |website=vanleernc.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Wayne family |url=https://vanleerarchives.org/the-wayne-family/ |website=Van Leer Family Archives & History}}</ref>

===Memorials and honors===
{{main|List of memorials to Anthony Wayne}}
[[File:Anthony-wayne-philadelphia.jpg|thumb|155x155px|[[Equestrian statue of Anthony Wayne]] (1937) by American sculptor [[John Gregory (sculptor)|John Gregory]], located at the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]].]]
A lunette above the door in the [[United States Senate]] room 128, designed originally to house the [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Committee on Military Affairs and Militia]], features a [[fresco]] by [[Constantino Brumidi]] named "Storming at Stonypoint, General Wayne wounded in the head carried to the fort".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CDOC-103sdoc27/pdf/GPO-CDOC-103sdoc27-10-8.pdf |title=Constantino Brumidi: Artist of the Capitol |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1998 |location=Washington, DC |pages=106, 109 |chapter=8 "Gems of the Capitol" |access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref> On September 14, 1929, the [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Post Office]] issued a stamp honoring Wayne which commemorated the 135th anniversary of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The post office issued a series of stamps often referred to as the "Two Cent Reds" by collectors, most of them issued to commemorate the 150th anniversaries of the many events that occurred during the [[American Revolution]]. The stamp shows [[Bruce Saville (sculptor)|Bruce Saville]]'s [[Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument]].

In February 2019, the city council [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]], approved the creation of Anthony Wayne Day by a vote of 6–3.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2022 |title=City observes General 'Mad' Anthony Wayne Day |url=https://www.wane.com/news/local-news/city-observes-general-mad-anthony-wayne-day/ |work=WANE 15}}</ref> The approval sparked debate, was criticized by other councilmen, reporters, and the Miami tribe. The [[Miami tribe]], who maintain a strong connection with Fort Wayne as part of their ancestral homeland, objected to many of the facts put forward by supporters to champion Wayne. The Miamis were quoted, "In a show of respect for Fort Wayne's own sovereignty, the tribal council came to a decision: It would object to the resolution's historical errors and omissions, but not to the honoring of Wayne himself."<ref name="Savage-2020b"/>

The [[Wayne National Forest]] located in southeast Ohio was named in honor of General Wayne. It was established as a National Forest for the public in December 1992.

===Locations named after Anthony Wayne===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Type
!Name
!State
!2020 Population
!Ref
|-
|Fort
|[[Fort Wayne (fort)|Fort Wayne]]
|[[Indiana]]
|NA
|
|-
|Fort
|[[Fort Wayne (Detroit)|Fort Wayne]]
|[[Michigan]]
|NA
|
|-
|Fort
|[[Fort Wayne (Indian Territory)|Fort Wayne]]
|[[Oklahoma]]
|NA
|
|-
|City
|[[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]
|[[Indiana]]
|263,886
|<ref>Brice, Wallace A. (1868)  ''[https://archive.org/details/historyoffortway00inbric/page/n8/mode/2up History of Fort Wayne, from the Earliest Known Accounts of this Point to the Present Period]''. D.W. Jones & Son.</ref>
|-
|Village
|[[Wayne, Illinois|Wayne]]
|[[Illinois]]
|2,286
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Several Towns Named After Founders and Heroes |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/872352/kanedupage_county_il_toponym_origins/|newspaper=The Daily Herald|date=December 28, 1999|page=220|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = August 17, 2014 }} {{Open access}}</ref>
|-
|City
|[[Wayne, Michigan|Wayne]]
|[[Michigan]]
|17,713
|<ref>{{cite news|title=City of Wayne|url=https://www.waynecounty.com/departments/econdev/city-of-wayne.aspx#:~:text=The%20town%20was%20named%20after,Carriage%20Company%20of%20Detroit%20opened.|publisher=City of Wayne|access-date = July 20, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|City
|[[Wayne, Nebraska|Wayne]]
|[[Nebraska]]
|5,973
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=team |first=The Explore Nebraska History |title=Wayne |url=https://mynehistory.com/items/show/522 |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Explore Nebraska History |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Town
|[[Wayne, New York|Wayne]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|1,006
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Town of Wayne - Wayne, NY|url=https://www.townofwayneny.com/general-history.php#:~:text=The%20town%20changed%20its%20name,smaller%20hamlet%20of%20Wayne%2C%20NY. |access-date=July 20, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|Unincorporated community
|[[Wayne, Pennsylvania|Wayne]]
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|NA
|
|-
|Town
|[[Wayne, West Virginia|Wayne]]
|[[West Virginia]]
|1,441
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvcounties.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010923185022/http://www.wvculture.org/history/wvcounties.html |archive-date=September 23, 2001 |access-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Borough
|[[Waynesboro, Pennsylvania|Waynesboro]]
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|10,951
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://waynesboropa.gov/history/ | title=History }}</ref>
|-
|Independent city
|[[Waynesboro, Virginia|Waynesboro]]
|[[Virginia]]
|22,196
|<ref>{{Britannica URL | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Waynesboro | title=Waynesboro }}</ref>
|-
|Town
|[[Waynesville, North Carolina|Waynesville]]
|[[North Carolina]]
|10,140
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Residents |url=https://www.waynesvillenc.gov/residents#:~:text=The%20Town%20of%20Waynesville%20was,General%20%22Mad%22%20Anthony%20Wayne. |website=www.waynesvillenc.gov |publisher=The Town of Waynesville, NC |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Georgia|Wayne]]
|[[Georgia (US state)|Georgia]]
|30,144
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Illinois|Wayne]]
|[[Illinois]]
|16,179
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Indiana|Wayne]]
|[[Indiana]]
|66,553
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Iowa|Wayne]]
|[[Iowa]]
|6,497
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Kentucky|Wayne]]
|[[Kentucky]]
|19,555
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Michigan|Wayne]]
|[[Michigan]]
|1,793,561
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Mississippi|Wayne]]
|[[Mississippi]]
|19,779
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Missouri|Wayne]]
|[[Missouri]]
|10,974
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Nebraska|Wayne]]
|[[Nebraska]]
|9,697
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, New York|Wayne]]
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|91,283
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, North Carolina|Wayne]]
|[[North Carolina]]
|117,333
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Ohio|Wayne]]
|[[Ohio]]
|116,894
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Pennsylvania|Wayne]]
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|51,155
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, Tennessee|Wayne]]
|[[Tennessee]]
|16,232
|
|-
|County
|[[Wayne County, West Virginia|Wayne]]
|[[West Virginia]]
|38,982
|
|}

There are also many [[township]]s named after Anthony Wayne, including [[List of townships in Ohio|21 in Ohio alone]].

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Flickr - USCapitol - The Storming of Stony Point, 1779.jpg|''The Storming of Stony Point, 1779'' by [[Constantino Brumidi]] (1871) in room S-128 of the [[United States Capitol]] 
File:Gen Anthony Wayne 1929 Issue-2c.jpg|[[Battle of Fallen Timbers]], [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States#Two Cent Red Sesquicentennial Issues of 1926–1932|commemorative issue]] of 1928, 2¢
File:Waynesboro.JPG|His home, [[Waynesborough]] in [[Paoli, Pennsylvania]]
File:Gen. Anthony Wayne.jpeg|Steel engraving of Anthony Wayne by Alonza Chappel
File:AnthonyWayneBridge.JPG|[[Anthony Wayne Bridge]] (Toledo, Ohio)
File:Wayne, PA Keystone Marker.jpg|[[Keystone Marker]] in [[Wayne, Pennsylvania]], named for General Wayne
File:EWagnerAWayne1.jpg|[[Wayne County Building]] (Detroit, Michigan) pediment
File:Maccabees Building, Wayne State University - IMG 8926.JPG|[[Wayne State University]]. [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]], Maccabees Building
</gallery>

==References==
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist|2}}

'''Sources'''
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=William B. |title=A History of Kentucky: Embracing Gleanings, Reminiscences, Antiquities, Natural Curiosities, Statistics, and Biographical Sketches of Pioneers, Soldiers, Jurists, Lawyers, Statesmen, Divines, Mechanics, Farmers, Merchants, and Other Leading Men, of All Occupations and Pursuits |publisher=Bradley & Gilbert |year=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s_wTAAAAYAAJ |access-date=November 10, 2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_s_wTAAAAYAAJ/page/n47 46]–47}}
* {{cite book|last=Boatner |first=Mark M. III |year=1994 |title=Encyclopedia of the American Revolution |location=Mechanicsburg, Pa. |publisher=Stackpole Books |isbn= 0-8117-0578-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Harvey Lewis |title=The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash |url=https://archive.org/details/lifetimesoflittl0000cart |url-access=registration |year=1987 |location=Urbana |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=0-252-01318-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Dubin |first=Michael J |title=United States Congressional Elections, 1788–1997: The Official Results of the Elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses |location=Jefferson, NC |publisher=McFarland and Company |year=1998 |isbn=0-7864-0283-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Hogeland |first=William |title=Autumn of the Black Snake: the creation of the U.S. Army and the invasion that opened the West |location=New York |year=2017 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-10734-5 |lccn=2016052193 |ref=CITEREFHogeland}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Knopf |editor-first=Richard C.  |title=Anthony Wayne: A Name in Arms |location=Pittsburgh |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=1960 |isbn=978-0-8229-7534-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQCpMTbPHsUC}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Labaree |editor-first=Leonard W.  |title=The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. 12 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1968}}{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book|last=Lancaster |first=Bruce |year=1971 |title=The American Revolution |publisher=American Heritage Books |location=New York |isbn=0-618-12739-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Paul David |title=Anthony Wayne. Soldier of the Early Republic |year=1985 |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Bloomington |isbn=0-253-30751-1 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/anthonywaynesold00nels }}
* Nelson, Paul David. "Wilkinson, James (1757–28 December 1825)" American National Biography (1999).{{ISBN?}}
* {{cite book  | last =Pleasants  | first =Henry  |author2=Delaware County Historical Society   | title =History of Old St. David's Church Radnor, Delaware County, Pennsylvania | publisher =John C Winston Co | year =1907  | page =206  | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=KlQVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1}}
* {{cite book |last=Poinsatte |first=Charles |title=Outpost in the Wilderness: Fort Wayne, 1706–1828 |publisher=Allen County, Fort Wayne Historical Society |year=1976 |isbn=3-337-36469-1 |ref=CITEREFPoinsatte}}
* {{cite book |last=Wayne |first=Isaac |title= Biographical Memoir of Major General Anthony Wayne|location=Philadelphia|publisher=The Casket No. 5|year=1829 |pages=190–203|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIQqAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last=Sword |first=Wiley |title=President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795 |location=Norman|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2003 |orig-date=1985 |isbn=978-0-8061-2488-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_BsHAAACAAJ }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Anthony Wayne}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{EB1911 poster|Wayne, Anthony|Anthony Wayne}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706194932/http://www.armyhistory.org/ahf2.aspx?pgID=877&id=94&exCompID=56 Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen Timbers] from The Army Historical Foundation
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041026105035/http://www.ushistory.org/ValleyForge/served/wayne.html General Anthony Wayne]
* [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-398way Anthony Wayne family papers.] William L. Clements Library.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071106131957/http://chester-county-genealogy.com/smartsection.item.85/the-man-buried-in-two-places.html National Park Service Museum Collection: American Revolutionary War Exhibit, Wayne portrait & bio]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070628200649/http://www.maumeevalleyheritagecorridor.org/ Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071106131957/http://chester-county-genealogy.com/smartsection.item.85/the-man-buried-in-two-places.html Anthony Wayne – The Man Buried in Two Places]

{{S-start}}
{{S-par|us-hs}}
{{US House succession box
| state=Georgia
| district=1
| before=[[James Jackson (Georgia politician)|James Jackson]]
| after=[[John Milledge]]
| years=March 4, 1791 – March 21, 1792
}}
{{S-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Arthur St. Clair]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding General of the United States Army|Senior Officer of the United States Army]]|years=1792–1796}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Wilkinson]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{US Army Chiefs of Staff}}
{{American Revolutionary War|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wayne, Anthony}}
[[Category:1745 births]]
[[Category:1796 deaths]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:American people of the Northwest Indian War]]
[[Category:Burials at St. David's Episcopal Church (Radnor, Pennsylvania)]]
[[Category:Commanding Generals of the United States Army]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Continental Army generals]]
[[Category:Continental Army officers from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Founding Fathers of the United States]]
[[Category:History of Fort Wayne, Indiana]]
[[Category:History of Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives]]
[[Category:United States representatives from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:United States representatives removed by contest]]
[[Category:United States representatives who owned slaves]]
[[Category:People from Chester County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from Paoli, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People from colonial Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:People of Pennsylvania in the American Revolution]]
[[Category:United States Army generals]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:18th-century United States representatives]]
[[Category:18th-century members of the Pennsylvania General Assembly]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1788–1789 United States elections]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]