View source for Aversa

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{{Infobox Italian comune
| name                = Aversa
| official_name       = Comune di Aversa
| native_name         = 
| image_skyline       = Porta Napoli Aversa.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| image_alt           = 
| image_caption       = Arco dell'Annunziata
| image_shield        = Aversa-Stemma.svg
| shield_alt          = 
| image_map           = Map of comune of Aversa (province of Caserta, region Campania, Italy).svg
| map_alt             = 
| map_caption         = Location of Aversa in Caserta Province
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt     = 
| coordinates         = {{coord|40|58|N|14|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| region              = [[Campania]]
| province            = [[Province of Caserta|Caserta]] (CE)
| frazioni            = 
| mayor_party         = 
| mayor               = Francesco Matacena
| area_footnotes      = 
| area_total_km2      = 8.73
| population_footnotes = <ref name="istat">{{in lang|it}} [http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2016gen/index.html Source]: [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]] 2016</ref>
| population_total    = 52974
| population_as_of    = 31 December 2017
| pop_density_footnotes = 
| population_demonym  = Aversani
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m         = 39
| twin1               = 
| twin1_country       = 
|istat=| saint               = [[Paul of Tarsus|St. Paul]]
| day                 = January 25
| postal_code         = 81031
| area_code           = 081
| website             = {{official website|http://www.comune.aversa.ce.it}}
| footnotes           = 
}}
[[File:Maddalena Aversa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Maddalena lunatic asylum]] complex, built for the care of mentally ill]]
[[File:Santa Maria a Piazza, Lato Nord.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Santa Maria a Piazza Church]]
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'''Aversa''' ({{IPA|it|aˈvɛrsa|lang}}) is a [[city]] and ''[[comune]]'' in the [[Province of Caserta]] in [[Campania]], [[southern Italy]], about 24 km north of [[Naples]]. It is the centre of an agricultural district, the ''Agro Aversano'', producing wine and cheese (famous for the typical [[domestic buffalo|buffalo]] [[mozzarella]]). Aversa is also the main seat of the [[Faculty (division)|faculties]] of [[Architecture]] and [[Engineering]] of the ''Università degli studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli"'' (Campania University "L. Vanvitelli"). With a population of 52,974 (2017),<ref name="istat"/> it is the second city of the province after [[Caserta]].

==Geography==
Aversa is located near the city of [[Naples]]; it is separated by only 24 kilometres from Naples and by 26 kilometres from [[Caserta]], the administrative centre of [[Province of Caserta|the province of the same name]]. The municipality borders [[Carinaro]], [[Casaluce]], [[Cesa]], [[Frignano]], [[Giugliano in Campania]], [[Gricignano di Aversa]], [[Lusciano]], [[San Marcellino]], [[Sant'Antimo]], [[Teverola]] and [[Trentola Ducenta]].<ref>{{OSM|r|40943|Aversa}}</ref>

It is located in a fertile coastal plain north of Naples, thus serving as a market for agricultural products to the city. The plain on which it sits was known in ancient Roman times as the Campania Felix.<ref name="Cecere">{{Cite web |url = http://web.tiscalinet.it/arte_aversa/A-Italiano/2.htm |title = ''Il nucleo originario'' |access-date= 2 December 2008 |last= Cecere |first= Aldo |year = 2000 |work = Aversa nella Storia e nell'Arte |language = it}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Aversa duomo rilievo.jpg|thumb|left|120px|Norman relief of St. George and the Dragon in the Duomo reflects its Scandinavian precedents via Norman culture.]]

===Prehistory===
Archaeological sites excavated near Aversa have revealed human presence in the area since the [[Neolithic period]]. Some say that the founding of the ancient city took place with the [[Etruscans]].<ref name="Cecere"/>

In any case, because of endemic malaria that ravaged the region, the primitive city was abandoned.<ref name="Cecere"/>

===Lower middle ages===
Only a small military fortification, a castellum, still stands in the area, which is linked to a chapel in memory of the current alleged passage through Aversa by the Apostle Paul in the year 61. A.D., via the Roman road that ran towards Rome.<ref name="Cecere"/>

===Aversa County===
:''See also [[List of counts of Aversa]]''.
The present-day Aversa, which replaced the nearby city of [[Atella]] that had been laid waste during the [[Gothic Wars (disambiguation)|Gothic Wars]], was the first of the [[Normans|Norman]] territories in the Mediterranean. In 1030, the site was ceded to [[Rainulf Drengot]], a cadet of the lords of Quarrel near [[Alençon]] in [[Normandy]]; he was invested as count by Duke [[Sergius IV of Naples]] and confirmed by [[Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Conrad II]]. By offering a generous principle of asylum for the persecuted, Rainulf enlarged the power and importance of his little ''borgo'', which became the base from which the Normans forged a state in Sicily and Italy. The diplomacy of [[Robert Guiscard]], who built the fortifications, led to the investiture of a bishop responsible to the Pope at Aversa, which was nominally territory of the Eastern Emperor.<ref>The former seat had been at Atella (''CE''); Atella remains a titular bishopric today ([http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d4a07.html Catholic-hierarchy.com]).</ref> One of the first bishops was the Norman [[Guitmund]] (died c. 1090&ndash;95), a Benedictine monk, theologian, and opponent of [[Berengar of Tours]].

The count of Aversa, [[Richard I of Aversa|Richard I]], was one of the chief leaders in the struggle against the Papal forces which culminated in the [[Battle of Civitate|Battle of Civitella del Fortore]] (1053) in [[Benevento|Beneventan territory]]; even [[Pope Leo IX]] himself was captured at what turned into a  rout in favour of the Normans. The astute Richard did not treat the pope as a prisoner, however, but escorted him back to Rome with full honours, a gesture that led to the conciliation of the Normans with the Church, the lifting of the ban of excommunication that had been laid upon Aversa.

===Angevins===
After the Norman dynasty Aversa declined in importance: the Angevin kings of Naples came to Aversa mostly to hunt and hold court in the citadel, of which a few traces remain in via Roma in Aversa's historic centre.  In particular [[Joan I of Naples|Queen Joanna I]] chose Aversa for her preferred seat. There a group of nobles threw her husband [[Andrew, Duke of Calabria|Andrew]] from a window with a rope around his neck. His brother, [[King Louis I of Hungary]], head of the [[Capetian House of Anjou]], marched into Italy and at Aversa took his vengeance at a banquet of reconciliation, as Joanna escaped to Avignon.

The presence of the court also benefitted Aversa by the institution of the Real Casa dell'Annunziata (about 1315) an orphanage and hospice that occupied a central place in Aversan public life.

===Crown of Aragon===
When [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] permanently enthroned the kingdom of Naples within the domains of the [[Crown of Aragon]], Aversa continued to maintain the privileges it had enjoyed. Soon the epidemics and subdivisions of land caused it to be relegated as a peripheral urban center of Naples.<ref name="Cecere"/>

===Fifteenth century===
In the fourteenth or fifteenth century the County of Aversa was taken over by a family from Valencia, the Pròixida.<ref name="Andreu">{{cite web |url=http://senselimits.org/ppcc/prin.htm |title=''CREID. Centre d Recerca, Estudis i Informació de Dades'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213020306/http://senselimits.org/ppcc/prin.htm |archive-date=2009-02-13 |access-date=10 February 2013 |last=Piera i Andreu |first=Ramon |year=2008 |language=ca}}</ref> In fact, the palace of the Count of Almenara in Almenara (Castellón) is also known as the palace of the Count of Aversa.<ref name="Bayarri">{{cite web |url = http://www.cardonavives.com/artrenou.asp?id=70 |title = ''Vestigios de fortificaciones de Almenara (I)'' |access-date = 17 February 2008 |last = Gómez Bayarri |first = José Vicente |publisher = Associació Cultural Cardona Vives |language = es}}</ref>

==Demographics==
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==Gastronomy==
===Aversa DOC===
[[Italian wine]], both white and sparkling, under the Aversa [[DOC appellation]] comes from this area. Grapes destined for DOC product must be [[harvested (wine)|harvested]] to a maximum [[yield (wine)|yield]] of 14 [[tonnes]]/[[hectare]] with the finished wines [[fermented (wine)|fermented]] to a minimum [[alcohol level]] of 10.5% for still and 11% for the ''[[spumante]]'' style.<ref name="Saunders">P. Saunders ''Wine Label Language'' pg 124 Firefly Books 2004 {{ISBN|1-55297-720-X}}</ref>

The primary [[grape variety]] of the region is the [[Asprinio]] which must constitute at least 85% of the wines, with other local white grape varieties, such as [[Fiano (grape)|Fiano]], [[Trebbiano]] and [[Greco (grape)|Greco]] permitted to fill in the remainder. [[Viticulture]] in Aversa is unique for its use of growing the grapevines with [[poplar trees]] acting as [[trellises (wine)|trellises]]. This traditional method of trellising means that almost all harvesting is done by hand.<ref name="Saunders"/>

==Main sights==
Aversa, the second in historic importance of the dioceses of Campania, is the "city of a hundred churches" in its extensive historic center. Among its monuments:

*The Romanesque [[Aversa Cathedral|Duomo]], dedicated to [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]], has a spectacular [[ambulatory]] and a majestic octagonal [[dome]]. [[Francesco Solimena]]'s ''Madonna of the Gonfalone''and the Quattrocento painter [[Angiolillo Arcuccio]]'s ''Martyrdom of St Sebastian'' are in the Duomo. The pre-Romanesque sculpture of St George and the Dragon is one of the few surviving free-standing sculptures of its date. An outstanding collection of Baroque liturgical silver is kept in the Treasury.
*The Baroque ''Church of San Francesco delle Monache''.
*The ''Ospedale Psichiatrico Santa Maria Maddalena'' founded by [[Joachim Murat]] in 1813 which was the oldest Judicial Psychiatric Hospital in Italy and the center of many accusations of abuse.
*The ''Real Casa dell'Annunziata''.
*The Benedictine Abbey of ''San Lorenzo'', founded in the 10th century, with a fine Renaissance cloister.
*The Church of ''Santa Maria a Piazza'', founded in the 10th century, has frescoes of the school of [[Giotto]].
*Other churches in the city conserve paintings by [[Guido da Siena]], [[Polidoro da Caravaggio]], [[Marco Pino da Siena]], [[Pietro da Cortona]], [[Pietro Negroni]] ''il Giovane Zingaro'', [[Giuseppe Ribera]], [[Cornelius Smeet]], [[Abram Vink]], [[Teodoro d'Errico]], [[Francesco de Mura]], [[Massimo Stanzione]], and [[Paolo de Maio]].
*The Historic Former Railway station (Stazione Ferrovia Napoli Piedimonte D'Alife) of a long closed 1913 railway
*The Historic [[Aragonese Castle (Aversa)|Aragonese Castle]] which now houses the seat of the Court of North Naples

==Transportation==
[[Aversa railway station]] is a major station on the [[Rome–Formia–Naples railway]]. Most of the traffic is operated by [[Trenitalia]], although some trains run under the aegis of [[Italo Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori]] and [[Ente Autonomo Volturno|EAV]]. Aversa is served by a suburban train, on the [[Naples–Aversa railway]], that connects its stations ([[Aversa Centro railway station|Aversa Centro]] and [[Aversa Ippodromo railway station|Aversa Ippodromo]]) with [[Piscinola (Naples Metro)|Piscinola]], northern Naples, on the [[Line 1 (Naples Metro)|Line 1]] of [[Naples Metro]].

The nearest airport is that of [[Napoli-Capodichino]], {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} away.

Aversa is connected to the [[Autostrada A1 (Italy)|A1 Motorway]] by the SP 335-VI Provincial Road (former SS 265 State Road) and the SS 7 bis. Public bus transport is responsibility of the [[Compagnia Trasporti Pubblici Napoli|CTP]] (Compagnia Trasporti Pubblici Napoli), which serves Aversa with several [[motorbus]] routes and [[Trolleybuses in Naples|one trolleybus route]].

==Sport==
The local football club is the [[S.F. Aversa Normanna|Aversa Normanna]], founded in 1925, and its home ground is the [[Augusto Bisceglia Stadium]].

==Notable people==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Vincenzo Caianiello]], jurist
* [[Domenico Cimarosa]], opera composer
* [[Niccolò Jommelli]], classical composer
* [[Antonio Ruberti]], politician and engineer
* [[Lennie Tristano]], jazz pianist and composer
* [[Alessandro Verde]], Roman Catholic cardinal
* [[Caterina Balivo]], Showgirl
* [[Giovanni Di Giorgio]], painter
{{div col end}}

==Twin towns==
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Pratola Serra]], Italy
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alife, Campania|Alife]], Italy

==See also==
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Aversa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Aversa}}
*{{in lang|it}} [http://www.comune.aversa.ce.it Aversa official website]
*{{Cite CE1913|first=Ernesto |last=Buonaiuti|wstitle=Diocese of Aversa|volume=2}}
* {{cite EB9 |wstitle = Aversa |volume= III | page=152 | short=1 }}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Aversa|volume=3|page=59}}

{{Province of Caserta}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Aversa| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Campania]]