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{{Short description|American lawyer and politician}}
{{redirect|Senator Garland|the Virginia State Senate member|David S. Garland}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name         = Augustus Garland
|image        = Augustus Hill Garland - Brady-Handy.jpg
|office       = 38th [[United States Attorney General]]
|president    = [[Grover Cleveland]]
|term_start   = March 6, 1885
|term_end     = March 4, 1889
|predecessor  = [[Benjamin H. Brewster]]
|successor    = [[William H. H. Miller]]
|jr/sr1       = United States Senator
|state1       = [[Arkansas]]
|term_start1  = March 4, 1877
|term_end1    = March 6, 1885
|predecessor1 = [[Powell Clayton]]
|successor1   = [[James Henderson Berry]]
|office2      = 11th [[Governor of Arkansas]]
|term_start2  = November 12, 1874
|term_end2    = January 11, 1877
|predecessor2 = [[Elisha Baxter]]
|successor2   = [[William Read Miller]]
|office3      = [[Confederate States Senator]]<br />from [[Arkansas]]
|term_start3  = November 8, 1864
|term_end3    = May 10, 1865
|predecessor3 = [[Charles B. Mitchel]]
|successor3   = ''Constituency abolished''
|office4      = Member of the<br />[[Confederate House of Representatives]]<br />from [[Arkansas]]'s 3rd district
|term_start4  = February 18, 1862
|term_end4    = November 8, 1864
|predecessor4 = ''Constituency established''
|successor4   = [[David Williamson Carroll|David Carroll]]
|office5      = Delegate to the [[Confederate States Provisional Congress]]<br />from [[Arkansas]]
|term_start5  = May 18, 1861
|term_end5    = February 17, 1862
|predecessor5 = ''Constituency established''
|successor5   = ''Constituency abolished''
|birth_name   = Augustus Hill Garland
|birth_date   = {{birth date|1832|6|11}}
|birth_place  = [[Covington, Tennessee]], U.S.
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1899|1|26|1832|6|11}}
|death_place  = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|restingplace = [[Mount Holly Cemetery]]
|party        = [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] (before 1855)<br />[[Know Nothing|American]] (1855–1859)<br />[[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union]] (1859–1860)<br />[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (1860–1899)
|education    = [[St. Mary's College (Kentucky)|St. Mary's College, Kentucky]]<br />[[Spalding Hall|St. Joseph's College, Kentucky]] {{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])}}
|signature    = Signature of Augustus Hill Garland (1832–1899).png
}}
'''Augustus Hill Garland''' (June 11, 1832&nbsp;–  January 26, 1899) was an American lawyer and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] politician from [[Arkansas]], who initially opposed Arkansas' secession from the United States, but served in both houses of the [[Congress of the Confederate States]] and the [[United States Senate]] before becoming the 11th [[governor of Arkansas]] (1874–1877) and the 38th [[Attorney General of the United States]] (1885–1889).<ref>[[Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography|Appleton's Cyclopedia]] vol. II p. 605</ref>

==Early life==
Garland was born in [[Covington, Tennessee]] on June 11, 1832, to Rufus and Barbara ({{nee|Hill}}) Garland. In 1830 his father owned 13 slaves,<ref>U.S. Federal Census for Tipton County, Tennessee, p. 3 of 52</ref> and owned a store. Following a drunken fight in which Rufus stabbed a man, the family moved to Lost Prairie in [[Lafayette County, Arkansas]] along the [[Red River of the South|Red River]] when Augustus was one.  Later that year, Rufus died, forcing Barbara and Augustus to relocate to [[Spring Hill, Hempstead County, Arkansas|Spring Hill, Arkansas]], where she met Thomas Hubbard. In 1836, Barbara married Hubbard, a local lawyer, judge, and political candidate who owned five slaves in the 1850 census.<ref>1850 U.S. Federal Census for Washington, Hempstead County, Arkansas, p. 2 of 3</ref>

Garland attended Spring Hill Male Academy from 1838 to 1843. Hubbard moved the family to [[Washington, Arkansas]], the [[Hempstead County, Arkansas|Hempstead]] [[county seat]], in 1844.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Steven |last=Teske |date= December 29, 2023 |url= https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/washington-hempstead-county-5606/ |title= Washington (Hempstead County) |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopedia of Arkansas]] |publisher= [[Butler Center for Arkansas Studies]] at the [[Central Arkansas Library System]] |oclc=68194233 |location=Little Rock |access-date=January 21, 2023 }}</ref> He attended [[St. Mary's College (Kentucky)|St. Mary's College]] in [[Lebanon, Kentucky]], and graduated from [[St. Joseph's College (Kentucky)|St. Joseph's College]] in [[Bardstown, Kentucky]], in 1849.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Thompson |first1= George H. |title= Arkansas and Reconstruction |year= 1976 |publisher= Kennikat Press Corp. |location= Port Washington, New York |lccn=76-18192 |isbn= 0804691304 |oclc= 2284106 |page=136 |ref={{harvid|"Thompson"|1976}} }}</ref> After school, Garland returned to Arkansas and initially taught at Brownstown School in Mine Creek, [[Sevier County, Arkansas|Sevier County]], but returned to Washington to study [[law]] with [[Hempstead County, Arkansas|Hempstead]] [[County clerk]] Simon Sanders. He married Sarah Virginia Sanders on June 14, 1853; they would have nine children, four of whom survived to adulthood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/augustus-hill-garland-106/ |access-date=2022-08-04 |website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early legal career==

[[Admission to the bar in the United States|Admitted to the bar]] in 1853, Garland started his law practice with his stepfather. Garland moved to [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]] in June 1856, and became a law partner to Ebenezer Cummins, a former associate of [[Albert Pike]]. When Cummins died, Garland took over his extensive practice at age 25 and took on slightly younger attorney William Randolph by 1860, who lived with Garland's young family.<ref>1860 U.S. Federal Census for Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas family No. 41, p. 7 of 75</ref>

Garland owned three enslaved females in the 1860 census (two 27 years old and an 11-year-old girl),<ref>U.S. Federal Census Slave Schedules for Little Rock, Pulaski County, Arkansas, p. 7 of 11</ref> and his elder brother [[Rufus King Garland Jr.|Rufus Garland Jr.]] owned 9 slaves in Hempstead County, Arkansas.<ref>1860 U.S. Federal Census Slave Schedules for Missouri Township, Hempstead County, Arkansas p 2 of 4</ref> Nonetheless, Augustus Garland represented the slave Abby Guy in two appeals to the Arkansas Supreme Court in 1857 and 1861, ultimately winning her freedom.<ref>Mahan, Russell L., Abby Guy: Race and Slavery on Trial in an 1855 Southern Court, Historical Enterprises, Santa Clara, Utah, 2017.</ref>

Garland became one of Arkansas's most prominent attorneys and was admitted to the bar of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] in 1860 with the assistance of [[Reverdy Johnson]].<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 137}}.</ref>

==Entry into politics==
Garland supported the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] and [[Know Nothing|American "Know Nothing"]] parties during the 1850s. Local Whigs sought Garland to run for county treasurer prior to starting his legal career, but he declined.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|pp= 136-137}}.</ref> However, Garland remained active in politics. He gave speeches for Democrat [[Edward A. Warren]] during the [[1856–57 United States House of Representatives elections#Arkansas|1856 election]] for the [[Arkansas's 2nd congressional district|Arkansas 2nd]].<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 137}}.</ref>

In the [[1860 United States presidential election|election of 1860]], Garland was a [[United States Electoral College|presidential elector]] in the Arkansas Electoral College for the [[Constitutional Union Party (United States)|Constitutional Union Party]] voting for the party's nominees of [[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]] and [[Edward Everett]].

==American Civil War==
The election of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] to the [[President of the United States|Presidency of the United States]] led to the secession of the Deep South states from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]. Garland consistently opposed secession and advocated Arkansas's continued allegiance to the [[United States]]. His elder brother Rufus raised a Confederate infantry company (the "Hempstead Hornets") and accepted a captain's commission. Augustus Garland was selected to represent [[Pulaski County, Arkansas|Pulaski County]] at the 1861 [[Arkansas in the American Civil War#Arkansas Secession Convention|secession convention]] in Little Rock, where he voiced his opposition. After Lincoln called for 75,000 troops from Arkansas to help suppress the Confederate States, Garland gave his support to secession.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 137}}.</ref>

===Confederate States Congress===
Four days after approving the secession ordinance, the convention delegates appointed Garland to the [[Provisional Confederate Congress]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Annals of Arkansas |year=1947 |last= Herndon |first= Dallas T. |volume=1-4 |page=174 |publisher=The Historical Record Association |location=Hopkinsville, Kentucky |isbn=978-1-56546-450-6 |lccn=48002456 |oclc=3920841 |ref={{harvid|"Annals"|1947}} }}</ref> where he was the youngest member of the body.<ref>{{ cite book |editor1-last= Donovan |editor1-first=Timothy Paul |editor2-first= Willard B. |editor2-last= Gatewood |editor3-first= Jeannie M. |editor3-last= Whayne |title= The Governors of Arkansas: Essays in Political Biography |publisher= [[University of Arkansas Press]] |edition= 2 |year= 1995 |page=64 |ref={{harvid|"Governors"|1995}} }}</ref> Garland was elected to the [[Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate House of Representatives]] over Jilson P. Johnson in the [[1st Confederate States Congress]] in 1861,<ref>{{harvp|"Governors"|1995|p= 64}}.</ref> where he was a member of the Committees on Public Lands, Commerce and Financial Independence, and the Judiciary. In 1862, Garland was narrowly defeated by [[Robert Ward Johnson|Robert W. Johnson]], who had been the incumbent in the [[United States Senate]], for a seat in the [[Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate States Senate]], with the twelfth ballot going 46-42.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 138}}.</ref>

He was reelected to the Confederate House of Representatives in 1863, where he was now serving alongside his brother Rufus.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 138}}.</ref> In 1864 was appointed to the [[Congress of the Confederate States|Confederate States Senate]] to fill the vacancy caused by the death of [[Charles B. Mitchel]] in a close vote against Albert Pike.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 138}}.</ref> As a Congressman, he made efforts to establish a [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]] and supported [[President of the Confederate States of America|President]] [[Jefferson Davis]], with the exception of Davis' aside suspending the [[writ]] of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' for the duration of the war (as had Lincoln in the North). He returned to Arkansas in February 1865, when it was clear the Confederacy was about to lose so that he could help facilitate the transition of power from exiled Confederate governor [[Harris Flanagin]] to [[Isaac Murphy]] with General [[Joseph J. Reynolds]], and the return of his state to the Union.<ref>{{harvp|"Governors"|1995|p= 65}}.</ref><ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 138}}.</ref>

==Postwar==

===''Ex parte Garland''===
Not long after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] ended, [[President of the United States|President]] [[Andrew Johnson]] pardoned Garland on July 15, 1865. He was nonetheless forbidden to resume his legal practice without taking the [[Ironclad Oath]], which the [[United States Congress]] had required of all [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] government or military officials, per a law passed on January 24, 1865. In ''[[Ex parte Garland]]'', Garland argued that the law was unconstitutional and ''[[Ex post facto law|ex post facto]]''. On January 14, 1867, by a vote of five to four, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed.<ref>{{harvp|"Governors"|1995|p= 65}}.</ref> The ruling caused considerable uproar in the north, but former Confederates hoped that the judicial system could be used to prevent the implementation of [[Congressional Reconstruction]].

===Political career===
[[File:Augustus Hill Garland.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Augustus H. Garland (c. 1870)]]
Arkansas legislators elected him to the [[United States Senate]] for a term beginning in 1867 but was not allowed to take the seat because Arkansas had not yet been readmitted to the [[United States|Union]]. Garland knew the election was "a doubtful, if not an empty offer". While in Washington DC attempting to be seated in the Senate, Garland worked behind the scenes to push the Supreme Court to hear the case of ''[[Mississippi v. Johnson]]'' which challenged the constitutionality of the [[Reconstruction Acts]]; however, the Court refused.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 140}}.</ref>

Garland had established himself as a key player in Arkansas politics, a strong conservative capable of working with the federal government, and widely recognized as a sharp legal mind. However, Garland was most noted by contemporaries for strong advantages he held in the political sphere: pragmatic, plain-spoken, and informal, yet brilliant and well-networked with national political figures from around the country. In the immediate aftermath of the Civil War, Garland recognized the changing political winds and withdrew from public participation in politics during early Reconstruction.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 142-143}}.</ref> Between 1868 and 1872, as he resumed his legal practice, Garland observed politics from a distance and used his influence behind the scenes, only rising to speak against the [[1868 Arkansas Constitution]]. Following ratification of the new constitution in April 1868, Democrats were faced with the choice to take a "voter's oath" or be ineligible for state office. Garland and others worked within the [[Democratic Party of Arkansas]] to make the choice to take the oath and fight the Republicans at the ballot box in November 1868.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|pp= 143-144}}.</ref> Garland in 1869 helped found the [[Southern Historical Society]] and gathered papers of Arkansas Confederate veterans. He worked to repay debts incurred from ''Ex parte Garland'', which cost him $1,760 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1760|1866|r=-2}}}} in today's dollars) and $750 from time in Washington (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|750|1867|r=-2}}}} in today's dollars), all while fielding questions about his inactivity in the public sphere.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 145}}.</ref> During this time, he partnered in his law practice for several years with [[Sterling R. Cockrill  (judge)|Sterling R. Cockrill ]], who would later become Chief Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court.<ref>"[https://www.newspapers.com/article/arkansas-democrat-judge-s-r-cockrill/158468906/ Judge S. R. Cockrill: Distinguished Jurist Passed Away at 6 O'Clock This Morning]", ''Arkansas Democrat'' (January 12, 1901), p. 1.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/sterling-robertson-cockrill-6946/ |title=Sterling Robertson Cockrill (1847–1901)|publisher=[[Encyclopedia of Arkansas]]|access-date=December 19, 2020}}</ref>

In 1872, with the [[Republican Party of Arkansas|Republican Party]] split into three factions, [[Democratic Party of Arkansas|Arkansas Democrats]] sought Garland to help elect Democrats into the [[Arkansas General Assembly|state legislature]] and had been considered for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate. While he was willing to help fight Congressional Reconstruction and Republican rule in Arkansas, Garland sought to avoid engaging in "fruitless" political efforts while his personal finances recovered. He declined seeking the 1872 gubernatorial nomination given the low annual salary ($2500, or ${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2500|1872|r=-2}}}} in today's dollars) and that the position was viewed to be below his political stature.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 146}}.</ref>

{{See also|Brooks-Baxter War}}
During the conflict known as the [[Brooks-Baxter War]], Garland became a primary strategist for [[List of Governors of Arkansas|Governor]] [[Elisha Baxter]] and served as deputy secretary of state. Though Baxter and [[Joseph Brooks (politician)|Joseph Brooks]] were both Republicans, Baxter was more sympathetic to the [[Redeemers]], unreconstructed Democrats and Confederate veterans seeking to repudiate the [[Radical Republicans]]. After Baxter was evicted from the [[Old State House (Little Rock, Arkansas)|Old State House]] on April 15, 1874, Baxter went with [[U. M. Rose]], [[Henry C. Caldwell]], [[Freeman W. Compton]], and others to visit Garland at [[Augustus Garland House|his home at 1404 Scott Street]] around midnight to strategize a return to power. The following day, Baxter declared [[martial law]] in Pulaski County and gave an address to the people urging a rally at the capitol. Garland organized, as president of the Little Rock Bar, a resolution of many prominent attorneys condemning Judge Whytock's order that elevated Brooks to the governor's mansion. Garland took up residence at [[Anthony House (Little Rock, Arkansas)|Anthony House]] for the next three weeks to help manage the Baxter effort.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 152}}.</ref> Garland's plan to engage [[President of the United States]] [[Ulysses S. Grant]] to call for a special meeting of the newly-Democratic [[Arkansas General Assembly]] to resolve the matter led to a win for Baxter, who recommended a [[Constitutional convention (political meeting)|state constitutional convention]] in 1874. Garland read the proclamation from Grant endorsing the General Assembly's restoration of Baxter to a throng in front of the Anthony House to applause. Baxter began re-appointing officeholders from pre-Civil War and the Confederate government; a [[political realignment]] had taken place, ending Reconstruction in Arkansas and returning the state to Democratic control.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 152-157}}.</ref>

Following the drafting of a new constitution, [[1874 Arkansas elections|an election was held]] for voters to ratify the new constitution and elect a slate of officers to serve under it, if approved. At the three-day Democratic state convention beginning September 8, 1874, Baxter was twice nominated as gubernatorial candidate but refused to accept both times. Garland was nominated by a unanimous vote over various [[favorite son]] nominees, which were withdrawn. Republicans did not nominate candidates in protest, believing the election was illegal and appealing to the United States Congress to declare the 1868 constitution the law of the land. The new constitution was ratified on October 13, 1874 and Garland received almost unanimous support to become Arkansas's 11th governor.<ref>{{harvp|"Thompson"|1976|p= 161–164}}.</ref>

===Governor of Arkansas===
Garland was faced with a number of problems after taking office as Governor including turmoil in the state over threatening groups like the [[Ku Klux Klan]], an ongoing congressional investigation over the Brooks-Baxter conflict and the state debt of [[Dollar|$]]17,000,000. With help from the finance board, the debt was significantly lowered in two years time. Garland was a strong supporter of better education. He urged the legislature to establish schools for the [[blindness|blind]] and [[deaf]], successfully advocated in appointing a new president for the Arkansas Industrial University, today the [[University of Arkansas]], and helped found the Branch Normal College, today the [[University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff]], which made education more accessible for [[African-American]]s. Under his administration, he also oversaw the creation of the Arkansas Bureau of Statistics and the Arkansas Bureau of Agriculture, Mining and Manufacturing.

===United States Senate===
Garland ran successfully for the United States Senate in 1876, thus succeeded Republican Powell Clayton. Voters re-elected him in 1883. In the Senate, he served as a member of the Committees on [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Public Lands]], the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Territories]] and the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Judiciary]], serving as chairman of the Territories Committee in the [[46th United States Congress|46th Congress]]. As a Senator, he made efforts to bring about tariff reform, [[internal improvements]], as well as the regulation of [[Commerce Clause|interstate commerce]] and a federal prison system, federal aid to education and civil service reform.

===Attorney General of the United States===
Garland resigned from the Senate in 1885 after accepting the appointment of [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General of the United States]] by newly elected [[President of the United States|President]] [[Grover Cleveland]], becoming the first Arkansan to receive a [[United States Cabinet|cabinet]] post.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/ag/aghistpage.php?id=37|title=Augustus Hill Garland|publisher= The United States Department of Justice|access-date=August 14, 2012}}</ref>

Not long after taking office, Garland became embroiled in a political scandal. While serving in the Senate, Garland became a [[shareholder]] in and attorney for the Pan-Electric Telephone Company which was organized to form regional telephone companies using equipment developed by J. Harris Rogers. The [[Bell Telephone Company]] brought suit against Pan-Electric for [[patent infringement]] after it was discovered that their equipment was similar to that of Bell's. Garland was ordered to bring a suit in the name of the [[United States]] to invalidate the Bell patent, breaking their monopoly of telephone technology, but refused to do so. However, while Garland was on vacation in the summer, [[United States Solicitor General|Solicitor General]] [[John Goode (Virginia politician)|John Goode]] authorized the suit.

A year-long congressional investigation and constant public attention affected his work as Attorney General, however, despite having to serve under a cloud of suspicion, he was supported by President Cleveland. Garland was also the first, and to date only, United States cabinet secretary to be [[Censure in the United States|censured]] by Congress when, in 1886, Garland failed to provide documents about the firing of a [[United States Attorney]].

==Later life and death==
President Cleveland lost reelection to [[Benjamin Harrison]] in the [[1888 United States presidential election|1888 election]] and Garland left office at the end of Cleveland's term in 1889. He resumed practicing law in [[Washington, D.C.]], and published a number of books, including ''The Constitution As It Is'' (1880), ''Experience in the Supreme Court of the United States, with Some Reflections and Suggestions as to that Tribunal'' (1883), ''Third-Term Presidential'' (1896), ''Experience in the Supreme Court of the United States'' (1898) and '' Treatise on the Constitution and Jurisdiction of the United States Courts'' (1898). On January 26, 1899, while arguing a case before the Supreme Court, Garland suffered a [[stroke]] and died a few hours later in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]]. He was interred at [[Mount Holly Cemetery]] in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_arkansas/col2-content/main-content-list/title_garland_augustus.html|title=Arkansas Governor Augustus Hill Garland|publisher= National Governors Association|access-date=August 14, 2012}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The following [[locations]] were named after Garland:

* [[Garland County, Arkansas]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ | title=The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States | publisher=Govt. Print. Off. | author=Gannett, Henry | year=1905 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n133 134]}}</ref>
*[[Garland, North Carolina]]<ref>{{cite book| last = Powell| first = William S.| title = The North Carolina Gazetteer: A Dictionary of Tar Heel Places| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press| date = 1976| location = Chapel Hill| isbn = 9780807812471|page=186}}</ref>
* [[Garland, Texas]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Garland's History|url=http://www.garlandhistorical.org/online-resources/historical-overview|website=Garland Landmark Society|access-date=22 September 2017|quote=The new entity was named after Augustus H. Garland, Attorney General in the administration of President Grover Cleveland. Garland was a former Arkansas governor and senator who had gained renown through his efforts to regain the right to practice law as a pardoned Confederate.}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Confederate States senators]]
* [[List of governors of Arkansas]]
* [[List of people from Tennessee]]
* [[List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States]]
* [[List of United States senators from Arkansas]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=United Daughters of the Confederacy. Memorial Chapter No. 48 (Little Rock, Ark.) |date=n.d. |chapter=Chapter 3: Augustus Hill Garland |title=Historical Arkansas. Compliments of the Memorial chapter, U. D. C., Little Rock, Arkansas |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalarkans00unit |location=Little Rock |publisher=Democrat Printing and Lithographing Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historicalarkans00unit/page/9 9]–11 |lccn=20018497}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=106 Augustus Hill Garland] at ''[[Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture|Encyclopedia of Arkansas]]''
*{{Find a Grave|18488}}
*[http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_arkansas/col2-content/main-content-list/title_garland_augustus.default.html Augustus Hill Garland] at the ''[[National Governors Association]]''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040618124303/http://www.oldstatehouse.com/exhibits/virtual/governors/the_redeemers/garland.asp Augustus Hill Garland at the Old State House Museum]
*{{CongBio|G000065}}

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