View source for Antonio Segni

{{Short description|President of Italy from 1962 to 1964}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = 
| name                = Antonio Segni
| image               = Antonio Segni Official 1962.jpg
| caption             = Official portrait, 1962
| office              = [[President of Italy]]
| primeminister       = [[Amintore Fanfani]]<br />[[Giovanni Leone]]<br />[[Aldo Moro]]
| term_start          = 11 May 1962
| term_end            = 6 December 1964
| predecessor         = [[Giovanni Gronchi]]
| successor           = [[Giuseppe Saragat]]
| order1              = [[Prime Minister of Italy]]
| term_start1         = 16 February 1959
| term_end1           = 26 March 1960
| president1          = Giovanni Gronchi
| predecessor1        = Amintore Fanfani
| successor1          = [[Fernando Tambroni]]
| term_start2         = 6 July 1955
| term_end2           = 20 May 1957
| president2          = Giovanni Gronchi
| deputy2             = Giuseppe Saragat
| predecessor2        = [[Mario Scelba]]
| successor2          = [[Adone Zoli]]
| order3              = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]]
| primeminister3      = Amintore Fanfani
| term_start3         = 2 July 1958
| term_end3           = 16 February 1959
| predecessor3        = [[Giuseppe Pella]]
| successor3          = [[Attilio Piccioni]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Ministerial offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| order4              = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister4      = Fernando Tambroni<br />Amintore Fanfani
| term_start4         = 26 March 1960
| term_end4           = 7 May 1962
| predecessor4        = Giuseppe Pella
| successor4          = Amintore Fanfani
| order5              = [[Minister of the Interior (Italy)|Minister of the Interior]]
| primeminister5      = ''Himself''
| term_start5         = 16 February 1959
| term_end5           = 26 March 1960
| predecessor5        = Fernando Tambroni
| successor5          = [[Giuseppe Spataro]]
| order6              = [[Minister of Defence (Italy)|Minister of Defence]]
| primeminister6      = Amintore Fanfani
| term_start6         = 2 July 1958
| term_end6           = 16 February 1959
| predecessor6        = [[Paolo Emilio Taviani]]
| successor6          = [[Giulio Andreotti]]
| order7              = [[Minister of Public Education (Italy)|Minister of Public Education]]
| primeminister7      = Giuseppe Pella
| term_start7         = 17 August 1953
| term_end7           = 19 January 1954
| predecessor7        = Giovanni Bettiol
| successor7          = Egidio Tosato
| primeminister8      = [[Alcide De Gasperi]]
| term_start8         = 26 July 1951
| term_end8           = 16 July 1953
| predecessor8        = [[Guido Gonella]]
| successor8          = Giovanni Bettiol
| order9              = [[Minister of Agriculture (Italy)|Minister of Agriculture]]
| primeminister9      = Alcide De Gasperi
| term_start9         = 13 July 1946
| term_end9           = 26 July 1951
| predecessor9        = [[Fausto Gullo]]
| successor9          = Amintore Fanfani{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|last=yes|Parliamentary offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
 |embed = yes
 |office10 = Member of the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]]
 |term_label10 = [[Senators for life in Italy|Life tenure]]
 |term_start10 = 6 December 1964
 |term_end10 = 1 December 1972
 |status10 = ''[[Ex officio]]''
 |office11 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
 |term_start11 = 8 May 1948
 |term_end11 = 10 May 1962
 |constituency11 = [[Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano constituency (1946–1994)|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]]
 |office12 = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]]
 |term_start12 = 25 June 1946
 |term_end12 = 31 January 1948
 |constituency12 = [[Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano constituency (1946–1994)|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]]{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1891|2|2|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Sassari]], [[Sardinia]], Italy
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1972|12|1|1891|2|2|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Rome]], [[Lazio]], Italy
| spouse              = {{marriage|Laura Carta Camprino|1921}}
| children            = 4 (including [[Mario Segni|Mario]])
| party               = [[Italian People's Party (1919)|PPI]] (1919–1926)<br/>[[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]] (1943–1972)
| awards              = [[Charlemagne Prize]]
| signature           = Antonio Segni signature.svg
}}
'''Antonio Segni''' ({{IPA|it|anˈtɔːnjo ˈseɲɲi|lang|It-Antonio Segni.ogg}}; 2 February 1891 – 1 December 1972) was an Italian politician and statesman who served as [[President of Italy]] from 1962 to 1964, and as [[Prime Minister of Italy]] from 1955 to 1957 and again from 1959 to 1960.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Uoxr2NtY8oC&pg=PA71|title=Parla il Capo dello Stato: sessanta anni di vita repubblicana attraverso il Quirinale 1946–2006|last=Rizzo|first=Tito Lucrezio|date=2 October 2012|publisher=Gangemi Editore spa|isbn=9788849274608|language=it}}</ref>

A member of the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party, Segni held numerous prominent offices in Italy's post-war period, serving as the country's [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]], [[Minister of the Interior (Italy)|Interior]], [[Minister of Defence (Italy)|Defence]], [[Minister of Agriculture (Italy)|Agriculture]], and [[Minister of Public Education (Italy)|Public Education]]. He was the first Sardinian to become head of state and government. He was also the second shortest-serving president in the history of the Republic and the first to resign from office, due to illness.<ref>[https://www.panorama.it/news/dimissioni-presidente-repubblica-precedenti Dimissioni del Presidente della Repubblica], Panorama</ref>

==Early life==
Segni was born in [[Sassari]] in 1891. His father, Celestino Segni, was a lawyer and professor at the [[University of Sassari]], while his mother, Annetta Campus, was a housewife. He grew up in a well-off family, involved in Sardinian politics; his father served as municipal and provincial councilor for Sassari, as well as deputy mayor during the early 1910s.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/antonio-segni_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Antonio Segni, Dizionario Biografico], Enciclopedia Treccani</ref> He began studying at the University of Sassari, where he would found a section of [[Azione Cattolica Italiana]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Kg_LDseivUC&q=%22Segni%22|title=The A to Z of Modern Italy|last2=Nilsson|first2=Robert K.|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4616-7202-9|language=en}}</ref>

In 1913, Segni graduated with merit at the University of Sassari, with the thesis ''Il vadimonium'' on [[civil procedure]] in [[Roman law]].<ref name=":2" /> He completed his studies in Rome with Giuseppe Chiovenda, of which he became the favorite student; in the law firm of the jurist, he met [[Piero Calamandrei]], with whom he built a close friendship that would last a lifetime.<ref>[https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/tempo-libero/2019/12/19/news/antonio-segni-un-europeista-al-quirinale-1.38236041 Antonio Segni, un europeista al Quirinale], La Nuova Sardegna</ref>

When the [[World War I]] broke out, Segni was enlisted as an artillery officer. Discharged, after some months, he continued his profession as lawyer, specializing in civil procedure. In 1920, he started his academic career as law professor at the [[University of Perugia]]. In 1921, he married Laura Carta Caprino (18 April 1896 – 21 July 1977)<ref>[http://www.tottusinpari.it/2020/06/12/le-sorelle-sassaresi-laura-e-vannina-carta-caprino-mogli-rispettivamente-del-presidente-antonio-segni-e-del-prof-carlo-vercesi/ LE SORELLE SASSARESI LAURA E VANNINA CARTA CAPRINO, MOGLI RISPETTIVAMENTE DEL PRESIDENTE ANTONIO SEGNI E DEL PROF. CARLO VERCESI] {{in lang|it}}</ref> daughter of a rich landowner,<ref>[https://www.gettyimages.it/immagine/laura-carta-caprino Laura Carta Caprino], Getty</ref> with whom he had four children,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accademiasarda.it/2009/07/le-amministratrici-cattoliche-delle-opere-pie-del-centro-nord/|title=Accademia sarda di storia di cultura e di lingua » Blog Archive » Protagoniste del caritatismo cattolico sassarese (1856–1970) a cura di Angelino Tedde|language=it-IT|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> including [[Mario Segni|Mario]], who would become a prominent politician during the early 1990s.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/mariotto-segni/ Mariotto Segni], Enciclopedia Treccani</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/people/Celestino-Segni/6000000068523254930|title=Celestino Segni|website=geni_family_tree|language=en-US|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref>

During these years, Segni started his involvement in politics. In 1919, he joined the [[Italian People's Party (1919)|Italian People's Party]] (PPI), a [[Christian democratic]] party, led by Don [[Luigi Sturzo]].<ref name="Payne1995">{{cite book|author=Stanley G. Payne|title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-14874-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/88 88]}}</ref> In 1923, he was appointed in party's national council. Segni ran in the [[1924 Italian general election]] for [[Sardinia]]'s constituency but was not elected.<ref name="NS">[[Dieter Nohlen]] & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p1047 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}}</ref> He remained a member of the PPI until all political organizations were dissolved by [[Benito Mussolini]] two years later in 1926. For the next 17 years, Segni left political life, continuing to teach civil procedure and [[agrarian law]] at the universities of [[University of Pavia|Pavia]], [[University of Perugia|Perugia]], [[University of Cagliari|Cagliari]], and Sassari, where he later served as rector from 1946 to 1951.<ref>[http://presidenti.quirinale.it/Segni/seg-biografia.htm La Biografia del Presidente Segni], quirinale.it</ref>

==Early political career==
In 1943, after the fall of Mussolini's [[National Fascist Party|Fascist]] regime, Segni was one of the founders of [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] (DC), the heir of the PPI.<ref name="MarksWilson">{{cite book|author1=Gary Marks|author2=Carole Wilson|chapter=National Parties and the Contestation of Europe|editor1=T. Banchoff|editor2=Mitchell P. Smith|title=Legitimacy and the European Union|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GgvLEFPY8l4C&pg=PA126|access-date=26 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-18188-4|page=126}}</ref> On 12 December 1944, he was appointed Undersecretary to the Ministry of Agriculture in the [[second Bonomi government]].<ref>[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/ordinamento-provvisorio-25-luglio-1943-23-maggio-1948-assemblea-5 Governo Bonomi II], governo.it</ref>

===Minister of Agriculture===
[[File:Antonio Segni 1946.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Segni in 1946]]
In the [[1946 Italian general election]], Segni was elected to the [[Italian Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] for the consistency of [[List of Italian constituencies (1946–1994)#Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]], receiving more than 40,000 votes.<ref>[https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=A&dtel=02/06/1946&tpa=I&tpe=I&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=31&levsut1=1&ne1=31&es0=S&es1=S&ms=S Elezioni del 1946: Collegio di Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro], Ministero dell'Interno</ref> On 13 July 1946, he was appointed [[Italian Minister of Agriculture|Minister of Agriculture]] in the [[second De Gasperi government]].<ref>[http://www.governo.it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/ordinamento-provvisorio-25-luglio-1943-23-maggio-1948-assemblea-2 Governo De Gasperi II], governo.it</ref> As minister, he primarily focused on the growth of agricultural production, functional to improving Italy's conditions after the end of the war. Segni tried to reform agricultural contracts but was strongly opposed by conservatives and by many members of the DC. The failure of this legislative proposal accelerated the timing of the development of the [[land reform]].<ref>[http://www.occupazioneterre.altervista.org/la-riforma-fondiaria-a-montescaglioso.html La Riforma Agraria], Occupazione delle Terre</ref>

The land reform, approved by the [[Italian Parliament]] in October 1950, was financed in part by the funds of the [[Marshall Plan]] launched by the United States in 1947 and considered by some scholars as the most important reform of the entire post-war period.<ref>Corrado Barberis, ''Teoria e storia della riforma agraria'', [[Florence]], Vallecchi, 1957</ref> Segni's reform proposed, through forced expropriation, the distribution of land to agricultural labourers, thus making them small entrepreneurs and no longer subject to the large landowner.<ref>[https://agriregionieuropa.univpm.it/it/content/article/31/52/riforma-agraria-e-modernizzazione-rurale-italia-nel-ventesimo-secolo Riforma agraria e modernizzazione rurale in Italia nel ventesimo secolo]</ref> If in some ways the reform had this beneficial result, for others it significantly reduced the size of farms, effectively removing any possibility of transforming them into advanced businesses. This negative element was mitigated and in some cases eliminated by forms of [[cooperative]]s.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23719889?seq=1 Alcide De Gasperi tra riforma agraria e guerra fredda (1948–1950)]</ref>

Segni, who was a landowner, ordered the expropriation of most of his own estate in Sardinia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866479,00.html|title=Italy: New Man on the Job|date=1 July 1955|magazine=Time|access-date=21 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> He became known as a "white Bolshevik" for his agrarian reforms.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7s5JDwAAQBAJ&dq=segni+bolscevico+bianco&pg=PA170 Il colle più alto]</ref> Modern historians assert that landowners were instead favoured by Segni, and his decrees allowed them to reclaim land that had been granted to the peasantry by the preceding administration.<ref>Ginsborg, Paul (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=uhgRA9j9FOwC A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943–1988]'', Palgrave Macmillan, p. 122{{ISBN|1-4039-6153-0}}</ref>

===Minister of Public Education===
In July 1951, after a cabinet reshuffle, Segni left his office as Minister of Agriculture and was appointed the [[Italian Minister of Public Education]] in [[De Gasperi's seventh government]], succeeding [[Guido Gonella]].<ref>[http://storia.camera.it/governi/vii-governo-de-gasperi VII Governo De Gasperi], camera.it</ref>

As minister, Segni was particularly involved in the fight against [[illiteracy]], in the improvement of teaching activities, and in the construction of new schools around the country; however, he did not continue the important reforms started by his predecessor. He tried to implement the reform step by step but encountered strong resistance, even in the ministries that were supposed to finance these measures. Segni proposed to replace the high school exam with an admission test to university, but this was rejected.<ref>[https://www.mulino.it/isbn/9788815271167 Antonio Segni], Salvatore Mura, il Mulino</ref> His reforms, which also received various appreciations from the opposition parties due to his secular idea of school that was very different from that of Gonella, were not ambitious as the ones of his predecessor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4tHnCgAAQBAJ&dq=segni+educazione+antonio&pg=PA143 Educazione, laicità e democrazia], Antonio Santoni</ref>

[[File:Segni De Gasperi Colombo.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Segni with [[Alcide De Gasperi]] and [[Emilio Colombo]] in the early 1950s]]
The [[1953 Italian general election]] was characterised by changes in the electoral law. Even if the general structure remained uncorrupted, the government introduced a [[majority bonus system]] of two-thirds of seats in the country's [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]] for the coalition that would obtain [[at-large]] the [[absolute majority]] of votes. The change was strongly opposed by both the opposition parties and DC's smaller coalition partners that had no realistic chance of success under this system. The new law was called the ''[[scam law]]'' by its detractors,<ref>Also its parliamentarian exam had a disruptive effect: "Among the iron pots of political forces that faced in the Cold War, Senate cracked as earthenware pot": {{cite journal|last1=Buonomo|first1=Giampiero|title=Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio|journal=L'Ago e Il Filo|year=2014|url=https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89210209|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=24 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324160801/https://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89210209|url-status=dead}}</ref> including some dissidents of minor government parties who founded special opposition groups to deny the artificial [[landslide victory]] of the DC.

The campaign of the opposition to the electoral law achieved its goal, as the government coalition won 49.9% of national vote, just a few thousand votes of the threshold for a [[supermajority]], resulting in an ordinary proportional distribution of the seats. Technically, the government won the election, winning a clear working majority of seats in both houses. In July 1953, Segni was ousted from office in the newly formed government of [[Alcide De Gasperi]].<ref>[https://storia.camera.it/governi/viii-governo-de-gasperi Governo De Gasperi VIII], camera.it</ref> Frustration with the failure to win a supermajority caused significant tensions in the leading coalition, and De Gasperi was forced to resign by the Italian Parliament on 2 August.<ref>{{in lang|it}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120801002834/http://www.questia.com/projects#!/project/89210209 {{lang|it|Come il Senato si scoprì vaso di coccio}}, in L’Ago e il filo, 2014]</ref> On 17 August, Italian president [[Luigi Einaudi]] appointed Pella as new prime minister, who selected Segni as his Minister of Public Education.<ref>[http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/05/12/news/matterella_cita_einaudi_e_l_incarico_a_pella_fu_il_primo_governo_del_presidente-196214438/?ref=RHPPLF-BL-I0-C8-P1-S1.8-T2 Mattarella cita Einaudi e l'incarico a Pella: fu il primo governo del presidente]</ref> Pella remained in power only for five months.<ref>[https://storia.camera.it/governi/i-governo-pella Governo Pella], Governo.it</ref><ref>[https://www.corriere.it/romano/08-07-31/01.spm Cattolico e risorgimentale, Pella e il caso di Trieste]</ref> In the successive governments of [[Amintore Fanfani]] and [[Mario Scelba]], Segni was not appointed in any office.<ref>[http://www.senato.it/leg/02/BGT/Schede/Governi/0042_M.htm Composizione del Governo Scelba], senato.it</ref>

==Prime Minister of Italy==
In the [[1955 Italian presidential election]] held on 28–29 April of that year, [[Giovanni Gronchi]] was elected the new president of the Republic.<ref name=tim090555>[http://205.188.238.109/time/printout/0,8816,861442,00.html "Danger on the Left"]{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 9 May 1955</ref> After the election, a political crisis between prime minister Scelba and DC's leader Fanfani broke out.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 July 1955|title=Segni Hopeful of Breaking Up Crisis in Italy|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1665&dat=19550701&id=AvdQAAAAIBAJ&pg=3511,9017|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> In July 1955, Scelba resigned from the office, and Segni received the task of forming a new cabinet.<ref>[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/ii-legislatura-25-giugno-1953-14-marzo-1958/governo-segni/3220 Governo Segni I], governo.it</ref> He started consultations with parties to explore the possibilities of forming a new coalition government, obtaining the approval of DC, [[Italian Democratic Socialist Party]] (PSDI) and [[Italian Liberal Party]] (PLI), and the external support from the [[Italian Republican Party]] (PRI). On 6 July, Segni sworn in as the new prime minister. On 18 July, the government's program was approved by the Chamber of Deputies with 293 votes in favour and 265 against. On 22 July, the [[Senate of the Republic (Italy)|Senate of the Republic]] approved the confidence vote with 121 votes in favour and 100 against.<ref>[http://www.dellarepubblica.it/ii-legislatura-i-segni Il governo Segni I]</ref>

===First government===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-45653-0001, Rom, Verträge über Zollpakt und Eurotom unterzeichnet.jpg|thumb|220px|Segni with German chancellor [[Konrad Adenauer]] and diplomat [[Walter Hallstein]] during the signing of the [[Treaty of Rome]] in 1957]]
[[Segni's first government]] is widely considered among the most important cabinets in the history of the Republic.<ref>[https://www.federalismi.it/nv14/articolo-documento.cfm?artid=22958 I primi passi della Presidenza Gronchi ed il governo Segni]</ref> During his premiership, in 1955, Italy became a member of the [[United Nations]] (UN) in 1955.<ref>[https://www.esteri.it/mae/resource/pubblicazioni/2015/08/60_anni_italia.pdf 60 anni dell'Italia all'ONU], Ministero degli Esteri</ref> In March 1957, Segni signed the [[Treaty of Rome]], which brought about the creation of the [[European Economic Community]] (EEC), between Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany.<ref>[https://www.ilpost.it/2017/06/20/trattati-di-roma-cosa-sono-unione-europea/ Cosa sono i Trattati di Roma e perché sono importanti], il Post</ref> The Treaty of Rome still remains one of the two most important treaties in the modern-day [[European Union]] (EU).<ref>[https://www.ilpost.it/2017/03/25/trattati-di-roma-cosa-sono/ Trattati di Roma: cosa sono e perché sono stati celebrati], il Post</ref>

Segni had always been a strong supporter of [[European integration]]; according to him, in a world governed by great powers, European unity was the only possible way to influence the world. He also strengthened relations with West Germany, becoming a close friend of [[Konrad Adenauer]].<ref>[http://www.gianninispa.it/zzgiaspa1856/anteprima/633-5_Italia%20e%20mondo%20tedesco_anteprima.pdf Italia e mondo tedesco all'epoca di Adenauer]</ref> As premier, he also had to face the complicated [[Suez crisis]] of 1956, in which he staunchly defended Italy's economic interests in the area, always bearing in mind the need to safeguard Atlantic and European solidarity.<ref>[https://www.restorica.it/novecento/la-crisi-di-suez-e-la-fine-del-primato-delleuropa/ La crisi di Suez e la fine del primato dell’Europa]</ref>

During his premiership, Segni often had conflict with Fanfani, who believed that the government should have a more critical attitude towards the Anglo-French choices. Moreover, the brutal Soviet repression of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]] further divided Segni and Fanfani. Segni opposed an [[anti-communist]] legislative intervention, as Fanfani asked. The clash between the two leaders was so bitter that Segni threatened to resign. In his diary, Segni wrote: "The events of Hungary are unfortunately subjected to repressive political speculation. I refuse to speculate on them."<ref>''Diario (1956–1964)'', S. Mura, 2012, page 101)</ref>

In domestic policy, Segni's government was particularly active in judiciary policies. A law established the [[National Council of Economy and Labour]] (CNEL), as well as the Superior Council of the Judiciary. The most important event of all was the official opening of the [[Constitutional Court of Italy]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43204685 I primi due anni di funzionamento della Corte Costituzionale Italiana]</ref> In 1957, political tensions arose between the Italian president Gronchi and foreign affairs minister [[Gaetano Martino]], regarding government's foreign policy. In May 1957, the PSDI withdrew its support for the government, and Segni resigned on 6 May.<ref>[https://storia.camera.it/governi/i-governo-segni I Governo Segni], camera.it</ref> On 20 May, [[Adone Zoli]] sworn in as new head of government.<ref>[https://storia.camera.it/governi/i-governo-zoli Governo Zoli], camera.it</ref>

===After the premiership===
[[File:Antonio Segni and Konrad Adenauer by Giuseppe Moro, August 1959.jpg|thumb|Segni and Adenauer in August 1959]]
In July 1958, Zoli resigned, after having lost his majority in the Italian Parliament, and Fanfani became the prime minister again. Segni was appointed [[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]] and the country's [[Minister of Defence (Italy)|Minister of Defence]].<ref>[http://www.senato.it/leg/03/BGT/Schede/Governi/0045_M.htm Governo Fanfani II], senato.it</ref>

As minister, Segni worked to represent the interests of the [[Italian Armed Forces]], increasing wages and social securities for retired veterans, as well as strengthening military equipment and weapons.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892251,00.html|title=Italy: Right Turn|date=2 March 1959|magazine=Time|access-date=21 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> He also accepted [[NATO]] missile bases for [[atomic weapon]]s, convinced that they were a necessary tool to ensure the defence of Italy more than a danger that exposed the country to possible reprisals.<ref>[http://www.fondazionemicheletti.it/altronovecento/articolo.aspx?id_articolo=9&tipo_articolo=d_documenti&id=14 L’Italia nella guerra fredda e i missili americani IRBM Jupiter], Debora Sorrenti</ref>

In January 1959, a conspicuous group of Christian Democrats started voting against their own government, forcing Fanfani to resign on 26 January 1959 after six months in power.<ref name=time160661>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090813222259/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895359,00.html Italy's Fanfan], ''Time'', 16 June 1961</ref>

===Second government===
In February 1959, Gronchi gave Segni the task of forming a new cabinet, and he officially sworn in as the new prime minister on 16 February.<ref>[http://www.dellarepubblica.it/iii-legislatura-ii-segni II Governo Segni], ''Della Repubblica''</ref> Segni formed a one-party government, which was composed only by DC members, and was externally supported by minor centre-right and right-wing parties, as well as the neo-fascist [[Italian Social Movement]] (MSI).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eyaODAAAQBAJ&dq=governo+segni+msi&pg=PT23 L'anima nera della Repubblica: storia del MSI]</ref>

Segni attempted to strengthen Atlantic solidarity and to present Italy as Europe's most reliable ally of the United States. He also tried to represent the reassuring alternative to Fanfani's resourcefulness, advocating for [[Atlanticism]] in a season characterized by openings to the left, which was supported by Fanfani. The most comforting signals came from the economy, as industry and commerce expanded, unemployment declined, and Italy's GDP grew by over 6%, a rhythm that placed it among the most dynamic countries in the world.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/il-miracolo-economico-italiano_%28Il-Contributo-italiano-alla-storia-del-Pensiero:-Tecnica%29/ Il miracolo economico italiano], Enciclopedia Treccani</ref>

In social policy, various reforms in social welfare were carried out. A law of 21 March 1959 extended insurance against occupational diseases to agricultural workers, while a law approved on 17 May 1959 introduced a special additional indemnity for retired civil servants. Another important law, dated 4 July 1959, extended pension insurance to all artisans.<ref>Growth to Limits: The Western European Welfare States Since World War II Volume 4 edited by Peter Flora</ref>

In March 1960, the PLI withdrew its support to his government and Segni was forced to resign. After few months of [[Fernando Tambroni]]'s government, Fanfani returned to the premiership on 26 July, this time with an openly centre-left program supported by the PSI abstention, and Segni was appointed [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]].<ref>[http://www.dellarepubblica.it/iii-legislatura-iii-fanfani III Legislatura: 12 giugno 1958 – 15 maggio 1963]</ref> In August 1961, Segni and Fanfani made an historic trip to Moscow to meet the Soviet leaders.<ref>[https://patrimonio.archivioluce.com/luce-web/detail/IL0030000527/11/fanfani-e-segni-al-ritorno-mosca.html?indexPhoto=15&startPage=$%7BstartPage%7D Fanfani e Segni al ritorno da Mosca], Archivio Luce</ref>

==President of Italy==
[[File:Kennedy Segni 1962.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Segni with U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]] in Rome, 1962]]
In May 1962, when Gronchi's term as [[president of Italy]] expired, Segni was proposed as the DC's candidate by new party's leader [[Aldo Moro]] for the [[1962 Italian presidential election|1962 presidential election]] held on 2–6 May. With Segni's choice, Moro wanted to reassure the conservative representatives of his own party, worried about a possible extreme shift on leftist stances, after the beginning of the [[Organic Centre-left|organic centre-left]] period in February 1962.<ref>[https://www.panorama.it/news/corsa-al-colle-l-elezione-di-antonio-segni Corsa al Colle: L'elezione di Antonio Segni (1962)], Panorama</ref> On the first two rounds, the [[Italian Communist Party]] (PCI) decided to vote for [[Umberto Terracini]], while the PSI supported [[Sandro Pertini]]. After the third round, the PCI and PSI decided to converge on the candidacy of the PSDI, [[Giuseppe Saragat]], who gained also the favor of some DC representatives.<ref>[https://www.repubblica.it/static/speciali/politica/2013/elezioni-presidente-repubblica/numeri-dati-fati-quirinale/tutti-presidenti-repubblica-italiana.html Tutti i presidenti della Repubblica Italiana], ''la Repubblica''</ref>

After several ballots, Segni was finally elected president on 6 May 1962 with 51% of the votes, 443 votes on a total 854 electors.<ref>[http://presidenti.quirinale.it/Segni/seg-elezione.htm L'elezione del Presidente Segni], quirinale.it</ref><ref>[https://storia.camera.it/foto/19620502-elezione-presidente-repubblica-antonio-segni-21 Elezione a Presidente della Repubblica di Antonio Segni], camera.it</ref> His election was allowed thanks to the votes of monarchist and neo-fascist representatives.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hRL9S3FAQ7A La Repubblica italiana ha il suo terzo presidente]</ref> It was the first time that DC's official candidate succeeded in being elected president of the Republic.<ref name=":0" />

Many influent entities, notably including the [[Bank of Italy]], the Armed Forces, Vatican hierarchies, as well as economic and financial world, were concerned about the entry of the PSI into the government, and considered Segni a reference of stability and their most prominent political landmark. His power grew further in the aftermath of the [[1963 Italian general election]], which was characterized by a loss for the DC due to its new leftist policies.<ref>[https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=C&dtel=28/04/1963&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S Elezioni del 1963], Ministero dell'Interno</ref> Despite Segni's opposition, at the end of the year, Moro and the PSI secretary [[Pietro Nenni]] launched their first centre-left government, ruling the country for more than four years.<ref>[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/iv-legislatura-16-maggio-1963-11-marzo-1968/governo-moro-i/3210 I Governo Moro], governo.it</ref>

===Vajont Dam disaster===
[[File:Longarone Pirago.jpg|thumb|220px|The destroyed town of [[Longarone]] after the megatsunami of 1963]]
As president, Segni had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history, namely the [[Vajont Dam]] disaster.<ref>[https://www.ilfriuliveneziagiulia.it/il-9-settembre-1963-il-disastro-del-vajont-commemorazioni-in-tutta-la-regione/ Il 9 settembre 1963 il disastro del Vajont: commemorazioni in tutta la regione], Friuli Venezia Giulia</ref> On 9 October 1963, a landslide occurred on [[Monte Toc]], in the province of [[Pordenone]]. The landslide caused a [[megatsunami]] in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of {{convert|250|metres|ft}}, leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns, and 1,917 deaths.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/geoweb/participants/Dutch/VTrips/Vaiont.HTM |title=Vaiont Dam photos and virtual field trip |publisher=University of Wisconsin |access-date=1 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729032357/http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/geoweb/participants/Dutch/VTrips/Vaiont.HTM |archive-date=29 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the previous months, the Adriatic Society of Electricity (SADE) and the Italian government, which both owned the dam, dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster.<ref>[https://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/photostory/primopiano/2013/09/27/cronaca-disastro-processo_9373313.html La cronaca del disastro e il processo], ''ANSA''</ref>

On the following day, Segni visited the affected areas, promising justice for the victims.<ref>[https://www.ilgazzettino.it/home/mauro_corona_mano_assassina_lancio_sasso_distrusse_la_erto-204263.html Mauro Corona: «Una mano assassina lanciò il sasso che distrusse la mia Erto»], ''Il Gazzettino''</ref> Immediately after the disaster, both the government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event. Despite these statements, numerous warnings, signs of danger, and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it.<ref>[http://www.raiscuola.rai.it/programma-unita/la-tragedia-del-vajont/273/11009/default.aspx La tragedia del Vajont] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609090547/http://www.raiscuola.rai.it/programma-unita/la-tragedia-del-vajont/273/11009/default.aspx |date=9 June 2020 }}, ''Rai Scuola''</ref> The communist newspaper ''[[l'Unità]]'' was the first to denounce the actions of management and government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mattolinimusic.com/vajont/nove.htm |title=Mattolinimusic.com |publisher=Mattolinimusic.com |access-date=29 October 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The DC accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy and then-prime minister [[Giovanni Leone]] promised to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster. A few months after the end of his premiership, he became the head of SADE's team of lawyers, who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sopravvissutivajont.org/images2/Secondovajont.htm |title=Vajont, Due Volte Tragedia |publisher=Sopravvissutivajont.org |date=9 October 2002|access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>

===1964 coalition crisis===
On 25 June 1964, the government of [[Aldo Moro]] was beaten on the budget law for the [[Italian Ministry of Education]] concerning the financing of private education, and on the same day Moro resigned. During the presidential consultations for the formation of a new cabinet, Segni asked Nenni to exit from the government majority.<ref>[[Indro Montanelli]], ''Storia d'Italia'' Vol. 10, ''RCS Quotidiani'', [[Milan]], 2004, page 379-380.</ref>

On 16 July, Segni sent the [[Carabinieri]] General Giovanni De Lorenzo to a meeting of representatives of the DC, to deliver a message in case the negotiations around the formation of a new centre-left government would fail. According to some historians, De Lorenzo reported that Segni was ready to give a subsequent mandate to [[Cesare Merzagora]], the president of the Senate, asking him of forming a president's government composed by all the conservative forces in the Italian Parliament.<ref>Gianni Flamini, ''L'Italia dei colpi di Stato'', Newton Compton Editori, [[Rome]], page 82.</ref><ref>Sergio Romano, ''Cesare Merzagora: uno statista contro I partiti'', in: [[Corriere della Sera]], 14 marzo 2005.</ref> Ultimately, Moro managed to form another centre-left majority. During the negotiations, Nenni had accepted the downsizing of his reform programs. On 17 July, Moro went to the [[Quirinal Palace]], with the acceptance of the assignment and the list of ministers of his second government.<ref>[http://www.governo.it/it/i-governi-dal-1943-ad-oggi/iv-legislatura-16-maggio-1963-11-marzo-1968/governo-moro-ii/3209 Governo Moro II], ''governo.it''</ref>

===Illness and resignation===
On 7 August 1964, during a meeting at the Quirinal Palace with Moro and Saragat, Segni suffered a serious [[cerebral hemorrhage]]. At the time, he was 73 years old and the first prognosis was not positive.<ref>[https://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2013/04/13/quirinale-11-presidenti-segni-uomo-solo-tra-sciabole-e-generali-golpisti/561023/ Segni, uomo solo tra sciabole e golpisti], ''Il Fatto Quotidiano''</ref> In the interim, Merzagora served as Acting President of the Republic.<ref>[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/04/28/merzagora-fanfani-supplenti-del-passato.html Merzagora e Fanfani, supplenti del passato]</ref> Segni only partially recovered and decided to retire from office on 6 December 1964.<ref>[https://www.unionesarda.it/fotogallery/fotogallery/2017/12/06/accaddeoggi_6_dicembre_1964_antonio_segni_si_dimette_da_president-18-673370.html Il 6 dicembre 1964, Antonio Segni si dimette da presidente della Repubblica], ''L'Unione Sarda''</ref> Immediately after his resignation, Segni was appointed [[senator for life]] ''ex officio''. The [[1964 Italian presidential election]] resulted in the election of Saragat on 29 December.<ref>[https://storia.camera.it/presidenti/saragat-giuseppe Giuseppe Saragat – Storia della Camera], camera.it</ref>

==Death and legacy==
[[File:Antonio Segni Quirinale.jpg|thumb|180px|Segni at the Quirinal Palace's library]]
On 1 December 1972, Segni died in Rome at the age of 81.<ref>[https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/presidente/biografia/antonio-segni Antonio Segni – Portale storico della Presidenza della Repubblica], quirinale.it</ref>

During all his political career, Segni acted as a moderate conservative, staunchly opposing the "opening to the left" proposed by Fanfani and Moro, but he also tried not to bring his own party too far to the right.<ref>[https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/tempo-libero/2019/12/20/news/tra-segni-e-moro-braccio-di-ferro-per-la-supremazia-1.38241085 Tra Segni e Moro braccio di ferro per la supremazia], ''La Nuova Sardegna''</ref> He was the first Italian president to resign from office.<ref>[https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1992/04/26/dimissioni-segni-leone-precedenti.html Dimissioni di Segni e Leone. I precedenti], ''la Repubblica''</ref>

The frail, often ailing Segni, was affectionately called ''il malato di ferro'', which literally means "the iron invalid".<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940494,00.html|title=Italy: Malato di Ferro|date=2 October 1964|magazine=Time|access-date=21 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' once quoted a friend of his: "He is like the [[Colosseum]]; he looks like a ruin but he'll be around for a long time."<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896165,00.html|title=Italy: Symbol of the Nation|date=1 May 1962|magazine=Time|access-date=21 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

===Controversies===
{{main|Piano Solo}}
During his presidency, Segni was particularly influenced by General Giovanni De Lorenzo, commander of the Carabinieri, a former partisan with monarchical ideals. On 25 March 1964, De Lorenzo met with Carabinieri's commanders of the divisions of Milan, Rome, and Naples, proposing a response to a hypothetical national crisis, known as ''[[Piano Solo]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJOknreVQJsC&pg=RA1-PA207|title=Paranoia Within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy as Explanation|last=Marcus|first=George E.|date=1 March 1999|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226504575|language=en}}</ref> The plan consisted of a set of measures to occupy certain institutions, such as Quirinal Palace in Rome, and essential media infrastructures, like television and radio, as well as the neutralisation of communist and socialist parties, with the deportation of hundreds of left-wing politicians to a secret military base in [[Sardinia]].<ref>Gianni Flamini, ''L'Italia dei colpi di Stato'', Newton Compton Editori, [[Rome]], page 79</ref> The list of people to be deported also included intellectuals, such as [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]].<ref>[http://www.misteriditalia.it/cn/?page_id=2560Piano Solo], Mister d'Italia</ref>
 
On 10 May, De Lorenzo presented his plan to Segni, who was particularly impressed by it. Journalists [[Giorgio Galli (historian)|Giorgio Galli]] and [[Indro Montanelli]] believed that Segni did not really want to carry out a ''coup d'état'', but that he wanted to use the plan like a threat for political purposes.<ref>Giorgio Galli, ''Affari di Stato'', Edizioni Kaos, [[Milan]], 1991, page 94</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180712183416/http://buongiornonews.it/antonio-segni-e-il-piano-solo-storia-da-riscrivere/ Antonio Segni e il Piano Solo: una storia da riscrivere]</ref> The coup plans were revealed in 1967, when the journalists [[Eugenio Scalfari]] and [[Lino Jannuzzi]] published the plan in the Italian news magazine ''[[L'Espresso]]'' in May 1967.<ref>Cento Bull, ''Italian Neofascism'', p. 4</ref> The results of the official investigation remained classified until the early 1990s. It was released by premier [[Giulio Andreotti]] to the parliamentary investigation into [[Operation Gladio]]. ''L'Espresso'' mentioned that some 20,000 Carabinieri were supposed to be deployed around the country, with more than 5,000 agents in Rome.<ref>{{cite news | title = Twenty-Six Years Later, Details of Planned Rightist Coup Emerge | agency = Associated Press | date = 5 January 1991}}</ref> Segni was never investigated for this fact.<ref>[https://www.avvenire.it/agora/pagine/il-piano-solo-non-fu-golpe_201011230931126500000 Il Piano Solo? Non fu un golpe], ''Avvenire''</ref>

==Electoral history==
{|class=wikitable style="width:55%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
! width=12%|Election
! width=25%|House
! width=25%|Constituency
! width=5% colspan="2"|Party
! width=12%|Votes
! width=12%|Result
|-
! [[1924 Italian general election|1924]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Sardinia]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Italian People's Party (1919)}}" |
| [[Italian People's Party (1919)|PPI]]
| {{N/A}}
| {{nowrap|{{xmark|15}} '''Not elected'''}}
|-
! [[1946 Italian general election|1946]]
| [[Constituent Assembly of Italy|Constituent Assembly]]
| [[Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano constituency (1946–1994)|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Democracy (Italy)}}" |
| [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]]
| 40,394
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1948 Italian general election|1948]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano constituency (1946–1994)|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Democracy (Italy)}}" |
| [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]]
| 61,168
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1953 Italian general election|1953]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano constituency (1946–1994)|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Democracy (Italy)}}" |
| [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]]
| 77,306
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|-
! [[1958 Italian general election|1958]]
| [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| [[Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro–Oristano constituency (1946–1994)|Cagliari–Sassari–Nuoro]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Democracy (Italy)}}" |
| [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]]
| 107,054
| {{tick|15}} '''Elected'''
|}

===Presidential elections===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
|-
!colspan=5|[[1962 Italian presidential election|1962 presidential election]] {{Small|(9th ballot)}}
|-
!colspan=2|Candidate
!Supported by
!Votes
!%
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Christian Democracy (Italy)}}"|
|align=left|'''Antonio Segni'''
|align=left|[[Christian Democracy (Italy)|DC]], [[Italian Social Movement|MSI]], [[Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity|PDIUM]]
|443
|51.9
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Italian Democratic Socialist Party}}"|
|align=left|[[Giuseppe Saragat]]
|align=left|[[Italian Democratic Socialist Party|PSDI]], [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]], [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]], [[Italian Republican Party|PRI]]
|334
|39.1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}"|
|align=left colspan=2|Others / Invalid votes
|77
|9.0
|-
|align=left colspan=3|'''Total'''
|'''854'''
|'''100.0'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* Marcus, George E. (1999). ‘'Paranoia Within Reason: A Casebook on Conspiracy as Explanation'’, Chicago: University of Chicago Press {{ISBN|0-226-50457-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Antonio Segni}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829032136/http://english.camera.it/_presidents/schede/segni.asp President Antonio Segni], Italian Chamber of Deputies
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110522135616/http://www.foia.cia.gov/browse_docs.asp?doc_no=0000778921 Political factors related to the illness of Italian President Antonio Segni], declassified CIA document dated 14 August 1964
* {{PM20|FID=pe/016292}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-aca}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Carlo Gastaldi]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=Rector of the [[University of Sassari]]|years=1943–1951}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Cataldo Zummo]]}}
{{S-off}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Fausto Gullo]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of Agriculture (Italy)|Minister of Agriculture]]|years=1946–1951}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Amintore Fanfani]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Guido Gonella]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of Public Education (Italy)|Minister of Public Education]]|years=1951–1953}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Giuseppe Bettiol]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Giuseppe Bettiol]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of Public Education (Italy)|Minister of Public Education]]|years=1953–1954}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Egidio Tosato]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Mario Scelba]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Italy]]|years=1955–1957}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Adone Zoli]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Giuseppe Pella]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]]|years=1958–1959}}
{{S-vac|next=[[Attilio Piccioni]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Paolo Emilio Taviani]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (Italy)|Minister of Defence]]|years=1958–1959}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Giulio Andreotti]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Amintore Fanfani]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Italy]]|years=1959–1960}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Fernando Tambroni]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Fernando Tambroni]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of the Interior (Italy)|Minister of the Interior]]|years=1959–1960}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Giuseppe Spataro]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Giuseppe Pella]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=1960–1962}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Amintore Fanfani]]<br/>{{Small|Acting}}}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Giovanni Gronchi]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[President of Italy]]|years=1962–1964}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Giuseppe Saragat]]}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edward Heath]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Recipient of the [[Charlemagne Prize]]|years=1964}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jens Otto Krag]]}}
{{s-end}}

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