View source for Augustus Pugin

{{Short description|English architect and designer (1812–1852)}}
{{distinguish|text=his father [[Augustus Charles Pugin]]}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Augustus Pugin
| image = Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin from NPG.jpg
| caption = 
| birth_name = Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1812|03|01}}
| birth_place = Keppel Street, [[Bloomsbury]], London, England
| death_date = {{death_date and age|df=yes|1852|09|14|1812|03|01}}
| death_place = [[Ramsgate]], Kent, England
| practice = Architecture and interior design in the Gothic style
| significant_buildings = [[Palace of Westminster]], [[Westminster]], London
| significant_design = Many Victorian churches, Big Ben, interior of the Houses of Parliament<ref>{{cite book |last=Raizman |first=David Seth |date=12 November 2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkZJAQAAIAAJ |via=Google books |title=The History of Modern Design |publisher=Pearson |isbn = 978-0131830400 }}</ref>
| children = [[Edward Welby Pugin]], [[Cuthbert Welby Pugin]], [[Peter Paul Pugin]], and three others
| father = [[Augustus Charles Pugin]]
}}

'''Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin'''{{efn|Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin variously abbreviated his name during his lifetime, and others since, as ''A.W.N. Pugin'', ''A.W. Pugin'', and ''Augustus Pugin''.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|j|uː|dʒ|ɪ|n}} {{respell|PEW|jin}}; 1 March 1812 – 14 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic with French and Swiss origins. He is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival style of architecture]]. His work culminated in designing the interior of the [[Palace of Westminster]] in [[Westminster]], London, and its clock tower, the Elizabeth Tower (formerly St. Stephen's Tower), which houses the bell known as [[Big Ben]]. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=501–528}}: §''List of works''.</ref> He was the son of [[Augustus Charles Pugin|Auguste Pugin]], and the father of [[E. W. Pugin|Edward Welby Pugin]], [[Cuthbert Welby Pugin]], and [[Peter Paul Pugin]], who continued his architectural and interior design firm as [[Pugin & Pugin]].<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|p=495}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:The Grange, Ramsgate 1.jpg|thumb|[[The Grange, Ramsgate]], [[Thanet District|Thanet]], [[Kent]], England, designed by Pugin as his family home]]
[[File:St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham.jpg|thumb|[[St Chad's Cathedral]] in [[Birmingham]], England]]
[[File:St Giles RC Church Cheadle Staffs NE chapel.jpg|thumb|The northeast chapel of [[St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle]], [[Cheadle, Staffordshire]], England, designed by Pugin]]
[[File:Contrasted Residences for the Poor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|"Contrasted Residences for the Poor" from Pugin's ''Contrasts'']]
Pugin was the son of the French draughtsman [[Augustus Charles Pugin|Auguste Pugin]], who had immigrated to [[England]] as a result of the [[French Revolution]] and had married Catherine Welby of the Welby family of [[Denton, Lincolnshire]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm |title=Pugin's Family |date=10 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610044718/http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Pugin was born on 1&nbsp;March 1812 at his parents' house in [[Bloomsbury]], London, England. Between 1821 and 1838, Pugin's father published a series of volumes of [[architectural drawing]]s, the first two entitled ''Specimens of Gothic Architecture'' and the following three ''Examples of Gothic Architecture'', that not only remained in print but were the standard references for Gothic architecture for at least the next century.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

===Religion===
As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish [[Presbyterian]] preacher [[Edward Irving]] (later the founder of the Holy [[Catholic Apostolic Church]]), at his chapel in Cross Street, [[Hatton Garden]], [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London.<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|pp=43–44}}</ref> Pugin quickly rebelled against this version of Christianity: according to [[Benjamin Ferrey]], Pugin "always expressed unmitigated disgust at the cold and sterile forms of the Scottish church; and the moment he broke free from the trammels imposed on him by his mother, he rushed into the arms of a church which, pompous by its ceremonies, was attractive to his imaginative mind".<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|p=45}}</ref>

===Education and early ventures===
Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended [[Christ's Hospital]]. After leaving school, he worked in his father's office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to [[France]].<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=146}}</ref> His first commissions independent of his father were for designs for the goldsmiths [[Rundell and Bridge]], and for designs for furniture of [[Windsor Castle]] from the upholsterers Morel and Seddon. Through a contact made while working at Windsor, he became interested in the design of theatrical scenery, and in 1831 obtained a commission to design the sets for the production of the new opera ''[[Il castello di Kenilworth|Kenilworth]]'' at the [[Royal Opera House, Covent Garden]].<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=147}}</ref> He also developed an interest in sailing, and briefly commanded a small merchant [[schooner]] trading between [[Great Britain]] and [[Holland]], which allowed him to import examples of furniture and carving from [[Flanders]], with which he later furnished his house at [[Ramsgate]] in Kent.<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p148>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=148}}</ref> During one voyage in 1830, he was wrecked on the Scottish coast near [[Leith]],<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Graham, James Gillespie |last=Porter|first=Bertha|volume=22}}</ref> as a result of which he came into contact with [[Edinburgh]] architect [[James Gillespie Graham]], who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture.<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=147–148}}</ref> He then established a business supplying historically accurate carved wood and stone detailing for the increasing number of buildings being constructed in the Gothic Revival style, but the enterprise quickly failed.<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p148/>

===Marriages===
In 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arthistorians.info/pugina |title=Augustus Northmore Welby Pugin|work=Dictionary of Art Historians |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163910/http://arthistorians.info/pugina |url-status=dead}}</ref> She died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter. He had a further six children, including the future architect [[Edward Welby Pugin]], with his second wife, Louisa Burton (or Button), who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their marital life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugin's death, which was later published.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jane |last1=Pugin |first2=Caroline |last2=Stanford |year=2004 |title=Dearest Augustus and I: The Journal of Jane Pugin |publisher=Spire Books}}</ref> Their son was the architect [[Peter Paul Pugin]].

===Salisbury===
Following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], with his wife,<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|p=93}}</ref> and in 1835 bought {{convert|1/2|acres|ha|adj=pre|of an|spell=in|}} of land in [[Alderbury]], about {{convert|1+1/2|mi||spell=in}} outside the town. On this, he built a Gothic Revival-style house for his family, which he named St Marie's Grange.<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|pp=73–74}}</ref> Of it, [[Charles Eastlake]] said "he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home".<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=148–149}}</ref>

===Conversion to Catholicism===
In 1834, Pugin converted to [[Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin  |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |via=newadvent.org |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12558b.htm |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> and was received into it the following year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament's Pugin plaque in Salisbury |date=24 July 2012 |website=Clifton Diocese |url=http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386 |access-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724052849/http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386}}</ref>

British society at the start of the 19th century often discriminated against dissenters from the [[Church of England]], although things began to change during Pugin's lifetime, helping to make Pugin's eventual conversion to Catholicism more socially acceptable. For example, dissenters could not take degrees at the established universities of Oxford and Cambridge until 1871, but the [[University College London|University of London]] (later renamed University College London) was founded near Pugin's birthplace in 1826 with the express purpose of educating dissenters to degree standard (although it would not be able to confer degrees until 1836). Dissenters were also unable to serve on parish or city councils, be a member of Parliament, serve in the armed forces or be on a jury. A number of reforms across the 19th century relieved these restrictions, one of which was the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]], which allowed Catholics to become members of Parliament.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

Pugin's conversion acquainted him with new patrons and employers. In 1832 he made the acquaintance of [[John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury]], a Catholic sympathetic to his aesthetic theory and who employed him in alterations and additions to his residence of [[History of Alton Towers|Alton Towers]], which subsequently led to many more commissions.<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=150}}</ref> Shrewsbury commissioned him to build [[St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle|St Giles Catholic Church]], [[Cheadle, Staffordshire]], which was completed in 1846, and Pugin was also responsible for designing the oldest Catholic Church in [[Shropshire]], [[St Peter and Paul Church, Newport]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

===''Contrasts''===
In 1836, Pugin published ''Contrasts'', a polemical book which argued for the [[Gothic Revival|revival of the medieval Gothic style]], and also "a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages".<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Rosemary |date=24 February 2012 |title=Pugin, God's architect |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]  |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/24/pugin-gothic-architect |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> The book was prompted by the passage of the [[Church Building Act]]s of 1818 and 1824, the former of which is often called the '''Million Pound Act''' due to the appropriation amount by Parliament for the construction of new Anglican churches in Britain. The new churches constructed from these funds, many of them in a Gothic Revival style due to the assertion that it was the "cheapest" style to use, were often criticised by Pugin and many others for their shoddy design and workmanship and poor liturgical standards relative to an authentic Gothic structure.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Mary |editor-last=Mulvey-Roberts |year=1998 |title=The Handbook to Gothic Literature |place=Houndsmills and London, UK |publisher=Macmillan |page=94}}</ref>

Each plate in ''Contrasts'' selected a type of urban building and contrasted the 1830 example with its 15th-century equivalent. In one example, Pugin contrasted a medieval monastic foundation, where monks fed and clothed the needy, grew food in the gardens – and gave the dead a decent burial – with "a [[panopticon]] [[Workhouse#Early Victorian workhouses|workhouse]] where the poor were beaten, half-starved and sent off after death for dissection. Each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity: Christianity versus [[Utilitarianism]]."<ref name=Guardian/> Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote: "The drawings were all calculatedly unfair. [[King's College London]] was shown from an unflatteringly skewed angle, while [[Christ Church, Oxford]], was edited to avoid showing its famous [[Tom Tower]] because that was by [[Christopher Wren]] and so not medieval. But the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous."<ref name=Guardian/>

In 1841 he published his illustrated ''The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture'', which was premised on his two fundamental principles of Christian architecture. He conceived of "Christian architecture" as synonymous with medieval, "Gothic", or "pointed", architecture. In the work, he also wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods.

===Ramsgate===
In 1841 he left [[Salisbury]],<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p150>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=150–151}}</ref> having found it an inconvenient base for his growing architectural practice.<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|p=94}}</ref> He sold St Marie's Grange at a considerable financial loss,<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=96}}</ref> and moved temporarily to [[Cheyne Walk]] in [[Chelsea, London]]. He had, however, already purchased a parcel of land at West Cliff, [[Ramsgate]], [[Thanet District|Thanet]] in Kent, where he proceeded to build for himself a large house and, at his own expense, a [[Pugin's Church and Shrine of St Augustine|church dedicated to St Augustine]], after whom he thought himself named. He worked on this church whenever funds permitted it. His second wife died in 1844 and was buried at [[St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham]], which he had designed.<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p150/>

===Architectural commissions===
Following the [[Burning of Parliament|destruction by fire]] of the [[Palace of Westminster]] in Westminster, London, in 1834, Pugin was employed by Sir [[Charles Barry]] to supply interior designs for his entry to the architectural competition which would determine who would build the new Palace of Westminster. Pugin also supplied drawings for the entry of James Gillespie Graham. This followed a period of employment when Pugin had worked with Barry on the interior design of [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]]. Despite his conversion to Catholicism in 1834, Pugin designed and refurbished both Anglican and Catholic churches throughout England.

Other works include St. Chad's Cathedral, [[Erdington Abbey]], and [[Oscott College]], all in [[Birmingham]], England. He also designed the collegiate buildings of St Patrick and St Mary in [[St Patrick's College, Maynooth]], [[Ireland]]; though not the collegiate chapel. His original plans included both a chapel and an ''aula maxima'' (great hall), neither of which were built because of financial constraints. The college chapel was designed by a follower of Pugin, the Irish architect [[James Joseph McCarthy]]. Also in Ireland, Pugin designed [[St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney]] (1842–45), [[St Aidan's Cathedral]] in [[Enniscorthy]] (renovated in 1996), and the Dominican Church of the Holy Cross in [[Tralee]].<ref>{{cite book |last=De Breffny |first=Brian |author-link= |date=1983 |title=Ireland: A Cultural Encyclopedia |url= |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=201|isbn=}}</ref>  He revised the plans for [[St Michael's Church, Ballinasloe]], [[County Galway]], Ireland. Bishop [[William Wareing]] also invited Pugin to design what eventually became [[Northampton Cathedral]], a project that was completed in 1864 by one of Pugin's sons, Edward Welby Pugin.

Pugin visited [[Italy]] in 1847; his experience there confirmed his dislike of [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture]], but he found much to admire in the medieval art of northern Italy.[[File:JesusHardEWLastSupper.jpg|thumb|Detail of east window of [[Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge]], made by John [[Hardman & Co.]] to a design by Pugin (1848–1850)]]

=== Stained glass ===
Pugin was a prolific designer of stained glass.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=Stanley A. |year=2009 |title=The stained glass of A.W.N. Pugin |others=Carew-Cox, Alastair |publisher=Spire Books |isbn=978-1-904965-20-6 |location=Reading, UK |oclc=313657551 |language=en-uk }}</ref> He worked with [[Thomas Willement]], [[William Warrington]] and [[William Wailes]] before persuading his friend [[Hardman & Co.|John Hardman]] to start stained glass production.

===Illness and death===
[[File:Pugintile.jpg|thumb|Tiles designed by Pugin (c.1845–51)]]
In February 1852, while travelling with his son Edward by train, Pugin had a total breakdown and arrived in London unable to recognise anyone or speak coherently. For four months he was confined to a private asylum, [[Kensington House (academy)|Kensington House]]. In June, he was transferred to the [[Royal Bethlem Hospital]], popularly known as Bedlam. At that time, Bethlem Hospital was opposite [[St George's Cathedral, Southwark]], one of Pugin's major buildings, where he had married his third wife, Jane, in 1848. Jane and a doctor removed Pugin from Bedlam and took him to a private house in [[Hammersmith]] where they attempted therapy, and he recovered sufficiently to recognise his wife. In September, Jane took her husband back to [[The Grange, Ramsgate|The Grange]] in Ramsgate, where he died on 14 September 1852.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=484–490}}</ref> He is buried in his church next to The Grange, St. Augustine's.
[[File:The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate]]

On Pugin's death certificate, the cause listed was "convulsions followed by coma". Pugin's biographer, [[Rosemary Hill]], suggests that, in the last year of his life, he had had [[hyperthyroidism]] which would account for his symptoms of exaggerated appetite, perspiration, and restlessness. Hill writes that Pugin's medical history, including eye problems and recurrent illness from his early twenties, suggests that he contracted [[syphilis]] in his late teens, and this may have been the cause of his death at the age of 40.<ref name=Hill-2007-p492>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=492–494}}</ref>

==Palace of Westminster==
[[File:Palace of Westminster Westminster Hall south.jpg|thumb|[[Palace of Westminster]]]]
[[File:Sovereign's Throne in The House of Lords.jpg|thumb|Sovereign's Throne in the Palace of Westminster, designed by Pugin in the 1840s]]
In October 1834, the [[Palace of Westminster]] [[Burning of Parliament|burned down]]. Subsequently, the Prime Minister, Sir [[Robert Peel]], wanted, now that he was premier, to disassociate himself from the controversial [[John Wilson Croker]], who was a founding member of the [[Athenaeum Club, London|Athenaeum Club]]; a close associate of the pre-eminent neoclassical architects [[James Burton (property developer)|James Burton]] and [[Decimus Burton]]; an advocate of neoclassicism; and a repudiator of the gothic revival style.<ref name=Williams-1990-p69>{{harvp|Williams|1990|pp=69–75}}</ref> Consequently, Peel appointed a committee chaired by [[Edward Cust]], a detester of the style of [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]] and [[William Wilkins (architect)|William Wilkins]], which resolved that the new Houses of Parliament would have to be in either the 'gothic' or the 'Elizabethan' style.<ref name=Williams-1990-p69/> 

Augustus W.N. Pugin, the foremost expert on the Gothic, had to submit each of his designs through, and thus in the name of, other architects, Gillespie-Graham and [[Charles Barry]], because he had recently openly and fervently converted to Catholicism, as a consequence of which any design submitted in his own name would certainly have been automatically rejected;<ref name=Williams-1990-p69/> the design he submitted for improvements to [[Balliol College, Oxford]], in 1843 were rejected for this reason.<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|p=150}} The design for Parliament that Pugin submitted through Barry won the competition.<ref name=Williams-1990-p69/> Subsequent to the announcement of the design ascribed to Barry, [[William Richard Hamilton]], who had been secretary to [[Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin]] during the acquisition of the [[Elgin Marbles]], published a pamphlet in which he censured the fact that 'gothic barbarism' had been preferred to the masterful designs of Ancient Greece and Rome:<ref name=Williams-1990-p69/> but the judgement was not altered, and was ratified by the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|Commons]] and the [[House of Lords of the United Kingdom|Lords]]. The commissioners subsequently appointed Pugin to assist in the construction of the interior of the new Palace, to the design of which Pugin himself had been the foremost determiner.<ref name=Williams-1990-p69/> Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, shows that Barry designed the Palace as a whole, and only he could co-ordinate such a large project and deal with its difficult paymasters, but he relied entirely on Pugin for its Gothic interiors, wallpapers and furnishings.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=316–318}}</ref> The first stone of the new Pugin-Barry design was laid on 27 April 1840.<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|p=147}}

During the competition for the design of the new Houses of Parliament, Decimus Burton, 'the land's leading classicist',<ref name=Williams-1990>{{cite book |last=Williams |first=Guy |year=1990 |title=Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel |publisher=Cassell Publishers Limited |isbn=0-304-31561-3 |location=London, UK |language=en-uk}}</ref>{{rp|p=83}} was vituperated with continuous invective, which Guy Williams has described as an 'anti-Burton campaign',<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|p=129}} by the foremost advocate of the neo-gothic style, Augustus W.N. Pugin,<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|pp=67–78}} who was made enviously reproachful that Decimus "had done much more than Pugin's father ([[Augustus Charles Pugin]]) to alter the appearance of London".<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|p=75}} Pugin attempted to popularize advocacy of the neo-gothic, and repudiation of the neoclassical, by composing and illustrating books that contended the supremacy of the former and the degeneracy of the latter, which were published from 1835.{{cn|date=October 2025}} 

In 1845, Pugin, in his ''Contrasts: or a Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day'', which the author had to publish himself as a consequence of the extent of the defamation of society architects therein, satirized John Nash as "Mr Wash, Plasterer, who jobs out Day Work on Moderate Terms", and Decimus Burton as "Talent of No Consequence, Premium Required", and included satirical sketches of Nash's [[Buckingham Palace]] and Burton's [[Wellington Arch]].<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|pp=75–77}} Consequently, the number of commissions received by Decimus declined,<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|pp=83–84}} although Decimus retained a close friendship with the aristocrats amongst his patrons, who continued to commission him.<ref name=Williams-1990/>{{rp|p=108}}

At the end of Pugin's life, in February 1852, Barry visited him in Ramsgate and Pugin supplied a detailed design for the iconic Palace clock tower, in 2012 dubbed the Elizabeth Tower but popularly known as [[Big Ben]]. The design is very close to earlier designs by Pugin, including an unbuilt scheme for [[Scarisbrick Hall]], Lancashire. The tower was Pugin's last design before descending into madness. In her biography, Hill quotes Pugin as writing of what is probably his best-known building: "I never worked so hard in my life [as] for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful & I am the whole machinery of the clock."<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=481–483}}</ref> Hill writes that Barry omitted to give any credit to Pugin for his huge contribution to the design of the new Houses of Parliament.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|p=480}}</ref> In 1867, after the deaths of both Pugin and Barry, Pugin's son Edward published a pamphlet, ''Who Was the Art Architect of the Houses of Parliament, a statement of facts'', in which he asserted that his father was the "true" architect of the building and not Barry.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=495–496}}</ref>

==Pugin in Ireland==

Pugin was invited to Ireland by the Redmond family, initially to work in [[County Wexford]]. He arrived in Ireland in 1838 at a time of greater religious tolerance, when Catholic churches were permitted to be built. Most of his work in Ireland consisted of religious buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last=Comerford |first=Patrick |date=28 January 2019 |title=A.W.N. Pugin and the Gothic Revival in Ireland |website=Patrick Comerford |quote=An online journal on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry, beach walks ... and more. |url=http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2019/01/awn-pugin-and-gothic-revival-in-ireland.html |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228185101/http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2019/01/awn-pugin-and-gothic-revival-in-ireland.html |archive-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Pugin demanded the highest quality of workmanship from his craftsmen, particularly the stonemasons. His subsequent visits to the country were brief and infrequent. He was the main architect of [[St Aidan's Cathedral]] for the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ferns|Diocese of Ferns]] in [[Enniscorthy]], [[County Wexford]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Aidan's Catholic Cathedral, Cathedral Street |quote=originally Duffrey Street, Main Street originally Market Street, Enniscorthy, Enniscorthy, Wexford |date=13 June 2005 |website=National Inventory of Architectural Heritage |url=https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/15603011/saint-aidans-catholic-cathedral-cathedral-street-originally-duffrey-street-main-street-originally-market-street-enniscorthy-enniscorthy-wexford |access-date=26 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926074511/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/15603011/saint-aidans-catholic-cathedral-cathedral-street-originally-duffrey-street-main-street-originally-market-street-enniscorthy-enniscorthy-wexford |archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> Pugin was the architect of the [[Russell Library (St Patrick's College)|Russell Library]] at St. Patrick's College, Maynoooth, although he did not live to see its completion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maynooth University Library |url=https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/russell-library |url-status=live |access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525162819/https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/russell-library |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref> Pugin provided the initial design of St. Mary's Cathedral, Killarney.

==Pugin and Australia==

[[File:St Stephen’s Chapel, Brisbane, Queensland 11.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Old St Stephen's Church|Pugin Chapel]] in [[Brisbane]], Australia, designed by Augustus Pugin and built between 1848 and 1850]]
The first [[Catholic Church in Australia|Catholic]] Bishop of [[New South Wales]], Australia, [[John Bede Polding]], met Pugin and was present when [[St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham]] and [[St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle]] were officially opened. Although Pugin never visited Australia,<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 2002 |title=Tasmania's Gothic paradise rediscovered |newspaper=[[The Age]] |place=Australia |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/tasmanias-gothic-paradise-rediscovered-20020914-gdul87.html|access-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926093048/https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/tasmanias-gothic-paradise-rediscovered-20020914-gdul87.html |archive-date=26 September 2021 }}</ref> Polding persuaded Pugin to design a series of churches for him. Although a number of churches do not survive, [[St Francis Xavier's Roman Catholic Church, Berrima|St. Francis Xavier's]] in [[Berrima, New South Wales]], is regarded as a fine example of a Pugin church. Polding blessed the foundation stone in February 1849, and the church was completed in 1851.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morton |first=Philip |date=28 September 2015 |title=Berrima church is a Pugin design of heritage significance |newspaper=[[Southern Highland News]] |place=Australia |url=https://www.southernhighlandnews.com.au/story/3384962/berrima-church-is-a-pugin-design-of-heritage-significance/ |access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>

St. Stephen's Chapel, now in the cathedral grounds in Elizabeth Street, [[Brisbane]], was built to a design by Pugin. Construction began in 1848, and the first Mass in the church was celebrated on 12 May 1850. In 1859 [[James Quinn (Australian bishop)|James Quinn]] was appointed [[Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane|Bishop of Brisbane]], Brisbane became a diocese, and Pugin's small church became a cathedral. When the new [[Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane|Cathedral of St Stephen]] was opened in 1874 the small Pugin church became a schoolroom, and later church offices and storage room. It was threatened with demolition several times before its restoration in the 1990s. In [[Sydney]], there are several altered examples of his work, namely St. Benedict's, [[Chippendale, New South Wales|Chippendale]]; St Charles Borromeo, [[Ryde, New South Wales|Ryde]]; the former church of St [[Augustine of Hippo]] (next to the existing church), [[Balmain, New South Wales|Balmain]]; and [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta]], which was gutted by a fire in 1996.

According to Steve Meacham writing in ''[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]'', Pugin's legacy in Australia is particularly of the idea of what a church should look like:{{blockquote|Pugin's notion was that Gothic was Christian and Christian was Gothic ... It became the way people built churches and perceived churches should be. Even today if you ask someone what a church should look like, they'll describe a Gothic building with pointed windows and arches. Right across Australia, from outback towns with tiny churches made out of corrugated iron with a little pointed door and pointed windows, to our very greatest cathedrals, you have buildings which are directly related to Pugin's ideas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meacham |first=Steve |date=4 February 2003 |title=A genius in his Gothic splendour |newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |place=Sydney, AU |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]] |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/03/1044122320848.html |access-date=30 January 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222231140/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/02/03/1044122320848.html |archive-date=22 December 2005 }}</ref>}}

After his death, Pugin's two sons, [[E. W. Pugin|Edward Pugin]] and [[Peter Paul Pugin|Peter Pugin]], continued operating their father's architectural firm under the name Pugin & Pugin. Their work includes most of the "Pugin" buildings in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].

==Reputation and influence==
[[Charles Eastlake]], writing in 1872, noted that the quality of construction in Pugin's buildings was often poor, and believed he was lacking in technical knowledge, his strength lying more in his facility as a designer of architectural detail.<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=152}}</ref>

Pugin's legacy began to fade immediately after his death.<ref name=Hill-2007-p492/> This was partly due to the hostility of [[John Ruskin]]. Ruskin wrote of Pugin, "he is not a great architect but one of the smallest possible or conceivable architects".<ref>{{cite book |first=J. |last=Ruskin |author-link=John Ruskin |year=1851 |title=The Stones of Venice |at=appendix |title-link=The Stones of Venice (book) }}</ref> Contemporaries and admirers of Pugin, including Sir [[Henry Cole (inventor)|Henry Cole]], protested at the viciousness of the attack and pointed out that Ruskin's idea on style had much in common with Pugin's.<ref name=Hill-2007-p458>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=458–459}}</ref> After Pugin's death, Ruskin "outlived and out-talked him by half a century".<ref name=Hill-2007-p492/> [[Sir Kenneth Clark]] wrote, "If Ruskin had never lived, Pugin would never have been forgotten."<ref>{{harvp|Clark|1962|p=144}}</ref>

[[File:Victoria and Albert Museum Schrank neugotisch 1851.jpg|thumb|Armoire, designed in 1850 by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–1852) and made by J.G. Crace (1809–1889).<ref name=V-and-A/>]]
Nonetheless, Pugin's architectural ideas were carried forward by two young architects who admired him and had attended his funeral, [[W. E. Nesfield]] and [[Norman Shaw]]. [[George Gilbert Scott]], [[William Butterfield]], and [[George Edmund Street]] were influenced by Pugin's designs, and continued to work out the implication of ideas he had sketched in his writings.<ref name=Hill-2007-p492/> In Street's office, [[Philip Webb]] met [[William Morris]] and they went on to become leading members of the English [[Arts and Crafts Movement]].<ref name=Hill-2007-p492/> Morris regarded Pugin as a prominent figure in the "first act" of the Gothic revival, in which it "triumphed as an exotic ecclesiastical style", whereas in the second act, Ruskin replaced specific religious connotations with a universal, ethical stance.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Conner |first=Patrick R.M. |year=1978 |title=Pugin and Ruskin |journal=[[Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes]] |volume=41 |pages=349–350 |doi=10.2307/750883 |jstor=750883 |s2cid=195044710 |issn=0075-4390 }}</ref> When the German critic [[Hermann Muthesius]] published his admiring and influential study of English domestic architecture,<ref>{{cite book |first=H. |last= Muthesius |author-link=Hermann Muthesius |year=1904 |title=Das englische Haus |language=de |trans-title=The English House |title-link=Das englische Haus}}</ref> Pugin was all but invisible, yet "it was he ... who invented the English House that Muthesius so admired".<ref name=Hill-2007-p492/>

An [[Armoire (Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin)|armoire]] that he designed (crafted by frequent collaborator [[John Gregory Crace (designer)|John Gregory Crace]]) is held at the [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]. It was shown at [[The Great Exhibition]] of 1851 but was not eligible for a medal, as it was shown under Crace's name and he was a judge for the Furniture Class at the exhibition.<ref name=V-and-A>{{cite web |title=Armoire |department=A.W. Pugin |series=Search the Collections |publisher=[[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |place=London, UK |website=collections.vam.ac.uk |id=V&A Museum no.&nbsp;25:1 to 3-1852 |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O8162/armoire-a-w-pugin/ |access-date=6 February 2017 |language=en-UK }}</ref>

On 23 February 2012 the [[Royal Mail]] released a first-class stamp featuring Pugin as part of its "Britons of Distinction" series. The stamp image depicts an interior view of the Palace of Westminster.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stamp Issue |department=Britons of Distinction |date=1 June 2011 |website=GBStamp.co.uk |publisher=[[Royal Mail]] |place=London, UK |url=http://gbstamp.co.uk/article/royal-mail-britons-of-distinction-stamp-issue-246.html |access-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref> Also in 2012, the [[BBC]] broadcast an arts documentary programme on Pugin's achievements.<ref name=BBC-2012-Pugin>{{cite episode |people=[[Richard Taylor (British writer)|Taylor, Richard]] (host) |title=Pugin: God's own architect |station=[[BBC Four]] |network=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=19 January 2012 |series=documentary |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01b1z45 |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

==Pugin's principal buildings in the United Kingdom==

===House designs===
[[File:2 Pugin Hall Rampisham.jpg|thumb|[[Pugin Hall]], Rampisham, Dorset: Grade I listed house designed as a rectory by Pugin, built 1846–1847]]

Source: Pugin Society<ref>{{cite web |title=Pugin Society website |url=http://www.pugin-society.1to1.org/LL-buildings-1.html/ |access-date=13 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304170943/http://www.pugin-society.1to1.org/LL-buildings-1.html/ |archive-date=4 March 2010}}</ref>

* [[John Halle's Hall]], [[Salisbury]] (1834) – restoration of an existing [[hall house]] of 1470, largely intact but extended prior to and following the 1834 restoration; now in use as the vestibule to a cinema
* St Marie's Grange, [[Alderbury]], Wiltshire, for his own occupation (1835) – altered; a private house
* [[Oxburgh Hall]] (with [[John Chessell Buckler|J.C. Buckler]], 1835) – restoration of a 15th-century fortified manor house, now owned by the [[National Trust]]
* Derby presbytery (1838) – demolished
* [[Scarisbrick Hall]] (1837) – largely intact; a school
* Uttoxeter presbytery (1838) – largely intact; in use
* Keighley presbytery (1838) – altered; in use
* Bishop's House, [[Birmingham]] (1840) – demolished
* Warwick Bridge presbytery (1841) – intact with minor alterations; in use
* [[Nottingham Cathedral|St Barnabas Cathedral]], [[Nottingham]] (1841) – intact; in use
* [[Garendon Hall]] scheme (1841) – not executed
* [[Bilton Grange]] (1841) – intact; now a school
* Oxenford Grange farm buildings (1841) – intact; private house and farm
* Cheadle presbytery (1842) – largely intact; now a private house
* [[St Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Woolwich#Presbytery and school|Woolwich presbytery]] (1842) – largely intact; in use
* Brewood presbytery (1842) – largely intact; in use
* [[The Grange, Ramsgate|St Augustine's Grange]] ("The Grange"), [[Ramsgate]] (1843) – restored by the [[Landmark Trust]]
* [[Alton Castle]] (1843) – intact; a Catholic youth centre
* Additions to [[History of Alton Towers|Alton Towers]], Staffordshire – almost fully intact, though largely derelict; now the centrepiece of a theme park
* Oswaldcroft, [[Liverpool]] (1844) – altered; a residential home
* Dartington Hall scheme (1845) – unexecuted
* Lanteglos-by-Camelford rectory (1846) – much altered; now a hotel
* [[Pugin Hall|Rampisham rectory]] (1846) – unaltered; private house
* [[Woodchester Mansion|Woodchester Park]] scheme (1846) – unexecuted
* [[St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham]] (1847)
* Fulham presbytery (1847) – intact; in use
* [[Leighton Hall, Powys]] (1847) – intact; in use
* [[Banwell Castle]] (1847) – intact now a hotel and restaurant
* Wilburton Manor, Cambridgeshire (1848) – largely intact<ref>{{NHLE |num=1460737 |desc=Wilburton Manor |grade=II |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
* [[Stafford Grammar School]]
* Pugin's Hall (1850) – intact, a private house
* [[St Edmund's College, Ware|St Edmund's College Chapel]] (1853) – intact, a school and chapel<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Pugin Chapel |website=St. Edmund's College (stedmundscollege.org) |url=https://www.stedmundscollege.org/about-us/our-history/history-of-the-pugin-chapel/ |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Clock Tower - Palace of Westminster, London - May 2007.jpg|thumb|"[[Big Ben]]" (London), completed to Pugin's design]]

===Institutional designs===
* Convent of Mercy, [[Bermondsey]] (1838) – destroyed
* [[Mount St Bernard Abbey]], Leicestershire (1839) – largely intact; in use
* [[Downside Abbey]], Somerset, schemes (1839 and 1841) – unexecuted
* [[St Mary's Convent, Handsworth|Convent of Mercy]], [[Handsworth, West Midlands|Handsworth]], Staffordshire (1840) – largely intact; in use
* St John's Hospital, [[Alton, Staffordshire|Alton]], Staffordshire (1841) – intact; in use
* Convent of St. Joseph, school and almshouses, [[Chelsea, London]] (1841) – altered; used as a school
* Convent of Mercy, [[Liverpool]] (1841 and from 1847) – demolished
* St Ann's School, [[Spetchley]], Worcestershire, and schoolmaster's house (1841) – intact, now a private house
* [[Balliol College, Oxford]], scheme (1843) – unexecuted
* [[Ratcliffe College]], [[Leicestershire]] (1843) – partially executed; largely intact; in use
* [[Liverpool]] Orphanage (1843) – demolished
* [[Magdalen College School, Oxford|Magdalen College School]], Oxford, schemes (1843–1844) – unexecuted
* Convent of Mercy, [[Nottingham]] (1844) – altered; private flats
* Mercy House and cloisters, Handsworth (1844–1845) – cloisters intact; otherwise destroyed
* [[Cotton College]], Staffordshire (1846) – alterations to the older house for use by a religious community; now derelict
* Faber RC Primary School<ref>{{cite web |title=Useful information |website=Faber RC Primary School (faber.staffs.sch.uk) |place=Cotton, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, UK |url=https://www.faber.staffs.sch.uk/useful-information/ }}</ref> – ordered by [[Frederick William Faber]] at the time that [[Cotton College]] was built; in use
* St Anne's Bedehouses, [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], (1847) – intact; in use
* Convent of the Good Shepherd, [[Hammersmith]], London (1848) – demolished
* Convent of St. Joseph's, [[Cheadle, Staffordshire|Cheadle]], Staffordshire (1848) – intact; private house
* [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]], design of parts of interior (1838)

===Major ecclesiastical designs===
* [[St James's Church, Reading|St James's]], [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] (1837) – altered
* [[St Mary's Church, Derby|St Mary's]], [[Derby]] (1837) – altered
* [[St Mary's College, Oscott|Oscott College]] Chapel, Birmingham (1837–1838) – extant
* Our Lady and St. Thomas of Canterbury, [[Dudley]] (1838) – altered
* St Anne's, [[Keighley]] (1838) – altered and extended
* [[St Alban's Church, Macclesfield|St Alban's]], [[Macclesfield]] (1838) – extant
* St Benedict Abbey ([[Oulton Abbey]]), [[Stone, Staffordshire]] (1854) – complete and in use as a nursing home<ref>{{cite book |last=Beattie |first=Gordon J. |year=1997 |title=Gregory's Angels |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |page=143}}</ref>
* St Marie's, Ducie Street, [[Manchester]] (1838) – not executed
* [[St Augustine of England Church, Solihull|St Augustine's, Solihull]] (1838) – altered and extended
* St Marie's, [[Southport]] (1838) – altered
* [[St Mary's Catholic Church, Uttoxeter]] (1839) – altered
* [[St Wilfrid's Church, Hulme|St Wilfrid's]], [[Hulme]], Manchester (1839) – extant
* Chancel of St. John's, [[Banbury]] (1839) – extant
* [[St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham]] (1839) – extant
* [[St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle|St Giles', Cheadle]], Staffordshire (1840) – extant
* St Oswald's, Liverpool (1840) – only tower remains
* [[St George's Cathedral, Southwark]], London (1840) – almost entirely rebuilt after World War II bombing
* Holy Trinity, [[Radford, Oxfordshire]] (1839) – extant
* [[Our Lady and St Wilfrid's Church, Warwick Bridge|Our Lady and St. Wilfred]], [[Warwick Bridge]], Cumbria (1840) – extant
* St Mary's, [[Brewood]], Staffordshire (1840) – extant
* St Marie's, [[Liverpool]] (1841) – demolished
* St Augustine's, [[Kenilworth]], Warwickshire (1841) – extant
* [[St Mary's Cathedral, Newcastle upon Tyne]] (1841) – extant, with tower by C. Hansom
* [[Nottingham Cathedral|St Barnabas' Cathedral]], Nottingham (1841) – extant
* [[St Mary's Church, Stockton-on-Tees|St Mary's, Stockton-on-Tees]] (1841) – extant
* Jesus Chapel, Ackworth Grange, [[Pontefract]] (1841) – demolished
* [[St Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Woolwich|St Peter's]], [[Woolwich]] (1842) – extended
* St. Winifrede's, [[Shepshed]], Leicestershire (1842) – now a private house
* [[Old St Peter and St Paul's Church, Albury|Old St. Peter and St. Paul's Church]], [[Albury Park]], Surrey ([[morgue|mortuary chapel]]) (1842) – extant
* [[Reredos]] of [[Leeds Cathedral]] (1842) – transferred to rebuilt cathedral 1902;<ref>{{cite web |title= Cathedral tour – 9 |website=Leeds Cathedral |url=http://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/cathedral/cathedral_tour/floorplan.php |url-status=dead |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131090709/http://www.dioceseofleeds.org.uk/cathedral/cathedral_tour/floorplan.php |archive-date=31 January 2009 }}</ref> restored 2007<ref>{{cite news |title=Restoring a masterpiece |date=15 February 2007 |website=BBC Leeds |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/02/15/faith_st_annes_reredos_feature.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090214091809/http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/content/articles/2007/02/15/faith_st_annes_reredos_feature.shtml |archive-date= 14 February 2009 }}</ref>
* [[St Andrew's Church, Cambridge]] (1843) – dismantled in 1902 and re-erected in [[St Ives, Cambridgeshire]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Pevsner |first=N. |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner |year=1968 |title=Bedfordshire and the County of Huntingdon and Peterborough |series=[[The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-0710-34-5 |page=338}}</ref>
* Our Lady and St. Thomas, Northampton (1844) – Subsequently, enlarged in stages forming St Mary and St Thomas RC [[Northampton Cathedral]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Pevsner |first=N. |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner |editor-last=Cherry |editor-first=B. |edition=2nd, revised |editor-link=Bridget Cherry |year=1973 |orig-year=1961 |title=Northamptonshire |series=[[The Buildings of England]] |place=Harmondsworth, UK |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=0-14-071022-1 |page=338}}</ref>
* St Marie's, [[Wymeswold]], Leicestershire (restoration) (1844) – extant
* [[St Wilfrid's Church, Cotton|St Wilfrid's, Cotton]], [[Staffordshire Moorlands]] (1844) – extant, but redundant 2012
* [[St Peter's Church, Marlow|St Peter's, Marlow]] (1845) – extant
* [[St John the Evangelist's Church, Kirkham|St John the Evangelist]] ("The Willows"), [[Kirkham, Lancashire]] (1845) – extant
* [[St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate|St Augustine's, Ramsgate]] (1845) – extant, loss of some fittings; the only church he built entirely with his own money
* [[St Marie's Church, Rugby]] (1845) – much added to
* St Lawrence's, [[Tubney]], Berkshire (1845) – extant
* [[The Hub, Edinburgh|Highland Tolbooth Kirk/Victoria Hall]], Edinburgh (1845) – with James Gillespie Graham, now a Festival venue
* [[St Edmund's College, Ware|St Edmund's College]] chapel, [[Old Hall Green]], Hertfordshire (1846) – extant
* St Mary's, [[West Tofts]], Norfolk (1845) – disused and inaccessible
* [[St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham]] (1847) – extant
* [[St Osmund's Church, Salisbury|St Osmund's, Salisbury]] (1847) – much added to
* Chancel of [[St Oswald's Church, Winwick]], Cheshire (1847) – extant
* [[Erdington Abbey]], Birmingham (1848)
* [[Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge]] (1849) – restoration, extant
* Rolle Mortuary Chapel, Bicton Grange, [[Bicton, Devon]] (1850) – extant
* St Nicholas' Church, [[Boldmere]], [[Sutton Coldfield]] (1841) – demolished
* St James-the-Less, [[Rawtenstall]], Lancashire (1844) – extant; restored 1993–1995
* [[Bolton Priory]], North Yorkshire, set of six windows (1854)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pugin Windows |website=Bolton Priory (boltonpriory.org.uk) |url=http://www.boltonpriory.org.uk/the-pugin-windows/ |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> – extant

===Railway cottages===
Less grand than the above are the railway cottages at [[Windermere railway station|Windermere station]] in [[Cumbria]] which have been loosely attributed to Pugin or a follower.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1203378 |desc=The Terrace |grade=II |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Believed to date from 1849, and probably some of the first houses to be built in [[Windermere, Cumbria (town)|Windermere]], the terrace of cottages was built for railway executives. One of the fireplaces is a copy of one of his in the Palace of Westminster.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.visitcumbria.com/a-w-n-pugin/ |title=A.W.N. Pugin in Cumbria |website=Visit Cumbria (visitcumbria.com) }}</ref>

== Buildings in Ireland==
[[File:EnniscorthyCathedral.JPG|thumb|upright|[[St Aidan's Cathedral]], Enniscorthy, County Wexford]]
* Church of Assumption of Mary, [[Bree, County Wexford]]. 1837–1839. Patronage from the Redmond family
* Church of St. John the Baptist, Bellevue, [[Ballyhogue]], [[County Wexford]]. 1859
* [[St Peter's College, Wexford|St. Peter's College]], Summerhill Road, [[Wexford]], County Wexford. Chapel.1838–1841; 6 bay chapel integrated as part of the college; built in Wexford red sandstone. Various Pugin elements including stations of the cross, balcony, rood screen etc. were removed in the renovation of 1950.
* Church of St. James's, Ramsgrange, County Wexford. 1838–1843
* Chapel at Loreto Abbey, [[Rathfarnham]], [[Dublin]]. Currently vacant and out of use
* Church of St. Michael the Archangel, [[Gorey]], County Wexford. 1839–1842. Cruciform plan in Romanesque style; 9&nbsp;bay nave; low square tower over the crossing. The design may have been influenced by [[Dunbrody Abbey]], County Wexford. Built in Ballyscartin limestone with Wicklow granite dressings. Spire not constructed. Patronage of [[Sir Thomas Esmonde, 9th Baronet]] and family
* Loreto Convent, St Michael's Road, Gorey, County Wexford. 1842–1844
* [[St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney|St. Mary's Cathedral]], [[Killarney]], [[County Kerry]]. 1842–1856. Cruciform early English style in limestone. Much modified. 12 bay nave and spire over the crossing completed by others.
* Two Villas, [[Cobh]], [[County Cork]]. 1842 for [[George Brodrick, 5th Viscount Midleton]]
* Church of St. Mary's, Tagoat, County Wexford. 1843–1848. Cruciform plan. 5 bay nave and aisles. Contains Pugin brasses, tiles etc. Damaged in fire 1936
* [[St Aidan's Cathedral]], [[Enniscorthy]], County Wexford. 1843–1860. Cruciform plan
* Church of St. Alphonsus or Blessed Virgin Mary, [[Barntown]], County Wexford. 1844–1848. 7 bay church with nave and aisles. Scissors roof truss. Design may be based on [[St Michael's Church, Longstanton]], Cambridgeshire. Interior much modified
* Houses, [[Midleton]], County Cork. For Viscount Midleton. 1845
* [[St Patrick's College, Maynooth|St. Patrick's College]], [[Maynooth]], [[County Kildare]]. 1845–1850. Quadrangles
* Presentation Convent, [[Waterford]], [[County Waterford]]. Quadrangle and internal cloister
* Presentation Monastery, Port Road, Killarney, County Kerry. 1846–1862
* [[Adare Manor]], [[Adare]], [[County Limerick]]. 1846. Alterations including hall ceiling, staircase, gallery etc.
* St. John's Convent of Mercy, [[Birr, County Offaly]]. 1846–1856. Completed by E. W. Pugin

==See also==
* [[Mintons]]
* [[John Dibblee Crace]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|25em|small=yes}}
* {{cite book |first=Brian |last=Andrews |year=2001 |title=Creating a Gothic Paradise: Pugin at the antipodes |place=Hobart, TAS, AU |publisher=Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery |type=exhibition catalogue }}
* {{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Kenneth |title=The Gothic Revival: An Essay in the History of Taste |date=1962 |publisher=Holt, Rinehart & Winston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dafAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}
* {{cite book |first=Charles Locke |last=Eastlake |year=1872 |title=A History of the Gothic Revival |place=London, UK |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company }}
* {{cite book |first=Benjamin |last=Ferrey |year=1861 |title=Recollections of A. Welby N. Pugin, and his father Augustus Pugin |place=London, UK |publisher=Edward Stanford }}
* {{cite book |first1=Michael |last1=Fisher |first2=Alexandra |last2=Wedgwood |year=2002 |title=Pugin-Land: A.W.N. Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury and the Gothic Revival in Staffordshire |publisher=Stafford Fisher }}
* {{cite book |first=Michael |last=Fisher |year=2012 |title=Gothic for Ever! Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury, and the rebuilding of Gothic England |place=Reading, UK |publisher=Spire Books |isbn = 978-1-904965-36-7 }}
* {{cite book |first=Rachel |last=Hasted |year=1995 |orig-year=1984 |title=Scarisbrick Hall: A guide |department=Social History |publisher=Lancashire County Museum Service }}
* {{cite book |first=Rosemary |last=Hill |section=Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin: A biographical sketch |title=A.W.N. Pugin: Master of Gothic revival |place=New Haven, CT / London, UK |publisher=Yale University Press }}
* {{cite book |first=Rosemary |last=Hill |year=2007 |title=God's Architect: Pugin and the building of romantic Britain |publisher=Allen Lane |isbn=978-0-7139-9499-5 }}
* {{cite book |last=Pugin |first=A.W.N. |author-link=Augustus Pugin |year=1920 |title=Gothic Architecture selected from various Ancient Edifices in England |volume=1 and 2 |place=Cleveland, OH |publisher=J.H. Jansen |url=https://archive.org/details/gothicarchitectu00pugi }} (Published in five volumes between 1821 and 1838).
* {{cite book |last=Pugin  |first=A.W.N. |author-link=Augustus Pugin |year=1836 |title=Contrasts |quote=A parallel between the noble edifices of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and similar buildings of the present day. Shewing the present decay of taste. Accompanied by appropriate text. |place=London, UK |publisher=Charles Dolman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKRWAAAAMAAJ |via=Google books }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{DNB poster|Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore}}
{{EB1911 poster|Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore}}
* {{cite web |title=The Pugin Society (thepuginsociety.co.uk) |type=main |url=http://www.thepuginsociety.co.uk }}
* {{cite web |title=Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin 1812–1852 |website=pugin.com |url=http://www.pugin.com }} — a comprehensive overview of Pugin's life with nearly 400 images.
* {{cite web |title=Australian works of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin |website=The Pugin Foundation (puginfoundation.org) |url=http://www.puginfoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616165618/http://www.puginfoundation.org/ |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Pugin |encyclopaedia=[[Catholic Encyclopaedia]] |via=New Advent (newadvent.org) |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12558b.htm }}
* {{cite web |title=Augustus Pugin's map room |department=Architecture |series=Living Heritage|website=parliament.uk |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |place=London, UK |url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/building/palace/architecture/collections1/stone/lords-library/ }}
* {{cite web |title=360° interior images |department=St. Giles' Catholic Church, [[Cheadle, Staffordshire|Cheadle]], Staffordshire |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/360/stgiles/index.shtml |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |place=London, UK }} 
* {{cite web |title=Papers of AWN Pugin |series=U.K. Parliamentary Archives |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |place=London, UK |url=http://www.portcullis.parliament.uk/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqSearch=RefNo=='PUG'&dsqCmd=Show.tcl }}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}  
* {{cite web |title=Pugin's manifesto |date=1 August 2007 |type=commentary |series=Arts and entertainment |website=[[The Times]] |place=London, UK |url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/tls_selections/commentary/article2306065.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616051533/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/tls_selections/commentary/article2306065.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2011 }} — an essay on Pugin's early work from  {{cite web |title=TLS  |url=http://www.the-tls.co.uk}}
* {{cite news |title=A Victorian novel in stone: The Houses of Parliament tell the story of Britain's past and its peculiar constitution |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |place=New York, NY |date=21 March 2009 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123758504383299443 }}
* {{cite episode |people=Richard Taylor (host) |title=Pugin: God's own architect |station=[[BBC Four]] |network=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=19 January 2012 |series=documentary |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01b1z45 |access-date=19 January 2019}}
** alt. src. {{cite web |title=Pugin: God's own architect |date=19 January 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00n58pm |publisher=[[BBC]] }}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{NPG name}}
* {{cite book |last=Pugin |first=A.W.N. |author-link=Augustus Pugin |year=1849 |title=Floriated Ornament: A series of thirty-one designs |place=London, UK |publisher=H.G. Bohn |url=http://cdm16245.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16245coll1/id/36622 |via=oclc.org |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516074845/http://cdm16245.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16245coll1/id/36622 |archive-date=16 May 2013 }}
** Alt. src.: {{cite book |last=Pugin |first=A.W.N. |author-link=Augustus Pugin |year=1849 |title=Floriated Ornament: A series of thirty-one designs |id=NA997 P8.8o. |series=Library |publisher=Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute |url=http://137.165.18.28/record=b1036646 |url-status=dead <!-- presumed --> |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130219091622/http://137.165.18.28/record=b1036646 |archive-date=19 February 2013 }}
* {{cite web |title=Table designed by A.W.N. Pugin for Windsor Castle, 1828 |department=object details |id=828093/0 |website=butchoff.com |publisher=Butchoff Antiques |place=London, UK |url=https://www.butchoff.com/objectdetails/828093/0/a-gothic-revival-table-made-for-windsor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608153812/https://www.butchoff.com/objectdetails/828093/0/a-gothic-revival-table-made-for-windsor |archive-date=8 June 2020 }}
* {{cite book |title=A.W.N. Pugin drawings |department=James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection |series=Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library |publisher=[[Yale University]] |place=New Haven, CT |id=call number: OSB MSS 66 |hdl=10079/fa/beinecke.pugin }}
* {{cite web |url=https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_PUG |website=Parliamentary Archives |title=Papers of AWN Pugin, (1812–1852); architect }}

{{British and Irish stained glass}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pugin, Augustus Welby Northmore}}
[[Category:Augustus Pugin| ]]
[[Category:1812 births]]
[[Category:1852 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Architects of cathedrals]]
[[Category:Architects of Roman Catholic churches]]
[[Category:English stained glass artists and manufacturers]]
[[Category:English furniture designers]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:English ecclesiastical architects]]
[[Category:English people of French descent]]
[[Category:English Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architects]]
[[Category:People educated at Christ's Hospital]]
[[Category:People from Bloomsbury]]
[[Category:People with mental disorders]]
[[Category:British artists with disabilities]]
[[Category:Pugin family|Augustus]]
[[Category:Architects from London]]
[[Category:English people of Swiss descent]]
[[Category:English people with disabilities]]