View source for Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck

{{Short description|Interceptor aircraft in service 1952-1981}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox aircraft
  |name = CF-100 Canuck
  |image = File:CF-100s 423 Sqn.jpg
  |caption = No. 423 Squadron Mk 4B CF-100s, 1962. This squadron was based in [[RCAF Station Grostenquin|Grostenquin]], [[France]].
  |type = [[Interceptor aircraft]]
  |manufacturer = [[Avro Canada]]
  |first_flight = 19 January 1950
  |introduction = 1952
  |retired = 1981
  |primary_user = [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]
  |more_users = [[Belgian Air Force]]
  |produced =
  |number_built = 692<ref name = "dow 72">Dow 1997, p. 72.</ref>
  |variants =
  |developed_into = [[Avro Canada CF-103]]
}}

The '''Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck''' (affectionately known as the "Clunk") is a Canadian [[twinjet]] [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptor]]/[[fighter aircraft|fighter]] designed and produced by aircraft manufacturer [[Avro Canada]]. It has the distinction of being the only Canadian-designed fighter to enter [[mass production]].

Work commenced in October 1946 in response to a [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) specification calling for a new [[jet propulsion|jet-powered]] interceptor/fighter aircraft suitable for long-distance patrol missions and all-weather operations. On 19 January 1950, the CF-100 Mark 1 prototype, 18101, conducted its [[maiden flight]], powered by a pair of [[Rolls-Royce Avon|Rolls-Royce Avon RA 3]] [[turbojet]] engines. Both pre-production and production series aircraft were powered by the domestically-developed [[Avro Orenda]] engine instead. Flight testing proved the CF-100 to possess a relatively short takeoff run and a high climb rate, making it well suited to its role as an interceptor. On 18 December 1952, Squadron Leader [[Janusz Żurakowski]], the Avro company chief development test pilot, took the CF-100 Mk&nbsp;4 prototype up to [[Mach number|Mach 1.10]] in a dive from {{convert|45,000|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name = "page 64">Page 1981, p. 64.</ref> making the type the first straight-winged jet aircraft to achieve controlled [[supersonic]] flight.{{Citation needed|date= September 2020}}

The CF-100 principally served with the Royal Canadian Air Force and [[Canadian Armed Forces]]; it was also procured in small numbers by [[Belgium]] to equip the [[Belgian Air Component]]. Introduced during 1952 amid the [[Cold War]], the CF-100 was typically deployed at both [[NATO]] bases in [[Europe]] and in [[North America]] as part of [[North American Aerospace Defense Command]] (NORAD). In addition to use by frontline [[squadron (aviation)|squadron]]s, it was also supplied to operational training units and frequently used for other secondary duties, including [[aerial reconnaissance]] and [[electronic warfare]] roles. During the early 1950s, the [[Avro Canada CF-103]], an advanced derivative of the CF-100 with a [[swept wing]] and capable of [[transonic]] speeds, was cancelled during its development. Concepts explored by the CF-103 ultimately led to the [[Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow|CF-105 Arrow]].

From 1961, RCAF CF-100s were withdrawn from the interceptor role, replaced by the [[McDonnell-Douglas CF-101 Voodoo]], with some reallocated to support roles until 1981, when all remaining examples were withdrawn from service. They were replaced by the [[Canadair CT-133 Silver Star]] and the [[CC-117 Falcon]] respectively in training and electronic warfare roles.

==Design and development==
===Background===
Amid the final years of the [[World War II|Second World War]], officials in Canada had concluded a self-sufficient indigenous military aviation industry would be of considerable national value, and that the new field of [[jet propulsion]] held considerable promise. As early as July 1944, Canada commenced work on a [[turbojet]] engine programme, producing the experimental [[Avro Canada Chinook]] powerplant.<ref name = "dow 623">Dow 1997, pp. 62-63.</ref> During the late 1940s and early 1950s, events such as the [[Korean War]] and [[Soviet atomic bomb project]] contributed to the rising international tensions of what would become known as the [[Cold War]]. The Canadian government responded by greatly increasing defense expenditure.<ref name = "dow 667">Dow 1997, pp. 66-70.</ref> The [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (RCAF) accounted for 46.6% of overall defense expenditure during [[Fiscal year|FY]] 1951–1952, some of which is attributable to several major procurement programmes.<ref name = "dow 70">Dow 1997, p. 70.</ref>

The RCAF had a strong interest in acquiring its own fleet of jet-powered combat aircraft. It identified a need for a new [[jet propulsion|jet-powered]] [[Interceptor aircraft|interceptor]]/fighter aircraft capable of patrolling the vast Canadian north and operating in all-weather conditions. Envisaged as a two-seat fighter crewed by a pilot and navigator, it would adopt two powerful engines along with a relatively advanced [[radar]] set and [[fire control system]] housed in its nose that would enable all-weather and night flying. These requirements were formalized by a RCAF specification that was issued during 1946.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} According to RCAF [[Air Marshal|air marshal]] [[Wilfred Curtis]], no existing aircraft satisfied the specification, nor was there any suitable aircraft already in development elsewhere. Thus, it was necessary for Canada to develop such a fighter itself.<ref name = "dow 645">Dow 1997, pp. 64-65.</ref>

[[File:CF-100 Prototype 18102.jpg|thumb|CF-100 Prototype 18102]]
[[File:RCAF CF-100 Mk 5.jpg|thumb| Weapons Practice Unit CF-100 Mk 5 firing rockets at first annual Air Defence Command rocket meet, [[CFB Cold Lake|Cold Lake]], September 1957.]]
[[File:CF-100-Alberta Aviation Museum.jpg|thumb|CF-100 Mk 5D (18476) former CFB Namao and No. 414 Electronic Warfare (EW) Squadron #100476 painted as [[No. 440 Squadron RCAF]] Mk 4B serving in NATO and on display at the [[Alberta Aviation Museum]].]]

On 3 November 1945, an agreement was struck to develop a prototype jet-powered fighter on behalf of the RCAF; on 13 October 1946, the issuing of government contracts to aircraft manufacturer [[Avro Canada]] enabled the company to commence the associated design work.<ref name = "dow 635">Dow 1997, p. 63-65.</ref> From these efforts emerged the XC-100, a prototype all-weather fighter, developed to meet the outstanding specification. Work was initially overseen by Edgar Atkin, Avro Canada's chief engineer. A key contributor to the programme was ex-[[de Havilland]] aircraft designer [[John Carver Meadows Frost|John Frost]], who was appointed chief design engineer for military projects and thus responsible for the CF-100's development.<ref name = "dow 69">Dow 1997, p. 69.</ref> At one stage Frost, along with Avro's chief aerodynamacist [[Jim Chamberlin]], extensively reworked the original design of the fuselage.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} On 17 May 1949, in response to the programme's progress, an additional agreement was reached to produce ten pre-production fighters along with 30 [[Avro Orenda]]s, an indigenously-developed turbojet engine.<ref name = "dow 69"/>

===Flight testing===
The CF-100 Mark 1 prototype, 18101, emerged from the factory painted gloss black, with white lightning bolts running down the fuselage and engines. On 19 January 1950, the CF-100 prototype flew its [[maiden flight]] from [[Malton, Mississauga|Malton, Ontario]] with [[Gloster Aircraft]] Company chief test pilot [[Squadron Leader|squadron leader]] [[Bill Waterton]] (on loan from Gloster, then also part of the [[Hawker Siddeley]] group) at the controls.<ref>Rossiter 2002, p. 63.</ref><ref name = "dow 69"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.warplane.com/aircraft/collection/details.aspx?aircraftId=3|title=Avro Canada CF-100 Mk. 5/5D Canuck - Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum|access-date=2024-12-27}}</ref> The Mark 1 was powered by a pair of [[Rolls-Royce Avon|Rolls-Royce Avon RA 3]] [[turbojet]] engines, each capable of a maximum thrust of 28.9&nbsp;kN (2,950 kgp / 6,500&nbsp;lbf) thrust. During July 1950, the second prototype, 18102, performed its first flight.<ref name = "dow 69"/> On 5 April 1951, the second prototype was lost in an accident that killed test pilot Bruce Warren. According to aviation author James Dow, this loss resulted in the programme being placed on indefinite hold and questions raised over Avro Canada's competency.<ref name = "dow 70"/>

In response to the accident, Avro Canada dismissed several members of the design team and established a special working group to rectify a major structural design error.<ref name = "dow 70"/> A straightforward modification that could be easily retrofitted into the pre-production aircraft was devised to solve the problem.<ref name = "dow 70"/> While both prototypes had been powered by Avon engines, pre-production and production aircraft used the locally-designed Orenda powerplant instead, the first of which flew in June 1951. Delays during the Orenda's development disrupted the CF-100 programme timetable.<ref name = "dow 69"/> Dissatisfied with the pace of development, [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet Minister]] [[C. D. Howe]] instructed Avro to suspend its other projects to focus entirely on completing the CF-100.<ref name = "dow 702">Dow 1997, pp. 70-72.</ref>

Five pre-production Mk 2 test aircraft (serial numbers 18103-18107) were produced, all fitted with Orenda 2 engines; one was fitted with dual controls and designated a Mk 2T trainer. According to pilot [[Jacqueline Cochran]], the Orenda engine responded noticeably smoother than the British or American-built jet engines she had previously flown.<ref name = "dow 73">Dow 1997, p. 73.</ref> Initial issues with the pre-production aircraft were soon resolved. The first production version, designated Mk 3, made its first flight during October 1952.<ref name = "dow 72"/> The Mk 3 incorporated the APG-33 radar and was armed with eight .50 [[caliber]] [[M2 Browning#AN/M3, GAU-21/A, and M3P|Browning M3]] machine guns. The Mk 3CT and Mk 3DT were dual control versions supplied to operational training units.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

During mid-January 1955, a CF-100 arrived at [[Eglin AFB]], [[Florida]], for cold-weather tests in the climatic hangar. A seven-man RCAF team, headed by flight lieutenant B.&nbsp;D. Darling, which had previously conducted tests at [[CFB Edmonton|Namao Air Base]], [[Alberta]], were part of the climatic detachment of ''Central Experimental and Proving Establishment''. Testing commenced the following month.<ref>"Eglin Will Test New All-Weather RCAF Interceptor". ''The Okaloosa News-Journal'', Crestview, Florida, Volume 41, Number 3, 20 January 1955, p. 6.</ref> In March 1956, four CF-100 Canucks were dispatched to Eglin AFB to conduct comparative armament trials, where the type was flown by several [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) crews.<ref>[http://www.avroarrow.org/AvroArrow/TestFlyingTheArrowpg3.htm "ADA-Arrow Pilots: Jan Zurakowski."] ''Avroarrow.org''. Retrieved: 31 October 2011.</ref> The operational suitability tests, dubbed ''Project Banana Belt'', were carried out by the 3241st Test Group (Interceptor) of the APGC's ''Air Force Operational Test Center'', in conjunction with a project team belonging to the RCAF.<ref>"Eglin Tests Latest Canadian Jet Model". ''The Okaloosa News-Journal'',  Crestview, Florida, Volume 42, Number 14, 5 April 1956, p. 20.</ref>

===Production===
During September 1950, the RCAF placed an initial production order for 124 Mk&nbsp;3 aircraft, the first entering service in 1953.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} This model was armed with eight .50&nbsp;caliber machine guns. The definitive rocket-armed Mk&nbsp;4A  was based on the prototype Mk&nbsp;4 (a modified Mk&nbsp;3), which first flew on 11 October 1952. The nose housed the much larger [[List of radars#AN/APG Series|APG-40 radar]], while the wings were equipped with wingtip pods, each containing up to 29 Mk&nbsp;4/Mk&nbsp;40 "Mighty Mouse" [[Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket|folding-fin aerial rocket]], to be used in addition to the guns. During 1954, the last 54 of an order for the Mk&nbsp;3 were swapped for the more advanced Mk&nbsp;4, the total orders for the Mk&nbsp;4 rose to 510. The ''Mk&nbsp;4B'' version was furnished with more powerful Orenda 11s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Five versions, or [[Mark (designation)|marks]], were produced. The high-altitude Mk&nbsp;5 was the final variant, production of which commenced during 1955.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} This model featured a {{convert|1.06|m|ftin|abbr=on}}-longer wingtip and enlarged tailplane, along with removal of the machine guns. The proposed Mk&nbsp;6 would have been equipped with [[Sparrow missile|Sparrow II missiles]] and [[afterburner|afterburning]] Orenda 11IR engines. It was intended as an "interim" fighter until development of the advanced [[Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow]] concluded,<ref name = "dow 72"/> though the Arrow was also cancelled. An advanced derivative of the CF-100 was the [[Avro Canada CF-103|CF-103]], which was equipped with a [[swept wing]] and projected to be capable of [[transonic]] speeds; a mock-up was made in 1951, but it was considered obsolete even before the CF-100 performed a dive that exceeded the speed of sound. On 18 December 1952, squadron leader [[Janusz Żurakowski]], the Avro company chief development test pilot, took the CF-100 Mk&nbsp;4 prototype to [[Mach number|Mach 1.0]] in a dive from {{convert|30,000|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}, becoming the first straight-winged jet aircraft to achieve controlled supersonic flight.<ref>Whitcomb 2008, p. 89.</ref><ref name = "dow 72"/>

==Operational history==
[[File:AvroCF-100CanuckMk3.JPG|thumb|CF-100 Mk 3 at the [[Canadian Museum of Flight]] in July 1988.]]
Amongst RCAF pilots, the Canuck was affectionately known as the "Clunk".<ref name = "dow 74">Dow 1997, p. 74.</ref> The nickname has been attributed to [[Onomatopoeia|noise produced]] by the forward [[landing gear]] as it retracted into its well after takeoff. Another common nickname was the "Lead Sled", alluding to its heavy controls and low maneuverability; this nickname was shared by numerous 1950s aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://users.skynet.be/Emmanuel.Gustin/faq/designts.html|title=Designation Systems|website=users.skynet.be}}</ref> Others included CF-Zero, the Zilch, and the Beast, all references to an aircraft many pilots considered less glamorous than RCAF [[day fighter]]s like the [[Canadair Sabre]].<ref>[http://445squadron.com/index.php?p=1_23_NEWSPAPER-STORIES-1998 "CF-100 Veterans Reunite."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707064111/http://445squadron.com/index.php?p=1_23_NEWSPAPER-STORIES-1998 |date=July 7, 2011 }} ''Comox Valley Echo'', 18 September 1998. Retrieved: 7 February 2010.</ref>

Many CF-100s functioned under the US–Canadian [[North American Air Defense Command]] (NORAD), which protected North American airspace from [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] intruders, particularly by nuclear-armed [[bomber]]s. Between 1956 and 1962, as part of the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO), four CF-100 squadrons were based in Europe with [[No. 1 Air Division RCAF|1 Air Division]]; for some time, the CF-100 was the only NATO fighter capable of operating in zero visibility and poor weather conditions.<ref>Baglow pp 101-113</ref>

Around the start of the [[Korean War]] in the early 1950s, the [[United States Air Force]] (USAF) found itself in urgent need of a jet-propelled, all-weather, [[Air interdiction|interdiction]]/[[surveillance aircraft]]. This urgency was so great that the USAF was willing to consider two foreign designs: the CF-100 and the [[English Electric Canberra]]. Following an evaluation, the CF-100 was rejected due to its insufficient [[Range (aircraft)|range]] and [[Payload (air and space craft)|payload]] capabilities. The [[English Electric]] design was selected and developed into the [[Martin B-57 Canberra]].<ref>[http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2677 "English Electric Canberra B-57 Prototype."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705115524/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2677 |date=July 5, 2012 }} ''National Museum of the USAF''. Retrieved: 7 February 2010.</ref><ref>Baugher, Joe. [http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_bombers/b57_1.html " Martin B-57A."] ''USAAC/USAAF/USAF Bomber Aircraft-Third Series'', 13 August 2006. Retrieved: 7 February 2010.</ref>

At its peak, the CF-100 served with nine RCAF squadrons in the mid-1950s. Four of these squadrons were deployed to Europe under the NIMBLE BAT ferry program, replacing NATO RCAF squadrons equipped with [[Canadair Sabre]] day fighters to provide all-weather defense against Soviet intruders. While flown in the North American theatre, the CF-100 would typically retain a natural metal finish; however, those flying overseas were given a British-style disruptive [[camouflage]] scheme: dark sea gray and green on top, light sea gray on the bottom.<ref>Baglow, pp 101-121</ref>

During his Avro Canada years, the chief development pilot S/L [[Janusz Żurakowski|Żurakowski]] continued to perform as an aerobatic display pilot, with spectacular results, especially at the 1955 [[Farnborough Airshow]] where he displayed the CF-100 in a "falling-leaf." Proclaimed the "Great Żura", many aviation and industry observers could not believe a large, all-weather fighter could be put through its paces so spectacularly. His performance has been credited with [[Belgium]]'s decision to purchase the CF-100 for its [[Belgian Air Force|air force]].<ref name = "dow 74"/> Efforts were made to sell the Canuck to other nations, including the [[United States]], but no other export customers for the type would be secured. Dow reasoned that the Canuck's poor overseas sales undermined officials' confidence in exporting other aircraft, including the CF-105 Arrow.<ref name = "dow 74"/>

692 CF-100s of different variants were manufactured, including the 53 purchased by Belgium. Although designed for only 2,000 flight hours, it was found the Canuck's airframe could serve for over 20,000 hours. The Belgian aircraft were either scrapped after storage or written off in crashes. Consequently, though the Canadian CF-100 would be replaced in its front line role by the faster [[CF-101 Voodoo]], the Canuck continued to serve with 414 Squadron of the Canadian Forces, based at [[CFB North Bay]], [[Ontario]]. During its later years, the type was tasked with [[aerial reconnaissance]], training and [[electronic warfare]] missions. It was finally withdrawn from service during 1981.{{Citation needed|date=July 2019}} Though retired, some Canucks remain as static displays in Canada and elsewhere.

During the late 1950s, an advanced supersonic interceptor, [[Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow|CF-105 Arrow]] along with the sophisticated [[Orenda Iroquois]] engine, was under development by Avro Canada as an intended successor to the CF-100.<ref>Milberry 1984, p 320.</ref> However, during 1959, work on the CF-105 was terminated following a controversial decision by the Canadian government.

==Variants==
* '''CF-100 Mk 1''' : The first two prototypes.
** '''CF-100 Mk 1P''' : Proposed photo-reconnaissance version. Not built.
* '''CF-100 Mk 2''' : Ten pre-production aircraft.
** '''CF-100 Mk 2T''' : Dual control training version of the CF-100 Mk 2. Two built.
* '''CF-100 Mk 3''' : Two-seat all-weather long-range interceptor fighter aircraft. First production version for the [[RCAF]].  Eight [[M2 Browning machine gun#AN.2FM2 and AN.2FM3|.5-inch Browning M3]] guns (200 rounds per gun) in a forward firing ventral gun pack.  70 built.
** '''CF-100 Mk 3A''' : CF-100 Mk 3 sub-type, powered by two Orenda 2 turbojet engines. 21 built.
** '''CF-100 Mk 3B''' : CF-100 Mk 3 sub-type, powered by two Orenda 8 turbojet engines. 45 built.
** '''CF-100 Mk 3CT''' : One CF-100 Mk 3 converted into a dual control training aircraft. Later redesignated '''CF-100 Mk 3D'''.
* '''CF-100 Mk 4''' : Two-seat all-weather long-range interceptor fighter aircraft. Eight .5-inch Browning M3 guns (200 rounds per gun) in a forward firing ventral gun pack.  Plus two wingtip pods of 29 x 70-mm (2.75&nbsp;in) "Mighty Mouse" [[fin-folding aerial rocket]]s.  One pre-production aircraft. 
[[File:Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck at the National Museum of the Air Force; front quarter view.jpg|thumb| 18241 – CF-100 Mk.4A on static display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson AFB]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]].]]
** '''CF-100 Mk 4A''' : CF-100 Mk 4 sub-type, powered by two Orenda 9 turbojet engines. 137 built.
** '''CF-100 Mk 4B''' : CF-100 Mk 4 sub-type, powered by two Orenda 11 turbojet engines. 141 built.
** '''CF-100 Mk 4X''' : Proposed version of the CF-100 Mk 4. Not built.
* '''CF-100 Mk 5''' : Two-seat all-weather long-range interceptor fighter aircraft, powered by two Orenda 11 or Orenda 14 turbojet engines.  Two wingtip pods of 29 x 70-mm (2.75&nbsp;in) "Mighty Mouse" fin-folding aerial rockets.  332 built.
** '''CF-100 Mk 5D''' : Small number of CF-100 Mk 5s converted into ECM (Electronic Countermeasures), EW (Electronic Warfare) aircraft.
** '''CF-100 Mk 5M''' : Small number of CF-100 Mk 5s equipped to carry the [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] II air-to-air missiles.
* '''CF-100 Mk 6''' : Proposed version armed with the [[AIM-7 Sparrow]] II air-to-air missile. Not built.

==Operators==
[[File:CF100Crest.JPG|thumb|CF-100 badge worn by Canadian Forces crews in the 1970s and 80s]]

;{{BEL}}
* [[Belgian Air Force]] (53 Mk 5s from 1957 to 1964)
** [[11 Squadron (Belgium)|11 Squadron]]
** [[349th Squadron (Belgium)|349 Squadron]]
** [[350th Squadron (Belgium)|350 Squadron]]
;{{CAN}}
* [[Royal Canadian Air Force]]
* [[Canadian Forces Air Command]] {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
** [[No. 410 Squadron RCAF|410 Squadron]]
** [[No. 414 Squadron RCAF|414 Squadron]]
** [[No. 416 Squadron RCAF|416 Squadron]]
** [[No. 419 Squadron RCAF|419 Squadron]]
** [[No. 423 Squadron RCAF|423 Squadron]]
** [[No. 425 Squadron RCAF|425 Squadron]]
** [[No. 428 Squadron RCAF|428 Squadron]]
** [[No. 432 Squadron RCAF|432 Squadron]]
** [[No. 433 Squadron RCAF|433 Squadron]]
** [[No. 440 Squadron RCAF|440 Squadron]]
** [[No. 445 Squadron RCAF|445 Squadron]]
** [[No. 448 Squadron RCAF|448 Squadron]] {{Div col end}}

== Notable accidents and incidents ==
<!--Include significant accidents/incidents only, such as crashes causing multiple fatalities other than the crew of just one aircraft. Over 100 CF-100s crashed with 98 fatalities; we can't list them all.-->
* 11 August 1953: a CF-100 crashed in [[Longueuil, Québec]] shortly after take-off, killing both crewmen. Two houses were struck, killing seven on the ground including five children - all six years old or younger.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19530815&id=RoMtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d5kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4696,2100401&hl=en ''Services Simple, Brief and Sad for Five Victims of Air Crash''] ''The Montreal Gazette'', 15 August 1953 Retrieved: 11 March 2020</ref>
* 15 May 1956: A CF-100 crashed into the Villa St. Louis at [[Orléans, Ontario]], killing both crewmen and 13 civilians on the ground in what is known as the [[Convent Crash]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15 May 1956 CF-100 18367, Orléans, Ontario |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/17585 |website=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
* 25 August 1958: Two RCAF CF-100s in a four-aircraft formation collided before crashing at [[RCAF Station Grostenquin]]. One crashed into the base hospital, the other crashed into a field. Three of the four aircrew were killed, along with two people in the base hospital; eight others on the ground were injured.<ref>[http://www.c-and-e-museum.org/grostenquin/other/gtother-298.html "Grostenquin, France - 423 Squadron History."] ''c-and-e-museum.org'', Retrieved: 30 July 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=25 August 1958 CF-100 18329 at RCAF Grostenquin |url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/173468 |website=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
* 7 December 1960: Two CF-100s (18571 and 18610) of [[No. 428 Squadron RCAF|428 Squadron]] collided near Val D’Or, Quebec while on a nighttime intercept exercise. Four crew members were killed. The intense explosion caused by the collision was seen 100 miles away.<ref>[https://caspir.warplane.com/asrc/acn/200000377/ “Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum, Canadian Aircraft Serials Personnel Information Resource (CASPIR)”]. Retrieved: 06 January 2025.</ref>

==Aircraft on display==
[[File:Avro Canada CF-100 "Canuck".jpg|thumb|Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck Mk.3D on display at the Nanton Air Museum, Nanton, Alberta.]]
[[File:CF100.jpg|thumb|Canadian Forces CF-100 on display at Head Lake Park, Haliburton, Ontario]]
[[File:Rcafnb.jpg|thumb|RCAF CF-100 at Lee Park, North Bay]]
[[File:CF100 - Trenton.jpg|thumb|CF-100 National Air Force Museum of Canada, Trenton, Ontario]]

===Belgium===
* 18534 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at the [[Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History]] in [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18534 CAF, c/n C-100/5/434 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=16489 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

===Canada===
* 18104 – CF-100 on static display at [[Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School]] in [[Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18104 RCAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=76085 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18106 – CF-100 Mk.2 on static display at the Memorial Military Museum in [[Campbellford, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 2 Canuck, s/n 18106 RCAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=40642 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18126 – CF-100 Mk.3D on static display at [[The Hangar Flight Museum]] in [[Calgary, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AVRO CANADA CF-100 CANUCK |url=http://www.thehangarmuseum.ca/exhibits/avro-canada-cf-100-canuck |website=The Hangar Flight Museum |publisher=The Hangar Flight Museum |access-date=22 July 2017 |archive-date=27 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727191343/http://www.thehangarmuseum.ca/exhibits/avro-canada-cf-100-canuck |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 18138 – CF-100 Mk.3B on static display at the [[Canadian Museum of Flight]] in [[Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)|Langley, British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck |url=http://www.canadianflight.org/content/avro-canada-cf-100-canuck |website=The Canadian Museum of Flight |publisher=Canadian Museum of Flight |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18152 – CF-100 Mk.3 on static display at the [[Bomber Command Museum of Canada]] in [[Nanton, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CF 100 |url=http://www.bombercommandmuseum.ca/cf100.html |website=Bomber Command Museum of Canada |publisher=Nanton Lancaster Society |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222091714/http://www.bombercommandmuseum.ca/cf100.html |archive-date=22 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 18488 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display in [[Centennial Park (Moncton)|Centennial Park]] in [[Moncton, New Brunswick]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18488 RCAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=12651 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18500 – CF-100 Mk.5D on static display at CFB North Bay in [[North Bay, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5M Canuck, s/n 18500 RCAF, c/n 526 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=58379 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18506 – CF-100 Mk.4B in storage at the Canadian Air, Land, and Sea Museum in [[Toronto, Ontario]]. It was previously on display at the RCAFA 447 Wing at Hamilton International Airport, Mount Hope, Ontario.<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 4B Canuck, s/n 18506 RCAF, c/n 406 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=12174 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18602 – CF-100 on static display at Haliburton Highlands High School in [[Haliburton, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18602 RCAF, c/n C-100/5/502 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=16775 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18619 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at Paul Coffey Park in [[Malton, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5 Canuck, s/n 18619 RCAF, c/n C-100/5/519 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=8274 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18626 – CF-100 Mk.5M on static display at Lee Park in [[North Bay, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5M Canuck, s/n 18626 RCAF, c/n 526 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=58379 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18731 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at the [[Royal Military College of Canada]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5 Canuck, s/n 18731 CAF, c/n C-100/5/631 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=7810 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18746 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at the [[Royal Military College Saint-Jean]] in [[Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5 Canuck, s/n 18746 CAF, c/n C-100/5/646 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=7810 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18759 – CF-100 on static display at the [[Reynolds-Alberta Museum]] in [[Wetaskiwin, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18759 RCAF, c/n C-100/5/569 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=12645 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aviation |url=https://reynoldsmuseum.ca/aviation |website=Reynolds Museum |publisher=Government of Alberta |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref>
* 18761 – CF-100 on static display at [[CFB Cold Lake]] in [[Cold Lake, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18761 RCAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=9621 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18774 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at the [[National Air Force Museum of Canada]] in [[Trenton, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Canuck|url=http://airforcemuseum.ca/en/aircraft-2/canuck |website=National Air Force Museum of Canada |publisher=National Air Force Museum of Canada |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18784 – CF-100 on static display at Air Force Heritage Park at [[CFB Winnipeg]] in [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, s/n 18784 RCAF, c/n C-100/5/684 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10060 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100472 – CF-100 on static display at the Air Defence Museum at [[CFB Bagotville]] in [[Saguenay, Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 100472 CAF, c/n C-100/4/372 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=3398 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100476 – CF-100 Mk.4B on static display at the [[Alberta Aviation Museum]] in [[Edmonton, Alberta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck (1952) |url=http://www.albertaaviationmuseum.com/Aircraft/Avro_Canada_CF-100_Canuck_(1952) |website=Alberta Aviation Museum |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217064302/http://www.albertaaviationmuseum.com/Aircraft/Avro_Canada_CF-100_Canuck_(1952) |archive-date=17 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 100476 CAF, c/n 376 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=9269 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100493 – CF-100 Mk.5D on ground display at the [[Base Borden Military Museum]] at [[CFB Borden]] near [[Barrie, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5D Canuck, s/n 100493 CAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=151491 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2012 BORDEN AIRSHOW: THE STATIC DISPLAYS |url=http://keepcalmandremember.wordpress.com/2015/04/01/2012-borden-airshow-the-static-displays |website=Keep Calm and Remember |access-date=22 July 2017 |date=1 April 2015}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2017}}
* 100747 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at the [[Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum]] in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax, Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CF-100 Canuck |url=http://acamuseum.ca/on-display/aircraft-collection/cf-100-canuck |website=Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum |publisher=Atlantic Canada Aviation Museum |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5 Canuck, s/n 100747 CAF, c/n 647 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=62002 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100757 – CF-100 Mk.5D on static display at the [[Canada Aviation and Space Museum]] in [[Ottawa, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=AVRO CANADA CF-100 MK.5D (100757) |url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-cf100-100757.php |website=Canada Aviation and Space Museum |publisher=Ingenium |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-date=28 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328220055/http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-avro-cf100-100757.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 100760 – CF-100 Mk.5 in storage at the [[Canadian War Museum]] in [[Ottawa, Ontario]]. It was previously on display at [[CFB St. Hubert]] in [[Saint-Hubert, Quebec]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5 Canuck, s/n 100760 CAF, c/n 660 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=20497 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100785 – CF-100 Mk.5D on static display at the [[Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum]] in [[Mount Hope, Hamilton, Ontario|Mount Hope, Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck Mk. 5D |url=http://www.warplane.com/aircraft/collection/details.aspx?aircraftId=3 |website=Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum |publisher=Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100790 – CF-100 on static display at the [[Comox Air Force Museum]] in [[Comox, British Columbia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Canuck|url=http://www.comoxairforcemuseum.ca/AirPark/canuck.html |website=Comox Air Force Museum |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730071041/http://www.comoxairforcemuseum.ca/AirPark/canuck.html |archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 100790 CAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=8296 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
* 18393 – CF-100 Mk.4B on static display at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]] in [[Duxford, Cambridgeshire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Canada CF-100 Mk 4B |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/70000079 |website=Imperial War Museums |publisher=IWM |access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 18393, c/r G-BCYK |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=57478 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

===United States===
* 100779 – CF-100 Mk.5C on static display at the [[Peterson Air and Space Museum]] at [[Peterson Air Force Base]] near [[Colorado Springs, Colorado]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CF-100 |url=http://www.petemuseum.org/CF100.html |website=Peterson Air & Space Museum Foundation |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210064509/http://www.petemuseum.org/CF100.html |archive-date=10 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro CanadaCF-100, s/n 100779 CAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=23708 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 18241 – CF-100 Mk.4A on static display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson AFB]] in [[Dayton, Ohio]]. It is painted in 428 Sqn colours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro CF-100 Mk.4A Canuck |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/198077/avro-cf-100-mk4a-canuck/ |website=National Museum of the US Air Force |access-date=21 July 2017 |date=28 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck, s/n 18241 RCAF |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=41881 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
* 100504 – CF-100 Mk.5 on static display at the [[Castle Air Museum]] at the former [[Castle AFB]] in [[Atwater, California]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Avro Canada (A.V. Roe Canada, Ltd.) CF-100 Canuck Mk. V (CAN) |url=http://www.castleairmuseum.org/avro_canuck.html |website=Castle Air Museum |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204121450/http://www.castleairmuseum.org/avro_canuck.html |archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Airframe Dossier - Avro Canada CF-100Mk 5 Canuck, s/n 100504 RCAF, c/n C-100/4/404 |url=http://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=17894 |website=Aerial Visuals |publisher=AerialVisuals.ca |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

==Specifications (CF-100 Mk 5)==

{{Aircraft specs
|ref={{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
|prime units?=imp
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=two
|length ft=54
|length in=2
|length note=
|span ft=57
|span in=2
|span note=
|height ft=14
|height in=6
|height note=
|wing area sqft=591
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=<!-- sailplanes -->
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |access-date=16 April 2019}}</ref>-->
|empty weight lb=23100
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=33450
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=36000
|max takeoff weight note=<ref>Taylor and Alexander 1969, p. 51.</ref>
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Avro Canada Orenda 11]]
|eng1 type=[[turbojet]] engines
|eng1 lbf=7300
|eng1 note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed mph=552
|max speed note=
|max speed mach=<!-- supersonic aircraft -->
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed note=
|range miles=2000
|range note=
|combat range miles=
|combat range note=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling ft=45000
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ftmin=8750
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|thrust/weight=0.44

|more performance=<!--<br />
*'''Take-off run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Take-off distance to {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Landing run:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}
*'''Landing distance from {{cvt|50|ft|0}}:''' {{cvt||ft|0}}-->
<!--
        Armament
-->
|guns=<!-- never fitted to the Mk 5---forward-firing ventral gun pack containing eight [[M2_Browning_machine_gun#AN.2FM2_and_AN.2FM3|.5-inch Browning M3]] guns (200 rounds per gun)--->
|bombs= 
|rockets= 2 wingtip pods of 29 x 70-mm (2.75 in) "Mighty Mouse" fin-folding aerial rockets

|avionics=
*Radar
}}
<!-- ==Notable appearances in media==
{{Main|Aircraft in fiction#Avro Canada CF-100}} -->

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
* [[Aerospace Heritage Foundation of Canada]]
* [[Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow]] - the design intended to replace the CF-100
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Avro Canada CF-103]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[Douglas F3D Skyknight]]
* [[Gloster Javelin]]
* [[Lockheed F-94 Starfire]]
* [[Northrop F-89 Scorpion]]
* [[Sud Aviation Vautour]]
* [[Yakovlev Yak-25]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of Canada's air forces]]
}}

==References==
{{Clear}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* Baglow, Bob. ''Canucks Unlimited: Royal Canadian Air Force CF-100 Squadrons and Aircraft, 1952–1963''. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canuck Publications 1985. {{ISBN|0-9692246-0-5}}.
* Dow, James. ''The Arrow.'' James Lorimer & Company, 1997. {{ISBN|1-5502855-4-8}}. 
*{{cite magazine|last=Henley|first=Don|title=Singular Customer: Belgium and the Avro Canada CF-100|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|date=March–April 1997|issue=68|pages=60–63 |issn=0143-5450}} 
* Lyzun, Jim. ''CF-100 Canuck''. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: SMS Publishing, 1985. {{ISBN|0-920375-04-9}}.
* [[Larry Milberry|Milberry, Larry]]. ''The Avro CF-100''. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: CANAV Books, 1981. {{ISBN|0-9690703-0-6}}.
* Milberry, Larry. ''Sixty Years, The RCAF and CF Air Command 1924–1984''. CANAV Books, 1984. {{ISBN|0-07-549484-1}}.
* Page, Ron. ''Canuck: CF-100 All Weather Fighter''. Erin, Ontario, Canada: Boston Mills Press, 1981. {{ISBN|0-919822-39-8}}.
* Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander.''Combat Aircraft of the World''. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. {{ISBN|0-71810-564-8}}.
* Whitcomb, Randall L. ''Cold War Tech War:  The Politics of America's Air Defense''. Burlington, Ontario, Canada: Apogee Books, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-894959-77-3}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.avroland.ca/al-cf100.html Avroland Article]
* [http://www.warplane.com/pages/aircraft_cf100.html Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum Article]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/19990901030234/http://www.aero-web.org/specs/avcan/cf100mk5.htm Specifications]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvVJStQSFKc Video from 1956 about the Canuck]
* [https://torontoaviationheritage.ca/preserved-canadian-aircraft/canuck/ List of preserved CF-100s]

{{Avro Canada}}
{{CF aircraft}}
{{Aircraft manufactured in Canada}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Avro Canada aircraft|CF-100]]
[[Category:1950s Canadian fighter aircraft]]
[[Category:Cruciform tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Twinjets]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1950]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]