View source for Apple Lisa

{{Short description|Personal computer by Apple Inc}}
{{For|the MOS 6502 assembler for Apple II computers|Lazer's Interactive Symbolic Assembler{{!}}Lisa assembler}}
{{Infobox computing device
| name = Lisa
| logo = Apple_Lisa_Logo.svg
| image = Apple-lisa-1.jpg
| caption = This Lisa has dual 5.25" FileWare floppy drives and a 5 MB ProFile hard disk.
| aka = Local Integrated Software Architecture
| developer = [[Apple Inc.|Apple Computer]]
| manufacturer = Apple Computer
| family = 
| type = Personal computer
| lifespan = 
| discontinued = {{End date and age|1986|08|01}}
| media = 
| os = [[#Lisa OS|Lisa OS]], [[Xenix]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/90557979@N00/9330368973 |title=XENIX on a Lisa |website=Flickr |author=Mark Wahl |date=July 20, 2013 }}</ref>
| power = 
| soc = 
| cpu = [[Motorola 68000]] {{nowrap|@ 5 [[Hertz|MHz]]}}
| memory = 1 MB RAM,<br/>16 KB Boot ROM
| storage = 
| memory card = 
| display = {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on}} monochrome 720×364
| graphics = 
| sound = 
| input = Keyboard and mouse
| controllers = 
| camera = 
| touchpad = 
| connectivity = 
| platform = 
| dimensions = 
| weight = {{convert|48|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| compatibility = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = Lisa 2<br />[[Macintosh XL]]
| related = 
| website = <!--{{URL|example.org}}-->
| title = 
| releasedate = {{Start date and age|1983|1|19}}
| price = {{USD|9995|1983|round=-2}}
| unitssold = 10,000<ref name=ogrady>{{Cite book |first=Jason D. |last=O'Grady |year=2009 |title=Apple Inc. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313362446|page=72|quote=By most accounts, Lisa was a failure, selling only 10,000 units. It reportedly cost Apple more than {{US$|long=no|150 million}} to develop Lisa ({{US$|long=no|100 million}} in software, {{US$|long=no|50 million}} in hardware), and it only brought in {{US$|long=no|100 million}} in sales for a net {{US$|long=no|50}}-million loss.}}</ref>
| unitsshipped = 
| service = 
| topgame = 
}}

'''Lisa''' is a [[desktop computer]] developed by [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], produced from January 19, 1983 to August 1, 1986, and succeeded by [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]]. It was the first mass-market [[personal computer]] operable through a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI). In 1983, a machine like the Lisa was still so expensive that it was primarily marketed to individual and small and medium-sized businesses as a groundbreaking new alternative to much bigger and more expensive [[mainframe]]s or [[minicomputer]]s such as from [[IBM]], that either require additional, expensive consultancy from the supplier, hiring specially trained personnel, or at least, a much steeper learning curve to maintain and operate.

Development of project "LISA" began in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|author=Christoph Dernbach |url=http://www.mac-history.net/apple-lisa/2007-10-12/apple-lisa |title=Apple Lisa |publisher=Mac History |date=October 12, 2007 |access-date=November 15, 2012}}</ref> It underwent many changes and shipped at {{US$|9995|1983|round=-2}} with a five-megabyte [[hard disk drive|hard drive]]. It was affected by its high price, insufficient software, unreliable [[Apple FileWare|FileWare]] ([[codename]] Twiggy) [[floppy disk]]s, and the imminent release of the cheaper and faster [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]].<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|79}} Only 60,000 Lisa units were sold in two years.<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|77}}

Lisa was considered a commercial failure but with technical acclaim, introducing several advanced features that reappeared on the Macintosh and eventually [[IBM PC compatible]]s. These include an [[operating system]] with [[memory protection]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Lisa Operating System Reference Manual |page=34}}</ref> and a document-oriented workflow. The [[Computer hardware|hardware]] is more advanced overall than the following Macintosh, including hard disk drive support, up to 2&nbsp;[[megabyte]]s (MB) of [[random-access memory]] (RAM), expansion slots, and a larger, higher-resolution display.

Lisa's CPU and the storage system were strained by the complexity of the operating system and applications, especially its [[Productivity software#Office suite|office suite]], and by the ad hoc protected memory implementation, due to the lack of a Motorola [[memory management unit]]. Cost-cutting measures that target the consumer market, and the delayed availability of the 68000 processor and its impact on the design process, made the user experience sluggish. The [[workstation]]-tier high price and lack of a technical software application library made it a difficult sale for all markets. The IBM PC's popularity and Apple's decision to compete with itself through the lower-priced Macintosh also hindered Lisa's acceptance.

In 1981, after [[Steve Jobs]] was forced out of the Lisa project by Apple's board of directors,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Simon|first1=Jeffrey S. |last2=Young |first2=William L.|title=iCon : Steve Jobs, the greatest second act in the history of business|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0471787846|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qv6RHwAACAAJ|edition=Newly updated.|access-date=January 6, 2014|date=April 14, 2006|pages=63–64, 69}}</ref> he appropriated the Macintosh project from [[Jef Raskin]], who had conceived it as a sub-{{US$|1,000|1979|round=-2|long=no}} text-based appliance computer in 1979. Jobs immediately redefined Macintosh to be graphical, but as a less expensive and more focused alternative to Lisa.

Macintosh's launch in January 1984 quickly surpassed Lisa's underwhelming sales. Jobs began assimilating increasing numbers of Lisa staff, as he had done with the [[Apple II]] division upon taking Raskin's project. Newer Lisa models addressed its shortcomings but, even with a major price reduction, the platform failed to achieve sales volumes comparable to the much less expensive Mac. The Lisa 2/10 is the final model, then rebranded as the high-end [[Macintosh XL]].<ref name="AC">{{cite book|last=Linzmayer|first=Owen W.|title=Apple confidential 2.0: the definitive history of the world's most colorful company|year=2004| publisher=No Starch Press | location=[[San Francisco, California]] |isbn=978-1593270100| oclc=1194892877 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC&pg=PA79|edition=2nd|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref>{{rp|79}}

==History==
===Development===
====Name====
Though the original documentation only refers to it as "The Lisa", Apple officially stated that the name was an [[acronym]] for "Local Integrated Software Architecture".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Michael |title=The Birth of LISA |journal=Personal Computing |date=February 1983 |page=89 |url=https://archive.org/details/PersonalComputing198302/page/n89/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiglin |first1=Peter C. |last2=Conklin |first2=Joyce |title=The Practical Guide to the Apple IIc |date=May 1984 |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |isbn=0-201-09660-9 |page=21 |url=https://vintageapple.org/apple_ii/pdf/The_Practical_Guide_to_the_Apple_IIc_1984.pdf}}</ref> Because Steve Jobs's first daughter was named [[Lisa Brennan-Jobs|Lisa]] (born in 1978), it was sometimes inferred that the name also had a personal association, and perhaps that the acronym was a [[backronym]] contrived later to fit the name. [[Andy Hertzfeld]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Andy Hertzfeld|author-link=Andy Hertzfeld|title=Revolution in the Valley |date=2005 | publisher=O'Reilly |isbn=0-596-00719-1 |chapter=Bicycle |page=36}}</ref> said that the acronym was reverse-engineered from the name "Lisa" in late 1982 by the Apple marketing team after they had hired a marketing consultancy firm to find names to replace "Lisa" and "Macintosh" (at the time considered by [[Jef Raskin]] to be merely internal project codenames) and then rejected all of the suggestions. Privately, Hertzfeld and the other software developers used "Lisa: Invented Stupid Acronym", a [[recursive acronym|recursive backronym]], and computer industry [[pundit]]s coined the term "Let's Invent Some Acronym" to fit Lisa's name. Decades later, Jobs told his biographer [[Walter Isaacson]]: "Obviously it was named for my daughter."<ref>{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|title=Steve Jobs|year=2011|publisher=Simon & Schuster|isbn=978-1-4516-4853-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/93 93]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa/page/93}}</ref>

====Research and design====
The project began in 1978 as an effort to create a more modern version of the then-conventional design epitomized by the [[Apple II]]. A ten-person team occupied its first dedicated office at 20863 Stevens Creek Boulevard next to the [[Good Earth (restaurant chain)|Good Earth]] restaurant, and nicknamed "the Good Earth building".<ref name="Good Earth">{{cite web |first=Andy | last=Hertzfeld | date=October 1980 | title=Good Earth | url=https://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?project=Macintosh&story=Good_Earth.txt&sortOrder=Sort+by+Date | access-date=March 11, 2019}}</ref> Initial team leader Ken Rothmuller was soon replaced by [[John Couch (American executive)|John Couch]], under whose direction the project evolved into the "[[WIMP (computing)|window-and-mouse-driven]]" form of its eventual release. [[Trip Hawkins]] and Jef Raskin contributed to this change in design.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hormby|first=Tom|date=October 5, 2005|title=History of Apple's Lisa|url=http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html|url-status=live|website=Low End Mac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220081145/http://lowendmac.com/orchard/05/apple-lisa-history.html|archive-date=February 20, 2008|access-date=June 30, 2010}}</ref> Apple's co-founder Steve Jobs was involved in the concept.

At Xerox's [[PARC (company)|Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC), research had already been underway for several years to create a new humanized way to organize the computer screen, which became known as the [[desktop metaphor]]. Steve Jobs visited PARC in 1979 and was absorbed and excited by the revolutionary mouse-driven GUI of the [[Xerox Alto|Alto]]. By late 1979, Jobs successfully negotiated a sale of Apple stock to Xerox, in exchange for his Lisa team receiving two demonstrations of ongoing research projects at PARC. When the Apple team saw the demonstration of the Alto computer, they were able to see in action the basic elements of what constituted a workable GUI. The Lisa team put a great deal of work into making the graphical interface a mainstream commercial product.

The Lisa was a major project at Apple, which reportedly spent more than {{US$|long=no|50 million}} on its development.{{r|williams198302}} More than 90 people participated in the design, plus more in the sales and marketing effort, to launch the machine. [[Byte (magazine)|''BYTE'']] magazine credited [[Wayne Rosing]] with being the most important person in the development of the computer's hardware until the machine went into production, at which point he became the technical lead for the entire Lisa project. The hardware development team was headed by Robert Paratore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.linkedin.com/in/rparatore|title=Robert Paratore}}</ref> The industrial design, product design, and mechanical packaging were headed by Bill Dresselhaus, the Principal Product Designer of Lisa, with his team of internal product designers and contract product designers from the firm that eventually became IDEO. [[Bruce Daniels]] was in charge of applications development, and [[Larry Tesler]] was in charge of system software.<ref name="byte198302">{{cite magazine | title=An Interview with Wayne Rosing, Bruce Daniels, and Larry Tesler | magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] | date=February 1983 | access-date=October 19, 2013 |author1=Morgan, Chris |author2=Williams, Gregg |author3=Lemmons, Phil | pages=90–114 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-02/page/n91/mode/1up |volume=8 |number=2 }}</ref> The user interface was designed in six months, after which the hardware, operating system, and applications were all created in parallel.

In 1980, Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project,{{sfn|Simon|Young|2006|pp=63-64}}{{sfn|Isaacson|2011|p=110}} and he appropriated [[Jef Raskin]]'s existing [[Macintosh 128K|Macintosh]] project. Raskin had conceived and led Macintosh since 1979 as a text-based appliance computer. Jobs redefined Macintosh as a cheaper and more usable form of Lisa's concepts, and led the [[skunkworks project]] with substantial motivation to compete in parallel with the Lisa team.

In September 1981, below the announcement of the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]], ''[[InfoWorld]]'' reported on Lisa, "McIntosh", and another Apple computer secretly under development "to be ready for release within a year". It described Lisa as having a 68000 processor and 128KB RAM, and "designed to compete with the new [[Xerox Star]] at a considerably lower price".<ref name="freiberger19810914">{{Cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Apple Develops New Computers |last=Freiberger |first=Paul |date=September 14, 1981 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |access-date=April 8, 2019 |pages=1, 14 |volume=3 |number=18}}</ref> In May 1982, the magazine reported that "Apple's yet-to-be-announced Lisa 68000 network work station is also widely rumored to have [[Apple Mouse#Lisa Mouse (A9M0050)|a mouse]]."<ref name="markoff19820510">{{cite magazine | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10 | title=Computer mice are scurrying out of R&D labs | magazine=[[InfoWorld]] | date=May 10, 1982 | access-date=August 26, 2015 | author=Markoff, John | pages=10–11 |volume=4 |issue=18 }}</ref> ''BYTE'' reported similar rumors that month.<ref name="libes198205">{{Cite magazine |last=Libes |first=Sol |date=May 1982 |title=Bytelines |url=https://archive.org/details/eu_BYTE-1982-05_OCR/page/n389/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=BYTE |pages=388–396}}</ref>

===Launch===
Lisa was announced on January 19, 1983.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa|title=The Lisa Was Apple's Best Failure | magazine=IEEE Spectrum | publisher=[[IEEE]] | first=Hsu | last=Hansen | date=January 19, 2023 | access-date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> By then, the press discussed rumors of Macintosh as a much less-expensive Apple computer with similar functionality, perhaps planned for late 1983.<ref name="bytelines198211">{{Cite magazine |last=Libes |first=Sol |date=November 1982 |title=Bytelines |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1982-11/page/n565/mode/1up?view=theater |magazine=BYTE |pages=540–547}}</ref> ''Apple Confidential'' said, "Even before the Lisa began shipping in June, the press was full of intentionally-leaked rumors about a fall release of a 'baby Lisa' that would work in much the same way, only faster and cheaper. Its name: Macintosh."<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|79}} Lisa's low sales were quickly surpassed by the January 1984 launch of the Macintosh. Newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably, but it failed to achieve sales comparable to the much less expensive Mac. The Macintosh project assimilated a lot more Lisa staff. The final revision, the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as the [[Macintosh XL]].<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|79}}

===Discontinuation===
The high cost and the delays in its release date contributed to the Lisa's discontinuation although it was repackaged and sold at {{US$|4995|long=no}}, as the Lisa 2. In 1986, the entire Lisa platform was discontinued.

In 1987, [[Sun Remarketing]] purchased about 5,000 [[Macintosh XL]]s and upgraded them. In 1989, with the help of Sun Remarketing, Apple disposed of approximately 2,700 unsold Lisa units in a guarded landfill in [[Logan, Utah]], to receive a tax write-off on the unsold inventory.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.hjnews.com/opinion/article_b71cddba-f7a0-11e0-8054-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Editor's Corner: Logan has interesting link to Apple computer history |date=October 16, 2011 |author=McCollum, Charles |access-date=February 24, 2014 |publisher=[[The Herald Journal]]}}</ref> Some leftover Lisa computers and spare parts were available until Cherokee Data (which purchased Sun Remarketing) went out of business.{{When|date=January 2017}}

{{Timeline of Lisa models|headerextension==}}

==Overview==
===Hardware===
[[File:Apple Lisa IO board.JPG|thumb|This Lisa I/O board has a [[Macintosh XL]] UV-EPROM installed.]]
The Lisa was first introduced on January 19, 1983. It is one of the first personal computer systems with a [[graphical user interface]] (GUI) to be sold commercially. It uses a [[Motorola 68000]] [[central processing unit|CPU]] clocked at 5&nbsp;MHz and has 1&nbsp;MB of RAM. It can be upgraded to 2 MB and later shipped with as little as 512 kilobytes. The CPU speed and model were not changed from the release of the Lisa 1 to the repackaging of the hardware as Macintosh XL.

The [[real-time clock]] uses a 4-bit integer and the base year is defined as 1980; the software won't accept any value below 1981, so the only valid range is 1981–1995.<ref name=mcqk/> The real-time clock depends on a {{nowrap|4{{tsp}}×{{tsp}}[[AA battery|AA-cell]]}} [[Nickel–cadmium battery|NiCd]] pack of batteries that only lasts for a few hours when main power is not present. Prone to failure over time, the battery packs could leak corrosive alkaline [[electrolyte]] and ruin the circuit boards.<ref name=mcqk>{{cite web|title=The little-known Apple Lisa: Five quirks and oddities |date=January 30, 2013 |access-date=April 7, 2016 |url=http://www.macworld.com/article/2026544/the-little-known-apple-lisa-five-quirks-and-oddities.html |website=MacWorld |first=Benj |last=Edwards}}</ref>

The integrated monochrome black-on-white monitor has {{nowrap|720{{tsp}}×{{tsp}}364}} rectangular pixels on a {{Convert|12|in|cm|adj=on}} screen.

Lisa's printer support includes Apple's [[Apple Dot Matrix Printer|Dot Matrix]], [[Apple Daisy Wheel Printer|Daisy Wheel]], and [[Apple ImageWriter|ImageWriter]] [[dot matrix printing|dot matrix]] printers, and [[Canon Inc.|Canon]]'s new color [[inkjet printing|inkjet]] technology.

The original Lisa, later called the Lisa 1, has two [[Apple FileWare|FileWare]] 5.25-inch double-sided variable-speed [[floppy disk]] drives, more commonly known by Apple's [[codename]] "Twiggy".<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|77–78}} They have what was then a very high capacity of approximately 871&nbsp;kB <!-- intentional kB, 1000 bytes -->each, but are unreliable<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|78}} and use proprietary diskettes. Competing systems with high diskette data storage have much larger 8" floppy disks, seen as cumbersome and old-fashioned for a consumer system.

Lisa 1's innovations include [[Block (data storage)|block]] sparing, to reserve blocks in case of bad blocks, even on floppy disks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/lisa-legacy/ |title=The Legacy of the Apple Lisa Personal Computer: An Outsider's View |last=Craig |first=David |date=February 16, 1993 |website=Oberlin Computer Science |publisher=David T. Craig |access-date=September 24, 2019 }}</ref> Critical operating system information has [[Redundancy (engineering)|redundant]] storage, for recovery in case of corruption.

====Lisa (1983)====

The original Lisa Computer (Lisa 1) was introduced in January 1983 and began shipping in June 1983.  The machine was powered by a 5 MHz Motorola 68000 processor with an integrated monochrome black-on-white monitor having 720 × 364 rectangular pixels displayed on a 12-inch (30 cm) screen . The computer shipped with two “Twiggy” floppy disk drives along with Lisa OS and office productivity software. The interface included a detached keyboard, a 'thin button' mouse, with a parallel port for Apple ProFile external hard drive(s), and three (3) expansion slots for future upgrades.  The Lisa launched in January 1983 at a cost of $9,995.

====Lisa 2 (1984–1985)====
[[File:Apple Lisa2-IMG 1517.jpg|thumb|Lisa 2]]
The second hardware revision, the Lisa 2, was released in January 1984 and was priced between {{US$|3495|long=no}} and {{US$|long=no|5495}}.<ref name="AC"/>{{rp|79}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://macgui.com/usenet/?group=6&id=278|title=Mac GUI :: Re: MACINTOSH opinion and request|website=macgui.com}}</ref> It was much less expensive than the original model, and dropped the Twiggy floppy drives in favor of a single [[Macintosh External Disk Drive#400K|400K Sony microfloppy]].<ref name="infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65">{{cite magazine|last=Mace|first=Scott|title=Apple introduces Lisa 2; basic model to cost {{US$|long=no|3500}}|magazine=[[InfoWorld]]|date=February 13, 1984|volume=6|issue=7|pages=65–66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gi4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65|access-date=January 6, 2014}}</ref> The Lisa 2 has as little as 512 KB of RAM.

The Lisa 2 line of products included the '''Lisa 2/5''' which consisted of a Lisa 2 bundled with an external ProFile hard drive (5 megabyte capacity)  or '''Lisa 2/10''' with external ProFile hard drive (10 megabyte capacity) .<ref name=mac_repair_secrets_pg236>{{cite book|last=Pina|first=Larry|title=Macintosh Repair & Upgrade Secrets |url=https://archive.org/details/mac_Macintosh_Repair_Upgrade_Secrets_1990 |year=1990|publisher=Hayden Books|location=Carmel, IN, USA|isbn=0672484528 |lccn=89-6375 |page=236|edition=1st|author-link=Larry Pina}}</ref> 

Owners of the original Lisa (1983) computer with Twiggy drives and software were offered free upgrades to the Lisa 2.  The upgrade replaced the pair of Twiggy drives with a single 3.5-inch drive,<ref name="infoworld_lisa2_intro_pg65" /> and updating the boot ROM and I/O ROM and modification to the I/O board. The upgrade included the new Lisa 2's new front faceplate to accommodate the newer microdisk (400K) drive which incorporated the new inlaid Apple logo.  This faceplate was the first to incorporate Apples [[Snow White design language]] elements. 

Developing early Macintosh software required a Lisa{{spaces}}2.<ref name="dacruz19840611">{{cite mailing list | url=http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/e/mail.84b | title=Macintosh Kermit No-Progress Report | publisher=Kermit Project, Columbia University | mailing-list=Info-Kermit mailing list | date=June 11, 1984 | access-date=February 24, 2016 | author=da Cruz, Frank}}</ref> There were relatively few third-party hardware offerings for the Lisa, as compared to the earlier {{nowrap|[[Apple II]]{{px2}}{{mdash}}{{px2}}}}[[AST Research|AST]] offered a {{val|1.5|ul=MB}} memory board which, when combined with the standard Apple {{val|512|ul=KB}} memory board, expanded the Lisa to a total of {{val|2|u=MB}} of memory, the maximum amount that the [[Memory management unit|MMU]] can address.

Late in the product life of the Lisa, there were third-party hard disk drives, [[SCSI host adapter|SCSI controllers]], and [[Double-sided disk|double-sided 3.5-inch floppy-disk]] upgrades. Unlike the original Macintosh, the Lisa has expansion slots. The Lisa 2 motherboard has a very basic [[backplane]] with virtually no electronic components, but plenty of [[edge connector]] sockets and slots. There are two RAM slots, one CPU upgrade slot, and one [[Input/output|I/O]] slot, all in parallel. At the other end are three Lisa slots in parallel.

Late in 1984, the '''Lisa 2/10''' spun off another variation that incorporated an internal 10 MB hard drive (Widget Drive), a modified motherboard removing the parallel port and internal cards, with upgraded power supply, along with the standard configuration of {{val|1|u=MB}} of RAM.<ref name="mac_repair_secrets_pg236"/> There was no upgrade path for this configuration as the hardware and wiring harness was electrically incompatible with the original Lisa 1 or 2 chassis."

=====Macintosh XL (1985–1986)=====
[[File:Macintosh XL 1.jpg|thumb|Macintosh XL]]
{{Main|Macintosh XL}}
In January 1985, following the release of the Macintosh, the Lisa 2/10 (with integrated 10&nbsp;MB hard drive) was rebranded as Macintosh XL.  positioning it as the high-end Macintosh. The price was lowered yet again, to $4,000, and sales tripled, but CEO [[John Sculley]] said that Apple would have lost money increasing production to meet the new demand.<ref name="Infoworld June 3, 1985">{{cite magazine | magazine=[[InfoWorld]] | title=Apple's LISA meets a bad end | date=June 3, 1985 | first=Christine | last=McGeever | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8C4EAAAAMBAJ&q=Apple%27s+LISA+meets+a+bad+end&pg=PA20 | access-date=October 26, 2017 |volume=7|issue=22| pages=21–22|issn=0199-6649}}</ref> There was an upgrade kit for Lisa computers that included a hardware and software kit, enabling it to reboot into Macintosh mode and display square pixels in place of the rectangular pixels of the Lisa.

Apple discontinued the Macintosh XL, leaving an eight-month void in Apple's high-end product line until the [[Macintosh Plus]] was introduced in 1986.

===Software===
[[File:Apple Lisa Office System 3.1.png|thumb|Lisa Office System 3.1]]

====Lisa OS====
The Lisa [[operating system]] features [[memory protection|protected memory]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Lisa Operating System Reference Manual |page=50}}</ref> enabled by a crude hardware circuit compared to the [[Sun-1]] workstation (c. 1982), which features a full memory management unit. [[Motorola]] did not have an MMU (memory-management unit) for the [[Motorola 68000|68000]] ready in time, so third parties developed their own. Apple's is also the result of a cost-cutting compromise, with sluggish performance. Based, in part, on elements from the [[Apple III]] [[Apple SOS|SOS]] operating system released three years earlier, Lisa's [[disk operating system]] also organizes its files in hierarchical directories. [[File system]] directories correspond to GUI folders, as with previous Xerox PARC computers from which Lisa borrowed heavily. Lisa was designed around a hard drive, unlike the first Macintosh.

Lisa has two main user modes: the Lisa Office System and the Workshop. The Lisa Office System is the GUI environment for end users. The Workshop is a program development environment and is almost entirely text-based, though it uses a GUI text editor. The Lisa Office System was eventually renamed 7/7 which refers to the seven supplied application programs: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph, [[LisaProject]], LisaList, and LisaTerminal.

Apple's warranty said that this software works precisely as stated, and Apple refunded an unspecified number of users, in full, for their systems. These operating system frailties, and costly recalls, combined with the very high price point, led to the failure of the Lisa in the marketplace. NASA purchased Lisa machines, mainly to use the LisaProject program.

In 2018, the [[Computer History Museum]] announced it would be releasing the source code for Lisa OS, following a check by Apple to ensure this would not impact other intellectual property. For copyright reasons, this release does not include the American Heritage dictionary.<ref name="OpenElectronics">{{cite web|last=Ruggeri|first=Luca|title=The Computer History Museum will open source Apple's Lisa OS|date=January 17, 2018|url=https://www.open-electronics.org/the-computer-history-museum-will-open-source-apples-lisa-os/|access-date=May 11, 2020}}</ref> For its 40th anniversary on January 19, 2023, Lisa OS Software version 3.1's source code is available under an [https://www.apple.com/legal/education/apple-school-manager/ Apple Academic License Agreement.]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Hansen |date=January 19, 2023 |title=The Lisa Was Apple's Best Failure |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120001412/https://spectrum.ieee.org/apple-lisa |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=CHM Makes Apple Lisa Source Code Available to the Public as a Part of Its Art of Code Series |url=https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/chm-makes-apple-lisa-source-code-available-to-the-public-as-a-part-of-its-art-of-code-series/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120021048/https://computerhistory.org/press-releases/chm-makes-apple-lisa-source-code-available-to-the-public-as-a-part-of-its-art-of-code-series/ |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date= |website=Computer History Museum |place=Mountain View, CA |language=en}}</ref>

====MacWorks====
{{Main|MacWorks}}
In April 1984, following the Macintosh launch, Apple introduced MacWorks, a software emulation environment enabling Lisa to run Macintosh System software and applications.<ref name="byte198412_lisa2">{{cite magazine|title=The Lisa 2: Apple's ablest computer |magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] |last1=Redhed |first1=David D. |pages=A106–A114 |issue=December 1984 |url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1984-12/page/n501/mode/2up |access-date=15 February 2024 }}</ref> MacWorks improved Lisa's market appeal. After the early Macintosh operating system first gained hard disk support, MacWorks also gained access to Lisa's hard disk in September. In January 1985, MacWorks was re-branded MacWorks XL as the primary system application, to convert the Lisa into the [[Macintosh XL]].

====Third-party software====
[[File:Apple Lisa Workshop.png|thumb|Lisa Workshop]]
The launch version of Lisa Office System can not be used for programming, requiring the separate development OS called Lisa Workshop to be toggled and booted. Lisa Workshop was also used to develop Macintosh software for its first few years, until a Macintosh-native development system was released.{{when|date=November 2024}} For most of its lifetime, the Lisa only had the original seven applications that Apple had deemed enough to "do everything".{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} UniPress Software released [[UNIX System III]] for {{US$|495|1983|long=no|round=-2}}.<ref name="byte198312">{{cite magazine | title=Unix Spoken Here / and MS-DOS, and VMS too! | magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] | date=December 1983 | access-date=March 8, 2016 | pages=334 | volume=8 | number=12 | type=advertisement | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-12/page/n335/mode/1up}}</ref>

[[Santa Cruz Operation]] (SCO) published [[Microsoft]] [[Xenix]] (version 3), a [[Unix-like]] [[command-line interface|command-line]] operating system for the Lisa 2, and Microsoft's [[Multiplan]] 2.1 spreadsheet for Xenix.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Photograph of Lisa Xenix Multiplan diskette |language=en |url=https://postlmg.cc/BXsws9Mt |access-date=September 24, 2019 |format=JPEG |publisher=Postimg.com }}</ref> Other Lisa Xenix apps include Quadratron's Q-Office suite.<ref name="stmac198407_quadratron">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/st.mac-1984-07/page/n55/mode/1up | title=Quadratron's Lisa Office System | magazine=ST.Mac | date=July 1984 | access-date=July 27, 2024 | volume=1 | issue=6 | pages=54 }}</ref>

UniPress Software also provided a version of [[Unix System V]] for the Lisa 2, offering a C compiler and "Berkeley enhancements" such as [[vi (text editor)|vi]] and the [[C shell]], supporting hard drives ranging from 20&nbsp;MB to 100&nbsp;MB along with Ethernet connectivity. Additional applications could be purchased from UniPress, and a less expensive single-user edition was also sold for {{US$|495|1984|long=no|round=-2}} alongside the {{US$|1495|1984|long=no|round=-2}} multi-user edition. A variety of other programming languages were supported by the operating system.<ref name="byte198412_lisa2"/>

==Reception==
[[File:Apple Computer, 1983 (Lisa).jpg|thumb|An original Lisa is at work at the Apple Convention in Boston, in early 1983.]]
''[[BYTE]]'' previewed the Lisa and wrote in February 1983 that it was "the most important development in computers in the last five years, easily outpacing [the [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]]]". It acknowledged that the {{US$|long=no|9995}} price was high, and concluded "Apple ... is not unaware that most people would be incredibly interested in a similar but less expensive machine. We'll see what happens".<ref name="williams198302">{{cite magazine | title=The Lisa Computer System | magazine=[[Byte (magazine)|BYTE]] | date=February 1983 | access-date=October 19, 2013 | author=Williams, Gregg | pages=33–50 |volume=8 |issue=2 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1983-02/page/n32/mode/1up}}</ref>

The Lisa 2 was received more favourably by BYTE in December 1984, describing it as possibly "the most underrated machine in the history of the microcomputer industry ... more versatile and powerful than any other machine in its under-$7000 price category". Priced from {{US$|long=no|3495}}, the base model was largely perceived as a "wide-screen Macintosh" with four times the memory of that machine and able to run its software, but nevertheless "the only practical way to run even moderately large Macintosh applications" at that time. Hard disk models were priced from {{US$|long=no|4495}}, and the range of supported hard disk sizes, along with the "large memory", were seen as contributing to the machine's versatility. The provision of a character-based display support was seen as "critical to XENIX and UNIX users", and the availability of these other operating systems also served to differentiate the Lisa from the Macintosh. System performance had also improved from the original Lisa product.<ref name="byte198412_lisa2"/>

The Lisa was a commercial failure, the company's largest since the [[Apple III]] of 1980. Apple sold a total of approximately 10,000<ref name=ogrady/> Lisa machines at {{US$|9995|1983|round=-2|about=yes}} each,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.technologeek.net/a-look-back-at-apple-products-of-old/|title = A Look Back at Apple Products of Old|date = August 19, 2013|access-date = September 8, 2015|website = Technologeek|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105121930/http://www.technologeek.net/a-look-back-at-apple-products-of-old/|archive-date = November 5, 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> generating total sales of {{US$|long=no|100 million}} against a development cost of more than {{US$|long=no|150 million}}.<ref name=ogrady/> The largest Lisa customer was [[NASA]], which used [[LisaProject]] for project management.<ref name="Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson">{{harvnb|Isaacson|2011}}</ref>{{pn|date=January 2025}}{{failed verification|date=January 2025}}

The Lisa 2 and its [[Old World ROM|Mac ROM]]-enabled [[Macintosh XL]] version are the final two releases in the Lisa line, which was discontinued in April 1985.<ref>"Back in Time", A+ Magazine, Feb 1987: 48–49.</ref> The Macintosh XL is a hardware and software conversion kit to effectively reboot Lisa into Macintosh mode. In 1986, Apple offered all Lisa and XL owners the opportunity to return their computer and pay {{US$|1498|long=no}}, in exchange for a [[Macintosh Plus]] and [[Hard Disk 20]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 12, 1986 |title=Votes For And Against The NetWorkers |page=13 |work=Semaphore Signal |issue=26 |url=http://www.semaphorecorp.com/ss/ss26.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19971119142545/http://www.semaphorecorp.com/ss/ss26.html |archive-date=November 19, 1997}}</ref> Reportedly, 2,700 working but unsold Lisa computers were buried in a landfill.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Aditya |date=April 21, 2016 |title=Why Are 2700 Apple Lisa Computers Buried in a Landfill? |url=https://fossbytes.com/why-2700-apple-lisa-computers-are-buried-in-a-landfill/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118185742/https://fossbytes.com/why-2700-apple-lisa-computers-are-buried-in-a-landfill/ | archive-date=January 18, 2023 |url-status=dead | website=Fossbytes}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Apple's culture of [[object-oriented programming]] on Lisa contributed to the 1988 conception of [[Taligent#Pink system|Pink]], the first attempt to re-architect the operating system of Macintosh.

In 1989, after Wayne Rosing had moved to [[Sun Microsystems]], he reflected on his time at Apple, recalling that building the Lisa had been hard work. He said the system's hard disk and RAM was a requirement and not a luxury, but that the system remains slow. He noted that, by 1989, Lisa's level of integration between applications had not yet been repeated by Apple.<ref name="macweek19890307_rosing">{{ cite magazine | url=https://archive.org/details/mac-week-v-3-n-10/page/n53/mode/1up | title=Rosing outlines Sun's strategy | magazine=[[MacWEEK]] | first1=Daniel | last1=Farber | date=March 7, 1989 | access-date=May 1, 2024 | pages=54 }}</ref>

Original "Twiggy" based Lisa 1 systems command high prices at auction due to the scarcity of surviving examples. The auction record for a Lisa 1 was set on September 10, 2024, when a Lisa from the estate of Microsoft co-founder [[Paul Allen]] was sold for $882,000.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://press.christies.com/gen-one-innovations-from-the-paul-g-allen-collection-totals-16816840 | title=Gen One: Innovations from the Paul G. Allen Collection Totals $16,816,840 | date=September 12, 2024 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1980s}}
*[[Bill Atkinson]]
*[[Rich Page]]
*[[Brad Silverberg]]
*[[History of the graphical user interface]]
*[[Cut, copy, and paste]]
*[[Visi On]]
*[[GEMDOS]] (adaptation for Lisa 2/5)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_applelisaoersGuide1984_4903931/mode/2up Lisa 2 Owner's Guide] (1984)

==External links==
{{commons category|Apple Lisa}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psAeTDYezdo "Before Macintosh: The Apple Lisa" Full Documentary Film, Free] on [[YouTube]]
* {{YouTube|id=a4BlmsN4q2I|title=Tech: Apple Lisa Demo (1984)}}
* [http://lowendmac.com/hodges/07/0402.html Using Apple's Lisa for Real Work]
* [http://oldcomputers.net/lisa.html Lisa 2/5 info.]
* [https://www.mprove.de/visionreality/text/3.1.8_lisa.html mprove: Graphical User Interface of Apple Lisa]
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jasonh/cs39i-seminar/p40-perkins.pdf|title=Inventing the Lisa User Interface by Rod Perkins, Dan Keller and Frank Ludolph (1 MB PDF)|access-date=March 10, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050921031925/http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jasonh/cs39i-seminar/p40-perkins.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2005|url-status=dead}}
* {{YouTube|id=F_VVRAIaCWY|title=Apple Lisa Memorial Exhibition at Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, Korea}}
* [https://info.computerhistory.org/apple-lisa-code Lisa Source Code]

{{Apple hardware before 1998}}
{{Apple hardware}}

[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1983]]
[[Category:Apple computers|Lisa]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1983]]
[[Category:Pascal (programming language) software]]
[[Category:68k-based computers]]
[[Category:32-bit computers]]
[[Category:Products and services discontinued in 1986]]
[[Category:Discontinued Apple Inc. products]]