View source for Apollonia–Arsuf

{{Short description|Ancient city in Tel Aviv District, Israel}}
{{redirect|Arsuf|the modern community|Arsuf, Hof HaSharon}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name           = Apollonia–Arsuf
| native_name    = {{lang|grc|Ἀπολλωνία}}<br/> {{lang|grc|Σώζουσα}}<br/> {{lang|he|אפולוניה}}<br/> {{lang|ar|أرْسُوف}}<br/> {{lang|la|Arsur}}
| alternate_name = ''Arsur''
| image          = Arsur Fortress1.jpg
| alt=
| caption        = An aerial view of the Crusader castle and anchorage
| map_type       = Israel center ta
| map_alt=
| map_caption=
| map_size=
| relief=
| coordinates    = {{coord|32|11|43|N|34|48|24|E|display=inline,title}}
| grid_position  = 132/178 [[Palestine grid|PAL]]
| location       = [[Tel Aviv District]], Israel
| region=
| type           = Lowland castle{{dubious|1. It is on a slight elevation towards the E, and over a high cliff to the W, the sea. Not sure term applies (cliff, coast!). 2. The article deals with the city as much as it does with the castle.|dayte=September 2020|date=September 2020}} (for the city citadel)
| area=
| circumference=
| material=
| built=
| abandoned      = 1265
| epochs         = Mainly Early Islamic and Crusader periods<!-- actually displays as "Periods" -->
| cultures=
| dependency_of=
| occupants= [[Baldwin I of Jerusalem]] -1101  <br/> [[Baibars]], Mameluk sultan - 1265     
| event= First siege by [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] - 1099 <br/> [[Battle of Arsuf]] - 1191 - between [[Saladin]] and [[Richard the Lionheart]] 
| excavations=
| archaeologists=
| condition      = Ruin
| ownership=
| management=
| public_access  = Yes, national park
| designation1=
| other_designation=
| website        = [https://en.parks.org.il//reserve-park/apollonia-national-park-tel-arsuf/]
| notes=
}}

'''Apollonia''' ({{langx|grc|Ἀπολλωνία}}; {{langx|he|אפולוניה}}), known in the Early Islamic period as '''Arsuf''' ({{langx|ar|أرْسُوف|translit=Arsūf}}) and in the Crusader [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] as '''Arsur''', was an ancient city on the [[Coastal plain (Israel)|Mediterranean coast]] of today's [[Israel]]. In Israeli archaeology it is known as '''Tel Arshaf''' ({{lang|he|תֵּל אַרְשָׁף}}). Founded by the [[Phoenicians]] during the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian period]] in the late sixth century BCE, it was inhabited continuously until the [[Crusades|Crusader period]],<ref>[http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=2018&module_id=#as History's Garbage Dump], [[Israel Antiquities Authority]], August 2013. Accessed 17.9.2020.</ref> through the [[Seleucid Empire|Hellenistic]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], and [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine periods]], during the latter being renamed to '''Sozusa''' ({{langx|grc|Σώζουσα|links=no}}, or ''Sozusa in Palaestina'' to differentiate it from [[Apollonia, Cyrenaica|Sozusa in Libya]]).<ref name=Cohen234>Cohen, Getzel M., ''The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa'' (2006), [https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdPcxuNthcC&pg=PA234 p. 234].</ref> 
It was situated on a sandy area ending towards the [[Mediterranean Sea|sea]] with a cliff, about {{convert|34|km}} south of [[Caesarea Maritima|Caesarea]].

It [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|fell to the Muslims]] in 640, was fortified against [[Arab–Byzantine wars|Byzantine attacks]] and became known as Arsuf. In 1101 it was conquered by the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, and was a strategically important stronghold in the [[Third Crusade]], during which the [[Battle of Arsuf]] (1191) was fought nearby. The fortified city and the castle fell to the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] in 1265, when both were completely destroyed.

The site of Arsuf (also ''Apollonia&ndash;Arsuf'' {{lang|he|אַפּוֹלוֹנְיָה-אַרְסוּף}}) is now in [[Herzliya]] municipality, [[Israel]] (just north of [[Tel Aviv]]). The site was intensively excavated from 1994. In 2002 '''Apollonia National Park''' was opened to the public.

==Names==
The city is first recorded under its Greek name ''Apollonia'' in the final decades of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian period]] (mid-4th century [[Common Era|BCE]]). In a long-standing suggestion, first proposed by [[Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|Clermont-Ganneau]] in 1876, it was assumed that the Greek name was given due to the ''[[interpretatio graeca]]'' of the [[Canaanite religion|Canaanite]] deity [[Resheph]] (''ršp'') as [[Apollo]] (as god of the plague), suggesting that the settlement would originally have been a "Phoenician" foundation. The Semitic name ''ršp'' would then have been "restored" in the medieval Arabic toponym of ''Arsūf''. There is indeed no archaeological evidence for a settlement prior to the Persian period, and Izre'el (1999) upholds this identification, suggesting that the Semitic name might have been preserved by the [[Samaritan Aramaic language|Aramaic-speaking]] [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] community. The Samaritan chronicle of [[Abu l-Fath]] (14th century, written in Arabic) records a toponym ''rʿšfyn'' (with [[ayin]]). Izre'el (1999) considers the possibility of identifying this toponym with the Arabic ''Arsūf'', assuming that the ayin may derive from a ''[[mater lectionis]]'' used in Samaritan Aramaic orthography.<ref>Izre'el (1999:73)</ref>

A tradition connecting the name with the biblical Resheph, a grandson of [[Ephraim]], is spurious.<ref>"All these elements show that the relation between Resheph, Ephraim's descendent, and the Phoenician city of Arsuf should be rejected." Maciej M. Münnich, ''The God Resheph in the Ancient Near East'' (2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=RiLoYwdLUekC&pg=PA244 p. 244].</ref>

The name of the nearby Israeli settlement of ''[[Rishpon]]'' was given in 1936, inspired by a misreading of an inscription of [[Tiglath-Pileser III]], where *''rašpūna'' was read for ''kašpūna''; recognition of the misreading rendered void the identification of ''Arsuf'' with a supposed Iron Age Phoenician settlement of *''Rašpūna''.<ref>Izre'el (1999:72). The misreading was recognized in 1951.</ref>

The renaming of ''Apollonia'' "city of Apollo" to ''Sozusa'' (Σώζουσα ''Sōzousa'') "city of the [[soter|Saviour]]" took place in the [[Byzantine Palestine|Byzantine]] period, under the influence of [[History of late ancient Christianity|Christianity]] as the [[State church of the Roman Empire|state religion]], motivated by ''Soter'' (Σωτήρ) "savior" being a byname of Apollo as well as of Christ. The renaming is paralleled in at least three other cities called ''Apollonia'': [[Apollonia in Cyrenaica|Sozusa in Cyrenaica]], [[Sozopolis in Pisidia]] and [[Sozopolis in Thrace]].<ref name=Cohen234/> The identification of ancient Apollonia with Byzantine-era Sozusa is due to Stark (1852),<ref>Stark, K. B., ''Gaza und die Philistäische Küste'', Jena (1852), p. 452, accepted by Clermont-Ganneau (1896:338): "[...] the noticeable fact remains that the town Apollonias-Arsuf, though of considerable importance, does not appear on the ecclesiastical lists, and that Sozousa is mentioned there in conjunction with Joppa, which would harmonize well enough with the geographic position of Arsuf."</ref> that of medieval Arsuf with Apollonia/Sozusa to Clermont-Ganneau (1876).<ref name=Cohen234/>

The site is variously referred to as ''Apollonia, Arsin, Arsuf, Arsuph, Arsur, Arsuth, Assur, Orsuf'' and ''Sozusa'' in Crusader-era documents, with a large dominance of "Arsur" among the secondary sources discussed by Schmidt.<ref name=Ortsnamen>Schmidt, Otto Heinrich, ''Ortsnamen Palästinas in der Kreuzfahrerzeit: Ortsnamenregister zu den Aufsätzen von Prutz, Beyer und Kob in der ZDPV 4–8'', ''Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins'' (1953–), vol. 86, No. 2 (1970), pp. 117-164 ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/27930895?read-now=1&seq=7#page_scan_tab_contents 123]).</ref>

==History==
===Antiquity===
Although some Chalcolithic and Iron Age remains were uncovered at the site, there is no evidence that there was a settlement prior to the Persian period (ca. 500 BCE). While the importance of the town was overshadowed by both [[Jaffa]] and Caesarea, Apollonia developed into a regional center after the decline of its neighbouring site at [[Tel Michal]] in the Late Persian period, and was likely the main city and harbour in the southern [[Sharon Plain]] by the mid-4th century BCE. It is mentioned in the [[Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax]].<ref>Edward Lipiński, ''Itineraria Phoenicia'' (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&pg=PA329  p. 329].</ref>

During the [[Coele-Syria|Hellenistic period]] it was a port town ruled by the [[Seleucid]]s.

Under Roman rule, the town prospered and grew into the chief commercial and industrial centre of the region between the [[Nahal Poleg|Poleg]] and [[Nahal Yarkon|Yarkon]] rivers. In 113 CE, Apollonia was partially destroyed by an earthquake, but recovered quickly.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Apollonia is mentioned by [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Hist. nat.]]'', V, 14, and [[Ptolemy]], V, xv, 2, between Cæsarea and Joppa, and by other ancient authors, including [[Josephus]], ''[[Antiquities of the Jews|Ant. jud.]]'', XIII, xv, 4, [[Appianus]], ''Hist. rom. Syr.'', 57. The Roman proconsul, [[Aulus Gabinius|Gabinius]], found it ruined in 57 BCE, and had it rebuilt (Josephus, ''[[The Jewish War|Bel. jud.]]'', I, viii, 4). Apollonia is depicted in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]], on the coastal highway between Joppa and Caesarea, at the distance of 22 miles from Caesarea, confirming the identification of Arsuf with Apollonia.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

There was no coin minting in Apollonia, confirming that the town did not have the role of a Roman provincial center but was rather considered a medium-sized coastal town like [[Yavne|Jamnia]] and [[Azotus Paralios|Azotus]].

''Sozusa in Palaestina'' was the name of the city in the late [[Roman province]] of Palaestina Prima,{{dubious|The province was created in 380, during the Early Byzantine, not Late Roman period.|date=November 2017}} and its [[episcopal see]] was a [[suffragan]] of [[Caesarea in Palaestina (diocese)|Caesarea]], the provincial capital. 
The name had changed from Apollonia to Sozusa before 449, when Bishop Baruchius signed the acts of the [[Robber Council of Ephesus]] with this title.<ref>"Baruchius episcopus Sozusae Palaestinae provinciae", "Baruchius episcopus Sozusenae civitatis", "Baruchius episcopus ecclesiae Sozusae" (E. Schwartz, ''Acta conciliorum oecumenicorum'' II.1.3 (1935), 183, 245, 255)</ref> The name Sozusa also occurs in the works of the Byzantine geographers [[Hierocles (author of Synecdemus)|Hierocles]] and [[George of Cyprus]]. Apart from Baruchius of 449, the names of two more of its bishops, Leontius in 518, and Damianus in 553, are also known.<ref>{{Oriens Christianus|volume=2|at=col. 595}}</ref>
The death of [[Modestus of Jerusalem|patriarch Modestus]] in 630 in the city is recorded in both Georgian and Arabic texts, the Georgian texts using ''Sozos'' (for ''Sozusa'') and the Arabic texts ''Arsuf'', suggesting that both names remained in use for some time in the early medieval period.<ref>Roll, I. and Tal, O. (1999), introduction, citing Conybeare 1910:517; Garitte 1960:55, Peeters 1923–24:41; Garitte 1953:38, 70; 1974:131.</ref>

During the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628]], the city surrendered on terms in 614 to [[Shahrbaraz]] and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crawford |first1=Peter |title=The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=9781473828650 |pages=42–43 |language=en}}</ref>

===Early Muslim period===
In 640, the town [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|fell to the Muslims]]. The Arabic name ''Arsuf'' or ''Ursuf'' occurs in works of [[Arab geographers]] from the 10th century, e.g. [[Al-Muqaddasi]] said it was "smaller than Yafah, but strongly fortified and populous There is here a beautiful [[pulpit]], made in the first instance for the [[Mosque]] of [[Ar Ramlah]], but which being found too small, was given to Arsuf".<ref name=LeStrange399>[[Guy Le Strange|Le Strange]], 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lest#page/399/mode/1up p. 399].</ref>

At the time of the Muslim conquest, Sozusa was inhabited by [[Samaritans]].<ref>Izre'el (1999:64)</ref>
In 809, following the death of [[Harun al-Rashid]], the local Samaritan community was destroyed and their synagogue ruined.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In 809 the [[Abbasids]] violently removed the large group of Samaritans that had been living in the city.<ref>Taragan (2004), p.&nbsp;85, f.n. 5 quoting [[Moshe Gil]], ''Palestine during the First Muslim Period (634–1099)'' (Tel-Aviv, 1983), p. 662.</ref>

The town's area decreased to about {{convert|22|acre|m2}} and, for the first time, it was surrounded by a fortified wall with buttresses, to resist the constant attacks of Byzantine fleets from the sea.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

===Crusader to Mamluk period===
[[File:Arsuf.JPG|thumb|450px|Remains of the castle]]
[[File:Hafir Apolonia.JPG|thumb|250px|The dry moat of the castle]]

[[Godfrey de Bouillon]] attempted to capture it, but failed for want of ships ([[William of Tyre]], IX, x). King [[Baldwin I of Edessa|Baldwin I]] took it in 1102, after a siege by land and sea, allowing the inhabitants to withdraw to [[Ashkelon|Ascalon]].
The Crusaders, who called it ''Arsur'', rebuilt the city's walls and created the [[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem|Lordship of Arsur]] in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In 1187 Arsuf was recaptured by the Muslims, but fell again to the Crusaders on 7 September 1191 after the Battle of Arsuf, fought between the forces of [[Richard I of England]] and [[Saladin]].

[[John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut|John of Ibelin, Lord of Beirut]] became Lord of Arsuf in 1207 when he married [[Melisende of Arsuf]]. Their son [[John of Arsuf]] (d. 1258) inherited the title. The title then passed to John of Arsuf's eldest son [[Balian of Arsuf]] (d. 1277). He built new walls, the large castle and new harbor in 1241. In 1251 [[Louis IX of France]] re-erected its ramparts. From 1261, the city was ruled by the [[Knights Hospitaller]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Boas|2006|p=220}}</ref>

In 1225, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yakut]] wrote: "Arsuf remained in Muslim hands till taken by [[Kund Furi]] [Godfrey of Bouillon], lord of Jerusalem, in the year 494 [ [[Anno Hegirae|AH]] 494, i.e. 1101 CE], and it is in the hand of the Franks [Crusaders] at the present day."<ref name=LeStrange399/>

In 1265, sultan [[Baibars]], ruler of the Mamluks, captured Arsuf after 40 days of siege,<ref>''[[Gestes des Chiprois]]'', Part III, p.117, ed. Gaston Raynaud, Genève, 1887: The year given by the chronicler known as the Templar of Tyre is 1265.</ref> after almost getting killed in the moat by a sortie of the defenders.<ref name=Kennedy1994>{{cite book |last= Kennedy |first= Hugh |title= Crusader Castles |page= 110 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-year= 1994 |year= 2001 |isbn= 978-0-521-79913-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nH0dj6RfwrcC&q=sortie |access-date=19 August 2020}}</ref> The inhabitants were killed or sold as slaves and the town completely razed. The destruction was so complete that the site was abandoned and never regained its urban character – in the 14th century the geographer [[Abulfeda]] said it contained no inhabitants ("Tabula Syriæ", 82).

According to [[Mujir al-Din]] (writing c. 1496), the [[Sidna Ali Mosque]] just south of Arsuf was dedicated by Baibars at the site of a saint's tomb where he prayed for victory prior to retaking Arsuf.<ref>Taragan, Hana (2004): ''[https://www.academia.edu/5542572/The_Tomb_of_Sayyidnā_Alī_in_Arūf_the_Story_of_a_Holy_Place The Tomb of Sayyidna Ali in Arsuf: the Story of a Holy Place]'' In JRAS (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society), Series 4, 14, 2 (2004), pp.&nbsp;83–102.</ref>

In the Middle Ages, Sozusa was confused with [[Antipatris]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}{{dubious|a. When? For how long? There is no definition for the "Middle Ages" in this region. b. By whom? In what context? The Crusaders are quoted in this article as using Apollonia as one of their names for Arsur (although the source is a gazetteer of modern German articles, not of historical texts, which makes even this statement doubtful.) Mess.|date=September 2020}} The identity of Arsuf with ancient Apollonia was first noted by Clermont-Ganneau in 1876.<ref name=Cohen234/>

===Ottoman period===
{{anchor|Ottoman era}}
[[File:Arsuf from the 1871-77 Palestine Exploration Fund Survey of Palestine.jpg|thumb|Arsuf from the 1871–77 [[PEF Survey of Palestine]]]]

In 1596, Ottoman tax registers recorded a village called Arsuf with 22 families and 4 bachelors, all [[Muslim]]s. The villagers paid a total of 2,900 [[akçe]] in taxes. 1/3 the revenue went to a [[waqf]]: [[Hadrat 'Ali bin 'Ulaym]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 140</ref> It appeared, just named "village" on the map that [[Pierre Jacotin]] compiled during [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|Napoleon's invasion of 1799]].<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 170] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |date=2019-12-22 }}</ref>

===Catholic titular see until 1965===
{{anchor|Titular see}}
''Sozusa in Palaestina'' is listed as a [[titular see]] in the 2013 ''[[Annuario Pontificio]]''.<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 976</ref> Due to the confusion with the other ancient city in classical [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] known as Apollonia, it was also assigned under the name ''Antipatris''. Its last titular bishop of the [[Latin Church]] was Francis Joseph McSorley, the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Jolo|Apostolic Vicar of Jolo]] (d. 1970). It has no longer been assigned since, in accordance with the practice established after the [[Second Vatican Council]] regarding all titular sees situated in what were the eastern [[patriarchate]]s.<ref>[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d3s54.html Sozusa in Palaestina (catholic-hierarchy.org)]</ref>

===British Mandate and Israeli periods===
{{anchor|Modern settlement}}
The site was incorporated in [[Herzliya]] municipality in 1924. At the time, a village called [[al-Haram, Jaffa|al-Haram]] existed adjacent to the ruins, but it was depopulated during the 1948 [[Nakba]], and the area south of the site was built up as the ''Shikun Olim'' ({{lang|he|שיכון עולים}} "[[Aliyah|immigrant]] housing") district of Herzeliya in the 1950s.

Rishpon was established in 1936 to the immediate north-east of the site. It is part of the [[Hof HaSharon Regional Council]], [[Central District (Israel)|Central District]].

Arsuf is a modern "exclusive clifftop community" named for Arsuf, built in 1995 north of the site, in Hof HaSharon Regional Council.<ref>Harriet Sherwood, [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jul/30/beny-steinmetz-international-israeli-profile Beny Steinmetz: Israeli diamond dealer who likes to keep a low profile], ''The Guardian'', 30 July 2013.</ref>

==Archaeology==
The site of Apollonia–Arsuf was excavated in the 1990s and opened for visitors as ''Apollonia National Park'' in 2002.
Excavations were ongoing as of 2015. The excavation report is prepared in three volumes, of which the first was published in 1999. The second and third volume, covering the excavation seasons until 2015, were in preparation as of 2016.

The above-ground remains before the excavations included the medieval city wall and moat, enclosing an area of about 90 [[dunam]], a Crusader castle with a double-wall system with an area of about 4 dunam, a port with built jetties and a sheltered anchorage, protected by a sandstone reef.

Large amounts of pottery were recovered in the area surrounding the city, mostly of the Byzantine and early Islamic period, indicating that the city extended significantly beyond its old walls in the 7th century. A large Roman-era ''villa maritima'' was uncovered to the south of the site.

==See also==
*[[List of ancient Greek cities]]
*[[Tel Michal]]
*[[Via Maris]]
:'''Crusader period:'''
*[[Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
**[[Lord of Arsuf]]
*Battle of Arsuf (1191)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Boas |first=Adrian |title=Archaeology of the Military Orders: A Survey of the Urban Centres, Rural Settlements and Castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c.1120–1291) |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |isbn=9781134422845 }}.
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Arsuf}}
*{{cite book |last1= Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah|title= Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year= 1977 |publisher= Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn= 3-920405-41-2 }}
*{{cite journal|author = Karmon, Y.|title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url = http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]|volume = 10|issue = 3,4|year = 1960|pages = 155–173; 244–253|access-date = 2015-04-28|archive-date = 2019-12-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191222063351/http://jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf|url-status = dead}} 
* {{cite book |title= Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500 |url= https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft |first= G. |last= Le Strange |author-link= Guy Le Strange |publisher= Committee of the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] |location= London |year= 1890 |oclc= 1004386 }} 
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} (pp. [http://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n63/mode/1up 46]-47; 2nd appendix, p. [http://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/128/mode/1up 128])
*{{citation|title=Apollonia-Arsuf : final report of the excavations, the Persian and Hellenistic periods, with appendices on the Chalcolithic and iron age II remains|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/publications/pub_mon16.html|first1=Israel|last1=Roll|first2=Oren|last2=Tal|year=1999|publisher=Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology|isbn=965-266-012-4}}
*Roll, I. and Tal, O. (eds.) ''Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume I: The Persian and Hellenistic Periods (with Appendices on the Chalcolithic and Iron Age II Remains)'', Tel Aviv University, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology 16, Tel Aviv (1999).
*{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. I, A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC|first=M.|last=Sharon|author-link=Moshe Sharon|year=1997|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-10833-5}} (see [https://books.google.com/books?id=j1rSzWgHMjoC&pg=RA1-PA114 p.114])
*Tal, O. (ed.), ''Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations. Volume II: Excavations in the Hinterland of Apollonia-Arsuf (1996, 2012, 2013)'' [in preparation]
*Tal, O. and Scholkmann, B. (eds.), ''Final Report of the Excavations. Volume III: Crusader Arsur. Excavations Directed by I. Roll (1977–2006) and O. Tal (2006–2015)'' (in preparation).
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Sozusa}}
* Shlomo Izre'el, "Arsuf: The Semitic Name of Apollonia" in: ''Apollonia-Arsuf: Final Report of the Excavations Volume I'', The Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology, Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University No. 16, Tel Aviv (1999).
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 10: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8372 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.10.jpg Wikimedia commons]
{{National parks of Israel}}
{{Crusader Sites in Israel}}
{{Phoenician cities and colonies}}{{Castles in Israel}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apollonia-Arsuf}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv District]]
[[Category:Classical sites in Israel]]
[[Category:Crusader castles]]
[[Category:Castles and fortifications of the Knights Hospitaller]]
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[[Category:Former populated places in West Asia]]
[[Category:Medieval sites in Israel]]
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[[Category:Populated places established in the 1st millennium BC]]
[[Category:Establishments in the Achaemenid Empire]]
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