View source for Auckland Islands

{{short description|Volcanic archipelago in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox islands
| name               = Auckland Islands
| native_name        = {{Unbulleted list|{{Nowrap|{{Lang|mi|Motu Maha}} ([[Māori language|Māori]])}}|or|{{Nowrap|{{Lang|mi|Maungahuka}} ([[Māori language|Māori]])}}}}
| image_name         = Auckland Islands - STS089-743-5.jpg
| image_caption      = The Auckland Islands as seen by [[STS-89]] in 1998, with the northwest towards the top of the image
| image_size         = 250px
| image_map          = Auckland Island Map.webp
| map_caption        = Map of the Auckland Islands
| location           = [[South Pacific Ocean]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|50.7|S|166.1|E|region:NZ_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago        = Auckland Islands
| total_islands      = 31+
| major_islands      = [[Auckland Island]], [[Adams Island (New Zealand)|Adams Island]], [[Enderby Island (New Zealand)|Enderby Island]], [[Disappointment Island]], [[Ewing Island, New Zealand|Ewing Island]], Dundas Island, Green Island
| area_km2           = 570<ref name=NZ_DOC>{{cite web |url = https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/auckland-islands/ |title = Auckland Islands |website = doc.govt.nz |access-date = 7 Feb 2024}}</ref>
| highest_mount      = Mount Dick
| elevation_m        = 705
| country            = {{NZL}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = Area Outside Territorial Authority
| country_admin_divisions = New Zealand Subantarctic Islands
| population         = 0 (2015)
}}

[[File:Auckland Islands Location.jpg|thumb|Location map for Auckland Islands, showing position from New Zealand.]]

The '''Auckland Islands''' ([[Māori language|Māori]]: ''Motu Maha'' "Many islands" or ''Maungahuka'' "Snowy mountains")<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/conservation/land-and-freshwater/offshore-islands/subant-res-strat-05.pdf|title=New Zealand Subantarctic Islands Research Strategy|last=West|first=Carol|date=May 2005|publisher=Department of Conservation|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> are an archipelago of [[New Zealand]], lying {{cvt|465|km}} south of the [[South Island]]. The main [[Auckland Island]], occupying {{cvt|460|km2}}, is surrounded by smaller [[Adams Island, New Zealand|Adams Island]], [[Enderby Island, New Zealand|Enderby Island]], [[Disappointment Island]], [[Ewing Island, New Zealand|Ewing Island]], [[Rose Island, New Zealand|Rose Island]], Dundas Island, and Green Island, with a combined area of {{cvt|570|km2}}.<ref name=NZ_DOC/> The islands have no permanent human inhabitants.

The islands are listed with the [[New Zealand Outlying Islands]]. The islands are an immediate part of New Zealand, but not part of any [[Regions of New Zealand|region]] or [[Territorial Authorities of New Zealand|district]], but instead ''Area Outside Territorial Authority'', like all the other outlying islands except the [[Solander Islands]].

Ecologically, the Auckland Islands form part of the [[Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra]] [[ecoregion]]. Along with other [[New Zealand Subantarctic Islands]], they were designated a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/877 |title=New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

== Geography ==

The Auckland Islands lie {{cvt|360|km}} south of [[Stewart Island]], and {{cvt|465|km}} from the [[South Island]] port of [[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]], between the latitudes 50° 30' and 50° 55' S and longitudes 165° 50' and 166° 20' E.

They include [[Auckland Island]], [[Adams Island, New Zealand|Adams Island]], [[Enderby Island, New Zealand|Enderby Island]], [[Disappointment Island]], [[Ewing Island, New Zealand|Ewing Island]], [[Rose Island, New Zealand|Rose Island]], Dundas Island, and Green Island, with a combined area of {{cvt|570|km2}}. The islands are close to each other, separated by narrow channels, and the coastline is rugged, with numerous deep inlets.<ref name=NZ_DOC/>

Auckland Island, the main island, has an approximate land area of {{convert|510|km2|0|abbr=on}}, and a length of {{convert|42|km|0|abbr=on}}. It is notable for its steep cliffs and rugged terrain, which rises to over {{convert|600|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Prominent peaks include Cavern Peak ({{convert|659|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Mount Raynal ({{convert|635|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), [[Mount D'Urville]] ({{convert|630|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), Mount Easton ({{convert|610|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}), and the Tower of Babel ({{convert|550|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}). The southern end of the island broadens to a width of {{convert|26|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/auckland-islands/map-of-the-auckland-islands/|title=Map of the Auckland Islands|publisher=[[New Zealand Department of Conservation|Department of Conservation]]|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>

Here, the narrow channel of [[Carnley Harbour]] (the Adams Straits on some maps) separates the main island from the roughly triangular Adams Island ({{cvt|97|km2}}),<ref name=LINZ/> which is even more mountainous, reaching a height of {{cvt|705|m}} at [[Mount Dick]]. The channel is the remains of the crater of an extinct [[volcano]], and Adams Island and the southern part of the main island form the crater rim. The main island features many sharply incised inlets, notably [[Port Ross]] at the northern end.

The group includes numerous other smaller islands, notably Disappointment Island (northwest of the main island) and Enderby Island (off the northern tip of the main island), altogether covering {{cvt|12|km2}}.<ref name=LINZ/>

Most of the islands have a volcanic origin, with the archipelago dominated by two 12-million-year-old [[Miocene]] [[shield volcano]]es, subsequently eroded and dissected.<ref name = "Shirihai">{{cite book|last=Shirihai |first=H |year=2002 |title=A Complete Guide to Antarctic Wildlife |publisher=Alua Press |location=Degerby, Finland |isbn=951-98947-0-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Volcanic geology of Carnley volcano, Auckland Islands|year=1985 |doi=10.1080/00288306.1985.10422275 |last1=Gamble |first1=J.A. |last2=Adams |first2=C.J. |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=43–54 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1985NZJGG..28...43G }}</ref> These rest on older volcanic rocks 15–25&nbsp;million years old with some older [[granite]]s and fossil-bearing [[sedimentary rock]]s from around 100&nbsp;million years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Denison |first=R.E. |author2=Coombs, D.S. |year=1977 |title=Radiometric ages for some rocks from Snares and Auckland Islands, Campbell Plateau |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=23–29 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(77)90101-7 |bibcode=1977E&PSL..34...23D}}</ref>

=== Islands ===

The following table includes named islands according to [[Land Information New Zealand]].<ref name=LINZ>{{cite web |url = https://data.linz.govt.nz/mapviewer/?mv.centre=166.2%2C-50.8&mv.content=layer.50772&mv.zoom=10 |title = NZ Primary Parcels |website = linz.govt.nz |access-date = 7 Feb 2024}}</ref>

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2right"
! Location !! Area {{br}} (ha)
|-
| [[Auckland Island]] || 45,916.6
|-
| [[Adams Island, New Zealand|Adams Island]] || 9,695.8
|-
| [[Enderby Island]] || 695.9
|-
| [[Disappointment Island]] || 289.5
|-
| [[Rose Island (New Zealand)|Rose Island]] || 80.2
|-
| [[Ewing Island (New Zealand)|Ewing Island]] || 58.3
|-
| Ocean Island || 11.9
|-
| Detached Rock || 7.5
|-
| Adams Rocks || 7.5
|-
| Masked Island || 5.7
|-
| Figure of Eight Island || 5.3
|-
| Column Rocks || 5.2
|-
| Dundas Island || 4.9
|-
| Sugar Loaf Rocks || 4.8
|-
| Monumental Island || 4.3
|-
| Lantern Rocks || 3.9
|-
| Green Island || 3.0
|-
| Compadre Rock || 2.8
|-
| Frenchs Island || 1.9
|-
| Five Sisters Rocks || 1.9
|-
| Yule Island || 1.6
|-
| Friday Island || 1.6
|-
| Pinnacle Rocks || 1.5
|-
| Pillar Rock || 1.2
|-
| Blanche Rock || 1.0
|-
| Amherst Rock || 0.8
|-
| Shag Rock || 0.5
|-
| Beehive Rock || 0.4
|-
| Beacon Rock || 0.3
|-
| Davis Island || 0.1
|-
| Archer Rock || 0.1
|-
! {{center|Total}} || 56,816.1
|}

=== Climate ===
Port Ross features a [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)|subpolar oceanic climate]] (''Cfc'' according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system). Like many other Subpolar oceanic climates, Port Ross, along with the Auckland Islands in general, are characterised by the near-constant overcast weather and never being too hot or too cold.

This borders on an extremely mild-wintered, maritime-influenced [[tundra climate]].

{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|location = Enderby Island (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1991–present) 
| Jan record high C = 16.9
| Feb record high C = 17.2
| Mar record high C = 16.1
| Apr record high C = 13.8
| May record high C = 13.6
| Jun record high C = 12.4
| Jul record high C = 13.2
| Aug record high C = 11.8
| Sep record high C = 12.6
| Oct record high C = 12.7
| Nov record high C = 14.0
| Dec record high C = 16.9
| year record high C = 
| Jan avg record high C  = 14.4
| Feb avg record high C  = 14.4
| Mar avg record high C  = 13.7
| Apr avg record high C  = 12.6
| May avg record high C  = 11.6
| Jun avg record high C  = 10.3
| Jul avg record high C  = 10.2
| Aug avg record high C  = 10.2
| Sep avg record high C  = 10.7
| Oct avg record high C  = 11.6
| Nov avg record high C  = 12.6
| Dec avg record high C  = 13.7
| year avg record high C = 14.9
| Jan high C  = 12.4
| Feb high C  = 12.4
| Mar high C  = 11.6
| Apr high C  = 10.5
| May high C  = 9.2
| Jun high C  = 8.1
| Jul high C  = 7.8
| Aug high C  = 8.2
| Sep high C  = 8.8
| Oct high C  = 9.6
| Nov high C  = 10.4
| Dec high C  = 11.7
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C  = 10.3
| Feb mean C  = 10.3
| Mar mean C  = 9.7
| Apr mean C  = 8.7
| May mean C  = 7.5
| Jun mean C  = 6.3
| Jul mean C  = 6.1
| Aug mean C  = 6.4
| Sep mean C  = 6.8
| Oct mean C  = 7.4
| Nov mean C  = 8.2
| Dec mean C  = 9.5
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C  = 8.2
| Feb low C  = 8.2
| Mar low C  = 7.7
| Apr low C  = 6.8
| May low C  = 5.7
| Jun low C  = 4.4
| Jul low C  = 4.3
| Aug low C  = 4.5
| Sep low C  = 4.8
| Oct low C  = 5.1
| Nov low C  = 5.9
| Dec low C  = 7.3
| year low C = 
| Jan avg record low C  = 4.9
| Feb avg record low C  = 4.6
| Mar avg record low C  = 4.1
| Apr avg record low C  = 2.7
| May avg record low C  = 0.6
| Jun avg record low C  = -0.5
| Jul avg record low C  = -0.1
| Aug avg record low C  = 0.1
| Sep avg record low C  = 0.1
| Oct avg record low C  = 1.1
| Nov avg record low C  = 1.7
| Dec avg record low C  = 3.7
| year avg record low C = -1.8
|Jan record low C  = 1.2
|Feb record low C  = 2.7
|Mar record low C  = 2.0
|Apr record low C  = -0.2
|May record low C  =  -2.9
|Jun record low C  = -3.2
|Jul record low C  = -4.2
|Aug record low C  = -3.6
|Sep record low C  = -1.9
|Oct record low C  = -2.1
|Nov record low C  = -0.5
|Dec record low C  = 1.7
|year record low C = 
|rain colour = green	
|Jan rain mm = 104.7
|Feb rain mm = 89.1
|Mar rain mm = 110.2
|Apr rain mm = 90.3
|May rain mm = 99.4
|Jun rain mm = 84.1
|Jul rain mm = 75.8
|Aug rain mm = 68.2
|Sep rain mm = 86.9
|Oct rain mm = 89.8
|Nov rain mm = 89.9
|Dec rain mm = 87.1
|year rain mm = 
|source 1 = Earth Sciences NZ<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://data.niwa.co.nz/
|title = Datahub (Agent number: 7340)
|publisher = Earth Sciences New Zealand
|access-date = 9 Oct  2025}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Port Ross]] (1941–1945)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high F = 65.0
|Feb record high F = 66.8
|Mar record high F = 65.3
|Apr record high F = 57.7
|May record high F = 54.2
|Jun record high F = 51.4
|Jul record high F = 54.4
|Aug record high F = 53.7
|Sep record high F = 57.4
|Oct record high F = 60.5
|Nov record high F = 60.0
|Dec record high F = 63.2
|Jan high F = 58.6
|Feb high F = 58.0
|Mar high F = 55.2
|Apr high F = 51.3
|May high F = 48.4
|Jun high F = 46.1
|Jul high F = 47.8
|Aug high F = 47.8
|Sep high F = 49.9
|Oct high F = 52.3
|Nov high F = 53.7
|Dec high F = 56.1
|Jan mean F = 52.1
|Feb mean F = 51.8
|Mar mean F = 49.7
|Apr mean F = 47.8
|May mean F = 43.7
|Jun mean F = 41.7
|Jul mean F = 42.9
|Aug mean F = 42.5
|Sep mean F = 44.4
|Oct mean F = 46.1
|Nov mean F = 47.2
|Dec mean F = 49.7
|Jan low F = 45.7
|Feb low F = 45.5
|Mar low F = 44.2
|Apr low F = 43.5
|May low F = 39.3
|Jun low F = 37.8
|Jul low F = 37.9
|Aug low F = 37.2
|Sep low F = 38.9
|Oct low F = 39.9
|Nov low F = 41.0
|Dec low F = 43.3
|Jan record low F = 35.8
|Feb record low F = 36.3
|Mar record low F = 34.5
|Apr record low F = 33.4
|May record low F = 29.1
|Jun record low F = 28.7
|Jul record low F = 27.4
|Aug record low F = 28.9
|Sep record low F = 28.7
|Oct record low F = 29.1
|Nov record low F = 31.5
|Dec record low F = 32.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 4.2
|Feb precipitation inch = 4.8
|Mar precipitation inch = 5.5
|Apr precipitation inch = 7.0
|May precipitation inch = 5.9
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.8
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.3
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.3
|Sep precipitation inch = 4.9
|Oct precipitation inch = 4.1
|Nov precipitation inch = 4.4
|Dec precipitation inch = 4.9
|Jan precipitation days = 22
|Feb precipitation days = 22
|Mar precipitation days = 27
|Apr precipitation days = 27
|May precipitation days = 26
|Jun precipitation days = 26
|Jul precipitation days = 28
|Aug precipitation days = 28
|Sep precipitation days = 27
|Oct precipitation days = 27
|Nov precipitation days = 25
|Dec precipitation days = 26
|source 1 = https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/ProNZES12_37.pdf
}}
{|style="width:70%;text-align:center;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"
|-
!Colspan=14|Climate data for [[Port Ross]] (1941–1945)
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="background:#0000A0; color:#ffffff;"|10.4<br />(50.8)
| style="background:#0000A0; color:#ffffff;"|10.5<br />(51.0)
| style="background:#0000A0; color:#ffffff;"|10.2<br />(50.5)
| style="background:#0000B0; color:#ffffff;"|9.6<br />(49.3)
| style="background:#0000C0; color:#ffffff;"|8.5<br />(47.4)
| style="background:#0000D0; color:#ffffff;"|7.8<br />(46.1)
| style="background:#0000D0; color:#ffffff;"|7.6<br />(45.7)
| style="background:#0000D0; color:#ffffff;"|7.2<br />(45.1)
| style="background:#0000D0; color:#ffffff;"|7.7<br />(46.0)
| style="background:#0000D0; color:#ffffff;"|8.2<br />(46.8)
| style="background:#0000C0; color:#ffffff;"|8.8<br />(47.9)
| style="background:#0000B0; color:#ffffff;"|9.5<br />(49.2)
| style="background:#0000C0; color:#ffffff; border-left-width:medium;"|8.8<br />(47.9)
|}

{{Weather box
|location = [[Carnley Harbour]] (1941–1945)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high F = 62.0
|Feb record high F = 65.8
|Mar record high F = 64.5
|Apr record high F = 58.3
|May record high F = 52.1
|Jun record high F = 53.6
|Jul record high F = 55.6
|Aug record high F = 54.0
|Sep record high F = 57.2
|Oct record high F = 58.2
|Nov record high F = 58.4
|Dec record high F = 60.2
|Jan high F = 55.3
|Feb high F = 56.2
|Mar high F = 55.2
|Apr high F = 51.2
|May high F = 47.1
|Jun high F = 46.3
|Jul high F = 47.5
|Aug high F = 47.1
|Sep high F = 48.5
|Oct high F = 50.4
|Nov high F = 51.0
|Dec high F = 52.8
|Jan mean F = 50.2
|Feb mean F = 50.7
|Mar mean F = 50.2
|Apr mean F = 46.6
|May mean F = 42.6
|Jun mean F = 42.2
|Jul mean F = 42.9
|Aug mean F = 42.0
|Sep mean F = 43.6
|Oct mean F = 44.3
|Nov mean F = 44.7
|Dec mean F = 46.7
|Jan low F = 45.0
|Feb low F = 45.2
|Mar low F = 45.2
|Apr low F = 42.0
|May low F = 38.0
|Jun low F = 38.1
|Jul low F = 38.2
|Aug low F = 37.0
|Sep low F = 38.9
|Oct low F = 39.3
|Nov low F = 39.5
|Dec low F = 41.1
|Jan record low F = 37.9
|Feb record low F = 37.9
|Mar record low F = 37.3
|Apr record low F = 34.1
|May record low F = 29.0
|Jun record low F = 31.9
|Jul record low F = 29.5
|Aug record low F = 29.1
|Sep record low F = 30.5
|Oct record low F = 32.5
|Nov record low F = 31.2
|Dec record low F = 31.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 7.2
|Feb precipitation inch = 5.7
|Mar precipitation inch = 5.7
|Apr precipitation inch = 9.8
|May precipitation inch = 9.3
|Jun precipitation inch = 7.4
|Jul precipitation inch = 5.3
|Aug precipitation inch = 7.3
|Sep precipitation inch = 5.9
|Oct precipitation inch = 5.1
|Nov precipitation inch = 5.4
|Dec precipitation inch = 8.6
|Jan precipitation days = 25
|Feb precipitation days = 24
|Mar precipitation days = 26
|Apr precipitation days = 28
|May precipitation days = 29
|Jun precipitation days = 29
|Jul precipitation days = 29
|Aug precipitation days = 30
|Sep precipitation days = 29
|Oct precipitation days = 29
|Nov precipitation days = 25
|Dec precipitation days = 28
|source 1 = https://newzealandecology.org/system/files/articles/ProNZES12_37.pdf
}}

Carnley Harbour also features a [[Oceanic climate#Subpolar variety (Cfc, Cwc)|subpolar oceanic climate]] (''Cfc'' according to the [[Köppen climate classification]] system), though it exaggerates the features shown in Port Ross, as it is much wetter and a lot more affected by ocean-moderation.

The Auckland Islands have a fairly constant cool and wet weather year-round, with neither winter being excessively cold nor summer excessively hot. The climate is most similar to that seen in the [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Aleutian Islands]].

== History ==
[[File:Jabez peters.jpg|thumb|upright|Restored grave of [[Jabez Peters]], first officer of the ''Dundonald'', in the graveyard on the main island.]]

=== Discovery and early exploitation ===
Evidence exists that [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] voyagers first discovered the Auckland Islands. Traces of Polynesian settlement, possibly dating to the 13th century, have been found by archaeologists on Enderby Island.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anderson |first=Atholl |date=December 2005 |title=Subpolar settlement in South Polynesia |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/subpolar-settlement-in-south-polynesia/54A8ADF8F8DDD0B3B3FA4250AC4A74A0 |journal=Antiquity |language=en |volume=79 |issue=306 |pages=791–800 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00114930 |issn=0003-598X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/subantarctic-islands/page-4 |title=4. Early human settlement – Subantarctic islands |publisher=Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |date=24 January 2013 |access-date=2 August 2013}}</ref> This is the most southerly settlement by Polynesians yet known.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://waikowhai2.wordpress.com/mystery-islands-of-south-polynesia/#auckland |author=Don Macnaughtan |title=Mystery Islands of Remote South Polynesia: Bibliography of Prehistoric Settlement on Norfolk Island, the Kermadecs, Lord Howe, and the Auckland Islands |date=11 February 2014 |access-date=30 May 2018}}</ref>

The [[whaler]] {{ship||Ocean|1793 ship|2}}, captained by [[Abraham Bristow]], rediscovered the islands in 1806, finding them uninhabited.<ref name = "MMcLaren">{{cite book|last=McLaren |first=F.B. |year=1948 |title=The Auckland Islands: Their Eventful History |publisher=A.H and A.W Reed |location=Wellington}}</ref> Bristow named them "Lord Auckland's" on 18 August 1806 in honour of his father's friend [[William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland]] (whose son [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|the Earl of Auckland]] would be namesake of [[Auckland|New Zealand's largest city]]). Bristow worked for the businessman [[Samuel Enderby]], the namesake of [[Enderby Island, New Zealand|Enderby Island]]. The following year Bristow returned on {{ship||Sarah|1800 ship|2}} to claim the [[archipelago]] for [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]. The explorers [[Dumont D'Urville]] and [[James Clark Ross]] visited in 1839 and in 1840 respectively.

Whalers and sealers set up temporary bases, the islands becoming one of the principal sealing stations in the Pacific in the years immediately after their discovery.<ref name = "MMcLaren"/> By 1812, so many seals had been killed that the islands lost their commercial importance and sealers redirected their efforts towards [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell]] and [[Macquarie Island]]s. Visits to the islands declined, although recovering seal populations allowed a modest revival in sealing in the mid-1820s.

The sealing era lasted from 1807 till 1894, during which time 82 vessels are recorded as visiting for sealing purposes. Some 11 of these ships were wrecked off-shore.<ref>Headland, R.K. (ed.) (2018) ''Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry'', Cambridge, Scott Polar Research Institute, p.166.</ref> Relics of the sealing period include inscriptions, the remains of huts, and graves.

=== Settlement ===
{{Main|Hardwicke, New Zealand}}
Now [[Desert island|uninhabited]], the islands saw unsuccessful settlements in the mid-19th century. In 1842, a small party of 70 [[Māori people|Māori]] and their [[Moriori people|Moriori]] [[slaves]] from the [[Chatham Islands]] migrated to the archipelago, surviving for about 20&nbsp;years or so on sealing and [[New Zealand flax|flax]] growing. Samuel Enderby's grandson, [[Charles Enderby]], proposed a community based on agriculture and [[whaling]] in 1846. This settlement, established at [[Port Ross]] in 1849 and named Hardwicke, lasted only two and a half years. Māori and Moriori settlement continued until 1866, when most of the Māori and some of the Moriori returned to the [[Chatham Islands]]; however, most of the [[Moriori]] settled on [[Stewart Island]], where some of their descendants continue to live today.<ref>Conon Fraser, ''The Enderby settlement; Britain's whaling venture on the subantarctic Auckland Islands 1849–1852'', Otago University Press, 2014.</ref>

The Auckland Islands were part of the [[Colony of New Zealand]] under the Letters Patent of April 1842, which fixed the southern boundary of New Zealand at [[53rd parallel south|53° south]], but they were then excluded by the [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1846]], which defined the southern boundary at [[47th parallel south|47°]] 10' south; however, they were again included by the New Zealand Boundaries Act of 1863, an act of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom#Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Imperial Parliament]] at [[Palace of Westminster|Westminster]] that extended the boundaries of the colony once more.<ref>{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year= First ed. published 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher= V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc=154283103 |page=31}}</ref>

=== Shipwrecks ===
[[File:Auckland Islands - South Coast.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Auckland's southern coast]]
The {{ship||Grafton|ship|2}}, captained by [[Thomas Musgrave (castaway)|Thomas Musgrave]], was wrecked in [[Carnley Harbour]] in 1864. Madelene Ferguson Allen's narrative about her great-grandfather, Robert Holding, and the wreck of the Scottish sailing ship {{ship||Invercauld|ship|2}}, wrecked in the Auckland Islands a few months later in 1864, counterpoints the ''Grafton'' story.<ref>{{cite book|last = Allen|first = M. F.|date = 1997|title = Wake of the Invercauld: Shipwrecked in the Sub-Antarctic|location = Montreal|publisher = McGill-Queen's University Press|isbn = 0-7735-1688-3}}</ref> [[François Édouard Raynal]] wrote ''Wrecked on a Reef''.<ref>Raynal, Francois Edouard (2003). "Wrecked on a Reef or Twenty Months among the Auckland Isles – A facsimile of the text and illustrations of the 1880 edition published by Thomas Nelson & Sons, London, Edinburgh, and New York, with additional commentaries by Christiane Mortelier". Steele Roberts, New Zealand. Retrieved 27 March 2010</ref>

In 1866, one of New Zealand's most famous shipwrecks, that of the ''[[General Grant (sailing ship)|General Grant]]'', occurred on the western coast. Ten survivors waited for rescue on Auckland Island for 18 months. Several attempts have failed to salvage its cargo, allegedly including [[bullion]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last = McLintock|editor-first = A. H.|editor-link = Alexander Hare McLintock|year = 1966|title = General Grant|url = https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/gold-sunken|encyclopedia = [[An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand]]|location = Wellington|publisher = R. E. Owen, Government Printer|isbn = 9780478184518}}</ref>

Because of the probability of wrecks around the islands, calls arose for the establishment of [[castaway depot|emergency depots]] for castaways in 1868. The New Zealand authorities established and maintained three such depots, at Port Ross, Norman Inlet and [[Carnley Harbour]] from 1887. They also cached additional supplies, including boats (to help reach the depots) and 40 finger-posts (which had smaller amounts of supplies), around the islands.<ref name="DOCantip">{{cite web|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/auckland-islands/heritage-sites/|title=Discover the heritage sites in the Auckland Islands|access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref>

A further maritime tragedy occurred in 1907, with the loss of the {{ship||Dundonald|ship|2}} and 12 of her crew, off Disappointment Island. The 15 survivors lived off the supplies in the Auckland Island depot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~nzbound/genealogy/dundonald.htm|title=The 'Dundonald' wrecked on the Auckland Islands in 1907|website=freepages.rootsweb.com}}</ref>

In 2019, a helicopter with three people on board crashed into the ocean near Enderby Island, when they were en route to uplift an ill man on a fishing trawler.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/112269190/auckland-islands-helicopter-crash-survivors-reunited|title=Auckland Islands helicopter pilot recalls violent crash|website=Stuff|date=26 April 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref> All three survived the crash, and were found the next day with only minor injuries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12225493|title=Auckland Islands helicopter crash: Survivors reveal sheer panic, then night on island|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=26 April 2019|access-date=27 April 2019|issn=1170-0777}}</ref> The rescue effort was led by [[Richard Hayes (pilot)|Richard Hayes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/112201208/auckland-islands-helicopter-trio-found-alive-after-wreckage-found|title=Auckland Islands helicopter trio found alive after wreckage found in Southern Ocean|website=Stuff|date=23 April 2019|access-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

=== Scientific research and reserve ===
Three independent scientific expeditions visited the Auckland Islands in 1840.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Miskelly |first1=Colin M. |last2=Taylor |first2=Rowland H. |date=2020 |title=Ornithological discovery, exploration, and research on the Auckland Islands, New Zealand subantarctic |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124153000 |journal=Notornis |language=English}}</ref> These included the United States [[Wilkes Expedition]] aboard the ''[[USS Porpoise (1836)|USS Porpoise]],'' [[Jules Dumont d'Urville|d'Urville]]'s second voyage of the ''Astrolabe'' (French)'','' and the British [[Ross expedition|Ross Expedition]] aboard the ''Erebus'' and ''Terror.<ref name=":4" />''

The [[Sub-Antarctic Islands Scientific Expedition]] of 1907 by the [[Philosophical Institute of Canterbury]], New Zealand, aboard the ship ''Hinemoa,<ref name=":4" />'' spent two weeks on the islands conducting a magnetic survey and taking botanical, zoological and geological specimens.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Godley |first=Eric John |date=1979-05-01 |title=The 1907 Expedition to the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and an unpublished report by B. C. Aston |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108120735 |journal=Tuatara |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=133–157}}</ref>

From 1941 to 1945, the islands hosted a New Zealand [[meteorology|meteorological]] station as part of a World War II [[coastwatchers|coastwatching]] programme staffed by scientist volunteers and known for security reasons as the "[[Cape Expedition]]".<ref name="Coastwatchers">{{cite book|last = Hall|first = D. O. W.|date = 1951|chapter = The Cape Expedition|chapter-url = http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Epi-c9-WH2-2Epi-g.html|title = Coastwatchers|url = http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Epi-_N96556.html|location = Wellington|publisher = [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Dept. of Internal Affairs]]|oclc = 1022254}}</ref>''<ref name=":4" />'' Along with their other duties the Cape Expedition staff undertook biodiversity research and collected scientific specimens. The staff of the Cape Expedition included [[Robert Falla]], later an eminent New Zealand scientist.''<ref name=":4" />'' The [[1972–1973 Auckland Islands Expedition]] spent several months studying the fauna and flora of the Auckland Islands.<ref name="Kenworthy1975">{{CiteQ|Q125494803}}</ref>

{{As of|2008|alt=Currently}} the islands have no inhabitants, although scientists visit regularly and the authorities allow limited tourism on Enderby Island and Auckland Island.''<ref name=":4" />''

The marine environment surrounding the archipelago became a marine mammal sanctuary in 1993 and, unusually, also a marine reserve in 2003, measuring {{convert|4980|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/53564-protected-areas/data/90047/|title=Data Table – Protected Areas – LINZ Data Service (recorded area 498000 ha)|publisher=Land Information New Zealand|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> The Subantarctic Islands marine reserves around the Auckland, Antipodes, Bounty and Campbell Islands combined form the largest natural sanctuary in New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/|title=Subantarctic islands|website=doc.govt.nz|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/9780890/Birds-seals-penguins-protected|title=Birds, seals, penguins protected|last=Fox|first=Michael|date=2 March 2014|website=Stuff news|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref>

== Ecology ==

=== Plants ===

The botany of the islands was first described in the ''[[Flora of Lord Auckland and Campbell's Islands]]'', a product of the [[Ross expedition]] of 1839–43, written by [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]] and published by Reeve Brothers in London between 1843 and 1845.<ref>{{cite book|author= Joseph Dalton Hooker|year= 1844|title= Flora Antarctica, Volume 1, Parts 1–2, Flora Novae-Zelandiae – The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839–1843|pages= title pages|publisher= Reeve Brothers|location= London|url= https://archive.org/stream/botanyofantarcti01hook#page/31/mode/1up}}</ref> Since then, many other botanists have studied the flora of the Auckland Islands, which comprises 228 vascular plant species, of which over 80% are indigenous and about 20% are introduced.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meurk |first=Colin |date=1982-10-01 |title=Supplementary notes on plant distributions of the subantarctic Auckland Islands |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123055858 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=373–380 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1982.10428506|doi-access=free |bibcode=1982NZJB...20..373M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=P. N. |last2=Campbell |first2=D. J. |date=1975-12-01 |title=Vascular Plants of the Auckland Islands |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123055902 |journal=New Zealand Journal of Botany |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=665–720 |doi=10.1080/0028825X.1975.10430354|doi-access=free |bibcode=1975NZJB...13..665J }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Rance |first1=Chris |title=New Zealand's subantarctic islands. |last2=Rance |first2=Brian |last3=Barkla |first3=J |publisher=Department of Conservation |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-478-14470-3 |location=New Zealand |pages=6, 10–13, 20–67}}</ref>

The vegetation of the islands sub-divides into distinct altitudinal zones. Inland from the salt-spray zone, the fringes of the islands predominantly feature forests of southern rātā ''[[Metrosideros umbellata]]'', and in places the subantarctic tree daisy (''[[Olearia lyallii]]''), probably introduced by sealers.<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Campbell|first1=D|last2=Rudge|first2=M|year=1976|title=The case for controlling the distribution of the tree daisy ''Olearia lyallii'' Hook. F. in its type locality, Auckland Islands|url=https://newzealandecology.org/nzje/2767.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society|issue=23|pages=109–115}}</ref> Above this exists a subalpine shrub zone dominated by ''[[Dracophyllum]]'', ''[[Coprosma]]'' and ''[[Myrsine]]'' (with some rātā). At higher elevations [[tussock grass]] and [[megaherbs|megaherb]] communities dominate the flora.

{{clear}}
{{Gallery
|File:Gentianella concinna.jpg|''[[Gentianella concinna]]'', an endemic plant of the Auckland Islands.
|File:Southern-Rata-Auckland-Islands.jpg|''[[Metrosideros umbellata]]''
}}

=== Invertebrates ===
The islands host the largest communities of subantarctic invertebrates, with 24 species of spider, 11 species of [[springtail]] and over 200 insects.<ref>Department of Conservation (1999) ''New Zealand's Subantarctic Islands''. Reed Books: Auckland {{ISBN|0-7900-0719-3}}</ref> These include 57 species of [[beetle]], 110 [[fly|flies]] and 39 [[moth]]s. The islands also boast an endemic [[genus]] and species of [[wētā]], ''[[Dendroplectron|Dendroplectron aucklandensis]]''.

=== Fresh and saltwater fauna ===
The freshwater environments of the islands host a freshwater fish, the kōaro or [[climbing galaxias]], which lives in saltwater as a juvenile but which returns to the rivers as an adult. The islands have 19 species of endemic freshwater invertebrates, including one [[mollusc]], one [[crustacean]], a [[mayfly]], 12 flies and two [[Caddisfly|caddisflies]]. The [[Austrovenus aucklandica|Auckland Islands cockle]] is endemic to the islands.

=== Marine mammals ===
There are two species of seal which [[hauling-out|haul out]] on the islands, the [[New Zealand fur seal]] and the threatened [[New Zealand sea lion]]. [[Southern elephant seal]]s are frequent migrants in winter,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/seals/elephant-seal/|title=Elephant seal|website=www.doc.govt.nz}}</ref> and [[leopard seal]]s may also appear.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/nature/native-animals/marine-mammals/seals/leopard-seal/|title=Leopard seal|website=www.doc.govt.nz}}</ref>

A well-recovering population in excess of 2,000 [[southern right whale]]s is found off the islands, and [[Port Ross]] area is considered to be the most important and well-established congregating ground for whales in New Zealand waters. Its importance exceeds the [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]] ground.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stewart R.|author2=Todd B.|title=A note on observations of southern right whales at Campbell Island, New Zealand|url=https://www.academia.edu/5689683|journal=Journals of Cetacean Research Management|volume=2 |year=2001 |pages=117–120|format=PDF|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{Gallery
|File:Through DNA fingerprinting that southern right whales are now migrating once again from sub-Antarctic islands to their ancestral calving grounds on the mainland of New Zealand.jpg|[[Southern right whale]]s cavorting in [[Port Ross]]
|File:EnderbyIsland5.JPG|By the 21st century the islands had become the primary breeding location of [[New Zealand sea lion]]s.
}}

=== Birds ===
The islands hold important [[bird colony|seabird breeding colonies]], among them [[albatross]]es, penguins and several small [[petrel]]s,<ref name = "Shirihai"/> with a million pairs of [[sooty shearwater]].  Landbirds include [[Red-fronted parakeet|red-fronted]] and [[yellow-crowned parakeet]], [[New Zealand falcon]], [[tūī]], [[New Zealand bellbird|bellbirds]], [[New Zealand pipit|pipits]], and an endemic subspecies of [[tomtit]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123982883 |title=Lost Gold: Ornithology of the subantarctic Auckland Islands |publisher=Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-9951136-6-4 |editor-last=Miskelly |editor-first=Colin M. |volume=67 |publication-place=Wellington, New Zealand |publication-date=March 2020 |language=English |editor-last2=Symes |editor-first2=Craig T.}}</ref>

The whole Auckland Island group has been identified as an [[Important Bird Area]] (IBA) by [[BirdLife International]] because of its significance as a breeding site for several species of seabirds as well as eight endemic species or subspecies, including [[Auckland shag]], [[Auckland teal]], [[Auckland rail]], [[Auckland snipe]], [[Gibson's albatross]], [[Double-banded plover|Auckland Island banded dotterel]], [[Tomtit|Auckland Island tomtit]], and the now extinct [[Auckland Island merganser]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-13 |title=Birds of the Auckland Islands - Colin Miskelly: Lost Gold |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/ninetonoon/audio/2018746275/birds-of-the-auckland-islands-colin-miskelly-lost-gold |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref name=":2" />  The seabirds include [[Southern rockhopper penguin|southern rockhopper]] and [[yellow-eyed penguin]]s; [[Antipodean albatross|Antipodean]], [[Southern royal albatross|southern royal]], [[Light-mantled albatross|light-mantled]] and [[white-capped albatross]]es; and [[white-chinned petrel]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BirdLife International. |year=2012 |title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Auckland Islands. |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/ebafactsheet.php?id=208 |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miskelly |first1=Colin M. |last2=Elliott |first2=Graeme |last3=Parker |first3=Graham Christopher |last4=Rexer-Huber |first4=Kalinka |last5=Russ |first5=Rodney |last6=Taylor |first6=Rowland H. |last7=Tennyson |first7=Alan |last8=Walker |first8=Kath |date=2020 |title=Birds of the Auckland Islands, New Zealand subantarctic |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124153066 |journal=Notornis |language=English |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=59–151}}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{Gallery
|File:EnderbyIsland3.jpg|[[Auckland shag]]
|File:Yellow-eyed Penguins Auckland Islands.jpg|[[Yellow-eyed penguin]]s on [[Enderby Island]]
|File:Auckland Islands Merganser.jpg|Extinct [[New Zealand merganser]]
|File:Thinornis rossii.jpg|Locally extinct [[shore plover]], once thought a separate species
}}

=== Ecological history ===
Several [[introduced species]] have come to the islands; goats, other useful animals and seed were brought to the islands by Captains Musgrave and Norman 1865, returning to search for castaways;<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article63512609 | title=The Auckland Islands, South Pacific Ocean | newspaper=Illustrated Sydney News | date=16 October 1865 }}</ref> ecologists eliminated or allowed to go extinct [[Enderby Island cattle|cattle]], sheep, goats, dogs, [[Common brushtail possum|possum]]s and [[Enderby Island rabbit|rabbit]]s in the 1990s, but [[feral cat]]s, [[Auckland Island pig|pig]]s and [[House mouse|mice]] remain on Auckland Island. The last rabbits on Enderby Island were [[island restoration|removed]] in 1993 through the application of poison, also eradicating mice there.<ref name="torr">{{cite book |last1=Torr |first1=N |title=Eradication of rabbits and mice from subantarctic Enderby and Rose Islands |date=2002 |url=http://issg.appfa.auckland.ac.nz/database/species/reference_files/caphir/Torr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712073217/http://issg.appfa.auckland.ac.nz/database/species/reference_files/caphir/Torr.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2007}}</ref> Curiously, [[rat]]s have never colonised the islands, in spite of numerous visits and shipwrecks and their ubiquity on other islands.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chimera | first1 = C. | last2 = Coleman | first2 = M. C. | last3 = Parkes | first3 = J. P. | year = 1995 | title = Diet of feral goats and feral pigs on Auckland Island, New Zealand | url =http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/NZJEcol19_2_203.pdf | journal = New Zealand Journal of Ecology | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 203–207}}</ref> Introduced species have significantly negatively altered habitats and ecosystem processes, suppressed vegetation, and reduced or extirpated birds on many of the islands.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James |last2=Horn |first2=Stephen R. |last3=Miskelly |first3=Colin M. |last4=Sagar |first4=Rachael |last5=Taylor |first5=Rowland H. |date=2020 |title=Introduced land mammals and their impacts on the birds of the subantarctic Auckland Islands |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124153254 |journal=Notornis |language=English |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=247–268}}</ref> They have, for example, caused the [[extinction]] of the [[New Zealand merganser]], a duck formerly widespread in southern New Zealand, and ultimately confined to the islands until its extinction.<ref name=":3" />

The [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|New Zealand Department of Conservation]] plans to remove the last remaining introduced mammals from Auckland Island, making the entire island group pest-free, in what would be one of the largest multi-species eradication plans in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/99841661/department-of-conservation-auckland-island-eradication-project-may-be-largest-in-world|title=Department of Conservation Auckland Island eradication project may be largest in world|last=Nicoll |first=Dave |date=17 December 2017|work=Stuff |access-date=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cox |first1=Finlay |last2=Frank |first2=Veronika |last3=Horn |first3=Stephen |last4=Hanley-Nickolls |first4=Rose |last5=Jacques |first5=Paul |last6=Sagar |first6=Rachael |last7=Ware |first7=James |date=2021-02-01 |title=Maukahuka Pest Free Auckland Island – Technical feasibility study report |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/our-work/maukahuka-project/maukahuka-technical-feasibility-report.pdf |language=English |pages=123 |publisher=Department of Conservation}}</ref> This project started in November 2018, with NZ$2 million of initial scoping work. The total cost for the eradication could stretch to NZ$40–50&nbsp;million over 10 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/108660436/doc-start-field-trials-for-auckland-islands-pest-eradication-project|title=DOC start field trials for Auckland Islands pest eradication project|last=Nicoll|first=Dave|date=16 November 2018|website=Stuff|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref>

== List of endemic animals ==
* [[Dendroplectron|Auckland Island wētā]] (''Dendroplectron aucklandensis'')
* [[Austrovenus aucklandica|Auckland Islands cockle]] (''Austrovenus aucklandica'')
* [[Auckland rail]] (''Lewinia muelleri'')
* [[Auckland snipe]] (''Coenocorypha aucklandica aucklandica'')
* [[Auckland teal]] (''Anas aucklandica'')
* [[Auckland shag]] (''Leucocarbo colensoi'')
* [[Auckland Island merganser]] (''Mergus australis'') - extinct
* [[Tomtit|Auckland Island tomtit]] (''Petroica macrocephala marrineri'')
* [[Double-banded plover|Auckland Island banded dotterel]] (''Charadrius bicinctus exilis'')
* [[Gibson's albatross]] (''Diomedea antipodensis gibsoni'')

== List of endemic plants ==
* ''[[Azorella schizeilema]]''
* ''[[Callitriche aucklandica]]''
* ''[[Cardamine depressa]]'' subsp. ''depressa''
* ''[[Cardamine latior]]''
* ''[[Dracophyllum cockayneanum]]''
* ''[[Gentianella cerina]]''
* ''[[Gentianella concinna]]''
* ''[[Geum albiflorum]]''
* ''[[Plantago aucklandica]]''
* ''[[Poa aucklandica]]'' subsp. ''aucklandica''

== Legal status ==
The Auckland Islands – as with all of New Zealand's subantarctic islands – is a National Nature Reserve, afforded the highest possible level of protection under New Zealand law. In addition, a marine reserve encompasses all of the Auckland Islands territorial sea and internal waterways.<ref name=":0" />

All of New Zealand's subantarctic islands are managed by the Southland Conservancy of the [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] (DOC). Expedition party size, length of stay and landing on the islands are kept to a minimum. Entry is by permit only and applicants must undergo thorough pre-expedition quarantine checks.<ref name=":0" />

When [[Andrew Fagan]] made a solo voyage there in a {{convert|5.4|m||abbr=}} plywood yacht (and nearly added to the shipwreck tally), he described the DOC permitting process thus: {{Blockquote | Not just anyone can go to the Auckland Islands. They are now regarded as special environmentally preserved pieces of land, and to be allowed to go there and touch them, you have to be special as well... Not only, me, but the boat as well… I had been directed to Bluff or Dunedin (the choice was mine) to have the bottom of SW inspected by divers to ensure no nasty invasive seaweeds like Undaria were hitching a ride south to set up an environmentally unwanted colony, like the humans had done in 1850.|{{cite book
 |last=Fagan
 |first=Andrew
 |date=2012
 |title=Swirly World Sails South
 |location=Auckland, NZ
 |publisher=HarperCollins
 |page=91 <!-- or pages= -->
 |isbn=9781869509828
 }}
|source=}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Islands}}
* [[Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]]
* [[Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research]]
* [[Territorial claims in Antarctica]]
* [[List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands]]
* [[List of islands of New Zealand]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Wise's New Zealand Guide'' (4th ed.) (1969). Dunedin: H. Wise & Co. (N.Z.) Ltd.
* ''Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives of New Zealand'' (1863, Session III Oct–Dec) (A5)
* ''Island of the Lost: Shipwrecked At the Edge of the World'' (2007) by [[Joan Druett]] – an account of the Grafton and Invercauld wrecks
* ''Sub Antarctic New Zealand: A Rare Heritage'' by Neville Peat – the Department of Conservation guide to the islands
* ''Lost Gold : Ornithology of the subantarctic Auckland Islands''. (2020) by Colin Miskelly. Wellington: Te Papa Press. OCLC [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141973732 1141973732]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Auckland Islands}}
{{EB9 Poster|Auckland Islands}}
* [https://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/southland/places/subantarctic-islands/auckland-islands/auckland-islands-motu-maha-marine-reserve/ Auckland Islands Marine Reserve (New Zealand Department of Conservation)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028173825/http://ortho.linz.govt.nz/nz_offshore_islands/auckland_is_high_res.jpg High Resolution Map]
* Murihiku.com
** [http://www.murihiku.com/Maps.htm A Map of the Islands]
** [http://www.murihiku.com/IslandsMain.htm Island Information]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20120210004503/http://www.murihiku.com/TimeLine.htm Historical Timeline of the Auckland Islands] (abandoned website, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120210004503/http://www.murihiku.com/TimeLine.htm archived] (abandoned website, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120210004503/http://www.murihiku.com/TimeLine.htm archived] by the [[Wayback Machine]].
* [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Bio28Tuat01-t1-body-d2.html Diary of a 1962–63 biological visit by E. J. Fisher]
* [http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_78/rsnz_78_02_001930.html 1948 article on Auckland Islands Coleoptera by E. S. Gourlay]
* [https://navegaresprecioso.wordpress.com/2018/03/29/el-archipielago-de-los-naufragios-islas-auckland/ El archipiélago de los naufragios] (in Spanish)

{{Protected areas of New Zealand}}
{{British overseas territories}}
{{Auckland Islands}}
{{World Heritage Sites in New Zealand}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}

[[Category:Auckland Islands| ]]
[[Category:New Zealand subantarctic islands]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Southern Ocean]]
[[Category:Volcanic islands of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the New Zealand outlying islands]]
[[Category:Important Bird Areas of the Auckland Islands]]
[[Category:Moriori]]
[[Category:Miocene shield volcanoes]]
[[Category:Miocene Oceania]]
[[Category:Submarine calderas]]
[[Category:Subantarctic islands]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Oceania]]
[[Category:Seal hunting]]
[[Category:Whaling stations in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Endemic Bird Areas]]