View source for Atlantic Canada

{{Short description|Region of Eastern Canada}}
{{Distinguish|The Maritimes}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Atlantic Canada 
| native_name                     = {{native name|fr|Provinces de l'Atlantique}}
| other_name                      =
| settlement_type                 = [[List of regions of Canada|Region]]
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->| image_skyline                   =
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| etymology                       = <!-- location -->
| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = [[Canada]]
| subdivision_type1               = Composition
| subdivision_name1               = {{Unbulleted list|list_style=line-height: inherit;
 | [[New Brunswick]] | [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] | [[Nova Scotia]] | [[Prince Edward Island]]
 }}
| subdivision_type2               = Most populous municipality
| subdivision_name2               = [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] 
| subdivision_type3               = 
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| subdivision_name4               = <!-- maps and coordinates -->
| image_map                       = Atlantic provinces in Canada.svg
| map_caption                     = Atlantic Canada (red) within the rest of Canada
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| area_total_km2                  = 539064
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| area_water_sq_mi                = <!-- elevation -->
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| elevation_ft                    = <!-- population -->
| population_as_of                = 2021
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| population_total                = 2409874
| population_density_km2          = 4
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| population_demonym              = <!-- time zone(s) -->
| timezone1                       = [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]]
| timezone1_location              = The Maritimes and Labrador
| utc_offset1                     = -4:00
| timezone2                       = [[Newfoundland Standard Time|NST]]
| timezone2_location              = Newfoundland
| utc_offset2                     = -3:30
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}}

'''Atlantic Canada''', also called the '''Atlantic provinces''' ({{langx|fr|provinces de l'Atlantique}}), is the [[list of regions of Canada|region]] of [[Eastern Canada]] comprising four provinces: [[New Brunswick]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[Prince Edward Island]]. As of 2021, the landmass of the four Atlantic provinces was approximately {{cvt|488,000|km2}}, and had a population of over 2.4 million people. The term ''Atlantic Canada'' was popularized following the admission of Newfoundland as a Canadian province in 1949. The province of Newfoundland and Labrador is not included in [[the Maritimes]], another significant regional term, but ''is'' included in Atlantic Canada.

==History==
The Atlantic Provinces are the historical territories of the [[Mi'kmaq]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hornborg |first=Anne-Christine |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317096221 |title=Mi'kmaq Landscapes |date=2016-07-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-09622-1 |edition= |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315595375 }}</ref> [[Naskapi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henriksen |first=Georg |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780857453679/html |title=Hunters in the Barrens: The Naskapi on the Edge of the White Man's World |date=2022-12-31 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-367-9 |doi=10.1515/9780857453679}}</ref> [[Beothuk]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Chare |first=Nicholas |title=Chapter 4. The Beothuk, the Great Auk and the Newfoundland Wolf: Animal and Human Genocide in Canada's Easternmost Province |date=2022-12-31 |work=Animals, Plants and Afterimages |pages=113–136 |editor-last=Bienvenue |editor-first=Valérie |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781800734265-007/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=Berghahn Books |doi=10.1515/9781800734265-007 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-80073-426-5 |editor2-last=Chare |editor2-first=Nicholas|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carr |first=Steven M. |date=2020 |title=Evidence for the persistence of ancient Beothuk and Maritime Archaic mitochondrial DNA genome lineages among modern Native American peoples |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/gen-2019-0149 |journal=Genome |language=en |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=349–355 |doi=10.1139/gen-2019-0149 |pmid=32283039 |issn=0831-2796|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Nunatsiavut]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cuerrier |first1=Alain |last2=Clark |first2=Courtenay |last3=Dwyer-Samuel |first3=Frédéric |last4=Rapinski |first4=Michel |date=2022 |title=Nunatsiavut, 'our beautiful land': Inuit landscape ethnoecology in Labrador, Canada |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjb-2021-0112 |journal=Botany |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=159–174 |doi=10.1139/cjb-2021-0112 |issn=1916-2790|hdl=1807/109944 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=White |first=Graham |title="We are in charge here": Inuit self-government and the Nunatsiavut Assembly |date=2023 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-5274-9 |location=Toronto Buffalo}}</ref> peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador [[Inuit]] (Labradormiut), who are descended from the [[Thule people]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Settlement, subsistence, and change among the Labrador Inuit: the Nunatsiavummiut experience |date=2012 |publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-419-3 |editor-last=Natcher |editor-first=David C. |series=Contemporary studies on the North |location=Winnipeg |editor-last2=Felt |editor-first2=Larry |editor-last3=Procter |editor-first3=Andrea H.}}</ref>

=== Exploration and settlement ===
[[File:Vinland-travel.jpg|left|thumb|Viking migration to modern day Newfoundland]]
[[Leif Erikson]] and other members of his family began exploring the North American coast in 986 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wallace-Murphy |first1=Tim |title=Uncharted: a rediscovered history of voyages to the Americas before Columbus |last2=Martin |first2=James |date=2023 |publisher=New Page |isbn=978-1-63748-011-3 |location=Newburyport, MA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seaver |first=Kirsten A. |title=The frozen echo: Greenland and the exploration of North America, c. A.D. 1000 - 1500 |date=2000 |publisher=Stanford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-8047-3161-4 |location=Stanford, Calif.}}</ref> Leif landed in three places, and in the third established a small settlement called Vinland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Birgitta |date=2009 |title=L'Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson's Home in Vinland |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3721/037.002.s212 |journal=Journal of the North Atlantic |language=en |volume=201 |pages=114–125 |doi=10.3721/037.002.s212 |issn=1935-1933|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Belshaw |first=John Douglas |url=https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation2e/ |title=Canadian History: Pre-Confederation |date=2020-10-06 |publisher=BCcampus |isbn=978-1-77420-063-6 |edition=2nd |language=en}}</ref> The location of Vinland is uncertain,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Alan |date=1965 |title=The identification of Vinland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/identification-of-vinland/7A31727327163C1D90A084C5A99D8E66 |journal=Polar Record |language=en |volume=12 |issue=80 |pages=583–587 |doi=10.1017/S0032247400058782 |bibcode=1965PoRec..12..583C |issn=1475-3057|url-access=subscription }}</ref> but an archaeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nydal |first=Reidar |date=1989 |title=A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822200012613/type/journal_article |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=976–985 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200012613 |bibcode=1989Radcb..31..976N |issn=0033-8222}}</ref> has been identified as a good candidate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Birgitta |date=2003 |title=The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/140 |journal=Newfoundland & Labrador Studies |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |issn=1715-1430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crocker |first=Christopher |date=2020 |title=What We Talk about When We Talk about Vínland: History, Whiteness, Indigenous Erasure, and the Early Norse Presence in Newfoundland |journal=Canadian Journal of History |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–122 |doi=10.3138/cjh-2019-0028 |issn=0008-4107|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Ledger |first1=Paul M. |last2=Girdland-Flink |first2=Linus |last3=Forbes |first3=Véronique |date=2019-07-30 |title=New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=31 |pages=15341–15343 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1907986116 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6681721 |pmid=31308231|bibcode=2019PNAS..11615341L }}</ref> The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though further attempts at colonization were thwarted.<ref name=":11" /> The site produced the first evidence of [[pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]] of Europeans with the [[Americas]] outside of [[Greenland]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuitems |first1=Margot |last2=Wallace |first2=Birgitta L. |last3=Lindsay |first3=Charles |last4=Scifo |first4=Andrea |last5=Doeve |first5=Petra |last6=Jenkins |first6=Kevin |last7=Lindauer |first7=Susanne |last8=Erdil |first8=Pınar |last9=Ledger |first9=Paul M. |last10=Forbes |first10=Véronique |last11=Vermeeren |first11=Caroline |last12=Friedrich |first12=Ronny |last13=Dee |first13=Michael W. |date=2022-01-20 |title=Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=601 |issue=7893 |pages=388–391 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8770119 |pmid=34671168|bibcode=2022Natur.601..388K }}</ref>

[[Acadia]], a colony of [[New France]], was established in areas of present-day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of [[Samuel de Champlain]] and [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Acadia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref> The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]], important allies to New France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=Wabanaki |url=http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142815/http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

=== British expansion ===
[[File:Henry Sandham - The Coming of the Loyalists.jpg|left|thumb|Painting shows romanticised view of [[United Empire Loyalist]]s arriving in New Brunswick, ca. 1783|250x250px]]Competition for control of the island of Newfoundland and its waters contributed to major ongoing conflicts and occasional wars between France and Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Baehre |first=Rainer |date=2015 |title=Reconstructing Heritage and Cultural Identity in Marginalised and Hinterland Communities: Case Studies from Western Newfoundland |url=https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ljcs/article/id/493/ |journal=London Journal of Canadian Studies |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2015v30.003 |issn=2397-0928|doi-access=free }}</ref> The first major agreement between the two powers over access to this coastline came with the [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713,<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Hiller |first=J.K. |date=1996 |title=The Newfoundland fisheries issue in Anglo-French treaties, 1713–1904 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086539608582966 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/03086539608582966 |issn=0308-6534|url-access=subscription }}</ref> giving Britain governance over the entire island and establishing the first [[French Shore]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiller |first=J. |date=1991 |title=Utrecht Revisited: The Origins of Fishing Rights in Newfoundland Waters |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/nflds/1991-v7-n1-nflds_7_1/nflds7_1art02/ |journal=Newfoundland Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–40 |issn=1198-8614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miquelon |first=Dale |date=2001 |title=Envisioning the French Empire: Utrecht, 1711-1713 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11904 |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=653–677 |doi=10.1215/00161071-24-4-653 |issn=1527-5493|url-access=subscription }}</ref> giving France and its migratory fishery almost exclusive access to a substantial stretch of the island's coastline.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm51923070 |title=The "conquest" of Acadia, 1710: imperial, colonial, and aboriginal constructions |date=2004 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-3755-8 |editor-last=Reid |editor-first=John G. |location=Toronto ; Buffalo |oclc=ocm51923070}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Laxer |first=James |title=The Acadians in search of a homeland |date=2006 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=978-0-385-66108-9 |location=S.l.}}</ref> 

Despite reoccurring wars and conflicts, Britain acquiesced to France's demands for continuing access to this fishery.<ref name=":10" /> Between 1755 and 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]] the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|Great Expulsion]] or Le Grand Dérangement.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Grenier |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3 |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403191603/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the Seven Years War and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] of 1763, Newfoundland's governor, Admiral [[Hugh Palliser]], consolidated British control by carrying out the first systematic hydrographic charting of the island,<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Palliser, Sir Hugh, first baronet (1723–1796), naval officer and politician |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-21165 |access-date=2024-10-06 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/21165}}</ref> including the [[Bay of Islands, Newfoundland and Labrador|Bay of Islands]] and [[Humber Arm]], much of it by the Royal Naval officer [[James Cook]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Janzen |first=Olaf U. |title=Showing the Flag: Hugh Palliser in Western Newfoundland, 1763-1766 |date=2013-01-01 |work=War and Trade in Eighteenth-Century Newfoundland |pages=155–172 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0010 |access-date=2024-10-06 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0010 |isbn=978-1-927869-02-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harley |first=Brian |title=The Legacy of James Cook: The story of the Bay of Islands. |publisher=Robinson Blackmore |year=1998 |isbn=978-0968447604 |language=en}}</ref>

After the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1764 some of the Acadians returned and settled in the area that would become New Brunswick.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Pratson |first=Frederick |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoeasternca0000prat |title=Guide to Eastern Canada |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |year=1995 |editor-last=Loverseed |editor-first=Helga |edition=5th |location=Old Saybrook, Connecticut |isbn=978-1-56440-635-4 |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> The effect of this migration can still be seen today as the province of New Brunswick is the only officially [[Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories#New Brunswick|bilingual province in Canada]] with over a quarter of residents speaking French at home.<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacKinnon |first=Bobbi-Jean |date=2023-12-11 |title=Official languages commissioner slams Higgs government over 'opportunity lost' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/official-languages-commissioner-new-brunswick-report-2022-23-shirley-maclean-1.7055113 |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bokhorst-Heng |first1=Wendy D. |title=Chapter 11 "I want to be bilingual!" Contested imaginings of bilingualism in New Brunswick, Canada |date=2021-11-08 |work=The Changing Face of the "Native Speaker" |pages=285–314 |editor-last=Slavkov |editor-first=Nikolay |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501512353-012/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9781501512353-012 |isbn=978-1-5015-1235-3 |last2=Marshall |first2=Kelle L. |editor2-last=Melo-Pfeifer |editor2-first=Sílvia |editor3-last=Kerschhofer-Puhalo |editor3-first=Nadja|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Linda |date=2005 |title=SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN CANADA'S OFFICIALLY BILINGUAL PROVINCE: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41669832 |journal=Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–154 |jstor=41669832 |issn=0820-909X}}</ref>

=== Immigration: From Loyalists to the Irish ===
[[File:RoseFortuneNovaScotiaArchievesandRecordsManagement.jpg|thumb|Rose Fortune, daughter of Fortune a free Negro, who immigrated to Nova Scotia as a child after the American Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Nova Scotia |date=2020-04-20 |title=Nova Scotia Archives - African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition |url=https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/archives/?ID=30 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Nova Scotia Archives}}</ref>|220x220px]]After the conclusion of the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]] with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783 many [[United Empire Loyalist|loyalists]] from the United States settled in the region.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=John G. |last2=Bowen |first2=H.V. |last3=Mancke |first3=Elizabeth |date=2009 |title=Is There a "Canadian" Atlantic World? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/084387140902100112 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=263–295 |doi=10.1177/084387140902100112 |issn=0843-8714|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Lemer-Fleury |first=Alice |date=2018-12-31 |title=Colonial policies and propaganda: the making of British North America as an anti-republican refuge after the War of Independence (c. 1783–1815) |url=http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1425 |journal=Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies |issue=85 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.4000/eccs.1425 |issn=0153-1700}}</ref> This influx of immigrants caused the [[partition of Nova Scotia]] creating New Brunswick.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilroy |first=Marion |date=1933-12-01 |title=The Partition of Nova Scotia, 1784 |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/chr-014-04-02 |journal=Canadian Historical Review |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=375–391 |doi=10.3138/chr-014-04-02 |issn=0008-3755|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lennox |first=Jeffers |date=2015 |title=A Time and a Place: The Geography of British, French, and Aboriginal Interactions in Early Nova Scotia, 1726–44 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=423–460 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423 |issn=0043-5597|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Condon |first=Ann Gorman |date=1987-01-01 |title=Loyalist Style and the Culture of the Atlantic Seaboard |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17300 |journal=Material Culture Review |language=en |issn=1927-9264}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Errington |first=Jane |date=2012 |title=Loyalists and Loyalism in the American Revolution and Beyond |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2012-v41-n2-acad_41_2/acad41_2re01/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=164–174 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref> It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly [[English Canadians|Anglo-Canadian]] population.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mancke |first=Elizabeth |date=1997 |title=Another British America: A Canadian model for the early modern British Empire |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086539708582991 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1080/03086539708582991 |issn=0308-6534|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bogdanowicz |first=Mateusz |date=2020-12-01 |title=Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812 |url=https://czasopisma.uwm.edu.pl/index.php/ep/article/view/6139 |journal=Echa Przeszłości |issue=XXI/1 |doi=10.31648/ep.6139 |issn=1509-9873|doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the new settlers brought with them Black slaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=James |date=1999 |title=Myth, History and Revisionism:: The Black Loyalists Revisited |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/1999-v29-n1-acadiensis_29_1/acad29_1for02/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=88–105 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Frost |first=Karolyn Smardz |title=2. Planting Slavery in Nova Scotia's Promised Land, 1759–1775 |date=2022-01-27 |pages=53–84 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781487529185-004/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |language=en |doi=10.3138/9781487529185-004 |isbn=978-1-4875-2918-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Also 3,000 [[Black Loyalist|Black loyalists]] who were slaves during the war and who sided with the British were given freedom and evacuated with other Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohls |first=Elizabeth A. |date=2024 |title=John Marrant's Nova Scotia Journal Writes Displaced Communities |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/934202 |journal=Early American Literature |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=293–312 |doi=10.1353/eal.2024.a934202 |issn=1534-147X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lepore |first=Jill |date=2006-04-30 |title=Goodbye, Columbus |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/05/08/goodbye-columbus |access-date=2024-10-05 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Most of the free Blacks settled at [[Birchtown]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=John N. |date=1973 |title=Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776-1815 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2716777 |journal=The Journal of Negro History |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.2307/2716777 |jstor=2716777 |issn=0022-2992|url-access=subscription }}</ref> the most prominent Black township in [[North America]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=James W. St G. |title=The Black Loyalists: the search for a promised land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone; 1783 - 1870 |date=1999 |publisher=Univ. of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7 |edition=Repr |location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hidden from History: Black Loyalists at Country Harbour, Nova Scotia |date=2013-09-13 |work=Moving On |pages=63–82 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315052090-9 |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315052090-9 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 |isbn=978-1-315-05209-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[War of 1812]] significantly impacted the provinces of Atlantic Canada where they played crucial roles in naval operations, privateering,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kert |first=Faye Margaret |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21pxjkw |title=Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812 |date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78694-923-3 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt21pxjkw|jstor=j.ctt21pxjkw }}</ref> and as strategic support bases for the British war effort against the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stranack |first=Ian |title=The Andrew and the Onions: the story of the Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795-1975 |date=1990 |publisher=Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=978-0-921560-03-6 |edition=2nd |location=Old Royal Navy Dockyard, Bermuda |language=en}}</ref>

In the last half of the 19th century the region's population grew due to the immigration from Ireland due to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|great potato famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willeen |first=Keough |title=The Slender Thread: Irish Women on the Southern Avalon |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Irish in Atlantic Canada: 1780-1900 |date=1991 |publisher=New Ireland Press |isbn=978-0-920483-18-3 |editor-last=Power |editor-first=Thomas P. |location=Fredericton}}</ref> [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], both port cities, particularly received a significant influx of Irish immigrants within the region,<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGowan |first1=Mark G. |title=Overview: Irish Migration and Settlement in Canada |url=https://www.ireland.ie/en/canada/ottawa/news-and-events/news-archive/overview-irish-migration-and-settlement-in-canada/ |website=[[Embassy of Ireland, Ottawa]] |access-date=October 8, 2024 |language=en |date=July 31, 2023}}</ref> with Saint John's quarantine station on [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]] being the second-busiest in British North America during the [[epidemic typhus]] outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |last1=James-Abra |first1=Erin |title=Partridge Island |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/partridge-island |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=October 8, 2024 |language=en |date=February 7, 2006}}</ref>

=== Creating "Atlantic Canada" ===
The first [[Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador|premier of Newfoundland]], [[Joey Smallwood]], coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] joined Canada in 1949.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Slumkoski |first=Corey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2ttxrc |title=Inventing Atlantic Canada: Regionalism and the Maritime Reaction to Newfoundland's Entry into Canadian Confederation |date=2011 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1158-0 |jstor=10.3138/j.ctt2ttxrc }}</ref> He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "[[The Maritimes|Maritime provinces]]," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], and [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Overton |first=James |date=2000 |title=Sparking A Cultural Revolution: Joey Smallwood, Farley Mowat, Harold Horwood and Newfoundland's Cultural Renaissance |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/nflds/2000-v16-n2-nflds_16_2/nflds16_2art04/ |journal=Newfoundland Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=166–204 |issn=1198-8614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lowenthal |first=David |date=2017 |title=Canadian Historical Nonchalance and Newfoundland Exceptionalism |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2017-v46-n1-acad_46_1/acad46_1pp02/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=152–162 |doi=10.1353/aca.2017.0008 |issn=0044-5851|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Citation |last=Buckner |first=Phillip |title=The Maritimes and the Debate Over Confederation |date=2018-11-30 |work=Reconsidering Confederation |pages=101–143 |editor-last=Heidt |editor-first=Daniel |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781773850177-007/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |doi=10.1515/9781773850177-007 |isbn=978-1-77385-017-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] during the 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867,<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/1867howfathersma0000moor |title=1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal |publisher=M&S |year=1997 |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Gilbert D. |date=1949–1950 |title=Amendment of the British North America Acts in Relation to British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/utlj8&div=17&id=&page= |journal=University of Toronto Law Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=208–217|doi=10.2307/824545 |jstor=824545 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by Sidney Hall CTASC.jpg|thumb|Historical map showing parts of Atlantic Canada]]
Atlantic Canada is characterized by its rugged coastlines, gravel beaches, [[Canadian Shield|rugged mountains]], and dense forests.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bone |first=Robert M. |title=The regional geography of Canada |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542536-9 |edition=4th |location=Don Mills, Ont. ; New York |chapter=Atlantic Canada}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

=== Region and nearby area ===
The area is bordered by the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east and south<ref>{{Cite book |title=The geographies of Canada |date=2013 |publisher=P.I.E Peter Lang |isbn=978-2-87574-017-5 |editor-last=Tremblay |editor-first=Rémy |series="Canadian studies" series |location=Bruxelles |editor-last2=Chicoine |editor-first2=Hugues}}</ref> and [[Quebec]] to the west.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKay |first=Ian |date=2000 |title=A Note on "Region" in Writing the History of Atlantic Canada |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2000-v29-n2-acadiensis_29_2/acad29_2for01/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=89–101 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref> The region shares two international borders one with the United States and its State of [[Maine]]<ref name=":3" /> and another off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] with France and its overseas collectivity of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Richardson |first=Mark |date=2021-12-17 |title=You can now drive from Canada to France, so we took a road trip |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/drive/article-you-can-now-drive-from-canada-to-france-so-we-took-a-road-trip/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-02-23 |title=St Pierre and Miquelon profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-17142538 |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> The region's maritime environment has influenced the region's climate, culture, and economy.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Soucoup |first=Dan |url=https://archive.org/details/historicnewbruns0000souc/ |title=Historic New Brunswick |publisher=Pottersfield Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-895900-09-5 |language=en |access-date=2024-10-07}}</ref> The area encompasses a mix of urban centers like [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] and [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] and rural communities that rely on fishing, and tourism.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fullerton |first=Laurie |title=Vacations in the Maritimes: a tourbook of Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick plus Newfoundland and Labrador |date=1993 |publisher=Yankee Books ; Distributed in the book trade by St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-89909-356-7 |series=A Yankee Books travel guide |location=Dublin, N. H.: New York}}</ref>

=== Canadian dividing ===
Although Quebec has a physical Atlantic coast on the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Friesinger |first1=S. |last2=Bernatchez |first2=P. |date=2010 |title=Perceptions of Gulf of St. Lawrence coastal communities confronting environmental change: Hazards and adaptation, Québec, Canada |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0964569110001420 |journal=Ocean & Coastal Management |language=en |volume=53 |issue=11 |pages=669–678 |doi=10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2010.09.001|bibcode=2010OCM....53..669F |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lajeunesse |first1=P. |last2=Dietrich |first2=P. |last3=Ghienne |first3=J.-F. |date=2019-04-08 |title=Late Wisconsinan grounding zones of the Laurentide Ice Sheet margin off the Québec North Shore (NW Gulf of St Lawrence) |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/SP475.10 |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |language=en |volume=475 |issue=1 |pages=241–259 |doi=10.1144/SP475.10 |bibcode=2019GSLSP.475..241L |issn=0305-8719}}</ref> it is generally not considered an Atlantic Province;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ullman |first=Stephen |date=1984 |title=The Politics of the Province of Québec: The View from Atlantic Canada |url=http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/qs.2.1.36 |journal=Quebec Studies |language=en |volume=2 |pages=36–54 |doi=10.3828/qs.2.1.36 |issn=0737-3759|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milne |first=David |date=2002 |title=Consequences of Quebec Independence on Atlantic Provinces |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/unblj51&div=21&id=&page= |journal=University of New Brunswick Law Journal |volume=51 |pages=289}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/on1372132974 |title=Fiscal federalism in Canada: analysis, evaluation, and prescription |date=2023 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-5124-7 |editor-last=Lecours |editor-first=André |location=Toronto ; Buffalo |oclc=on1372132974 |editor-last2=Béland |editor-first2=Daniel |editor-last3=Tombe |editor-first3=Trevor |editor-last4=Champagne |editor-first4=Eric}}</ref> instead, it is classified as part of [[Central Canada]], along with [[Ontario]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albinski |first=Henry S. |date=1974-04-01 |title=Quebec and Canadian Unity |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article/66/392/155/122012/Quebec-and-Canadian-Unity |journal=Current History |language=en |volume=66 |issue=392 |pages=155–160 |doi=10.1525/curh.1974.66.392.155 |issn=0011-3530|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yeates |first=Maurice |date=1985 |title=The Core/Periphery Model and Urban Development in Central Canada |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2747/0272-3638.6.2.101 |journal=Urban Geography |language=en |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=101–121 |doi=10.2747/0272-3638.6.2.101 |issn=0272-3638|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Atlantic and Central Canada together are also known as [[Eastern Canada]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Poulin |first1=Monique |last2=Rochefort |first2=Line |last3=Pellerin |first3=Stéphanie |last4=Thibault |first4=Jacques |date=2004-10-01 |title=Threats and protection for peatlands in Eastern Canada |journal=Géocarrefour |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=331–344 |doi=10.4000/geocarrefour.875 |issn=1627-4873|doi-access=free }}</ref> Atlantic Canada includes a section of the [[Appalachian Mountains]] known as the [[Appalachian Uplands]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Studies {{!}} Regions of Canada {{!}} Atlantic Region |url=http://gradefive.mrpolsky.com/regionsofcanada/atlantic-region.html |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=gradefive.mrpolsky.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> In each Atlantic province, Upland regions have been divided into three highland areas. The mountain range results in coastal regions being [[fjord]]ed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=J. |date=2016 |title=Fjord-mouth submarine moraines, SW Newfoundland |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/10.1144/M46.65 |journal=Geological Society, London, Memoirs |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=79–80 |doi=10.1144/M46.65 |bibcode=2016GSLMm..46...79S |issn=0435-4052|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Copeland |first1=Alison |title=19 - Geomorphic Features and Benthic Habitats of a Sub-Arctic Fjord: Gilbert Bay, Southern Labrador, Canada |date=2012-01-01 |work=Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat |pages=309–327 |editor-last=Harris |editor-first=Peter T. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123851406000190 |access-date=2024-10-05 |place=London |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385140-6.00019-0 |isbn=978-0-12-385140-6 |last2=Edinger |first2=Evan |last3=Bell |first3=Trevor |last4=LeBlanc |first4=Philippe |last5=Wroblewski |first5=Joseph |last6=Devillers |first6=Rodolphe |editor2-last=Baker |editor2-first=Elaine K.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some areas contain [[glaciofluvial deposits]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Grant |first=Douglas.R. |title=Quaternary Geology of the Atlantic Appalachian Region of Canada |date=1989 |work=Quaternary Geology of Canada and Greenland |pages=391–440 |editor-last=Fulton |editor-first=R.J. |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/853/chapter/4856733/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |place=North America |publisher=Geological Society of America |language=en |doi=10.1130/dnag-gna-k1.391 |isbn=978-0-660-13114-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Syvitski |first1=James P. M. |last2=Lee |first2=Hee J. |date=1997-11-01 |title=Postglacial sequence stratigraphy of Lake Melville, Labrador |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002532279700090X |journal=Marine Geology |series=COLDSEIS (seismic facies of glacigenic deposits) |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=55–79 |doi=10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00090-X |bibcode=1997MGeol.143...55S |issn=0025-3227|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Foisy |first1=Marc |last2=Prichonnet |first2=Gilbert |date=1991-10-01 |title=A reconstruction of glacial events in southeastern New Brunswick |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/e91-143 |journal=Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=28 |issue=10 |pages=1594–1612 |doi=10.1139/e91-143 |bibcode=1991CaJES..28.1594F |issn=0008-4077|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Economy ==
Atlantic Canada's primary industries are [[natural resource]] extraction and power generation including [[Fishing industry|fishing]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last= |first= |date=1985-01-01 |title=The Fishery |url=https://archive.org/details/AtlanticInsight-031-January-1982/ |magazine=[[Atlantic Insight]] |location= |publisher=Impact Publishing Limited |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> [[hydroelectricity]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Brian |date=2023-02-02 |title=Atlantic Canada: wind, hydrogen and the folks working to realize the potential |url=https://atlanticbusinessmagazine.ca/article/atlantic-canada-wind-hydrogen-and-the-folks-working-to-realize-the-potential/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Atlantic Business Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> wind power,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayers |first=Tom |date=2024-04-08 |title=Company in Sydney Harbour launches new business marshalling offshore wind turbine parts |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/new-company-sydney-harbour-offshore-wind-marshalling-1.7165446 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> [[Forestry in Canada|forestry]],<ref>{{Citation |last=Clancy |first=Peter |title=Chapter 8. Atlantic Canada: The Politics of Private and Public Forestry |date=2001-12-31 |work=Canadian Forest Policy |pages=205–236 |editor-last=Howlett |editor-first=Michael |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781442672192-010/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |doi=10.3138/9781442672192-010 |isbn=978-1-4426-7219-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> oil,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Laxer |first=Gordon |title=After the sands: energy and ecological security for Canadians |date=2015 |publisher=Douglas & McIntyre |isbn=978-1-77162-100-7 |location=Madeira Park, BC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Paul |date=2008-05-05 |title=The Offshore Petroleum Industry in Atlantic Canada - A Regional Overview |url=https://onepetro.org/OTCONF/proceedings/08OTC/All-08OTC/Houston,%20Texas,%20USA/37768 |journal=Paper Presented at the Offshore Technology Conference |article-number=OTC-19273-MS |publisher=Offshore Technology Conference |publication-place=Houston, Texas |doi=10.4043/19273-MS|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Mining in Canada|mining]].<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez-Pacheco |first=Alexandra |date=2022-06-14 |title=The new Atlantic Canada exploration boom |url=https://magazine.cim.org/en/projects/the-new-atlantic-canada-exploration-boom-en/ |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Fishing and the Atlantic Ocean ===
The Atlantic provinces contribute a large part of Canada's fish production,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Halliday |first1=R. G. |last2=Fanning |first2=L. P. |date=2006 |title=A History of Marine Fisheries Science in Atlantic Canada and its Role in the Management of Fisheries |url=https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/70962 |journal=Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science |language=en |volume=43}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Flaherty |first1=Mark |last2=Reid |first2=Gregor |last3=Chopin |first3=Thierry |last4=Latham |first4=Erin |date=2019 |title=Public attitudes towards marine aquaculture in Canada: insights from the Pacific and Atlantic coasts |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10499-018-0312-9 |journal=Aquaculture International |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=9–32 |doi=10.1007/s10499-018-0312-9 |bibcode=2019AqInt..27....9F |issn=0967-6120|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with many coastal communities primarily dependent on fisheries.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Myers |first1=Ransom A. |last2=Hutchings |first2=Jeffrey A. |last3=Barrowman |first3=Nicholas J. |date=1997 |title=Why do Fish Stocks Collapse? The Example of Cod in Atlantic Canada |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0091:WDFSCT]2.0.CO;2 |journal=Ecological Applications |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=91–106 |doi=10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[0091:WDFSCT]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1051-0761|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Over half of all ocean related jobs in Canada are found in Atlantic Canada with 75% of the ocean economy centered in its provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Savannah |title=Atlantic Canada: Growth Comes in Waves {{!}} Site Selection Magazine |url=https://siteselection.com/issues/2019/jul/atlantic-canada-growth-comes-in-waves.cfm |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Site Selection |language=en}}</ref> The access point for many of such fisheries being the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brosset |first1=P |last2=Durant |first2=Jm |last3=Van Beveren |first3=E |last4=Plourde |first4=S |date=2019-08-15 |title=Fish population growth in the Gulf of St Lawrence: effects of climate, fishing and predator abundance |url=https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v624/p167-181/ |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |language=en |volume=624 |pages=167–181 |doi=10.3354/meps13029 |bibcode=2019MEPS..624..167B |hdl=10852/78160 |issn=0171-8630|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the Atlantic [[continental shelf]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Resources in the Atlantic Provinces |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/natural-resources-in-the-atlantic-provinces |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kerr |first1=S R |last2=Ryder |first2=R A |date=1997-05-01 |title=The Laurentian Great Lakes experience: a prognosis for the fisheries of Atlantic Canada |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/f97-076 |journal=Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences |language=en |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=1190–1197 |doi=10.1139/f97-076 |bibcode=1997CJFAS..54.1190K |issn=0706-652X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Due to the [[collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery]] Canada imposed a moratorium of [[Atlantic cod|cod]] fishing in 1992.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Richard L. Haedrich, Lawrence C. Ha |date=2000 |title=The Fall and Future of Newfoundland's Cod Fishery |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/089419200279018 |journal=Society & Natural Resources |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=359–372 |doi=10.1080/089419200279018 |bibcode=2000SNatR..13..359R |issn=0894-1920|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cod Moratorium in Newfoundland and Labrador |url=https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/economy/moratorium.php |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.heritage.nf.ca}}</ref> This affected the region significantly and caused the loss of between 30,000 and 50,000 jobs in the region which was the largest single layoff in Canadian history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosano |first=Michela |date=2022-07-11 |title=Cod moratorium: How Newfoundland's cod industry disappeared overnight |url=https://canadiangeographic.ca/articles/cod-moratorium-how-newfoundlands-cod-industry-disappeared-overnight/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Canadian Geographic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bradley |first=Charlie |date=2020-04-04 |title=EU fisheries war: How Canada sent chilling fisheries threat to bloc |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1264512/eu-fisheries-canada-chilling-threat-bloc-waters-invasion-spt |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> The [[Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency]] is the official agency responsible for creating economic opportunities within Atlantic Canada.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Terry |last2=Landry |first2=Béatrice |date=2000 |title=Evaluating Policy Outcomes: Federal Economic Development Programs in Atlantic Canada |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/cjpe.15.003 |journal=Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=57–68 |doi=10.3138/cjpe.15.003 |issn=0834-1516}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Foster |first=Karen |date=2019 |title=Productivism, Neoliberalism, and Responses to Regional Disparities in Canada: The Case of the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2019-v48-n2-acadiensis05148/1067769ar/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=117–145 |doi=10.1353/aca.2019.0012 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref>

=== Power production ===
Labrador hosts the second largest hydroelectric system in Canada at [[Churchill Falls Generating Station|Churchill Falls]] where it produces 35,000 [[Kilowatt-hour|GWh]] of power each year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedlander |first=Gordon D. |date=1971 |title=Power from Labrador: the Churchill Falls development |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=81–91 |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.1971.5217962 |issn=0018-9235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirby |first=Jessica |title=Canada's top 10 hydroelectric dams {{!}} Mining & Energy |url=https://www.miningandenergy.ca/read/top-10-hydroelectric-dams-in-canada |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.miningandenergy.ca |language=en}}</ref> Elsewhere in the region wind power and hydrogen generation have begun to make a large impact on the energy landscape including exporting energy to Canada and hydrogen overseas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Danielle |date=2023-10-16 |title=Offshore wind industry in Atlantic Canada could make region energy powerhouse: report |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/offshore-wind-industry-atlantic-canada-net-zero-emission-1.6996162 |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thurton |first=David |date=2024-07-31 |title=Canada, Germany commit $600M for hydrogen export in Atlantic Canada |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-germany-hydrogen-auction-1.7281021 |access-date=2024-10-06 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Snieckus |first=Darius |date=2024-07-05 |title=Nova Scotia offshore wind hopes rise with 'critical' supply chain roadmap {{!}} Canada's National Observer: Climate News |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2024/07/05/analysis/nova-scotia-offshore-wind-supply-chain-roadmap |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.nationalobserver.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Resources ===
The region is host to parts of [[Eastern Canadian Boreal Forests|Canada's eastern boreal forests]] which were historically used for timber production and boat production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bergeron |first1=Yves |last2=Fenton |first2=Nicole J. |date=2012 |title=Boreal forests of eastern Canada revisited: old growth, nonfire disturbances, forest succession, and biodiversity |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/b2012-034 |journal=Botany |language=en |volume=90 |issue=6 |pages=509–523 |doi=10.1139/b2012-034 |bibcode=2012Botan..90..509B |issn=1916-2790|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Clayden |first1=Stephen R. |title=Perhumid Boreal and Hemiboreal Forests of Eastern Canada |date=2011 |work=Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation |pages=111–131 |editor-last=DellaSala |editor-first=Dominick A. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.5822/978-1-61091-008-8_4 |access-date=2024-10-06 |place=Washington, DC |publisher=Island Press/Center for Resource Economics |language=en |doi=10.5822/978-1-61091-008-8_4 |isbn=978-1-61091-008-8 |last2=Cameron |first2=Robert P. |last3=McCarthy |first3=John W.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parks |first=A. C. |date=1965 |title=The Atlantic Provinces of Canada |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2098650 |journal=The Journal of Industrial Economics |volume=13 |pages=76–87 |doi=10.2307/2098650 |issn=0022-1821 |jstor=2098650|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Nova Scotia has historically been an exporter of [[gypsum]] and now produces over 60% of the gypsum in Canada.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ryan |first1=Robert |url=https://archive.org/details/physicalgeologyo0000ryan |title=Physical geology of Canada to Supplement Understanding Earth |last2=O'Beirne-Ryan |first2=Ann Marie |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7167-4121-3 |language=en |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=How |date=1868 |title=Contributions to the mineralogy of Nova Scotia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786446808639936 |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |language=en |volume=35 |issue=234 |pages=32–41 |doi=10.1080/14786446808639936 |issn=1941-5982|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the Atlantic provinces, [[iron]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-11 |title=Mining in Canada: A Historic View |url=https://www.identecsolutions.com/news/mining-in-canada-a-historic-view |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.identecsolutions.com |language=en}}</ref> [[anhydrite]], [[salt]], [[coal]], [[limestone]], [[Silicon dioxide|silica]], [[sand]], [[quartz]], [[marble]], [[slate]], [[sandstone]], [[granite]], and [[peat]] are also mined.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Maritimes; don't overlook this metals-rich region – Resource World Magazine |url=https://resourceworld.com/canadas-maritimes-dont-overlook-this-metals-rich-region/ |access-date=2025-05-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| image1            = Petitcodiac River Moncton (23298366533).jpg
| width1            = 200
| caption1          = The Petitcodiac River at Moncton, New Brunswick
| image2            = Charlottetown skyline 2010 (cropped).jpg
| width2            = 300
| caption2          = Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island as seen from Fort Amherst
| image3            = Halifax at night.jpg
| width3            = 200
| caption3          = Purdy's Wharf in Halifax, Nova Scotia
| image4            = Confederation Building (rear), St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.jpg
| width4            = 200
| caption4          = The Confederation Building at St. John's, Newfoundland
}}

== Sources ==
{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=bysa4|url=https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation2e/chapter/3-2-beginnings-of-globalism/|author(s)=John Douglas Belshaw}}

{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by3|url=https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ljcs/article/id/493/print/|author(s)=Rainer Baehre}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{citation |last =Hamilton  |first =William Baillie |title =Place names of Atlantic Canada |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&q=Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PP1 |year =1996 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn= 0-8020-0471-7}}
* {{citation |last =MacEachern |first =Alan Andrew  |title =Natural selections: national parks in Atlantic Canada |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=uSBPQkbbCr0C&q=Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PP1 |year = 2001|publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn= 0-7735-2157-7}}
* {{citation |last1 =  Martinez|first1 =Andrew J |title =Marine Life of the North Atlantic: Canada to New England |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=dq-iIBVn4_MC&q=Atlantic%20Canada&pg=PP1 |year =2003 |last2=Martinez|first2= Candace Storm |publisher=Aqua Quest Publications |isbn=1-881652-32-7 }}
* {{citation |last =Prieur |first = Benoit |title =Atlantic Canada |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IVrdzKdvvMYC&q=Canada&pg=PP1 |year =2005 |publisher=Ulysse Travel Publ |isbn=2894647239  }}
{{Refend}}

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