View source for Atlantic Coast Line Railroad

{{Short description|Defunct American Class I railroad}}
{{use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{About|the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad in the United States|the Atlantic Coast Line in Cornwall, UK|Atlantic Coast Line, Cornwall}}
{{Distinguish|Atlantic Shore Line Railway}}
{{Infobox rail
|railroad_name = Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
|logo_filename = File:Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad_Logo,_September_1947.svg
|logo_size = 150px
|system_map = 1914 ACL.jpg
|map_size = 250
|map_caption = ACL system map, {{circa|1914}}
|image = 
|image_caption = 
|marks = ACL
| gauge = {{track gauge|ussg|allk=on}}
|length = {{convert|5155|mi|abbr=off}}<ref name=drury>{{cite book | last = Drury | first = George H. | title = The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930 | publisher = [[Kalmbach Publishing]] | year = 1994 | location = [[Waukesha, Wisconsin]] | pages = 28–32 | isbn = 978-0-89024-072-4}}</ref>
|locale = [[Alabama]]<br />[[Florida]]<br />[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]<br />[[North Carolina]]<br />[[South Carolina]]<br />[[Virginia]]
|start_year = 1871
|end_year= 1967
|successor_line = [[Seaboard Coast Line Railroad]]|
|hq_city = [[Wilmington, North Carolina]] (1900–1960)<br />[[CSX Transportation Building|Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Building]], 500 Water Street, [[Jacksonville, Florida]] (1960–1967)
}}
The '''Atlantic Coast Line Railroad''' {{Reporting mark|ACL}} was a [[United States]] [[Class I railroad]] formed in 1900, though predecessor railroads had used the ACL brand since 1871. In 1967, it merged with long-time rival [[Seaboard Air Line Railroad]] to form the [[Seaboard Coast Line Railroad]]. Much of the original ACL network has been part of [[CSX Transportation]] since 1986.

The Atlantic Coast Line served the [[Southeastern United States|Southeast]], with a concentration of lines in Florida. Numerous named passenger trains were operated by the railroad for Florida-bound tourists, with the Atlantic Coast Line contributing significantly to Florida's economic development in the first half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite podcast|url = https://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/18/|title = Episode 17 Travel Dining|date = June 5, 2014|access-date = January 24, 2016|website = A History of Central Florida|last = Dickens|first = Bethany}}</ref>

At the end of 1925, ACL operated 4,924 miles of road, not including its flock of subsidiaries; after some merging, mileage at the end of 1960 was 5,570 not including A&WP, CN&L, East Carolina, Georgia, Rockingham, and V&CS. In 1960, ACL reported 10,623 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 490 million passenger-miles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2013}}

==History==
===Early history===
The earliest predecessor of the ACL was the [[Petersburg Railroad]] between [[Petersburg, Virginia]], and a point near [[Weldon, North Carolina]], founded in 1830.<ref name="car3"/><ref name="SCL2">{{cite book |title=Seaboard Coast Line Railroad |last=Nuckles |first=Douglas B. |year=1995 |publisher=TLC Publishing|isbn=978-1-883089-13-9 |pages=1–3}}</ref>  A route between [[Richmond, Virginia]], and Petersburg was built by the [[Richmond & Petersburg Railroad]], which was founded in 1836.<ref name="car3"/> In 1840 the [[Wilmington and Weldon Railroad]], at the time known as the Wilmington and Raleigh and renamed in 1855, completed a route between Weldon and [[Wilmington, North Carolina]].<ref name="car3"/> From Wilmington, the [[Wilmington and Manchester Railroad]] began operations in 1853 to [[Florence, South Carolina]], where the [[Northeastern Railroad (South Carolina)|Northeastern Railroad]] operated to [[Charleston, South Carolina]].<ref name="car3"/> In 1871, the W&W and the W&M (renamed the Wilmington, Columbia & Augusta) began using the Atlantic Coast Line name to advertise the two lines.<ref name="railga"/>  An investor from Baltimore, [[William T. Walters]], gained control of these separate railroads after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and operated them as a network of independent companies.<ref name="car3">{{Schafer-Classic-Railroads-3 | pages=9–17}}</ref> In 1897–98, most of the South Carolina lines in Walters' system were consolidated under the name of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of South Carolina.<ref name="railga"/> In 1898, as the companies moved towards combining themselves into a single system, the lines in Virginia were combined into the new Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of Virginia, and the lines in North Carolina underwent a similar process in 1899, becoming the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company of North Carolina.<ref name="railga"/> In 1899<ref name="car3"/> or 1900,<ref name="railga"/> due to a regulatory climate in Virginia that was better suited to the company than that in other states, the ACL of Virginia took control of the other lines and subsequently shortened its name to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company.<ref name="railga">{{cite web | url=http://www.railga.com/acl.html | title=Atlantic Coast Line Railroad | access-date=13 February 2011 | publisher=RailGa.com | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302085443/http://railga.com/acl.html | archive-date=2 March 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Forming the ACL by mergers===
[[Image:1914 ACL FL.jpg|thumb|left|1914 map of the lines through Florida]]
In 1898, [[Petersburg Railroad]] and the [[Richmond and Petersburg Railroad]] formally merged, and two years later the combined company took control of the ACL's routes south of Virginia and the [[Norfolk—Rocky Mount Line|Norfolk and Carolina Railroad]], which operated from [[Norfolk, Virginia]] to [[Tarboro, North Carolina]].<ref name="Prince1966p5">{{Harvp|Prince|1966|p=5}}.</ref> These mergers created an ACL system reaching from southern Virginia to South Carolina and Georgia. Other small acquisitions took place in 1901, and in 1902 the ACL took over the [[Plant System]], which operated numerous lines within Florida and Georgia.<ref name="Prince1966p5"/> This same year the ACL took control of the [[Louisville and Nashville Railroad]] as well as the [[Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway]], though the two were never merged into the ACL and were operated independently.<ref>Dozier, Howard Douglas. A History of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad</ref> The ACL acquired the [[East Carolina Railway]] in 1935, running south from Tarboro to [[Hookerton (NC)|Hookerton]], although the 12-mile extension to Hookerton was abandoned in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|author=W. Terry Smith |url=http://dailysoutherner.com/tgif/x373696319/Farmville-collector-shares-passion-for-railroads-with-Tarboro |title=Farmville collector shares passion for railroads with Tarboro " TGIF " The Daily Southerner, Tarboro, NC |publisher=Dailysoutherner.com |access-date=13 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922051535/http://dailysoutherner.com/tgif/x373696319/Farmville-collector-shares-passion-for-railroads-with-Tarboro |archive-date=22 September 2010 }}</ref>

The ACL's last major acquisition was the [[Atlanta, Birmingham and Coast Railroad]], which it purchased in 1927, though the AB&C was not merged into the ACL until 1945.

Upon the formal incorporation of the ACL in 1900, an assessment was made of its repair and maintenance facilities. The oldest inherited shop site was at [[Wilmington, North Carolina]], which dated to 1840. The shops in [[Florence, South Carolina]] were a bit more modern, having been upgraded in 1883. However, the sprawling ACL system needed larger and more modern facilities to handle locomotive overhauls and freight car building. By the 1920s the two largest shop sites were at South [[Rocky Mount, North Carolina]] and [[Waycross, Georgia]], each of which employed about 2,000 workers. To handle extensions into Florida, in 1926 the ACL established the Uceta shops and yard outside of [[Tampa, Florida]] at a cost of $2 million.<ref>Starr, Timothy. The Back Shop Illustrated, Volume 3: Southeast and Western Regions</ref>

===Later history===
[[File:Atlantic Coast Line R.R. Building, Jacksonville, Florida.jpg|thumbnail|right|Atlantic Coast Line headquarters, Jacksonville, Florida.]]
By the early 1900s the railroad had largely reached its final configuration and began to focus on upgrading its physical plant.<ref name="car3"/>  By the 1920s the railroad's main line from Richmond, Virginia to Jacksonville, Florida had been double-tracked, which benefited the railroad during the 1920s when Florida boomed.<ref name="car3"/>

In 1928 the ACL completed a line between [[Perry, Florida]] and Drifton, near [[Monticello, Florida]], the last link of the new "[[Perry Cutoff]]".<ref>{{cite news|title=New Era for West Coast Ushered In|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=19281205&id=bOAcAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HWQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6652,1292731&hl=en|access-date=22 October 2015|work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune|date=December 5, 1928}}</ref> This created a more direct route between Chicago and Florida's west coast and bypassing Jacksonville, one which passed through Macon, Albany, and Thomasville, the route followed by ACL's passenger train ''[[Southland (train)|Southland]]'' from December 1928 to 1957 when it was rerouted to Jacksonville.

[[Image:Atlantic Coast Line RR ad 1910.jpg|thumb|250px|1910 advertisement for ACL trains from New York to Florida]]
During the Great Depression ACL's freight traffic declined by around 60%, but the railroad survived the 1930s without declaring bankruptcy; its success in this regard has been attributed to its leadership and careful financial practices, as well as owning the Louisville and Nashville, which remained strong through the Depression.<ref name="car3"/>

During World War II ACL's passenger traffic increased 200% and freight traffic 150%.<ref name="car3"/>  The railroad provided a submarine-proof alternative to coastal shipping, and it also served the fast-emerging military industry in the Southeast.<ref name="car3"/>  In 1942, Champion McDowell Davis (nicknamed "Champ") became president of the ACL after starting with the railroad in the 1890s as a messenger boy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Davis' Elevation to A.C.L. President Is Success Story|date=October 16, 1942|work=Tampa Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/332847146/?terms=President|page=7|access-date=September 17, 2020}}</ref> He immediately began an improvement program that finished in the mid-1950s, including the rebuilding of several hundred miles of track, the installation of modern signaling systems and improvements to [[rail yards|freight yards]].<ref name="car3"/>  The railroad spent at least [[US dollar|$]]268 million in upgrading its physical plant during this period.<ref name="car3"/> On June 30, 1955, the railroad retired its last steam locomotive.

In 1956 the railroad moved its headquarters, which had been sited at and adjacent to Wilmington, North Carolina's [[Union Station (Wilmington, North Carolina)|Union Station]] to [[Jacksonville, Florida]]. Jacksonville was selected from three candidate cities, the other two being [[Savannah, Georgia]] and [[Charleston, South Carolina]]. Construction of the new office complex was finished in July 1960, with the move from Wilmington completed over the following weeks.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goolsby |first1=Larry |year=2010 |title=The ACL Moves to Jacksonville |journal=Lines South |publisher=White River Productions |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=14–21 }}</ref>

===Merger===
As early as October 1958<ref name=SCL2 /> the ACL and competitor [[Seaboard Air Line Railroad]] had discussed the possibility of a merger, initiating extensive studies on the potential unified system. The results showed that the merger could save considerable money through savings incurred and reduced expenditures to the amount of $38 million annually.<ref name="car3"/> On August 18, 1960, the merger was approved by shareholders of both railroads.<ref name=SCL2 />  In 1963, a merger between the two companies was approved by the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]], however, petitions for reconsideration were filed leading to a court decision to remand the approval of the merger on May 13, 1965, citing the [[Clayton Antitrust Act]]. Following another round of court decisions in 1966, the merger was allowed to proceed, and did so on July 1, 1967. The result was the creation of the [[Seaboard Coast Line Railroad|Seaboard Coast Line]].<ref name=SCL2 /><ref name="SCL1">{{cite book |title=Seaboard Coast Line & Family Lines |last=Griffin |first=William |year=2004 |publisher=TLC Publishing |isbn=978-0-9766201-0-5 |pages=4–16 }}</ref>

==Lines==
{{see also|Main Line (Atlantic Coast Line Railroad)}}
The backbone of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad was its main line, which ran nearly 900 miles from [[Richmond, Virginia]] to just south of [[Tampa, Florida]].  By 1952, the company operated over 5,000 miles of track including the main line and numerous secondary lines and branch lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Atlantic Coast Line: "Standard Railroad of the South" |url=https://www.american-rails.com/acl.html |website=American-Rails |access-date=19 October 2022}}</ref>  The network extended as far west as [[Birmingham, Alabama]] and as far south as [[Everglades City, Florida]] at its height.<ref name="Turner">{{cite book|last1=Turner|first1=Gregg|title=A Short History of Florida Railroads|date=2003|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-0-7385-2421-4}}</ref>

==Traffic==
[[File:Atlantic Coast Line 501.jpg|thumb|right|250px|ACL #501, an [[EMC E3]], pulled the ''Champion'' and now resides at the North Carolina Transportation Museum.]]

===Freight===
During its early years, the ACL handled mostly seasonal agricultural products, but by World War II its freight traffic had become more diverse.<ref name="car3"/>  During the 1950s, around 44% of all freight traffic consisted of manufactured and miscellaneous items, while bulk traffic like coal and phosphates also expanded during this time.<ref name="car3"/> During the 1950s, the ACL acquired some 13,000 new freight cars, to be used on high-speed trains offering reduced running times compared to earlier equipment.<ref name="car3"/> This allowed the railroad to remain competitive in the face of competition from the [[Interstate highway system]].<ref name="car3"/>

===Passenger===
[[File:Pinellas Special.JPG|thumb|The ACL's ''Pinellas Special'' in [[Belleair, Florida]], in 1920]]
The ACL's passenger traffic consisted almost entirely of Florida-bound traffic, largely from the Northeast, but also from the Midwest via trains that were operated by multiple railroads and handled by the ACL at their southern ends.<ref name="car3"/>  In 1939, in response to the Seaboard's popular new streamliner, the ''[[Silver Meteor]]'', the ACL launched its first streamlined train, the all-coach [[Champion (train)|''Champion'']]. ACL invested heavily in its passenger fleet after World War II<ref name="car3"/> but passenger revenue fell from $28.5 million in 1946 to $14.1 million in 1959.<ref name="car3"/> Until its 1967 merger the railroad continued to maintain and improve its passenger service, even replacing old stations with new.<ref name="car3"/>

====Major passenger trains====

All of ACL's New York - Florida trains ran on the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] north of Washington, D. C., then via the [[Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad]] from Washington to Richmond.  Tampa/St. Petersburg trains used ACL rails south of Richmond all the way to their destinations.  Trains for Miami ran on the [[Florida East Coast Railway]] from Jacksonville to Miami, but after passenger service on the FEC effectively ended with a long-lasting strike in 1963, ACL transferred its Miami-bound trains to Seaboard rails at [[Auburndale, Florida]].

'''New York-Florida''' routes:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, Condensed Tables, Table 1, 2 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=82 |issue=8 |date=January 1950}}</ref>

*''[[Champion (passenger train)|Champion]]'' (New York - Tampa/St. Petersburg, and New York - Miami)
*''Everglades'' (New York – Jacksonville)
*''[[Florida Special (train)|Florida Special]]'' (New York – Miami/St. Petersburg) (winter only; a rival to Seaboard's [[Orange Blossom Special (passenger train)|Orange Blossom Special]])
*''Gulf Coast Special'' (New York – Tampa/Ft. Myers/St. Petersburg)
*''Havana Special'' (New York – Key West, prior to the [[1935 Labor Day hurricane]].)
*''Miamian'' (Washington – Miami)
*''Vacationer'' (New York – Miami)

'''Midwest-Florida''' routes:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, Condensed Tables, Tables 11, 14, 18, 23, 25, 29 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=82 |issue=8 |date=January 1950}}</ref>

*''[[City of Miami (train)|City of Miami]]'' (Chicago-Miami)
*''[[Dixie Flagler]]'' (Chicago-Miami)
*''[[Dixie Flyer (train)|Dixie Flyer]]'' (Chicago-Miami; shortened in final four years to Atlanta-Jacksonville)
*''Dixie Limited'' (Chicago-Jacksonville)
*''[[Flamingo (train)|Flamingo]]'' (Cincinnati-Jacksonville)
*''[[Seminole (train)|Seminole]]'' (Chicago-Jacksonville)
*''[[South Wind (train)|South Wind]]'' (Chicago-St. Petersburg/Miami)
*''[[Southland (train)|Southland]]'' (Cincinnati—St. Petersburg/Ft. Myers/Miami; sole year-round passenger train to bypass Jacksonville and run through the western side of Florida)

Other routes:<ref>{{cite journal |title=Atlantic Coast Line Railroad, Consists Tables, Table 27 |journal=Official Guide of the Railways |publisher=National Railway Publication Company |volume=64 |issue=9 |date=February 1932}}</ref><ref>Atlantic Coast Line Railroad timetable, June 12, 1955, Tables D, 6</ref>
*''[[Palmetto (ACL train)|Palmetto]]'' (New York – Savannah, S.C./Augusta, Ga./Wilmington, N.C.)
*''Tar Heel'' (New York and Norfolk -Wilmington)

==In popular culture==

In Preston Sturges' 1942 comedy ''[[The Palm Beach Story]]'', main character Gerry Jeffers ([[Claudette Colbert]]) boards the ''Florida Special'' (ACL's premier, winter-only train) in New York City's [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]].<ref>[http://www.filmsite.org/palm2.html Dirks, Tom.  "The Palm Beach Story (1942)"], ''Filmsite'' movie review, accessed 23 Feb. 2012</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Railways}}
*[[List of Atlantic Coast Line Railroad predecessors]]
*[[Atlantic Coast Line 1504]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Atlantic Coast Line Railroad}}
*{{Cite book |last=Griffin |first=William E. Jr. |year=2001 |title=Atlantic Coast Line: The Standard Railroad of the South |edition=1st |publisher=TLC Publishing |isbn=978-1-883089-62-7 }}
*{{cite book| editor1-last=Middleton| editor1-first=William D.| editor2-first=George M.| editor2-last=Smerk| editor3-first=Roberta L.| editor3-last=Diehl| title=Encyclopedia of North American Railroads| publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]| year=2007| pages=155–56}}
*{{Cite book |last=Prince |first=Richard E. |year=1966 |title=Atlantic Coast Line Railroad: Steam Locomotives, Ships, and History |edition=1st |publisher=Wheelwright Lithographing Company |sbn=9600088-2-9 |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/atlanticcoastlin0000rich_t3u3}}

{{ACL named trains}}
{{Former Class I}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atlantic Coast Line  Railroad}}
[[Category:Atlantic Coast Line Railroad| ]]
[[Category:Seaboard Coast Line Railroad]]
[[Category:Former Class I railroads in the United States]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in the United States]]
[[Category:Railway companies established in 1898<!--"of Virginia" until 1900-->]]
[[Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:Defunct Alabama railroads]]
[[Category:Defunct Florida railroads]]
[[Category:Defunct Georgia (U.S. state) railroads]]
[[Category:Defunct North Carolina railroads]]
[[Category:Defunct South Carolina railroads]]
[[Category:Defunct Virginia railroads]]
[[Category:Companies based in Jacksonville, Florida]]
[[Category:Defunct companies based in Florida]]
[[Category:Predecessors of CSX Transportation]]