View source for Arghul

{{Short description|Traditional Middle Eastern woodwind instrument}}

{{Infobox instrument
| name                  = Arghul
| names                 =
| image                 = Arghul Egypt Kopie.jpg
| image_capt            = Arghul with bell attached.
| background            = woodwind
| classification        = [[single-reed instrument|single-reed aerophone]]
| hornbostel_sachs      = 422.211.2 
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = single reed instrument with cylindrical bore and fingerholes
| inventors             =
| developed             =
| range                 = 
| related               = [[bülban]], [[clarinet]], [[diplica]], [[dili tuiduk]], [[dozaleh]], [[Arghul#.C3.87ifte|cifte]], [[launeddas]], [[mijwiz]], [[pilili]], [[Reclam de xeremies]], [[sipsi]], zammara, [[zummara]]
| musicians             = 
| builders              =
| articles              =
}}

The '''''arghul''''' ({{langx|ar|[[wikt:أرغول|أرغول]] or '''[[wikt:يرغول|يرغول]]'''}}), also spelled '''''argul''''', '''''arghoul''''', '''''arghool''''', '''''argol''''', or '''''yarghul''''', is a [[Instrument (music)|musical instrument]] in the [[reed instrument|reed family]]. It has been used since [[ancient Egypt]]ian times and is still used as a traditional instrument in [[Egypt]], [[Palestine]], [[Syria]]  and [[Jordan]].

==Basic characteristics==
<div class="center">
[[File:Britannica Arghoul.jpg|600px]]<br/>
{{small|(From Edward William Lane's ''An Account of the Manners and Customs of the''}}
''Modern Egyptians''.)<br/>
Modern Arghul, 3&nbsp;ft. 2½ in. long.<ref>
{{harvnb|Schlesinger|1911}}
</ref>
</div>

The arghul is a double-pipe, [[Single-reed instrument|Single-reed]]  [[Wind instrument|woodwind]] instrument that consists of two tubes: a melody pipe with between five and seven holes and a longer [[Drone (music)|drone]] (Arabic ''ardiyya'', "ground") pipe.  Its tone is similar to that of a [[clarinet]], although a bit more reed-like.  Unlike the similar [[mijwiz]], the arghul has fingering holes on only one of the instrument's pipes (the melody pipe), and the drone pipe has a detachable length that allows the player to alter the pitch of the drone.

In the illustration above
all three lengths are shown in use. An arghul belonging to the
collection of the Conservatoire Royal at Brussels, described by
Victor Mahillon in his catalogue<ref>{{harvnb|Schlesinger|1911}} cites:
''Catalogue descriptif et analytique du musée du Conservatoire''
''Royal de Bruxelles'' (Ghent, 1880), p. 141.
</ref> (No. 113), gives the following
scale: &mdash;

{| style="text-align:center; margin:auto;"
|-
| {{small-caps|Short Pipe.}}
| {{small-caps|Drone Pipe.}}
|-
| [[File:Britannica Arghoul Short Pipe Scale.jpg|300px]]||[[File:Britannica Arghoul Drone Pipe Scale.jpg|400px]]
|- valign="top"
| Holes uncovered.
|
{| style="width:400px; text-align:center"
|- valign="top"
| width="25%" | Without additional joint.
| width="25%" |With shortest additional joint.
| width="25%" |With shortest and medium additional joints.
| width="25%" |With longest additional joint.
|}
|}

Arghuls are used in Egypt, Palestine and other [[Arab]] nations as an accompaniment to [[Belly dance|belly dancing]], [[Dabke]], and other types of Arabic musical performances. [[Circular breathing]] is an important part of the playing of the instrument.

There are three varieties of arghuls: the small arghul (''arghoul alasghar''), the medium arghul (''arghoul alsoghayr''), and the large arghul (''arghoul alkebir'').

<gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dubbel enkelriet (klarinet) van bamboe TMnr 1312-1.jpg|Egyptian arghul collected before 1939 in the Wereld Museum in Belgium. 
File:Flutes and Pipes LACMA M.80.196.27.jpg|Egypt 1537 - 31 BCE. Instrument from ancient Egypt found in a tomb.
</gallery>

==Çifte==
Çifte is a Turkish folk instrument of the wind type. It is made by tying two reed pipes side by side. Two small reed pieces which produce the sound are added to the ends of both reeds. These two small reeds are taken into the mouth cavity and it is played by blowing the air into both at the same time.

There are two çifte types known as Demli Çifte and Demsiz Çifte. In demli çifte one of the reeds does not have any pitch keys and it just produces a drone. There are melody keys on the other reed and the main melody is played through them.

Çifte is also known as Argun, Argul, Kargın or Zambır at different regions.

In Turkish, the word "çifte" also refers to a double-barreled [[shotgun]], no doubt because of the barrels' resemblance to the wind instrument.

==Dozaleh==
:''See main article: [[Dozaleh]]''
The ''dozaleh''  is one of the old folk wind instruments of Iran which is used in mirth celebrations.
[[Abu Nasr Farabi]] had called it [[Mezmarol-Mosana]] or [[Mozdavadg]] [mozdavej] ("married"). The ''dozaleh'' has a sound like [[Ney-anbān]] [neianbAn] (bagpipe), but to some extent more clear and lower. It is played in [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] [xorAsAn], [[Kermanshah]] [KermAnSAh], and mostly in Iran. In some different dialects it is called [[Zanbooreh]] [zanbureh].

==See also==
*[[Aulos]]
*[[Launeddas]]
*[[Mijwiz]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
'''Attribution:'''
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Arghoul|volume=2|page=475|first=Kathleen|last=Schlesinger|authorlink=Kathleen Schlesinger}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071030045531/http://www.zamanproduction.com/old/pagesinstruments/arghul.html Arghul page] from Zaman Production site
*[http://www.dominikphoto.com/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=55 The making of the Arghul, in Egypt] by Dominik Huber

===Listening===
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225350/http://www.smithsonianglobalsound.org/trackdetail.aspx?itemid=17663 Arghul audio]

{{Single reeds}}
{{Arabic musical instruments}}
{{Iranian musical instruments}}

{{Turkish musical instruments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Single-reed instruments]]
[[Category:North African musical instruments]]
[[Category:Arabic musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkish musical instruments]]
[[Category:Syrian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Circular breathing]]