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{{Short description|American playwright and essayist (1915–2005)}}
{{other people|Arthur Miller}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name             = Arthur Miller
| image            = Arthur Miller 1966.jpg
| birth_date       = {{birth date|1915|10|17|mf=y}}
| caption          = Miller in 1966
| birth_name       = Arthur Asher Miller
| birth_place      = [[Harlem]], New York City, U.S.
| death_date       = {{death date and age|mf=yes|2005|2|10|1915|10|18}}
| death_place      = [[Roxbury, Connecticut]], U.S.
| education        = [[University of Michigan]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| notableworks     = {{hlist|''[[All My Sons]]''|''[[Death of a Salesman]]''|''[[The Crucible]]''|''[[A View from the Bridge]]''}}
| awards           = {{plainlist|
* 1949&nbsp;[[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]]
* 1984&nbsp;[[Kennedy Center Honors]]
* 2001&nbsp;[[Praemium Imperiale]]
* 2003&nbsp;[[Jerusalem Prize]]}}
| spouse           = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Mary Slattery|1940|1956|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Marilyn Monroe]]|1956|1961|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Inge Morath]]|1962|2002|reason=died}}}}
| partner          = {{No self-redirect|Agnes Barley}} (from 2002)
| children         = 4, including [[Rebecca Miller]]
| relatives        = {{plainlist|
* [[Joan Copeland]] (sister)
* [[Daniel Day-Lewis]] (son-in-law)}}
| signature        = Arthur Miller signature.svg
}}
'''Arthur Asher Miller''' (October 17, 1915&nbsp;– February 10, 2005) was an American actor and writer of plays in the 20th-century [[Theater in the United States|American theater]]. Among his most popular plays are ''[[All My Sons]]'' (1947), ''[[Death of a Salesman]]'' (1949), ''[[The Crucible]]'' (1953), and ''[[A View from the Bridge]]'' (1955). He wrote several screenplays, including ''[[The Misfits (1961 film)|The Misfits]]'' (1961). The drama ''Death of a Salesman'' is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century.

Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]], testified before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], and married [[Marilyn Monroe]]. In 1980, he received the [[St. Louis Literary Award]] from the [[Saint Louis University]] Library Associates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html |title=Website of St. Louis Literary Award |access-date=July 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award |title=Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award |author=Saint Louis University Library Associates |access-date=July 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731082313/http://lib.slu.edu/about/associates/literary-award |archive-date=July 31, 2016 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> He received the [[Praemium Imperiale]] prize in 2001, the [[Prince of Asturias Award]] in 2002, and the [[Jerusalem Prize]] in 2003, and the [[Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize]] in 1999.<ref>Associated Press, "Citing Arts' Power, Arthur Miller Accepts International Prize". ''Los Angeles Times'', September 4, 2002</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Miller was born in the [[Harlem]] area of [[Manhattan]], [[New York City|New York]] in 1915. He was the second of three children of Augusta (Barnett) and Isidore Miller. He was born into a [[Jews|Jewish]] family of [[Polish Jews|Polish-Jewish]] descent.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Ratcliffe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/12/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries|title=Arthur Miller|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=February 12, 2005|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref> His father was born in [[Radomyśl Wielki]], [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia]] (then part of [[Austria-Hungary]], now Poland), and his mother was a native of New York whose parents also arrived from that town.<ref>Arthur Miller, ''Timebends: A Life'', A&C Black, 2012. p. 539.</ref> Isidore owned a women's clothing manufacturing business employing 400 people. He became a well respected man in the community.<ref>BBC TV Interview; Miller and Yentob; 'Finishing the Picture,' 2004</ref> The family, including Miller's younger sister [[Joan Copeland]], lived on West<ref>Miller, Arthur (June 22, 1998) [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1998/06/22/1998_06_22_144_TNY_LIBRY_000015831?currentPage=all American Summer: Before Air-Conditioning]. ''[[The New Yorker]]''. Retrieved on October 30, 2013.</ref> [[110th Street (Manhattan)|110th Street]] in Manhattan, owned a summer house in [[Far Rockaway, Queens]], and employed a chauffeur.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|last=Garner |first=Dwight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/03/books/03garn.html |title=Miller: Life before and after Marilyn |work=The New York Times |date=June 2, 2009 |access-date=December 18, 2011}}</ref> In the [[Wall Street crash of 1929]], the family lost almost everything and moved to [[Gravesend, Brooklyn]].<ref name="Times_obit">The Times Arthur Miller Obituary, (London: The Times, 2005)</ref> According to [[Peter Applebome]], they moved to [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]].<ref>Applebome, Peter. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903E7DA1E39F93AA15752C0A96F958260 "Present at the Birth of a Salesman"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 29, 1999. Accessed February 8, 2019. "Mr. Miller was born in Harlem in 1915 and then moved with his family to the Midwood section of Brooklyn."</ref>

As a teenager, Miller delivered bread every morning before school to help the family.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Miller later published an account of his early years under the title "A Boy Grew in Brooklyn". After graduating in 1932 from [[Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn)|Abraham Lincoln High School]], he worked at several menial jobs to pay for his college tuition at the [[University of Michigan]].<ref name="Times_obit" /><ref>Hechinger, Fred M. [https://www.nytimes.com/1980/01/01/archives/about-education-personal-touch-helps-about-education-personal-touch.html "Personal Touch Helps"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 1980. Accessed September 20, 2009. "Lincoln, an ordinary, unselective New York City high school, is proud of a galaxy of prominent alumni, who include the playwright Arthur Miller, Representative Elizabeth Holtzman, the authors Joseph Heller and Ken Auletta, the producer Mel Brooks, the singer Neil Diamond and the songwriter Neil Sedaka."</ref> After graduation ({{circa|1936}}), he worked as a psychiatric aide and copywriter before accepting faculty posts at [[New York University]] and [[University of New Hampshire]]. On May 1, 1935, he joined the [[League of American Writers]] (1935–1943), whose members included [[Alexander Trachtenberg]] of [[International Publishers]], [[Franklin Folsom]], [[Louis Untermeyer]], [[I. F. Stone]], [[Myra Page]], [[Millen Brand]], [[Lillian Hellman]] and [[Dashiell Hammett]]. Members were largely either [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] members or [[fellow travelers]].<ref name="Looper">
{{Cite book
| first1 = Myra
| last1 = Page
| author-link1 = Myra Page
| first2 = Christina Looper
| last2 = Baker
| title = In a Generous Spirit: A First-Person Biography of Myra Page
| publisher = University of Illinois Press
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0DamHoxHiCkC
| pages = 145
| date = 1996
| access-date = August 4, 2018| isbn = 9780252065439
}}</ref>

At the University of Michigan, Miller first majored in [[journalism]] and wrote for the student newspaper, ''[[The Michigan Daily]]'', and the satirical ''[[Gargoyle Humor Magazine]]''. It was during this time that he wrote his first play, ''[[No Villain]]''.<ref name="chronology">{{cite web
|publisher=The Arthur Miller Society
|title=A Brief Chronology of Arthur Miller's Life and Works
|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/miller/life.html
|access-date=September 24, 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061002193327/http://www.ibiblio.org/miller/life.html| archive-date= October 2, 2006| url-status=live}}</ref> He switched his major to [[English studies|English]], and subsequently won the [[Hopwood Award|Avery Hopwood Award]] for ''No Villain.'' The award led him to consider that he could have a career as a playwright. He enrolled in a playwriting seminar with the influential [[Kenneth Thorpe Rowe|Professor Kenneth Rowe]],<ref>For Rowe's recollections of Miller's work as a student playwright, see Kenneth Thorpe Rowe, "Shadows Cast Before," in Robert A. Martin, ed. (1982) ''Arthur Miller: New Perspectives'', Prentice-Hall, {{ISBN|0130488011}}.  Rowe's influential book ''Write That Play'' (Funk and Wagnalls, 1939), which appeared just a year after Miller's graduation, describes Rowe's approach to play construction.</ref> who emphasized how a play was built to achieve its intended effect, or what Miller called "the dynamics of play construction".<ref>Arthur Miller, ''Timebends: A Life.''  New York: Grove Press, 1987, pp. 226–227</ref> Rowe gave Miller realistic feedback and much-needed encouragement, and became a lifelong friend.<ref>{{cite web
|publisher=University of Michigan
|title=Arthur Miller Files (UM days)
|url=http://www.umich.edu/~amfiles/biography/umdays.html
|access-date=September 24, 2006}}</ref> Miller retained strong ties to his alma mater through the rest of his life, establishing the university's Arthur Miller Award in 1985 and the Arthur Miller Award for Dramatic Writing in 1999, and lending his name to the Arthur Miller Theatre in 2000.<ref>{{cite web
 |publisher=University of Michigan
 |title=Arthur Miller and University of Michigan
 |url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004/Nov04/r111604c
 |access-date=September 24, 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913165346/http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases%2F2004%2FNov04%2Fr111604c
 |archive-date=September 13, 2006
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In 1937, Miller wrote ''[[Honors at Dawn]],'' which also received the Avery Hopwood Award.<ref name="chronology" /> After his graduation in 1938, he joined the [[Federal Theatre Project]], a [[New Deal]] agency established to provide jobs in the theater. He chose the theater project despite the more lucrative offer to work as a scriptwriter for [[20th Century Fox]].<ref name="chronology" /> However, [[United States Congress|Congress]], worried about possible Communist infiltration, closed the project in 1939.<ref name="Times_obit" /> Miller began working in the [[Brooklyn Navy Yard]] while continuing to write [[radio plays]], some of which were broadcast on [[CBS Radio|CBS]].<ref name="Times_obit" /><ref name="chronology" />

== Career ==

=== 1940–1949: Early career ===
Miller was exempted from military service during World War II because of a high school [[American football|football]] injury to his left kneecap.<ref name="Times_obit" /> In 1944 Miller's first play was produced: ''[[The Man Who Had All the Luck]]'' won the Theatre Guild's National Award.<ref>Royal National Theater: Platform Papers, 7. Arthur Miller (Battley Brothers Printers, 1995).</ref> The play closed after four performances with disastrous reviews.<ref name="shenton">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.thestage.co.uk/shenton/2008/03/the-man-who-has-all-the-luck/#more|title=The man who HAS all the luck...|last=Shenton|first=Mark|date=March 14, 2008|work=[[The Stage]]|publisher=The Stage Newspaper Limited|access-date=May 6, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090519194515/http://blogs.thestage.co.uk/shenton/2008/03/the-man-who-has-all-the-luck/| archive-date= May 19, 2009| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1947, Miller's play ''[[All My Sons]]'', the writing of which had commenced in 1941, was a success on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] (earning him his first [[Tony Award]], [[Tony Award for Best Author|for Best Author]]) and his reputation as a playwright was established.<ref>{{Cite book|year=2005|title=Arthur Miller: A Critical Study|last=Bigsby |first=C. W. E.|author-link=Christopher Bigsby|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-60553-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/arthurmillercrit0000bigs/page/301 301]|url=https://archive.org/details/arthurmillercrit0000bigs|url-access=registration}}</ref> Years later, in a 1994 interview with [[Ron Rifkin]], Miller said that most contemporary critics regarded ''All My Sons'' as "a very depressing play in a time of great optimism" and that positive reviews from [[Brooks Atkinson]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' had saved it from failure.<ref>Rifkin, Ron, [http://bombsite.com/issues/49/articles/1821 "Arthur Miller"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526130323/http://bombsite.com/issues/49/articles/1821 |date=May 26, 2012 }}. ''[[BOMB Magazine]]''. Fall 1994. Retrieved on July 18, 2012.</ref>

In 1948, Miller built a small studio in [[Roxbury, Connecticut]]. There, in less than a day, he wrote Act I of ''[[Death of a Salesman]]''. Within six weeks, he completed the rest of the play,<ref name="chronology" /> one of the classics of world theater.<ref name="Times_obit" /><ref name="BBC-Obit">{{cite news
 |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/233032.stm
 |title= Obituary: Arthur Miller
 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=February 11, 2005
|access-date=September 21, 2010
}}</ref> ''Death of a Salesman'' premiered on Broadway on February 10, 1949, at the [[Morosco Theatre]], directed by [[Elia Kazan]], and starring [[Lee J. Cobb]] as [[Willy Loman]], [[Mildred Dunnock]] as Linda, [[Arthur Kennedy]] as Biff, and [[Cameron Mitchell (actor)|Cameron Mitchell]] as Happy. The play was commercially successful and critically acclaimed, winning a [[Tony Award for Best Author]], the [[New York Drama Critics' Circle|New York Drama Circle Critics' Award]], and the [[1949 Pulitzer Prize|Pulitzer Prize]] for Drama. It was the first play to win all three of these major awards. The play was performed 742 times.<ref name="Times_obit" />

In 1949, Miller exchanged letters with [[Eugene O'Neill]] regarding Miller's production of ''All My Sons''. O'Neill had sent Miller a congratulatory telegram; in response, he wrote a letter that consisted of a few paragraphs detailing his gratitude for the telegram, apologizing for not responding earlier, and inviting Eugene to the opening of ''Death of a Salesman''. O'Neill replied, accepting the apology, but declining the invitation, explaining that his [[Parkinson's disease]] made it difficult to travel. He ended the letter with an invitation to [[Boston]], a trip that never occurred.<ref>Dan Isaac, "Founding Father: O'Neill's Correspondence with Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams", ''The Eugene O'Neill Review'', Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (Spring/Fall 1993), pp. 124–133</ref>

=== 1950–1963: Critical years and HUAC controversy ===
In 1952, [[Elia Kazan]] appeared before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC). Kazan named eight members of the [[Group Theatre (New York City)|Group Theatre]], including Arthur Miller, [[Clifford Odets]], [[Paula Strasberg]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[J. Edward Bromberg]], and [[John Garfield]],<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.moderntimes.com/palace/kazan/
|title=Postage Paid: In defense of Elia Kazan
|publisher=moderntimes.com
|access-date=February 25, 2009
|last=Mills
|first=Michael}}</ref> who in recent years had been fellow members of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]].<ref name="AmMasters">{{cite web
|publisher=[[PBS]]
|title=American Masters: Elia Kazan
|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/kazan_e.html
|access-date=September 22, 2006| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060923064612/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/kazan_e.html| archive-date= September 23, 2006| url-status=dead|date=September 3, 2003
}}</ref> Miller and Kazan were close friends throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, but after Kazan's testimony to the HUAC, the pair's friendship ended.<ref name="AmMasters" /> After speaking with Kazan about his testimony, Miller traveled to [[Salem, Massachusetts]], to research the [[Salem witch trials|witch trials of 1692]].<ref name="Observer_obit" /> He and Kazan did not speak to each other for the next ten years. Kazan later defended his own actions through his film ''[[On the Waterfront]]'', in which a dockworker heroically testifies against a corrupt union boss.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/static/national-film-preservation-board/documents/on_the_waterfront.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/programs/static/national-film-preservation-board/documents/on_the_waterfront.pdf |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=On The Waterfront|last=Sklar|first=Robert|website=Library of Congress|access-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref> Miller would retaliate against Kazan's work by writing ''[[A View from the Bridge]]'', a play where a longshoreman outs his co-workers motivated only by jealousy and greed. He sent a copy of the initial script to Kazan and when the director asked in jest to direct the movie, Miller replied "I only sent you the script to let you know what I think of [[stool-pigeons]]."<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2, 2021 |title=The Untold Story of On the Waterfront – As Time Goes By |url=https://sites.psu.edu/astimegoesby/2021/04/02/the-untold-story-of-on-the-waterfront/ |access-date=September 3, 2024 |publisher=CampusPress}}</ref>

In ''[[The Crucible]]'', which was first performed at the Martin Beck Theatre on Broadway on January 22, 1953, Miller likened the situation with the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] to [[Salem witch trials|the witch hunt in Salem in 1692]].<ref>For a frequently cited study of Miller's use of the Salem witchcraft episode, see Robert A. Martin, "Arthur Miller's The Crucible: Background and Sources", reprinted in James J. Martine, ed. (1979) ''Critical Essays on Arthur Miller'', G. K. Hall, {{ISBN|0816182582}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/miller-mccarthyism.html|title=Are you now, or were you ever?|publisher=University of Pennsylvania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910085108/http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/miller-mccarthyism.html|archive-date=September 10, 2006|url-status=live|access-date=September 25, 2006}}</ref><ref name=Cakirtas /> Though widely considered only somewhat successful at the time of its release, ''The Crucible'' is Miller's most frequently produced work throughout the world.<ref name="Observer_obit" /> It was adapted into [[The Crucible (opera)|an opera]] by [[Robert Ward (composer)|Robert Ward]] in 1961. Earlier in 1955, a [[One-act play|one-act version]] of Miller's [[Verse drama and dramatic verse|verse drama]], titled ''[[A View from the Bridge]]'', opened on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] in a joint bill with one of Miller's lesser-known plays, ''[[A Memory of Two Mondays]]''. The following year, Miller revised ''A View from the Bridge'' as a two-act [[prose]] drama, which [[Peter Brook]] directed in London.<ref>Miller, Arthur (1988) Introduction to ''Plays: One'', London: Methuen, p. 51, {{ISBN|0413175502}}.</ref> A French-Italian co-production ''[[A View from the Bridge (film)|Vu du pont]]'', based on the play, was released in 1962.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pecorari|first1=Mario|last2=Poppi|first2=Roberto|date=2007|title=Dizionario del cinema italiano. I film|language=it|location=Rome|publisher=Gremese Editore|isbn=978-8884405036}}</ref>

[[File:Chairman Dies of House Committee investigating Un-American activities.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|While newsmen take notes, Chairman [[Martin Dies Jr.|Dies]] of House Un-American Activities Committee reads and proofs his letter replying to Pres. Roosevelt's attack on the committee, October 26, 1938]]

The HUAC took an interest in Miller himself not long after ''The Crucible'' opened, engineering the US State Department's denying him a passport to attend the play's London opening in 1954.<ref name="chronology" /> When Miller applied in 1956 for a routine renewal of his [[United States passport|passport]], the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] used this opportunity to [[subpoena]] him to appear before the committee. Before appearing, Miller asked the committee not to ask him to name names, to which the chairman, [[Francis E. Walter]] (D-PA) agreed.<ref name="BBCOnThisDay">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/7/newsid_2946000/2946420.stm|title=BBC On This Day|date=August 7, 1958|access-date=October 14, 2006|publisher=BBC}}</ref> When Miller attended the hearing, to which Monroe accompanied him, risking her own career,<ref name="Observer_obit" /> he gave the committee a detailed account of his political activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://partners.nytimes.com/books/00/11/12/specials/miller-front.html|title=Arthur Miller Admits Helping Communist-Front Groups in '40's|last=Drury|first=Allen|date=June 22, 1956|website=The New York Times|access-date=June 7, 2016}}</ref> Miller emphasized that his cooperation with various Communist-front organizations had been unfortunate and a mistake. He stressed his own patriotism and portrayed himself as a changed man who regretted his errors. “I think it would be a disaster and a calamity if the Communist Party ever took over this country,” said Miller. “That is an opinion that has come to me not out of the blue sky but out of long thought.”<ref>Leaming, Barbara (1998). ''Marilyn Monroe: A Biography'', pp. 231–233.</ref> Reneging on the chairman's promise, the committee demanded the names of friends and colleagues who had participated in similar activities.<ref name="BBCOnThisDay"/> Miller refused to comply, saying "I could not use the name of another person and bring trouble on him."<ref name="BBCOnThisDay" /> As a result, a judge found Miller guilty of [[contempt of Congress]] in May 1957. Miller was sentenced to a fine and a prison sentence, [[Hollywood blacklist|blacklisted from Hollywood]], and disallowed a US passport.<ref name="UMICH_Early">{{cite web
|publisher=University of Michigan
|title=Arthur Miller Files
|url=http://www.umich.edu/~amfiles/biography/earlycareer.html
|access-date=April 2, 2016}}</ref> In August 1958, his conviction was overturned by the court of appeals, which ruled that Miller had been misled by the chairman of the HUAC.<ref name="BBCOnThisDay" />

Miller's experience with the HUAC affected him throughout his life. In the late 1970s, he joined other celebrities (including [[William Styron]] and [[Mike Nichols]]) who were brought together by the journalist Joan Barthel. Barthel's coverage of the highly publicized [[Catherine Roraback#Peter Reilly murder case|Barbara Gibbons murder case]] helped raise bail for Gibbons' son Peter Reilly, who had been convicted of his mother's murder based on what many felt was a coerced confession and little other evidence.<ref>Barthel, Joan:''A Death in Canaan''.  New York:  E.P. Dutton. 1976</ref> Barthel documented the case in her book ''A Death in Canaan'', which was made as a [[A Death in Canaan|television film of the same name]] and broadcast in 1978.<ref>''[[A Death in Canaan]]'' |url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077412/</ref> ''[[City Confidential]]'', an [[A&E Network]] series, produced an episode about the murder, postulating that part of the reason Miller took such an active interest (including supporting Reilly's defense and using his own celebrity to bring attention to Reilly's plight) was because he had felt similarly persecuted in his run-ins with the HUAC. He sympathized with Reilly, whom he firmly believed to be innocent and to have been railroaded by the [[Connecticut State Police]] and the Attorney General who had initially prosecuted the case.<ref>
{{cite web
 |url          = http://shop.aetv.com/detail.php?p=67193&v=aetv_subject_crime-and-investigation&SESSID=4d7f3bfc7189d91dc454e5a01a574224
 |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20130116104827/http://shop.aetv.com/detail.php?p=67193&v=aetv_subject_crime-and-investigation&SESSID=4d7f3bfc7189d91dc454e5a01a574224
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-date = January 16, 2013
|title        = A Son's Confession DVD, Shows The First 48, A&E Shop
 |publisher    = shop.aetv.com
 |access-date  = January 11, 2009
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D04E1DF1031F930A3575AC0A9629C8B63
|title=Records on Exonerated Man Are Kept Off Limits to Press
|work=The New York Times
|access-date=January 11, 2009
|last=Stowe
|first=Stacey
|date=September 3, 2004}}</ref>

Miller began work on writing the screenplay for ''[[The Misfits (1961 film)|The Misfits]]'' in 1960, directed by [[John Huston]] and starring Monroe. It was during the filming that Miller's and Monroe's relationship hit difficulties, and he later said that the filming was one of the lowest points in his life.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Celizic |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Celizic |title=New footage of Marilyn Monroe, Clark Gable revealed |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/new-footage-marilyn-monroe-clark-gable-revealed-wbna24927803 |date=June 2, 2008 |access-date=April 22, 2018 |work=[[Today (U.S. TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> Monroe was taking drugs to help her sleep and other drugs to help her wake up, arriving on the set late, and having trouble remembering her lines. Huston was unaware that Miller and Monroe were having problems in their private life. He recalled later, "I was impertinent enough to say to Arthur that to allow her to take drugs of any kind was criminal and utterly irresponsible. Shortly after that I realized that she wouldn't listen to Arthur at all; he had no say over her actions."<ref>Grobel, Lawrence. ''The Hustons'', Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (1989) p. 489</ref>

Shortly before the film's premiere in 1961, Miller and Monroe divorced after five years of marriage.<ref name="chronology"/> Nineteen months later, on August 5, 1962, Monroe died of a likely drug overdose.<ref>{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Marilyn Monroe is found dead|date=November 24, 2009|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/marilyn-monroe-is-found-dead|access-date=September 2, 2020|website=History}}</ref> Huston, who had also directed her in her first major role in ''[[The Asphalt Jungle]]'' in 1950, and who had seen her rise to stardom, put the blame for her death on her doctors as opposed to the stresses of being a star: "The girl was an addict of [[Hypnotic|sleeping pills]] and she was made so by the God-damn doctors. It had nothing to do with the Hollywood set-up."<ref>Badman, Keith. ''The Final Years of Marilyn Monroe: The Shocking True Story'', Aurum Press (2010) ebook, {{ISBN|9781781310519}}</ref>

=== 1964–2004: Later career ===
In 1964, ''[[After the Fall (play)|After the Fall]]'' was produced, and is said to be a deeply personal view of Miller's experiences during his marriage to Monroe. It reunited Miller with his former friend Kazan; they collaborated on the script and direction. It opened on January 23, 1964, at the [[ANTA Theatre]] in [[Washington Square Park]] amid a flurry of publicity and outrage at putting a Monroe-like character, Maggie, on stage.<ref name="Observer_obit" /> Robert Brustein, in a review in the ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'', called ''After the Fall'' "a three and one half hour breach of taste, a confessional autobiography of embarrassing explicitness ... There is a misogynistic strain in the play which the author does not seem to recognize. ... He has created a shameless piece of tabloid gossip, an act of exhibitionism which makes us all voyeurs ... a wretched piece of dramatic writing."<ref>{{cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Stephen |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/258bqlwx.asp |title=The Moral of Arthur Miller |work=[[The Weekly Standard]] |date=February 28, 2005 |access-date=October 30, 2013 |archive-date=January 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107153947/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/258bqlwx.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> That year, Miller produced ''[[Incident at Vichy]]''. In 1965, he was elected the first American president of [[PEN International]], a position which he held for four years.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Arthur |last=Miller |title=A Visit With Castro |date=December 24, 2003 |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/visit-castro/ |magazine=[[The Nation]] |access-date=August 1, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192342/http://www.thenation.com/article/visit-castro/
|archive-date=August 20, 2015}}</ref> A year later, he organized the 1966 PEN congress in New York City. He also wrote the penetrating family drama ''[[The Price (play)|The Price]]'', produced in 1968.<ref name="Observer_obit" /> It was his most successful play since ''Death of a Salesman''.<ref name="UMICH_60s70s80s">{{cite web |publisher=University of Michigan
|title=Arthur Miller Files 60s70s80s |url=http://www.umich.edu/~amfiles/biography/607080.html |access-date=October 14, 2006}}</ref>

In 1968, Miller attended the [[1968 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]] as a delegate for [[Eugene McCarthy]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kurlansky, Mark|url=https://archive.org/details/1968yearthatrock0000kurl_o9x1|title=1968: The Year that Rocked the World|page=[https://archive.org/details/1968yearthatrock0000kurl_o9x1/page/272/mode/1up 272]|year=2004|publisher=Ballantine|isbn=0-345-45581-9|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=53929433|url-access=registration}}</ref> In 1969, Miller's works were banned in the [[Soviet Union]] after he campaigned for the freedom of [[Soviet dissidents|dissident writers]].<ref name="chronology" /> Throughout the 1970s, he spent much of his time experimenting with the theatre, producing one-act plays such as ''Fame'' and ''The Reason Why'', and traveling with his wife, producing ''In the Country'' and ''Chinese Encounters'' with her. Both his 1972 comedy ''[[The Creation of the World and Other Business]]'' and its musical adaptation, ''[[Up from Paradise]]'', were critical and commercial failures.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/11/12/specials/miller-genesis.html |title=Arthur Miller Returns to Genesis for First Musical |work=The New York Times |author=Mel Gussow |date=April 17, 1974 |access-date=January 11, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rich |first=Frank |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/26/theater/stage-miller-s-up-from-paradise.html |title=Stage: Miller's Up from Paradise |work=The New York Times |page=C22 |date=October 26, 1983 |access-date=January 11, 2009}}</ref>

Miller was an unusually articulate commentator on his own work. In 1978, he published a collection of his ''Theater Essays'', edited by Robert A. Martin and with a foreword by Miller. Highlights of the collection included Miller's introduction to his ''Collected Plays'', his reflections on the theory of tragedy, comments on the McCarthy Era, and pieces arguing for a publicly supported theater. Reviewing this collection in the ''Chicago Tribune,'' [[Studs Terkel]] remarked, "In reading [the ''Theater Essays'']&nbsp;... you are exhilaratingly aware of a social critic, as well as a playwright, who knows what he's talking about."<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Martin |editor-first=Robert A. |title=The Theater Essays of Arthur Miller |year=1978 |publisher=Viking |isbn=0670698016}}</ref>

[[File:Arthur Miller (1986, PEN Congress) (cropped).tif|thumb|left|upright|Miller at the 1986 [[PEN International|PEN]] Congress]]
In 1983, Miller traveled to China to produce and direct ''Death of a Salesman'' at the People's Art Theatre in [[Beijing]]. It was a success in China<ref name="UMICH_60s70s80s" /> and in 1984, ''Salesman in Beijing'', a book about Miller's experiences in Beijing, was published. Around the same time, ''Death of a Salesman'' was adapted into [[Death of a Salesman (1985 film)|a television film]] starring [[Dustin Hoffman]] as Willy Loman. The film was broadcast on CBS, and garnered an audience viewership of 25 million.<ref name="chronology" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wilmeth |editor-first1=Don B. |editor-last2=Bigsby |editor-first2=Christopher |title=The Cambridge History of American Theatre Volume III: Post-World War II to the 1990s |year=2006 |page=296 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-67985-5}}</ref> In late 1987, Miller's autobiographical work, ''Timebends'', was published. Before it was published, it was well known that Miller would not talk about Monroe in interviews; however, in the book, he wrote extensively in detail about his experiences with Monroe.<ref name="Observer_obit" />

During the early 1990s, Miller wrote three new plays: ''[[The Ride Down Mt. Morgan]]'' (1991), ''[[The Last Yankee]]'' (1992), and ''[[Broken Glass (play)|Broken Glass]]'' (1994). In 1996, [[The Crucible (1996 film)|a film adaptation]] of ''The Crucible'' starring [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], [[Paul Scofield]], [[Bruce Davison]] and [[Winona Ryder]] was released. Miller spent much of 1996 working on the screenplay.<ref name="chronology" />

''[[Mr. Peters' Connections]]'' was staged [[Off-Broadway]] in 1998, and ''Death of a Salesman'' was revived on Broadway in 1999 to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The 1999 revival ran for 274 performances at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre, starring [[Brian Dennehy]] as Willy Loman. Once again, it was a large critical success, winning a Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play.<ref>{{cite news
|title='Death of a Salesman' Takes Four Tony Awards |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-07-mn-45037-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=June 7, 1999 |access-date=January 8, 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>

In 1993, Miller received the [[National Medal of Arts]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#93 |title=1993 Lifetime Honors |publisher=National Medal of Arts |access-date=December 18, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054307/http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html |archive-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref> He was honored with the [[PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award]] for a Master American Dramatist in 1998. In 2001, the [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] selected him for the [[Jefferson Lecture]], the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the [[humanities]].<ref name="jefflect">{{cite web |url=https://www.neh.gov/about/awards/jefferson-lecture/arthur-miller-biography |title=Arthur Miller |publisher=National Endowment for the Humanities |access-date=January 22, 2009}}</ref> His lecture, "On Politics and the Art of Acting",<ref>{{cite speech |last=Miller |first=Arthur |url=http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/miller/lecture.html |title=On Politics and the Art of Acting |publisher=National Endowment for the Humanities |date=March 26, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010717020140/http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/miller/lecture.html |archive-date=July 17, 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> analyzed political events (including the [[2000 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election of 2000]])
in terms of the "arts of performance". It drew attacks from some conservatives<ref>{{cite news |last=Craig |first=Bruce |title=Arthur Miller's Jefferson Lecture Stirs Controversy |url=http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2001may/ncc.html |date=May 2001 |work=OAH Newsletter |publisher=[[Organization of American Historians]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011222143737/http://www.oah.org/pubs/nl/2001may/ncc.html |archive-date=December 22, 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> such as [[Jay Nordlinger]], who called it "a disgrace";<ref>{{cite news |last=Nordlinger |first=Jay |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/impromptus/impromptus042202.asp |title=Back to Plessy, Easter with Fidel, Miller's new tale |work=[[National Review]] |date=April 22, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020520083718/https://www.nationalreview.com/impromptus/impromptus042202.asp |archive-date=May 20, 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[George Will]], who argued that Miller was not a legitimate "scholar".<ref>{{cite web |last=Will |first=George |author-link=George Will |url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/will041001.asp |title=Enduring Arthur Miller: Oh, the Humanities! |publisher=[[Jewish World Review]] |date=April 10, 2001}}</ref>

In October 1999, Miller received [[The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize]], given annually to "a man or woman who has made an outstanding contribution to the beauty of the world and to mankind's enjoyment and understanding of life".<ref>{{cite news |last=McGrath |first=Sean |url=https://playbill.com/article/arthur-miller-to-receive-1999-dorothy-and-lillian-gish-prize-com-83204 |title=Arthur Miller to Receive 1999 Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize |work=Playbill |date=July 20, 1999 |access-date=January 18, 2023}}</ref> Additionally in 1999, [[San Jose State University]] honored Miller with the [[John Steinbeck Award|John Steinbeck "In the Souls of the People" Award]], which is given to those who capture "Steinbeck's empathy, commitment to democratic values, and belief in the dignity of people who by circumstance are pushed to the fringes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur Miller |url=https://www.steinbeckaward.com/awardees/arthur-miller |access-date=October 29, 2024 |website=The John Steinbeck Award |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2001, he received the [[National Book Foundation]]'s Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.<ref>{{cite speech |last=Miller |first=Arthur |url=http://www.nationalbook.org/nbaacceptspeech_amiller.html |title=Acceptance Speech by Arthur Miller, Winner of the 2001 Distinguished Contribution to American Letters Award |year=2001 |publisher=National Book Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030126001503/http://www.nationalbook.org/nbaacceptspeech_amiller.html |archive-date=January 26, 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On May 1, 2002, he received Spain's [[Principe de Asturias Prize for Literature]] as "the undisputed master of modern drama". Later that year, Ingeborg Morath died of [[lymphatic cancer]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Wrigg |first=William |work=The New York Times Magazine |title=On Inge Morath's death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/12/magazine/l-inge-morath-754897.html |access-date=January 21, 2007 |date=January 12, 2003}}</ref> at the age of 78. The following year, Miller won the [[Jerusalem Prize]].<ref name="chronology" />

In December 2004, 89-year-old Miller announced that he had been in love with 34-year-old [[Minimalism|minimalist painter]] Agnes Barley and had been living with her at his Connecticut farm since 2002, and that they intended to marry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1478782/At-89-Arthur-Miller-grows-old-romantically.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1478782/At-89-Arthur-Miller-grows-old-romantically.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=At 89, Arthur Miller grows old romantically | newspaper=The Daily Telegraph | date=December 11, 2004 | access-date=September 3, 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 
Miller's final play, ''[[Finishing the Picture]]'', opened at the [[Goodman Theatre]], Chicago, in the fall of 2004, with one character said to be based on Barley.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2004-10-20-miller_x.htm | title=Arthur Miller creates a new work | location=Chicago | newspaper=[[USA Today]] | date=October 10, 2004 | access-date=September 23, 2014 | quote=And in the play's sweetest moments, he's found a new romance – Kitty's tenderhearted secretary, played by Fisher, a union perhaps mirroring Miller's reported new relationship with Agnes Barley, a 34-year-old artist.}}</ref> It was reportedly based on his experience during the filming of ''The Misfits'',<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/19/magazine/19MILL.html | title=Goodbye (Again), Norma Jean | last=Solomon | first=Deborah | work=The New York Times| date=September 19, 2004 | access-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref> though Miller insisted the play was a work of fiction with independent characters that were no more than composite shadows of history.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/02/12/arthur-miller-11/ | title=Arthur Miller (1915–2005) – The Shadow Of Marilyn Monroe. Decades later, a man still haunted | last=Jones | first=Chris | newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=February 12, 2005 | access-date=September 3, 2014}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
=== Marriages and family ===
In 1940, Miller married Mary Grace Slattery.<ref name="Observer_obit">{{cite news|first=Michael |last=Ratcliffe |title=Obituary: Arthur Miller |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/feb/12/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |location=[[London]] |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 11, 2005 |access-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723171424/http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2005/feb/12/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries |url-status=live |page=25  }}</ref> The couple had two children, Jane (born September 7, 1944) and Robert (May 31, 1947 – March 6, 2022).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fried |first1=Billy |title=Remembering Bob Miller |url=https://www.lagunabeachindy.com/opinion-remembering-bob-miller/ |website=Laguna Beach Independent |date=April 9, 2022 |publisher=Firebrand Media |access-date=August 13, 2022}}</ref> 

[[File:Monroe Miller Wedding.jpg|thumb|Miller and [[Marilyn Monroe]] tie the knot in [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], New York, June 1956]]

In June 1956, Miller left Slattery and wed film star [[Marilyn Monroe]].<ref name="Observer_obit"/> Miller and Monroe had met in 1951, had a brief affair, and remained in contact.<ref name="Times_obit" /><ref name="Observer_obit"/> Monroe had just turned 30 when they married; she never had a real family of her own and was eager to join the family of her new husband.<ref name=Meyers>Meyers, Jeffrey. ''The Genius and the Goddess: Arthur Miller and Marilyn Monroe.'' University of Illinois Press (2010) {{ISBN|978-0-252-03544-9}}</ref>{{rp|156}}

Monroe began to reconsider her career and the fact that trying to manage it made her feel helpless. She admitted to Miller, "I hate [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]]. I don't want it any more. I want to live quietly in the country and just be there when you need me. I can't fight for myself any more."<ref name=Meyers/>{{rp|154}} Monroe [[Conversion to Judaism|converted to Judaism]] to "express her loyalty and get close to both Miller and his parents", writes biographer Jeffrey Meyers.<ref name=Meyers/>{{rp|156}} Soon after Monroe converted, [[Egypt]] banned all of her movies.<ref name=Meyers/>{{rp|157}} Away from Hollywood and the culture of celebrity, Monroe's life became more normal; she began cooking, keeping house, and giving Miller more attention and affection than he had been used to.<ref name=Meyers/>{{rp|157}}

Later that year, Miller was subpoenaed by the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]], and Monroe accompanied him.<ref name=Cakirtas>Çakırtaş, Önder. [http://www.ijla.net/Makaleler/1213426610_13-22%20%C3%96nder%20%C3%87ak%C4%B1rta%C5%9F%20(1)%20(2).pdf "Double Portrayed: Tituba, Racism and Politics"]. ''International Journal of Language Academy''. Volume 1/1 Winter 2013, pp. 13–22.</ref> In her personal notes, she wrote about her worries during this period:
{{blockquote|I am so concerned about protecting Arthur. I love him—and he is the only person—human being I have ever known that I could love not only as a man to which I am attracted to practically out of my senses—but he is the only person—as another human being that I trust as much as myself...<ref>{{cite book | last = Monroe | first = Marilyn | title = Fragments: Poems, Intimate Notes, Letters | location = New York | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | date = 2010 | pages = 89–101 | isbn = 9780374158354 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K1KlDQEACAAJ}}</ref>}}

During the filming of the 1961 film ''The Misfits'', which Miller wrote the script for, Miller and Monroe's marriage dissolved.<ref name=":0" /> Monroe obtained a [[Mexican divorce]] from Miller in January 1961.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spoto |first1=Donald |title=Marilyn Monroe: The Biography |date=2001 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-0-8154-1183-3 |pages=450–455}}</ref>

In February 1962, Miller married photographer [[Inge Morath]], who had worked as a photographer documenting the production of ''The Misfits''. The first of their two children, [[Rebecca Miller|Rebecca]], was born September 15, 1962. Their son Daniel was born with [[Down syndrome]] in November 1966. Against his wife's wishes, Miller had him [[Involuntary commitment|institutionalized]], first at a home for infants in New York City, then at the [[Southbury Training School]] in Connecticut. Though Morath visited Daniel often, Miller never visited him at the school and rarely spoke of him; Daniel left Southbury at the age of 17 and gradually went from living in a group home to living in an apartment with occasional visits by a social worker.<ref name="VanityFair">{{cite magazine|magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Arthur Miller's Missing Act|author=Andrews, Suzanna |date=September 2007|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2007/09/miller200709|access-date=August 17, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Joseph Epstein |title=Gossip: The Untrivial Pursuit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBC6gg4ZhQ8C&q=joseph%20epstein%20arthur%20miller&pg=PT50 |publisher=HMH |access-date=March 29, 2020 |pages=35–37 |date=November 29, 2011|isbn=9780547577210 }}</ref> Miller and Inge remained together until her death in 2002. Miller's son-in-law, actor [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], visited Daniel frequently and persuaded Miller to meet with him. At one point, Miller answered a question about his son by stating, "Well, he knows I’m a person, and he knows my name, but he doesn’t understand what it means to be a son.” When Inge died, Miller stated that they had only had one child together; Daniel did not attend her funeral. When Miller died, Daniel was named as an heir along with his three other children.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Andrews|first=Suzanna|title=Arthur Miller's Missing Act|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2007/09/miller200709|access-date=June 3, 2021|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2007|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Miller died on the evening of February 10, 2005 (the 56th anniversary of the Broadway debut of ''Death of a Salesman''), at age 89 of [[bladder cancer]] and [[heart failure]], at his home in [[Roxbury, Connecticut]]. He had been in hospice care at his sister's apartment in New York since his release from the hospital the previous month.<ref>{{cite news
|work=Chicago Tribune|title=Miller's last days reflected his life|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2005/02/23/millers-last-days-reflected-his-life/|author=Richard Christiansen|date=February 23, 2005|author-link=Richard Christiansen (critic)}}</ref> He was surrounded by his companion (painter Agnes Barley), family, and friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/playwright-arthur-miller-dies-age-89-wbna6953165|title=Playwright Arthur Miller dies at age 89 – THEATER |publisher=Today.com|access-date=January 11, 2009|agency=Associated Press|date=February 11, 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Leonardin, Tom |url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/americas/dramatists-last-hours-spent-in-home-he-shared-with-star-273679.html |title=Dramatist's last hours spent in home he shared with star |work=Irish Independent|access-date=December 18, 2011 |date=February 12, 2005}}</ref> His body was interred at Roxbury Center Cemetery in Roxbury. Within hours of her father's death, Rebecca Miller, who had been consistently opposed to the relationship with Barley, ordered her to vacate the home she shared with Arthur.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1483842/Millers-fiancee-quits-his-home-after-ultimatum-from-family.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1483842/Millers-fiancee-quits-his-home-after-ultimatum-from-family.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | last=Leonard | first=Tom | title=Miller's fiancée quits his home after ultimatum from family | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] | date=February 18, 2005 | access-date=February 21, 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Miller's writing career spanned over seven decades, and at the time of his death, he was considered one of the 20th century's greatest dramatists.<ref name="BBC-Obit" /> After his death, many respected actors, directors, and producers paid tribute to him,<ref>{{cite news
|publisher=BBC
|title=Tributes to Arthur Miller
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4258921.stm
|access-date=November 9, 2006 | date=February 12, 2005}}</ref> some calling him the last great practitioner of the American stage,<ref>{{cite news
|publisher=BBC
|title=Legacy of Arthur Miller
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4258305.stm
|access-date=January 21, 2007 | date=February 11, 2005}}</ref> and Broadway theatres darkened their lights in a show of respect.<ref>{{cite news
|publisher=BBC
|title=Broadway lights go out for Arthur Miller
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/4259409.stm
|access-date=November 9, 2006 | date=February 12, 2005}}</ref>
Miller's alma mater, the [[University of Michigan]], opened the Arthur Miller Theatre in March 2007. Per his express wish, it is the only theater in the world that bears his name.<ref>{{cite web
 |publisher=University of Michigan
 |title=U-M celebrates naming of Arthur Miller Theatre
 |url=http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases/2004/Nov04/r111604c
 |access-date=November 12, 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211223648/http://www.umich.edu/news/index.html?Releases%2F2004%2FNov04%2Fr111604c
 |archive-date=December 11, 2007
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

Miller's letters, notes, drafts and other papers are housed at the [[Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center]] at the University of Texas at Austin. Miller is also a member of the [[American Theater Hall of Fame]]. He was inducted in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaterhalloffame.org/members.html#M|title=Theater Hall of Fame &#124; The Official Website &#124; Members &#124; Preserve the Past • Honor the Present • Encourage the Future|website=theaterhalloffame.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/11/19/113925202.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/11/19/113925202.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|title=Theater Hall of Fame Enshrines 51 Artists|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref> In 1993, he received the [[Four Freedoms Award]] for Freedom of Speech.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |title=Four Freedoms Awards |access-date=April 4, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards |archive-date=March 25, 2015}}</ref> In 2017, his daughter, Rebecca Miller, a writer and filmmaker, completed a documentary about her father's life, ''[[Arthur Miller: Writer]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/arthur_miller_writer/ | title=Arthur Miller: Writer (2018)| website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> Minor planet [[3769 Arthurmiller]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite book|title=(3769) Arthurmiller [2.26, 0.11, 4.7] In: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names |publisher=Springer |date=2006 |isbn=978-3-540-34361-5 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-34361-5|last1 = Schmadel|first1 = Lutz D.|url=https://cds.cern.ch/record/1453284 }}</ref> In the 2022 [[Netflix]] film ''[[Blonde (2022 film)|Blonde]]'', Miller was portrayed by [[Adrien Brody]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Blonde': 10 of the Marilyn Monroe Biopic's Stars and Their Real-Life Inspirations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/marilyn-monroe-blonde-characters-casting/john-f-kennedy-portrayed-by-caspar-phillipson/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=August 6, 2023 |date=September 28, 2022}}</ref>

=== Foundation ===
The Arthur Miller Foundation was founded to honor the legacy of Miller and the New York City Public School education. Its mission is "Promoting increased access and equity to theater arts education in our schools and increasing the number of students receiving theater arts education as an integral part of their academic curriculum."<ref>Arthur Miller Foundation, summary report and legitimacy information, guidestar.org</ref> Its other initiatives include certification of new theater teachers and their placement in public schools, increasing the number of theater teachers in the system from the current{{as of?|date=December 2022}} estimate of 180 teachers in 1800 schools, supporting professional development of all certified theater teachers, and providing teaching artists, cultural partners, physical spaces, and theater ticket allocations for students. The foundation's primary purpose is to provide arts education in the [[New York City Department of Education|New York City school system]]. Its current chancellor is Carmen Farina, a prominent proponent of the [[Common Core State Standards Initiative]]. The Master Arts Council includes [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Ellen Barkin]], [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Dustin Hoffman]], [[Scarlett Johansson]], [[Tony Kushner]], [[Julianne Moore]], [[Michael Moore]], [[Liam Neeson]], [[David O. Russell]], and [[Liev Schreiber]]. Miller's son-in-law, [[Daniel Day-Lewis]], has served on the current board of directors since 2016.<ref>The Arthur Miller Foundation, arthurmillerfoundation.org</ref>

The foundation celebrated Miller's 100th birthday with a one-night performance of his seminal works in November 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pen.org/blog/arthur-miller-centenary-events-guide|title=Celebrating Arthur Miller's Centenary: An Events Guide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011021907/http://www.pen.org/blog/arthur-miller-centenary-events-guide|archive-date=October 11, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Arthur Miller Foundation currently supports a pilot program in theater and film at the public school Quest to Learn, in partnership with the Institute of Play. The model is being used as an in-school elective theater class and lab. Its objective is to create a sustainable theater education model to disseminate to teachers at professional development workshops.<ref>Media Room, Hasty Pudding Institute of 1770, hastypudding.org</ref>

=== Archive ===
Miller donated thirteen boxes of his earliest manuscripts to the [[Harry Ransom Center]] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] in 1961 and 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00786|title=Arthur Miller: An Inventory of His Collection at the Harry Ransom Center|website=norman.hrc.utexas.edu|access-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref> This collection included the original handwritten notebooks and early typed drafts for ''Death of a Salesman'', ''The Crucible'', ''All My Sons'', and other works. In January 2018, the Ransom Center announced the acquisition of the remainder of the Miller archive, totaling over 200 boxes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2018/01/09/playwright-arthur-millers-archive-comes-to-the-harry-ransom-center/|title=Playwright Arthur Miller's archive comes to the Harry Ransom Center|website=sites.utexas.edu|language=en-US|access-date=January 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/arts/arthur-miller-archive-ransom-center.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/09/arts/arthur-miller-archive-ransom-center.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Inside the Battle for Arthur Miller's Archive|last=Schuessler|first=Jennifer|date=2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 10, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The full archive opened in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2019/12/05/playwright-arthur-millers-archive-opens-to-researchers/|title=Playwright Arthur Miller's archive opens to researchers|website=sites.utexas.edu|access-date=December 14, 2019}}</ref>

=== Literary and public criticism ===
[[Christopher Bigsby]] wrote ''Arthur Miller: The Definitive Biography'' based on boxes of papers Miller made available to him before his death in 2005.<ref name="Times">{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3499774.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080830065308/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3499774.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 30, 2008|title=Unseen writings show anti-racist passions of young Arthur Miller|author=Alberge, Dalya |work=The Times |location=London |date=March 7, 2008|access-date=March 7, 2008 }}</ref> The book was published in November 2008, and is reported to reveal unpublished works in which Miller "bitterly attack[ed] the injustices of American racism long before it was taken up by the civil rights movement".<ref name="Times" /> In his book ''Trinity of Passion'', author [[Alan M. Wald]] conjectures that Miller was "a member of a writer's unit of the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] around 1946", using the pseudonym Matt Wayne, and editing a drama column in the magazine ''[[The New Masses]]''.<ref name="wald01">{{cite book|last=Wald|first=Alan M|author-link=Alan M. Wald|title=Trinity of passion: the literary left and the antifascist crusade|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|location=NC|year=2007|pages=212–221|chapter=7|isbn=978-0-8078-3075-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJ7lFKljctAC|access-date=May 6, 2009}}</ref>

In 1999, the writer [[Christopher Hitchens]] attacked Miller for comparing the [[Clinton–Lewinsky scandal|Monica Lewinsky investigation]] to the [[Salem witch hunt]]. Miller had asserted a parallel between the examination of physical evidence on Lewinsky's dress and the examinations of women's bodies for signs of the "Devil's Marks" in Salem. Hitchens scathingly disputed the parallel.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hitchens|first1=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Hitchens|title=Bill Clinton: Is He the Most Crooked President in History?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/apr/18/clinton.usa|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=April 18, 1999|access-date=February 14, 2020}}</ref> In his memoir, ''[[Hitch-22]]'', Hitchens bitterly noted that Miller, despite his prominence as a left-wing intellectual, had failed to support author [[Salman Rushdie]] during the Iranian [[fatwa]] involving ''[[The Satanic Verses]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=Christopher Hitchens on the cultural fatwa|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2009/02/hitchens200902|access-date=September 30, 2020|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=January 5, 2009|language=en-us}}</ref>

== Works ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}

=== Stage plays ===

* ''[[No Villain]]'' (1936)
* ''[[They Too Arise]]'' (1937, based on ''No Villain'')
* ''[[Honors at Dawn]]'' (1938, based on ''They Too Arise'')
* ''The Grass Still Grows'' (1938, based on ''They Too Arise'')
* ''The Great Disobedience'' (1938)
* ''Listen My Children'' (1939, with Norman Rosten)
* ''The Golden Years'' (1940)
* ''The Half-Bridge'' (1943)
* ''[[The Man Who Had All the Luck]]'' (1944)<ref name=Times/>
* ''[[All My Sons]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Death of a Salesman]]'' (1949)
* ''An Enemy of the People'' (1950, adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's play ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'')
* ''[[The Crucible]]'' (1953)
* ''[[A View from the Bridge]]'' (1955)
* ''[[A Memory of Two Mondays]]'' (1955)
* ''[[After the Fall (play)|After the Fall]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Incident at Vichy]]'' (1964)
* ''[[The Price (play)|The Price]]'' (1968)
* ''The Reason Why'' (1970)
* ''Fame'' (one-act, 1970; revised for television 1978)
* ''[[The Creation of the World and Other Business]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Up from Paradise]]'' (1974)
* ''[[The Archbishop's Ceiling]]'' (1977)
* ''[[The American Clock]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Playing for Time (film)|Playing for Time]]'' (television play, 1980)
* ''[[Elegy for a Lady]]'' (short play, 1982, first part of ''Two Way Mirror'')
* ''[[Some Kind of Love Story]]'' (short play, 1982, second part of ''Two Way Mirror'')
* ''I Think About You a Great Deal'' (1986)
* ''Playing for Time'' (stage version, 1985)
* ''I Can't Remember Anything'' (1987, collected in ''Danger: Memory!'')
* ''Clara'' (1987, collected in ''Danger: Memory!'')
* ''[[The Ride Down Mt. Morgan]]'' (1991)
* ''[[The Last Yankee]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Broken Glass (play)|Broken Glass]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Mr. Peters' Connections]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Resurrection Blues]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Finishing the Picture]]'' (2004)

=== Radio plays ===
* ''The Pussycat and the Expert Plumber Who Was a Man'' (1940)
* ''Joel Chandler Harris'' (1941)
* ''The Battle of the Ovens'' (1942)
* ''Thunder from the Mountains'' (1942)
* ''I Was Married in Bataan'' (1942)
* ''That They May Win'' (1943)
* ''Listen for the Sound of Wings'' (1943)
* ''Bernardine'' (1944)
* ''I Love You'' (1944)
* ''Grandpa and the Statue'' (1944)
* ''The Philippines Never Surrendered'' (1944)
* ''[[The Guardsman]]'' (1944, based on [[Ferenc Molnár]]'s play)
* ''The Story of Gus'' (1947)

=== Screenplays ===
* ''[[The Hook (screenplay)|The Hook]]'' (1947)
* ''[[All My Sons (film)|All My Sons]]'' (1948)
* ''[[Let's Make Love]]'' (1960)
* ''[[The Misfits (1961 film)|The Misfits]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Death of a Salesman (1985 film)|Death of a Salesman]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Everybody Wins (1990 film)|Everybody Wins]]'' (1990)
* ''[[The Crucible (1996 film)|The Crucible]]'' (1996)

=== Assorted fiction ===
* ''[[Focus (novel)|Focus]]'' (novel, 1945)
* "The Misfits" (short story, published in ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', October 1957)
* ''I Don't Need You Anymore'' (short stories, 1967)
* ''[[Homely Girl: A Life]] ''(short story, 1992, published in UK as "Plain Girl: A Life" 1995)
* ''Presence: Stories'' (2007) (short stories include "The Bare Manuscript", "Beavers", "The Performance", and "Bulldog")
{{Div col end}}

=== Non-fiction ===
* ''Situation Normal'' (1944) is based on his experiences researching the war correspondence of [[Ernie Pyle]].
* ''In Russia'' (1969), the first of three books created with his photographer wife Inge Morath, offers Miller's impressions of Russia and Russian society.
* ''In the Country'' (1977), with photographs by Morath and text by Miller, provides insight into how Miller spent his time in Roxbury, Connecticut, and profiles of his various neighbors.
* ''Chinese Encounters'' (1979) is a travel journal with photographs by Morath. It depicts the Chinese society in the state of flux which followed the end of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. Miller discusses the hardships of many writers, professors, and artists during [[Mao Zedong]]'s regime.
* ''Salesman in Beijing'' (1984) details Miller's experiences with the 1983 Beijing People's Theatre production of ''Death of a Salesman''. He describes directing a Chinese cast in an American play.
* ''Timebends: A Life'', Methuen London (1987) {{ISBN|0-413-41480-9}}. Miller's autobiography.
* ''On Politics and the Art of Acting'', Viking 2001 {ISBN 0-670-030-422} an 85-page essay about the thespian skills in American politics, comparing FDR, JFK, Reagan, Clinton.

=== Collections ===
* Abbotson, Susan C. W. (ed.), ''Arthur Miller: Collected Essays'', Penguin 2016 {{ISBN|978-0-14-310849-8}}
* Kushner, Tony, ed. ''Arthur Miller, Collected Plays 1944–1961'' ([[Library of America]], 2006) {{ISBN|978-1-931082-91-4}}.
* Martin, Robert A. (ed.), "The theater essays of Arthur Miller", foreword by Arthur Miller. NY: Viking Press, 1978 {{ISBN|0-14-004903-7}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<!-- Use these sources for other facts that might need a citation regarding the Jewish realm of his life. <ref>{{cite web|first=Gerri|last=Miller|url=http://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/231886/daughter-documents-inner-arthur-miller/|title=Daughter Documents the Inner Arthur Miller|work=Jewish Journal|date=March 14, 2018|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Stewart|last=Kampel|url=http://www.hadassahmagazine.org/2013/09/19/qa-rebecca-miller/|title=Q&A with Rebecca Miller|work=Hadassah Magazine|date=September 19, 2013|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=James|last=Campbell|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2003/jul/26/theatre.artsfeatures|title=Arthurian legends|work=The Guardian|date=July 26, 2003|access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://forward.com/the-assimilator/168486/marilyn-monroes-jewish-wedding-cover-up/ "Marilyn Monroe's Jewish Wedding 'Cover Up'"] Ghert-Zand, Renee. Published December 28, 2012.  Accessed December 12, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160220194906/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-98672556.html "A World in Which Everything Hurts; Arthur Miller's Struggle With Jewish Identity May Be Responsible for His Best Work"] Eden, Ami. Published July 30, 2004. Accessed December 12, 2015.</ref>-->

=== Bibliography ===
* [[Christopher Bigsby|Bigsby, Christopher]] (ed.), ''The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller'', Cambridge 1997 {{ISBN|0-521-55992-8}}
* Gottfried, Martin, ''Arthur Miller, A Life'', Da Capo Press (US)/Faber and Faber (UK), 2003 {{ISBN|0-571-21946-2}}
* Koorey, Stefani, ''Arthur Miller's Life and Literature'', Scarecrow, 2000 {{ISBN|978-0810838697}}
* Moss, Leonard. ''Arthur Miller'', Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1980.

== Further reading ==
* ''Critical Companion to Arthur Miller'', Susan Greenwood (2007)
* ''Student Companion to Arthur Miller'', Susan C. W. Abbotson, Facts on File (2000)
* ''File on Miller'', Christopher Bigsby (1988)
* ''Arthur Miller & Company'', Christopher Bigsby, editor (1990)
* ''Arthur Miller: A Critical Study'', Christopher Bigsby (2005)
* ''Remembering Arthur Miller'', Christopher Bigsby, editor (2005)
* ''Arthur Miller 1915–1962'', Christopher Bigsby (2008, U.K.; 2009, U.S.)
* ''The Cambridge Companion to Arthur Miller (Cambridge Companions to Literature)'', Christopher Bigsby, editor (1998, updated and republished 2010)
* ''Arthur Miller 1962–2005'', Christopher Bigsby (2011)
* {{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Benjamin|title=Arthur Miller, Portrait of a Playwright|url=https://archive.org/details/arthurmillerport0000nels|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=McKay|year=1970}}
* ''Arthur Miller: Critical Insights'', Brenda Murphy, editor, Salem (2011)
* ''Understanding Death of a Salesman'', Brenda Murphy and Susan C. W. Abbotson, Greenwood (1999)
* {{Cite book|title=Arthur Miller: A Collection of Critical Essays|editor1-link=Robert W. Corrigan|editor=Robert Willoughby Corrigan|year=1969|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|isbn=978-0135829738|ol=5683736M|url=https://archive.org/details/arthurmillercoll00corr}}

'''Critical articles'''
* ''Arthur Miller Journal'', published biannually by Penn State UP. Vol. 1.1 (2006)
* Radavich, David. "Arthur Miller's Sojourn in the Heartland". ''American Drama'' 16:2 (Summer 2007): 28–45.

== External links ==
{{external links|date=August 2018}}
{{sister project links|d=Q80596|c=Category:Arthur Miller|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
'''Organizations'''
* [http://www.arthurmiller.org/ Arthur Miller official website]
* [http://arthurmillersociety.net Arthur Miller Society]
* [http://arthurmillerfoundation.org/ The Arthur Miller Foundation]
'''Archive'''
* [http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00786 Arthur Miller Papers] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]]
* [http://sites.utexas.edu/ransomcentermagazine/2018/01/09/playwright-arthur-millers-archive-comes-to-the-harry-ransom-center/ "Playwright Arthur Miller's archive comes to the Harry Ransom Center"]
* [https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079107 Finding aid to Arthur Miller papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.]
'''Databases'''
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{iobdb name|2982}}
* {{IMDb name|7186}}
'''Websites'''
* {{find a Grave|10457606}}
* {{C-SPAN|50453}}
* [http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040112/miller/ A Visit With Castro] – Miller's article in ''The Nation'', January 12, 2004
* {{OL author}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110504062331/http://www.usfca.edu/jco/arthurmiller/ Joyce Carol Oates on Arthur Miller]
* [http://www.biography.com/people/arthur-miller-9408335 Arthur Miller Biography]
*[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/arthur-miller-mccarthyism/484/ Arthur Miller and Mccarthyism]

'''Interviews'''
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4369/the-art-of-theater-no-2-arthur-miller| journal= The Paris Review Interview | volume= Summer 1966 | issue= 38 | date=Summer 1966| title=Arthur Miller, The Art of Theater No. 2|author1=Carlisle, Olga |author2=Styron, Rose |name-list-style=amp }}
* {{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/895/the-art-of-theater-no-2-part-2-arthur-miller| journal= The Paris Review | volume= Fall 1999 | issue= 152 | title=Arthur Miller, The Art of Theater No. 2, Part 2| author= Bigby, Christopher | date=Fall 1999 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010719022848/http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/miller/interview.html Miller interview], ''Humanities'', March–April 2001

'''Obituaries'''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/11/theater/newsandfeatures/11cnd-miller.html ''The New York Times'' Obituary]
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4495305 NPR obituary]
* [http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/books/02/11/obit.miller/ CNN obituary]

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{{s-bef|before=[[Victor E. van Vriesland]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=International President of [[PEN International]]|years=1965–1969}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pierre Emmanuel]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{The Works of Arthur Miller}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Arthur Miller
|list =
{{Emmy Award for Miniseries Writing 1979-2000}}
{{Kennedy Center Honorees 1980s}}
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}}
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{{Portal bar|Theatre|Biography}}
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