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{{Short description|Royal Navy Admiral and colonial administrator (1738–1814)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]]
| name                = Arthur Phillip
| image               = Arthur Phillip - Wheatley ML124 (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Captain Arthur Phillip, 1786, by [[Francis Wheatley (painter)|Francis Wheatley]]
| order               = 1st
| office              = Governor of New South Wales
| term_start          = 7 February 1788
| term_end            = 10 December 1792
| monarch             = [[George III of the United Kingdom|George&nbsp;III]]
| predecessor         = Position established
| successor           = [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]]
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|df=yes|1738|10|11}}
| birth_place         = [[Cheapside]], London, England
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1814|8|31|1738|10|11}}
| death_place         = [[Bath, Somerset]], England
| allegiance          = {{ubl|[[Kingdom of Great Britain]]|[[Kingdom of Portugal]]}}
| branch              = {{ubl|[[Royal Navy]]|[[Portuguese Navy]]}}
| rank                = [[Admiral of the Blue]]
| battles             = {{tree list}}
* [[Seven Years' War]]
** [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Battle of Minorca]]
** [[Raid on St Malo]]
** [[Battle of Havana (1762)|Siege of Havana]]
* [[Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–77)|Spanish-Portuguese War]]
* [[American Revolutionary War]]
{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Arthur Phillip''' (11&nbsp;October 1738 – 31&nbsp;August 1814) was a British [[Royal Navy]] officer who served as the first [[Governor of New South Wales|governor of the Colony of New South Wales]].

Phillip was educated at [[Royal Hospital School|Greenwich Hospital School]] from June 1751 until December 1753. He then became an apprentice on the whaling ship ''Fortune''. With the outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]] against France, Phillip enlisted in the Royal Navy as captain's servant to Michael Everitt aboard {{HMS|Buckingham|1751|6}}. With Everitt, Phillip also served on {{HMS|Union|1756|6}} and {{HMS|Stirling Castle|1742|6}}. Phillip was promoted to lieutenant on 7 June 1761, before being put on half-pay at the end of hostilities on 25 April 1763. [[Secondment|Seconded]] to the [[Portuguese Navy]] in 1774, he served in the [[Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)|war against Spain]]. Returning to Royal Navy service in 1778, in 1782 Phillip, in command of {{HMS|Europa|1765|6}}, was to capture Spanish colonies in South America, but an armistice was concluded before he reached his destination. In 1784, Phillip was employed by Home Office Under Secretary [[Evan Nepean]], to survey French defences in Europe.

In 1786, Phillip was appointed by [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Lord Sydney]] as the commander of the [[First Fleet]], a fleet of 11 ships whose crew were to establish a [[penal colony]] and a settlement at [[Botany Bay]], [[New South Wales]]. On arriving at Botany Bay, Phillip found the site unsuitable and searched for a more habitable site for a settlement, which he found in [[Port Jackson]] – the site of [[Sydney]], Australia, today. Phillip was a far-sighted governor who soon realised that New South Wales would need a civil administration and a system for emancipating convicts. However, his plan to bring skilled tradesmen on the First Fleet's voyage had been rejected. Consequently, he faced immense problems with labour, discipline, and supply. Phillip wanted harmonious relations with the local indigenous peoples, in the belief that everyone in the colony was a British citizen and was protected by the law as such; therefore the indigenous peoples had the same rights as everyone under Phillip's command. Eventually, cultural differences between the two groups of people led to conflict. The arrival of more [[convicts]] with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second]] and [[Third Fleet (Australia)|Third Fleet]]s placed new pressures on scarce local resources. By the time Phillip sailed home in December 1792, the colony was taking shape, with official land grants, systematic farming, and a water supply in place.

On 11 December 1792, Phillip left the colony to return to Britain to receive medical treatment for kidney stones. He had planned to return to Australia, but medical advisors recommended he resign from the governorship. His health recovered and he returned to active duty in the Navy in 1796, holding a number of commands in home waters before being put in command of the [[Sea Fencibles|Hampshire Sea Fencibles]]. He eventually retired from active naval service in 1805. He spent his final years of retirement in [[Bath, Somerset]], before his death on 31 August 1814. As the first Governor of New South Wales, a number of places in Australia are named after him, including [[Port Phillip]], [[Phillip Island]], [[Phillip Street]] in the [[Sydney central business district]], the [[Phillip, Australian Capital Territory|suburb of Phillip]] in [[Canberra]] and the [[Governor Phillip Tower]] building in Sydney, as well as many streets, parks, and schools.

==Early life==
Arthur Phillip was born on 11&nbsp;October 1738, in the [[All Hallows, Bread Street|Parish of All Hallows]], in [[Bread Street]], [[London]]. He was the son of Jacob Phillip, an immigrant from [[Frankfurt]], who by various accounts was a language teacher, a merchant vessel owner, a merchant captain, or a common seaman. His mother, Elizabeth Breach, was the widow of a common seaman by the name of John Herbert, who had died of disease in [[Jamaica]] aboard {{HMS|Tartar|1702|6}} on 13&nbsp;August 1732.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} At the time of Arthur Phillip's birth, his family maintained a modest existence as tenants near [[Cheapside]] in the [[City of London]].{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=5}}

There are no surviving records of Phillip's early childhood. His father, Jacob, died in 1739, after which the Phillip family would have a low income.{{sfn|Parker|2009|pp=2–3}} Arthur went to sea on a British naval vessel aged nine.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=9}} On 22&nbsp;June 1751, he was accepted into the [[Royal Hospital School|Greenwich Hospital School]], a [[charity school]] for the sons of indigent seafarers.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=9}} In accordance with the school's curriculum, his education focused on literacy, arithmetic, and navigational skills, including cartography. His headmaster, Reverend Francis Swinden, observed that in personality, Phillip was "unassuming, reasonable, business-like to the smallest degree in everything he undertakes".{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=12}}

Phillip remained at the Greenwich Hospital School for two and a half years, longer than the average student stay of one year.{{sfn|Parker|2009|p=4}} At the end of 1753, he was granted a seven-year indenture as an apprentice aboard ''Fortune'', a 210-ton whaling vessel commanded by merchant mariner William Readhead. Phillip left the Greenwich Hospital School on 1&nbsp;December, and spent the next few months aboard the ''Fortune'', awaiting the start of the 1754 whaling season.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=12}}

Contemporary portraits depict Phillip as shorter than average, with an olive complexion and dark eyes.{{sfn|Tink|2009|pp=30–31}} A long nose and a pronounced lower lip dominated his "smooth pear of a skull" as quoted by [[Robert Hughes (critic)|Robert Hughes]].{{sfn|Hughes|1986|p=67}}

==Early maritime career==
===Whaling and merchant expeditions===
In April 1754 ''Fortune'' headed out to hunt whales near [[Svalbard]] in the [[Barents Sea]].{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} As an apprentice Phillip's responsibilities included [[flensing|stripping blubber]] from whale carcasses and helping to pack it into barrels.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=15}} Food was scarce, and ''Fortune''{{'}}s 30 crew members supplemented their diet with bird's eggs, [[scurvy grass]], and, where possible, [[reindeer]].{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=16}} The ship returned to England on 20&nbsp;July 1754. The whaling crew were paid and replaced with twelve sailors for a winter voyage to the [[Mediterranean]]. Phillip remained aboard as ''Fortune'' undertook an outward trading voyage to [[Barcelona]] and [[Livorno]] carrying salt and raisins, returning via [[Rotterdam]] with a cargo of grains and citrus.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=22}} The ship returned to England in April 1755 and sailed immediately for Svalbard for that year's whale hunt. Phillip was still a member of the crew but abandoned his apprenticeship when the ship returned to England on 27&nbsp;July.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=25}}

===Royal Navy and the Seven Years' War===
{{further|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}
[[File:HMSBuckingham.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|HMS ''Buckingham'', Phillip's first posting after joining the Navy in 1755. Vessel pictured on the stocks at [[Deptford]] Dockyard on the [[River Thames]], c. 1751. Painting by [[John Cleveley the Elder]]. [[National Maritime Museum]], London.]]

On 16&nbsp;October 1755, Phillip enlisted in the [[Royal Navy]] as captain's servant aboard the 68-gun {{HMS|Buckingham|1751|6}},{{sfn|Parker|2009|p=5}} commanded by his mother's cousin, Captain Michael Everitt.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} As a member of ''Buckingham''{{'}}s crew, Phillip served in home waters until April 1756 and then joined [[Admiral of the Blue|Admiral]] [[John Byng]]'s Mediterranean fleet.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} The ''Buckingham'' was [[Rear-Admiral of the Red|Rear-Admiral]] [[Temple West]]'s flagship at the [[Battle of Minorca (1756)|Battle of Minorca]] on 20&nbsp;May 1756.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}}

Phillip moved on 1&nbsp;August 1757, with Everitt, to the 90-gun {{HMS|Union|1756|6}}, which took part in the [[Raid on St Malo]] on 5–12&nbsp;June 1758. Phillip, again with Captain Everitt, transferred on 28&nbsp;December 1758 to the 64-gun {{HMS|Stirling Castle|1742|6}},{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} which went to the [[West Indies]] to serve at the [[Battle of Havana (1762)|Siege of Havana]].{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} On 7&nbsp;June 1761, Phillip was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant (Royal Navy)|lieutenant]] in recognition for his active service.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}} With the coming of peace on 25&nbsp;April 1763, he was retired on half-pay.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=30}}

===Retirement and the Portuguese Navy===
In July 1763, Phillip married Margaret Charlotte Denison ({{nee|Tibbott}}), known as Charlott, a widow 16 years his senior, and moved to [[Glasshayes]] in [[Lyndhurst, Hampshire]], establishing a farm there.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}} The marriage was unhappy, and the couple separated in 1769 when Phillip returned to the Navy.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}} Margaret Phillip died in August 1792 and is buried at Llanycil, Bala, North Wales with her companion, Mrs Cane.{{citation needed|date=February 2025}} The following year, he was posted as second lieutenant aboard {{HMS|Egmont|1768|6}}, a newly built 74-gun [[ship of the line]].{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}}

In 1774, Phillip was [[Secondment|seconded]] to the [[Portuguese Navy]] as a captain, serving in the [[Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777)|war against Spain]]. While with the Portuguese Navy, Phillip commanded a 26-gun frigate, ''Nossa Senhora do Pilar''. On that ship, he took a detachment of troops from [[Rio de Janeiro]] to [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colonia do Sacramento]] on the [[Río de la Plata]] (opposite [[Buenos Aires]]) to relieve the garrison there. The voyage also conveyed a consignment of convicts assigned to carry out work at Colonia. During a storm encountered in the course of the voyage, the convicts assisted in working the ship, and on arriving at Colonia, Phillip recommended that they be rewarded for saving the ship by remission of their sentences.{{sfn|King|1999}}{{sfn|Goldston-Morris|1997|p=4}} A garbled version of this recommendation eventually found its way into the English press in 1786, when Phillip was appointed to lead the expedition to Sydney.{{sfn|''The World''|1789}} Phillip played a leading role in the capture of the [[Spanish ship San Agustín (1768)|Spanish ship ''San Agustín'']], on 19&nbsp;April 1777, off Santa Catarina.{{sfn|King|1999}} The Portuguese Navy commissioned her as the ''Santo Agostinho'', under Phillip's command.{{sfn|King|1999}} The action was reported in the English press:
<blockquote>
Madrid, 28 Aug. Letters from Lisbon bring the following Account from Rio Janeiro: That the St. Augustine, of 70 Guns, having been separated from the Squadron of M. Casa Tilly, was attacked by two Portugueze Ships, against which they defended themselves for a Day and a Night, but being next Day surrounded by the Portugueze Fleet, was obliged to surrender.{{sfn|''Norfolk Chronicle''|1777}}
</blockquote>

===Recommissioned into Royal Navy===
{{quote box|width=25em|quote=[Phillip] is an officer of education and principle, he gives way to reason and does not, before doing so fall into exaggerated and unbearable excesses of temper{{nbsp}}... he is very clean-handed; is an officer of great truth and very brave; and is no flatterer, saying what he thinks but without temper or want of respect.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=31}}|source=Correspondence of [[Luís de Almeida Portugal Soares de Alarcão d'Eça e Melo Silva Mascarenhas, 2nd Marquess of Lavradio|Luís, 2nd Marquis Lavradio]], Viceroy of Brazil, 1778.}}

In 1778, with Britain again at war, Phillip was recalled to Royal Navy service and on 9 October was appointed first lieutenant of the 74-gun {{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} as part of the Channel fleet.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=65}} Promoted to commander on 2&nbsp;September 1779 and given command of the 8-gun [[fireship]] HMS ''Basilisk''.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} With Spain's entry into the conflict, Phillip had a series of private meetings with the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], the [[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|Earl of Sandwich]], sharing his charts and knowledge about the South American coastlines.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=67}}

Phillip was promoted to [[post-captain]] on 30&nbsp;November 1781 and given command of the 20-gun {{HMS|Ariadne|1776|6}}. ''Ariadne'' was sent to the [[Elbe]] to escort a transport ship carrying a detachment of Hanoverian troops, arriving at the port of [[Cuxhaven]] on 28 December, the estuary froze over trapping ''Ariadne'' in the harbour. In March 1782, Phillip arrived in England with the Hanoverian troops.{{sfn|Pembroke|2013|p=71}} In the following months ''Ariadne'' got a new lieutenant, [[Philip Gidley King]], whom Phillip took under his wing. ''Ariadne'' was used to patrol the Channel where on 30&nbsp;June, she captured the French frigate ''Le Robecq''.{{sfn|King|1999}}

With a change of government on 27 March 1782, Sandwich retired from the Admiralty, [[George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville|Lord Germain]] was replaced as [[Home Secretary|Secretary of State for Home and American Affairs]] by [[William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne|Earl of Shelburne]], before 10 July 1782, in another change of government [[Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney|Thomas Townshend]] replaced him, and assumed responsibility for organising an expedition against Spanish America. Like Sandwich and Germain, he turned to Phillip for planning advice.{{sfn|Frost|Moutinho|1995|p=114}} The plan was for a squadron of three ships of the line and a frigate to mount a raid on Buenos Aires and [[Montevideo|Monte Video]], then to proceed to the coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico to maraud, and ultimately to cross the Pacific to join the British Navy's East India squadron for an attack on Manila.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=114}} On 27&nbsp;December 1782, Phillip, took charge of the 64-gun {{HMS|Europa|1765|6}}.{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=114}} The expedition, consisting of the 70-gun {{HMS|Grafton|1771|6}}, the 74-gun {{HMS|Elizabeth|1769|6}}, ''Europa'', and the 32-gun frigate {{HMS|Iphigenia|1780|6}}, sailed on 16&nbsp;January 1783 under the command of [[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]] [[Sir Robert Kingsmill, 1st Baronet|Robert Kingsmill]].{{sfn|Frost|1987|p=114}} Shortly after the ships' departure, an armistice was concluded between Great Britain and Spain. Phillip learnt of this in April when he put in for storm repairs at Rio de Janeiro. Phillip wrote to Townshend from Rio de Janeiro on 25&nbsp;April 1783, expressing his disappointment that the ending of the [[American Revolutionary War|American War]] had robbed him of the opportunity for naval glory in South America.{{sfn|Frost|1980|p=209}}

===Survey work in Europe===
After his return to England in April 1784, Phillip remained in close contact with Townshend, now Lord Sydney, and Home Office Under Secretary [[Evan Nepean]]. From October 1784 to September 1786, Nepean, who was in charge of the Secret Service relating to the Bourbon Powers, France, and Spain, employed him to spy on the French naval arsenals at [[Toulon]] and other ports.{{sfn|Frost|1987|pp=129–133}} There was fear that Britain would soon be at war with these powers as a consequence of the [[Batavian Revolution]] in the Netherlands.{{sfn|Frost|1980|pp=115–116}}{{sfn|Frost|1980|p=129}}

==Colonial service==
{{see also|Convicts in Australia}}
[[John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich|Lord Sandwich]], together with the president of the [[Royal Society]], Sir [[Joseph Banks]], the scientist who had accompanied Lieutenant [[James Cook]] on his [[First voyage of James Cook|1770 voyage]], was advocating the establishment of a British colony in [[Botany Bay]], [[New South Wales]].{{sfn|Frost|Moutinho|1995|p=110}}{{Sfn|Gascoigne|1998|p=187}} Banks accepted an offer of assistance from the American [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalist]] [[James Matra]] in July 1783. Under Banks' guidance, Matra rapidly produced "A Proposal for Establishing a Settlement in New South Wales" (24&nbsp;August 1783), with a fully developed set of reasons for a colony composed of American loyalists, Chinese, and South Sea Islanders (but not convicts).{{sfn|Carter|1988|p=5}} Thomas Townshend, Lord Sydney, as Secretary of State for the Home Office and minister in charge, decided to establish the proposed colony in Australia.{{sfn|Barton|1889|loc=chapter 1.4}}{{sfn|Kemp|2018|loc=chapter 2}} This decision was taken for two reasons: the ending of the option to [[Penal transportation|transport criminals]] to North America following the [[American Revolution]], and the need for a base in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] to counter [[French colonial empire|French expansion]].{{sfn|Kemp|2018|loc=chapter 2}}

In September 1786, Phillip was appointed commodore of the fleet, which came to be known as the [[First Fleet]]. His assignment was to transport convicts and soldiers to establish a colony at Botany Bay. Upon arriving there, Phillip was to assume the powers of [[captain general]] and [[Governor of New South Wales|governor in chief]] of the new colony. A subsidiary colony was to be founded on [[Norfolk Island]], as recommended by Sir [[John Call]] and Sir [[George Young (Royal Navy officer)|George Young]], to take advantage of that island's native flax ([[harakeke]]) and timber for naval purposes.{{sfn|Atkinson|1990|p=22}}{{sfn|King|2003|pp=21–22}}

===Voyage to Colony of New South Wales===
{{See also|First Fleet}}
On 25&nbsp;October 1786, the 20-gun {{HMS|Sirius|1786|6}}, lying in the dock at Deptford, was commissioned, with the command given to Phillip. The armed tender HMAT ''Supply'' (often confused with {{HMS|Supply|1793|6}}),<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.australianhistoryresearch.info/hmat-supply-vs-hms-supply/ | title=HMAT ''Supply'' vs HMS ''Supply'' | date=15 January 2025 }}</ref> under the command of Lieutenant [[Henry Lidgbird Ball]], was also commissioned to join the expedition.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}{{sfn|Thompson|2006}}{{sfn|Berney|2014}} On 15 December, Captain [[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]] was assigned as second captain to ''Sirius'' to command in the absence of Phillip, who as governor of the colony, would be where the seat of government was to be fixed.{{sfn|Hunter|1793|loc=chapter 1}}

The fleet of 11 ships and about 1,500 people, under Phillip's command, sailed from [[Portsmouth]], England, on 13&nbsp;May 1787; {{HMS|Hyaena|1778|6}} provided an escort out of British waters.{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 2}}{{sfn|Frost|2012|p=118}}{{sfn|Horne|1972}} On 3&nbsp;June 1787, the fleet anchored at [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife|Santa Cruz]], [[Tenerife]].{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}} On 10&nbsp;June they set sail to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro, taking advantage of favourable [[trade wind]]s and ocean currents.{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}} The Fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5&nbsp;August and stayed for a month to resupply.{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}}{{sfn|King|2018|p=10}} The Fleet left Rio de Janeiro on 4&nbsp;September to run before the [[westerlies]] to [[Table Bay]] in Southern Africa, which it reached on 13&nbsp;October; this was the last port of call before Botany Bay. On 25&nbsp;November, Phillip transferred from the ''Sirius'' to the faster ''Supply'', and with the faster ships of the fleet hastened ahead to prepare for the arrival of the rest of the fleet. However, this "flying squadron", as [[Alan Frost|Frost]] called it, reached Botany Bay only hours before the rest of the Fleet, so no preparatory work was possible.{{sfn|Frost|2012|p=175}} ''Supply'' reached Botany Bay on 18&nbsp;January 1788; the three fastest transports in the advance group arrived on 19&nbsp;January; slower ships, including ''Sirius'', arrived on 20&nbsp;January.{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 2}}{{sfn|Gutenberg|2019}}
[[File:The First Fleet entering Port Jackson, January 26, 1788, drawn 1888 A9333001h.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The landing of the First Fleet in [[Port Jackson]], Australia in 1788]]

Phillip soon decided that the site, chosen on the recommendation of Sir Joseph Banks, who had accompanied James Cook in 1770, was not suitable, since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage, and no reliable water source. Cook was an explorer and Banks had a scientific interest, whereas Phillip's differing assessment of the site came from his perspective as, quoted by Tyrrell, "custodian of over a thousand convicts" for whom he was responsible.{{sfn|Tyrrell|2018|p=29}} After some exploration, Phillip decided to go on to [[Port Jackson]], and on 26&nbsp;January, the marines and the convicts landed at a cove, which Phillip [[Sydney Cove|named for Lord Sydney]].{{sfn|Sydney}}{{sfn|Morison|1944}} This date later became Australia's national day, [[Australia Day]]. Governor Phillip formally proclaimed the colony on 7&nbsp;February 1788 in Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour, which Phillip famously described as: "being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World [...] Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security."{{sfn|Phillip|1788}}

===Establishing a settlement===
{{See also|History of Australia (1788–1850)}}
[[File:The Founding of Australia. By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N. Sydney Cove, Jan. 26th 1788.jpg|thumb|360px|left|''The Founding of Australia By Capt. Arthur Phillip R.N., Sydney Cove, Jan. {{notatypo|26th}} 1788''.<br/>Painting by [[Algernon Talmage]], 1937.]]

On 26&nbsp;January, the Union Jack was raised, and possession of the land was taken formally in the name of King [[George&nbsp;III]].{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 7}}{{sfn|Collins|1798|loc=chapter 1}} The next day, sailors from ''Sirius'', a party of marines, and a number of male convicts were disembarked to fell timber and clear the ground for the erection of tents.{{sfn|Collins|1798|loc=chapter 1}}{{sfn|Tench|1789|loc=chapter 9}}{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} The remaining large company of male convicts disembarked from the transports over the following days.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} Phillip himself structured the ordering of the camp. His own tent as governor and those of his attendant staff and servants were set on the east side of [[Tank Stream]], with the tents of the male convicts and marines on the west.{{sfn|Tench|1789|loc=chapter 9}}{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} During this time, priority was given to building permanent storehouses for the settlement's provisions.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} On 29&nbsp;January, the governor's portable house was placed, and livestock were landed the next day.{{sfn|Tench|1789|loc=chapter 9}} The female convicts disembarked on 6&nbsp;February; the general camp for the women was to the north of the governor's house and separated from the male convicts by the houses of chaplain [[Richard Johnson (chaplain)|Richard Johnson]] and the [[Judge Advocate of New South Wales|Judge Advocate]], Marine Captain [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]].{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} On 7&nbsp;February 1788, Phillip and his government were formally inaugurated.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}{{sfn|Phillip|1789|loc=chapter 8}}

On 15&nbsp;February 1788, Phillip sent Lieutenant Philip Gidley King with a party of 23, including 15 convicts, to establish the colony at [[Norfolk Island]], partly in response to a perceived threat of losing the island to the French, and partly to establish an alternative food source for the mainland colony.{{sfn|Shaw|1967}}

===Governor of New South Wales===
When Phillip was appointed as governor-designate of the colony and began to plan the expedition, he requested that the convicts that were being sent be trained; only twelve carpenters and a few men who knew anything about agriculture were sent. Seamen with technical and building skills were commandeered immediately.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

Phillip established a civil administration, with courts of law, that applied to everyone living in the settlement. Two convicts, [[Henry Kable|Henry]] and Susannah Kable, sought to sue Duncan Sinclair, the captain of the ''Alexander'', for stealing their possessions during the voyage. Sinclair, believing that as convicts they had no protection from the law, as was the case in Britain, boasted that he could not be sued. Despite this, the court found for the plaintiffs and ordered the captain to make restitution for the theft of the Kables' possessions.{{sfn|Macquarie}}

Phillip had drawn up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony. In one paragraph he wrote: "The laws of this country [England] will of course, be introduced in [New] South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves."{{sfn|Britton|1894|p=53}} Nevertheless, Phillip believed in severe discipline; floggings and hangings were commonplace, although Phillip [[Commutation (law)|commuted many death sentences]]. The settlement's supplies were rationed equally to convicts, officers, and marines, and females were given two-thirds of the weekly males' rations.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}} In late February, six convicts were brought before the criminal court for stealing supplies. They were sentenced to death; the ringleader, [[Thomas Barrett (convict)|Thomas Barrett]], was hanged that day. Phillip gave the rest a reprieve. They were banished to an island in the harbour and given only bread and water.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

The governor also expanded the settlement's knowledge of the landscape. Two officers from ''Sirius'', Captain John Hunter and Lieutenant [[William Bradley (Royal Navy officer)|William Bradley]], conducted a thorough survey of the harbour at Sydney Cove. Phillip later joined them on an expedition to survey [[Broken Bay]].{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

The fleet's ships left over the next months, with ''Sirius'' and ''Supply'' remaining in the colony under command of the governor. They were used to survey and map the coastlines and waterways. [[Scurvy]] broke out, so ''Sirius'' left Port Jackson for [[Cape Town]] under the command of Hunter in October 1788, having been sent for supplies. The voyage, which completed a [[circumnavigation]], returned to Sydney Cove in April, just in time to save the near-starving colony.{{sfn|Hunter|1793|loc=chapter 5}}

[[File:ArthurPhillipStatueSydney gobeirne.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Arthur Phillip in the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney]]]]
As an experienced farmhand, Phillip's appointed servant Henry Edward Dodd, served as farm superintendent at [[Farm Cove, New South Wales|Farm Cove]], where he successfully cultivated the first crops, later moving to [[Rose Hill, New South Wales|Rose Hill]], where the soil was better. [[James Ruse]], a convict, was later appointed to the position after Dodd died in 1791.{{sfn|Morgan|2016}}{{sfn|Gray|1966}} When Ruse succeeded in the farming endeavours, he received the colony's first land grant.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967b}}

In June 1790, more convicts arrived with the [[Second Fleet (Australia)|Second Fleet]], but {{HMS|Guardian|1784|6}}, carrying more supplies, was disabled en&nbsp;route after hitting an iceberg, leaving the colony low on provisions again.{{sfn|Rees|2009}}{{sfn|Britton|1894|p=367}} ''Supply'', the only ship left under colonial command after ''Sirius'' was wrecked 19 March 1790 trying to land men and supplies on Norfolk Island, was sent to [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] for supplies.{{sfn|Parsons|1966}}{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018b}} The colony's isolation meant that it took almost two years for Phillip to receive replies to his dispatches from his superiors in London.{{sfn|Tink|2009|pp=37–38}}

In late 1792, Phillip, whose health was suffering, relinquished the governorship to Major [[Francis Grose (British Army officer)|Francis Grose]], lieutenant-governor and commander of [[New South Wales Corps]]. On 11&nbsp;December 1792, Phillip left for Britain, on the ''[[Atlantic (1783 ship)|Atlantic]]'', which had arrived with convicts of the Third Fleet.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}} Phillip was unable to follow his original intention of returning to Port Jackson once his health was restored, as medical advice compelled him to resign formally on 23&nbsp;July 1793.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}{{sfn|Pembroke|2013}}

===Military personnel in colony===
The main challenge for order and harmony in the settlement came not from the convicts secured there on terms of good behaviour, but from the attitude of officers from the [[New South Wales Marine Corps]]. As Commander in Chief, Phillip was in command of both the naval and marine forces; his naval officers readily obeyed his commands, but a measure of co-operation from the marine officers ran against their tradition. Major [[Robert Ross (British Marines officer)|Robert Ross]] and his officers (with the exception of a few such as [[David Collins (lieutenant governor)|David Collins]], [[Watkin Tench]], and [[William Dawes (British Marines officer)|William Dawes]]) refused to do anything other than guard duty, claiming that they were neither gaolers, supervisors, nor policemen.{{sfn|Moyal|2017}}

Four companies of marines, consisting of 160 privates with 52 officers and NCO's, accompanied the First Fleet to Botany Bay. In addition, there were 34 officers and men serving in the Ship's Complement of Marines aboard ''Sirius'' and ''Supply'', bringing the total to 246 who departed England.{{sfn|Moore|1987}}

Ross supported and encouraged his fellow officers in their conflicts with Phillip, engaged in clashes of his own, and complained of the governor's actions to the Home Office.{{sfn|Macmillan|1967}} Phillip, more placid and forbearing in temperament, was anxious in the interests of the community as a whole to avoid friction between the civil and military authorities. Though firm in his attitude, he endeavoured to placate Ross, but to little effect. In the end, he solved the problem by ordering Ross to Norfolk Island on 5 March 1790 to replace the commandant there.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}

Beginning with guards arriving with the Second and Third fleets, but officially with the arrival of {{HMS|Gorgon|1785|6}} on 22 September 1791, the New South Wales Marines were relieved by a newly formed British Army regiment of foot, the [[New South Wales Corps]].{{sfn|Stanley|1986|page=18}} On 18 December 1791, ''Gorgon'' left Port Jackson, taking home the larger part of the still-serving New South Wales Marines. There remained in New South Wales a company of active marines serving under Captain [[George Johnston (British Marines officer)|George Johnston]], who had been Phillip's [[aide-de-camp]], that transferred to the New South Wales Corps.{{sfn|Stanley|1986|page=18}} Also remaining in the colony were discharged marines, many of whom became settlers. The official departure of the last serving marines from the colony was in December 1792, with Governor Phillip on ''Atlantic''.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}

Major [[Francis Grose (British Army officer)|Francis Grose]], commander of the New South Wales Corps, had replaced Ross as the Lieutenant-Governor and took over command of the colony when Phillip returned to Britain.{{sfn|Fletcher|1967a}}

===Relations with indigenous peoples===
Phillip's official orders with regard to [[Aboriginal Australians|Aboriginal]] people were to "conciliate their affections", to "live in amity and kindness with them", and to punish anyone who should "wantonly destroy them, or give them any unnecessary interruption in the exercise of their several occupations".{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=42}} The first meeting between the colonists and the [[Eora]], Aboriginal people, happened in Botany Bay. When Phillip went ashore, gifts were exchanged, thus Phillip and the officers began their relationship with the Eora through gift-giving, hilarity, and dancing, but also by showing them what their guns could do.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=44}}{{sfn|Berney|2014}} Anyone found harming or killing Aboriginal people without provocation would be severely punished.{{sfn|Berney|2014}}

After the early meetings, dancing, and musket demonstrations, the Eora avoided the settlement in Sydney Cove for the first year, but they warned and then attacked whenever colonists trespassed on their lands away from the settlement.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=44}} Part of Phillip's early plan for peaceful cohabitation had been to persuade some Eora, preferably a family, to come and live in the town with the British so that the colonists could learn about the Eora's language, beliefs, and customs.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|pp=44–45}}

By the end of the first year, as none of the Eora had come to live in the settlement, Phillip decided on a more ruthless strategy, and ordered the capture of some Eora warriors. The man who was captured was [[Arabanoo]], from whom Phillip and his officers started to learn language and customs. Arabanoo died in April 1789 of [[smallpox]], which also ravaged the rest of the Eora population.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=45}} Phillip again ordered the boats to [[Manly Cove]], where two more warriors were captured, [[Colebe|Coleby]] and [[Bennelong]]; Coleby soon escaped, but Bennelong remained.{{sfn|Berney|2014}}{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=45}} Bennelong and Phillip formed a kind of friendship, before he too escaped.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=45}}

Four months after Bennelong escaped from Sydney, Phillip was invited to a whale feast at Manly. Bennelong greeted him in a friendly and jovial way. Phillip was suddenly surrounded by warriors and speared in the shoulder by a man called [[Willemering]]. He ordered his men not to retaliate.{{sfn|Tink|2009|pp=42–43}}{{sfn|Tench|1789}} Phillip, perhaps realising that the spearing was in retaliation for the kidnapping, ordered no actions to be taken over it. Friendly relations were reestablished afterwards, with Bennelong even returning to Sydney with his family.{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=46}}

Even though there were now friendly relations with the Indigenous people around Sydney Cove, the same couldn't be said about the ones around Botany Bay, who had killed or wounded 17 colonists.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=43}} Phillip despatched orders, as quoted by Tench, "to put to death ten{{nbsp}}... [and] cut off the heads of the slain{{nbsp}}... to infuse a universal terror, which might operate to prevent further mischief".{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=43}} Even though two expeditions were despatched under command of [[Watkin Tench]], no one was apprehended.{{sfn|Tink|2009|p=43}}{{sfn|Karskens|2016|p=48}}

On 11 December 1792, when Phillip returned to Britain, Bennelong and another Aboriginal man named [[Yemmerrawanne]] (or Imeerawanyee) travelled with him on the ''Atlantic''.{{sfn|SBS}}{{sfn|Tench|1789|p=167}}

==Later life and death==
Phillip's estranged wife, Charlott, died 3 August 1792 and was buried in St Beuno's Churchyard, [[Llanycil]], [[Bala, Gwynedd|Bala]], [[Merionethshire]].{{sfn|Flynn|2016|p=5}} Phillip, a resident in [[Marylebone]], married Isabella Whitehead of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] in [[St Marylebone Parish Church]], in the [[Church of England]] on 8 May 1794.{{sfn|Flynn|2016|p=6}}

His health recovered, he was reappointed in March 1796 to command the 74-gun {{HMS|Alexander|1778|6}} as part of the Channel fleet.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} In October, his command was switched to the 74-gun {{HMS|Swiftsure|1787|6}}.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} In September 1797, Phillip was transferred again to the 90-gun {{HMS|Blenheim|1761|6}}, command of which he held until December of that year.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} During 1798–99, Phillip commanded the [[Sea Fencibles|Hampshire Sea Fencibles]], then appointed inspector of the [[Impress Service]], in which capacity he and a secretary toured the outposts of Britain to report on the strengths of the various posts.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}}

In the ordinary course of events he was promoted to [[Rear-Admiral of the Blue|Rear-Admiral]] on 1 January 1801.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}} Phillip retired in 1805 from active service in the Navy, was promoted to [[Vice-Admiral of the Blue|Vice-Admiral]] on 13 December 1806, and received a final promotion to [[Admiral of the Blue]] on 4 June 1814.{{sfn|Hiscocks|2018a}}

Phillip suffered a stroke in 1808, which left him partially paralysed.{{sfn|Flynn|2016|p=9}} He died 31 August 1814 at his residence, 19 Bennett Street, Bath.{{sfn|Sydney Gazette|1815}} He was buried nearby at [[Church of St Nicholas, Bathampton|St Nicholas's Church]], [[Bathampton]].{{sfn|Flynn|2016|p=10}} His Last Will and Testament has been transcribed and is online.{{sfn|Will}} Forgotten for many years, the grave was discovered in November 1897 by a young woman cleaning the church, who found the name after lifting matting from the floor; the historian [[James Bonwick]] had been searching Bath records for its location.{{sfn|Flynn|2016|p=10}}{{sfn|Withington|2014|p=8}} An annual service of remembrance is held at the church around Phillip's birthdate by the [[Britain–Australia Society]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=The Britain-Australia Society West Country Branch – Admiral Arthur Phillip Birthday Commemoration, Friday October 11th, 2024 |url=https://rcsbath.org/2024/08/30/the-britain-australia-society-west-country-branch-admiral-arthur-phillip-birthday-commemoration-friday-october-11th-2024/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=rcsbath.org}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Geoffrey Robertson]] alleged that Phillip's remains were no longer in St Nicholas Church, Bathampton, and had been lost: "Captain Arthur Phillip is not where the ledger stone says he is: it may be that he is buried somewhere outside, it may simply be that he is simply lost. But he is not where Australians have been led to believe that he now lies."{{sfn|60 Minutes}}

==Legacy==
[[File:australia.chapel.bathampton.arp.jpg|thumb|right|The Australia Chapel in St Nicholas Church, [[Bathampton]], near Bath, England. The memorial to the first governor of [[New South Wales]], Arthur Phillip, is on the right hand wall]]
[[File:Admiral Arthur Phillip monument bust south from One New Change.jpg|thumb|Admiral Arthur Phillip monument bust in the [[City of London]]]]
A number of places in Australia bear Phillip's name, including [[Port Phillip]],<ref>Port Phillip Conservation Council: [http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm Excerpts from the 'Port Phillip Survey 1957-1963'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920091236/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~phillip/env2stud.htm|date=20 September 2007}}</ref> [[Phillip Island]] (Victoria),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phillip Island |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Phillip-Island |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Phillip Island (Norfolk Island)]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Phillip Island |url=https://www.norfolkisland.net/norfolk-island/phillip-island/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=Discover Norfolk Island |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[Phillip Street]] in the [[Sydney central business district]],<ref>{{Citation |title=History of Sydney streets |date=4 December 2012 |url=https://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/-/media/corporate/files/publications/history/history-of-sydney-streets/history-of-sydney-streets.xls?download=true |publisher=City of Sydney}}</ref> and [[St Phillip's Church, Sydney]].<ref>{{cite NSW HD|2423855|St Philip's Church of England Including Interior and Grounds|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>

A monument to Phillip in [[Bath Abbey]] Church was unveiled in 1937. Another was unveiled at [[St Mildred, Bread Street|St Mildred's Church]], Bread Street, London, in 1932; that church was destroyed in the [[London Blitz]] in 1940, but the principal elements of the monument were re-erected at the west end of Watling Street, near [[Saint Paul's Cathedral]], in 1968. A different bust and memorial is inside the nearby church of [[St Mary-le-Bow]].{{sfn|Withington|2014|p=25}} There is a memorial fountain honouring him in the [[Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Phillip fountain |url=https://dictionaryofsydney.org/structure/governor_phillip_fountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225022410/https://dictionaryofsydney.org/structure/governor_phillip_fountain |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=The Dictionary of Sydney}}</ref> There is a 1786 portrait of him by [[Francis Wheatley (painter)|Francis Wheatley]] in the [[National Portrait Gallery, London]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur Phillip |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw04984/Arthur-Phillip |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=National Portrait Gallery |language=en}}</ref> and another by the same painter painted in 1787 in the [[State Library of New South Wales|Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales]], Sydney.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Arthur Phillip c 1787 |url=https://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/collection-items/captain-arthur-phillip |access-date=31 December 2024 |website=State Library of New South Wales|date=9 March 2018 }}</ref>

[[Percival Serle]] wrote of Phillip in his ''[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]'':
{{blockquote|Steadfast in mind, modest, without self seeking, Phillip had imagination enough to conceive what the settlement might become, and the common sense to realize what at the moment was possible and expedient. When almost everyone was complaining he never himself complained, when all feared disaster he could still hopefully go on with his work. He was sent out to found a convict settlement, he laid the foundations of a great dominion.{{sfn|Serle|1949}}}}

===200th anniversary===
As part of a series of events on the bicentenary of his death, a memorial was dedicated in [[Westminster Abbey]] on 9 July 2014.{{sfn|Westminster}}{{sfn|Withington|2014|pp=3–7}} In the service, the [[Dean of Westminster]], [[John Hall (priest)|Very Reverend Dr John Hall]], described Phillip as follows: "This modest, yet world-class seaman, linguist, and patriot, whose selfless service laid the secure foundations on which was developed the Commonwealth of Australia, will always be remembered and honoured alongside other pioneers and inventors here in the [[Nave]]: [[David Livingstone]], [[Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald|Thomas Cochrane]], and [[Isaac Newton]]."{{sfn|Westminster}}{{sfn|Withington|2014|pp=4–6}} A similar memorial was unveiled by the outgoing 37th [[Governor of New South Wales]], [[Marie Bashir]], in [[St James' Church, Sydney]], on 31 August 2014.{{sfn|Pembroke|2014}} A bronze bust was installed at the [[Museum of Sydney]],{{sfn|Decent|2014}} and a full-day symposium discussed his contributions to the founding of modern Australia.{{sfn|Museum of Sydney}}

==In popular culture==
Phillip has been played by a number of actors in movies and television programs, including:
*Frank Harvey in ''[[Heritage (1935 film)|Heritage]]'' (1935)<ref name="heritage">{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-australian-films-heritage/|date=19 November 2025|access-date=19 November 2025|title=Forgotten Australian Films: Heritage}}</ref>
*Sir [[Cedric Hardwicke]] in [[Botany Bay (film)|''Botany Bay'']] (1953){{sfn|TCM|1953}}<ref name="bay">{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/the-films-of-john-farrow/|date=3 November 2025|access-date=3 November 2025|title=Wrecking Australian Stories: Botany Bay|magazine=Filmink}}</ref>
*[[Edward Hepple]] in ''[[The Hungry Ones]]'' (1963)<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 1963 |title="THE HUNGRY ONES" |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47510555 |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=Australian Women's Weekly}}</ref>
*[[Wynn Roberts (actor)|Wynn Roberts]] in ''[[Prelude to Harvest]]'' (1963)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |date=21 August 2021 |title=Forgotten Australian TV Plays: Prelude to Harvest |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/forgotten-australian-tv-plays-prelude-to-harvest/ |access-date=7 January 2025 |website=FilmInk |language=en-AU}}</ref>
*[[Peter Collingwood]] in ''[[The Timeless Land#Television production|The Timeless Land]]'' (1980)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://watch.plex.tv/show/the-timeless-land |title=The Timeless Land |language=en |access-date=7 January 2025 |via=watch.plex.tv}}</ref>
*[[Sam Neill]] in ''[[The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant]]'' (2005){{sfn|Apple|2005}}
*[[David Wenham]] in ''[[Banished (TV series)|Banished]]'' (2015){{sfn|BBC|2015}}

He is a prominent character in [[Timberlake Wertenbaker]]'s play ''[[Our Country's Good]]'', in which he commissions Lieutenant [[Ralph Clark]] to stage a production of ''[[The Recruiting Officer]]''. He is shown as compassionate and just, but receives little support from his fellow officers.{{sfn|Wertenbaker|1988|p=2}}

His life was the focus of ''[[I'll Meet You in Botany Bay]]'', a 1945 [[radio play]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=Leslie |url=https://archive.org/details/australiandrama10000rees/mode/1up?q=%22meet+you+in+botany+bay%22 |title=Australian drama, 1970-1985 : a historical and critical survey |date=1987 |publisher=North Ryde, NSW, Australia : Angus & Robertson Publishers |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-207-15354-9}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Historical Records of Australia]]''
* [[Journals of the First Fleet]]
* [[History of smallpox#Australia|History of smallpox in Australia]]

== References ==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|16em}}

===Sources===
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* {{cite web|last=Moyal |first=Ann |year=2017 |title=Arthur Phillip: 1788. The Foundation Year |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/essay/21/text34967 |access-date=9 October 2021}}
* {{cite book|title=Arthur Phillip: Australia's First Governor|first=Derek|last=Parker|year=2009|publisher=Woodslane Press|isbn=978-1-921203-99-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/ball-henry-lidgbird-1734/text1911 | publisher=Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |last=Parsons|first=Vivienne | title=Ball, Henry Lidgbird (1756–1818) | chapter=Henry Lidgbird Ball (1756–1818) | year=1966|access-date=20 October 2021}}
* {{cite speech|last=Pembroke|first=Michael|title= "We Were All Once Migrants" – Arthur Phillip, Founder of Modern Australia|url=https://michaelpembroke.com/speeches/st-james-church-speech/|date=31 August 2014|access-date=19 October 2021|location=St James church, Sydney}}
* {{cite book|title=Arthur Phillip: Sailor, Mercenary, Governor, Spy|first=Michael|last=Pembroke|year=2013|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|isbn=978-1-74270-508-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Serle |first=Percival |author-link=Percival Serle|chapter=Phillip, Arthur (1738–1814)|chapter-url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogP-Q.html#phillip1 |title=[[Dictionary of Australian Biography]]|publisher=Angus and Robertson|via=Project Gutenberg Australia|access-date=3 March 2011 |year=1949}}
* {{cite book|last=Phillip|first=Arthur|date=1789|title=The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00101.html|publisher=Printed for John Stockdale, Piccadilly|via=Project Gutenberg Australia|isbn=}}
* {{Cite archive|ref={{harvid|Phillip|1788}}|collection=19: Letter from Arthur Phillip to the Marquis of Lansdowne, 3 July 1788|institution= Mitchell Library, State Library of New South Wales|item-url=https://archival.sl.nsw.gov.au/Details/archive/110320991 |item-id=SAFE/MLMSS 7241 (Safe 1/234)|first=Arthur|last=Phillip|item=Digitised Letter}}
* {{cite book|first=Siân|last=Rees|title=The Floating Brothel: The Extraordinary True Story of Female Convicts Bound for Botany Bay|year=2009|publisher=Hachette Australia |isbn=978-0-7336-2463-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Shaw|first=A. G. L.|year=1967|url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/king-philip-gidley-2309|title=King, Philip Gidley (1758–1808)|chapter=Philip Gidley King (1758–1808) |publisher= Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|access-date=5 October 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Stanley|first=Peter|title= The Remote Garrison: The British Army in Australia, 1788–1870|date=1986|publisher=Kangaroo Press|isbn= 978-0-86417-091-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Tench|first=Watkin|author-link=Watkin Tench|year=1789|title=A Narrative of the Expedition to Botany Bay|via=Project Gutenberg Australia|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks/e00083.html|publisher=J. Deerett|isbn=978-1-4656-1004-1}}
* {{cite web |last=Thompson|first=Stephen|date=2006|title=1790 HMS Sirius Anchor and Cannon |url=http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroughtime/sirius-anchor-cannon/index.html |website=Objects Through Time |publisher=Migration Heritage Centre, New South Wales |access-date=20 October 2021}}
* {{cite book |title =The Governors of New South Wales | first = Andrew | last = Tink |chapter= Phillip, Arthur|editor-last1 = Clune|editor-first1=David |editor-first2=Ken|editor-last2=Turner |year = 2009 | publisher = The Federation Press |pages=30–48| isbn = 978-1-86287-743-6 }}
*{{Cite book|last=Tyrrell|first=Ian|title=River Dreams - the people and landscape of the Cooks River|publisher=UNSWPress|year=2018|isbn=978-1-74223-574-5|location=Sydney}}
* {{cite book | last= Wertenbaker| first=Timberlake |author-link=Timberlake Wertenbaker| title=Our Country's Good | location=London | publisher=Methuen | year=1988 | isbn= 978-0-413-19770-2}}
* {{cite web|last=Withington|first=Ron|title=Peerless Pilgrimage|url=http://www.fellowshipfirstfleeters.org.au/images/journal6.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fellowshipfirstfleeters.org.au/images/journal6.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=Britain-Australia Society|access-date=19 October 2021|date=2014}}
* {{cite news|date=16 April 1789|work=The World|ref={{harvid|The World|1789}}|title= Botany Bay|quote=Mr. ''Philip,'' who has this command, has the aid of experience. He had a similar expedition entrusted him by PORTUGUL, to carry convicts to South America.}}
* {{cite news|date=20 September 1777|work=Norfolk Chronicle|ref={{harvid|Norfolk Chronicle|1777}}|title=Monday's Post}}
* {{cite web|title=Arthur Phillip|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/arthur-phillip#i13632|publisher=Westminster Abbey|access-date=19 October 2021|ref={{harvid|Westminster}}}}
* {{cite web|title=The First Governor – A Bicentenary Symposium on Arthur Phillip|date=2 July 2014|url=http://sydneylivingmuseums.com.au/events/first-governor-bicentenary-symposium-arthur-phillip|publisher=Museum of Sydney|ref={{harvid|Museum of Sydney}}|access-date=31 August 2014}}
* {{cite web| title= The First Fleet| url= http://gutenberg.net.au/first-fleet.html |date=19 December 2019 |ref={{harvid|Gutenberg|2019}}| publisher = Project Gutenberg | access-date = 2 October 2021}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/69464/botany-bay |title= Botany Bay |last= |first= |date=1953 |publisher=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |ref={{harvid|TCM|1953}}|access-date=19 October 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=https://tv.apple.com/ca/show/the-incredible-journey-of-mary-bryant/umc.cmc.2a2x28forf2cqx0wrbf3ojafo |title=The Incredible Journey of Mary Bryant|date=2005|ref={{harvid|Apple|2005}}|access-date=29 April 2022}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/4N5S7T2rtkgHfDsSzDgcm0t/cast-characters |title=BBC - Banished - Cast & Characters|date=2015|ref={{harvid|BBC|2015}}|access-date=29 April 2022}}
* {{cite web|title=Sydney's European History|ref={{harvid|Sydney}}|date=2017|url=http://www.discoversydney.com.au/sydney/history.html|website=Discoversydney.com.au|access-date=20 October 2021}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1788/cable_v_sinclair/ |title=Cable v. Sinclair [1788] NSWKR 7; [1788] NSWSupC 7 |publisher=Macquarie University Law School |ref={{harvid|Macquarie}} |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022093716/http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/colonial_case_law/nsw/cases/case_index/1788/cable_v_sinclair/ |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite video |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/firstaustralians/ |title=First Australians |publisher=[[Blackfella Films]], SBS, and Screen Australia |year=2008 |ref={{harvid|SBS}}|access-date=26 September 2012}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.spanglefish.com/admiralarthurphillip|title=The Last Will and Testament of Admiral Arthur Phillip a.k.a. Governor Arthur Phillip|ref={{harvid|Will}}|website=Spanglefish.com|access-date=11 July 2019}}
* {{cite web |ref={{harvid|60 Minutes}}|title=Lost the plot – story transcript |url=http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=262243&_cobr=optus |website=60 Minutes |publisher=Ninemsn |access-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130050212/http://sixtyminutes.ninemsn.com.au/article.aspx?id=262243&_cobr=optus |archive-date=30 January 2008 |date=22 April 2007}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1=Becke|first1=Louis|author1-link=George Lewis Becke|last2=Jeffery|first2=Walter|title=Admiral Phillip: The Founding of New South Wales|series=Builders of Great Britain|year=1899|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin|url=https://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1302981h.html|isbn=978-1-4097-7279-8|via=Project Gutenberg Australia|ref=none}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
{{Commons category|Arthur Phillip}}
* {{Gutenberg author |id = Phillip,+Arthur |name = Arthur Phillip }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname = Arthur Phillip |sopt = t }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-gov}}
{{s-new |district}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[Governors of New South Wales|Governor of New South Wales]] |years=1788–1792}}
{{S-aft|after=[[John Hunter (Royal Navy officer)|John Hunter]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{NewSouthWales Governors}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Phillip, Arthur}}
[[Category:Governors of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Australian city founders]]
[[Category:National founders]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:1738 births]]
[[Category:1814 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian penal colony administrators]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:People from the City of London]]
[[Category:English people of German descent]]
[[Category:Port Phillip]]
[[Category:18th-century Australian people]]
[[Category:People educated at the Royal Hospital School]]
[[Category:Colony of New South Wales people]]
[[Category:British sea captains]]
[[Category:Military personnel from the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:First Fleet]]
[[Category:People from Marylebone]]
[[Category:British people in whaling]]