View source for Azcapotzalco

{{about|the current borough in Mexico City}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
|name                   = Azcapotzalco
|settlement_type        = [[Boroughs of Mexico City|Borough]]
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
| image_skyline            = {{Photomontage
| photo1a                 = Avenida Azcapotzalco.JPG
| photo1b                 = 
| photo2a                 = Capilla de Santa María Malinalco (Azcapotzalco) 01.JPG
| photo2b                 = Monumento a la última acción de armas de la Independencia de México.jpg
| photo3a                 = MX TV PARQUE TEZOZOMOC 17.jpg
| photo3b                 = MX TV CASA DE LA CULTURA AZCAPOTZALCO - 3.jpg
| spacing                 = 2
| position                = center
| color_border            = white
| color                   = white
| size                    = 280
| foot_montage            = Top: Azcapotzalco Avenue; Middle: Santa María Malinalco Chapel, Independence Heroes Monument; Bottom: Tézomoc Park, Azcapotzalco Culture House
}}
|image_seal             = Alcaldía Azcapotzalco symbol.svg
|image_blank_emblem     = Alcaldía Azcapotzalco logo.svg
|blank_emblem_type      = Logo
|image_map              = Azcapotzalco,_México_DF.svg
|mapsize                = 200px
|map_caption            = Azcapotzalco within Mexico City
<!-- Location ------------------->
|subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name       = [[Mexico]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Political divisions of Mexico|Federal entity]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Mexico City]]
<!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->
|seat                   =	Av. Castilla Oriente s/n esq. 22 de Febrero
<!-- Politics ------------------->
|leader_party           = [[Morena (political party)|MORENA]]
|leader_title           = Mayor
|leader_name            = Nancy Nuñez Resendiz
|established_title      = Established
|established_date       = 1928
|named_for              = Ancient [[Tepanec]] city
<!-- Area    -------------------->
|area_total_km2         = 33.69
|area_urban_km2         = 
|area_footnotes         = <ref name='CDMX2020'>{{Cite web|title=Principales Resultados del Censo de Vivienda y Población 2020|url=https://www.sedeco.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/uploaded-files/resultados-del-censo-pob-y-viv-2020-1.pdf|language=es|access-date=October 17, 2023}}</ref>
<!-- Population   --------------->
|population_as_of       = 2020
|population_total       = 432,205
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_footnotes   =.<ref name=CDMX2020/>
<!-- Geography    --------------->
|coordinates            = {{coord|19|28|20|N|99|11|00|W|region:MX_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes    = <ref name=CDMX2020/>
|elevation_m            = 2,252
<!-- General information -------->
|timezone               =[[Time in Mexico|Zona Centro]]
|utc_offset             = -6
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -->
|postal_code_type       = Postal codes
|postal_code            = 02000–02999
|area_code              = 55
| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Human Development Index|HDI (2020)]]
| blank_info_sec1                 = {{steady}} 0.834  <span style="color:#090">'''Very High'''</span> <ref name="idh">{{cite web |title=Base de datos del IDS-2020
|url=https://www.evalua.cdmx.gob.mx/storage/app/media/2021/estadistica/indice-de-desarrollo-social-2020.xlsx |website=Consejo de Evaluación de la Ciudad de México |access-date=}}</ref>
|website                = [https://azcapotzalco.cdmx.gob.mx/ azcapotzalco.cdmx.gob.mx]
}}

'''Azcapotzalco''' ({{langx|nci|Āzcapōtzalco}} {{IPA|nah|aːskapoːˈt͡saɬko||Askapotsalko.ogg}}; {{IPA|es|askapoˈtsalko|-|Atzcapozalco Pronunciation.ogg}}; from ''[[wikt:azcapotzalli|āzcapōtzalli]]'' “anthill” + ''[[wikt:-co|-co]]'' “place”; literally, “In the place of the anthills”) is a [[Boroughs of Mexico City|borough]] (''demarcación territorial'') in [[Mexico City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/29/mexico-city-name-change-federal-district-df|title=Mexico City officially changes its name to – Mexico City|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=David|last=Agren|date=29 January 2015|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref> Azcapotzalco is in the northwestern part of Mexico City.

The town began in the [[pre-Hispanic era]] and was the seat of the [[Tepanec]] dominion until the [[Aztec Triple Alliance]] overthrew it. After that it was a rural farming area becoming part of the Federal District of Mexico City in the mid-19th century. In the 20th century the area was engulfed by the [[urban sprawl]] of Mexico City. Today it is 100% urbanized and is a center of industry.

==Geography==
[[File:Parque Tezozomoc - 4.jpg|thumb|left|Scene from Parque Tezozomoc]]
The municipality of Azcapotzalco is in the [[Valley of Mexico]] with its eastern half on the lakebed of the former [[Lake Texcoco]] and the west on more solid ground. The historic center is on the former shoreline of this lake.<ref name="delhis">{{cite web|url=http://azcapotzalco.df.gob.mx/inicio/index.php?id=historia |title=Historia de Azcapotzalco |publisher=Borough of Azcapotzalco |location=Mexico City |language=es |trans-title=History of Azcapotzalco |access-date=January 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219200236/http://azcapotzalco.df.gob.mx/inicio/index.php?id=historia |archive-date=February 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="programa">{{cite web |url=http://www.azcapotzalco.gob.mx/pagina_azcapo/informacion/publico/transparencia/pdf/Prog_Del.pdf |title=Programa de Gobierno Delegacional 2009-2012 |year=2009 |publisher=Borough of Azcapotzalco |location=Mexico City |language=es |trans-title=Program of the Borough Government |access-date=January 3, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131075924/http://www.azcapotzalco.gob.mx/pagina_azcapo/informacion/publico/transparencia/pdf/Prog_Del.pdf |archive-date=January 31, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The average altitude is 2240 meters above sea level.<ref name="encmuc">{{cite web|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM09DF/delegaciones/09002a.html |title=Azcapotzalco |year=2010 |work=Enciclopedia de Los Municipios y Delegaciones de México Distrito Federal. |publisher=INAFED |location=Mexico |language=es |access-date=January 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110181005/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/EMM09DF/delegaciones/09002a.html |archive-date=November 10, 2014 }}</ref> Politically, the municipality extends over 34.5km2 in the northwest of the Federal District of Mexico City, bordering the municipality of [[Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City|Gustavo A. Madero]], [[Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City|Cuauhtémoc]], [[Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City|Miguel Hidalgo]] along with the municipalities of [[Tlalnepantla de Baz]], and [[Naucalpan]] in the [[State of Mexico]].<ref name="encmuc"/>

It has a semi-humid [[temperate climate]] with an average temperature of 15C.<ref name="encmuc"/>
{{climate chart
|Azcapotzalco
|5|23|9
|6|25|8
|9|28|11
|11|28|31
|12|28|61
|13|26|148
|12|25|166
|12|25|160
|12|24|114
|11|24|63
|8|24|7
|6|23|7
|source=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/
|float=right
}}
As the municipality is 100% urbanized, there are no ecological reserves. It is divided into 2,723 city blocks.<ref name="programa"/><ref name="encmuc"/> There are 54 parks which have no wild vegetation but rather planted species such as willow, cedar and pine trees. These parks cover 100.51 hectares, which is 2.9% of the entire municipality. The most important of these are the [[Parque Tezozómoc]] and [[Alameda Norte]], which together account for 52.4 hectares.<ref name="programa"/><ref name="nsanders">{{cite news |title= Planean rescatar zonas historicas |author= Nadia Sanders |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=July 12, 2005 |page=3 |language=es |trans-title=Plan to rescue historic areas}}</ref>

Parque Tezozomoc was inaugurated in 1982 designed as a scaled replica of the Valley of Basin of Mexico in the pre-Hispanic era.<ref name="programa"/> The Alameda Norte park is next to the Ferrería station. It has a pond which was used as an ice rink and playing field but was rehabilitated in the 2000s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alameda Norte |url=https://mexicocity.cdmx.gob.mx/venues/alameda-del-norte/ |publisher=City Government}}</ref><ref name="salva">{{cite news |title= Salva Azcapotzalco un 'espejo de agua' |first=Jesus Alberto |last= Hernandez |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=October 14, 2002 |page=6 |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco saves a "water mirror" }}</ref>
{{Further|Parque de la China}}

Other important green areas include community squares such as Plaza Hidalgo, sports centers, college campuses, especially that of the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana]], community parks and cemeteries.

Sports facilities cover about 67 hectares of the municipality with 70 fields and sports centers open to the public. These include the Deportivo Renovacion Nacional, Deportivo Reynosa, Centro Deportivo Ferrocarrilero and the Unidad Deportiva Benito Juarez.<ref name="programa"/> Deportivo Reynosa used to host one of Mexico City's temporary “artificial beaches” consisting of pools and a sand area, which were constructed by the city government as a service to the poor.<ref name="jrobles">{{cite news |title= Reabren a medias playa artificial de Azcapotzalco |author= Johana Robles |newspaper=El Universal |location=Mexico City |date=April 13, 2007 |language=es |trans-title=Partial reopening of the artificial beach of Azcapotzalco}}</ref> The municipality has cemeteries which are counted as green spaces, especially San Isidro because of its large size.<ref name="programa"/>

There is little surface water with the exception of the Río de los Remedios which is primarily used for drainage of wastewater.<ref name="encmuc"/> The lowering of water tables in the valley has led to large cracks developing in areas of the municipality which has caused damage to infrastructure.<ref name="programa"/> The municipality is flat with inclines of between zero and five percent with no prominent elevations.<ref name="programa"/><ref name="encmuc"/> Because of its flatness, flooding is a problem in heavy rain, especially in areas such as Santiago Ahuizotla, Nueva Santa María, San Pedro Xalpa and Pro Hogar.<ref name="programa"/>

Sixty five percent of the municipality is occupied by about 500 industries which use toxic substances. There are hundreds of km of underground gas lines. Nine communities have been classified as high risk because they are surrounded by industries.<ref name="latante">{{cite news |title= Vive Azcapotzalco bajo riesgo latente |author=Sara Pantoja |newspaper=El Universal |location=Mexico City |date=June 24, 2007 |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco live under latent risk }}</ref> There are 250 chemical producers mostly concentrated in Colonia Industrial Vallejo which make ethanol, cyanide compounds, phosphates, organic solvents and more.<ref name="programa"/>

Air pollution is a significant problem in the municipality as it is in the rest of Mexico City. Most comes from vehicular traffic and industry; it includes [[ozone]], [[carbon monoxide]], [[nitrogen oxide]] and [[sulfur dioxide]] as well as suspended particles. Noise pollution is caused by industry and truck traffic.<ref name="programa"/> Although the municipality has no surface water, water pollution in its drainage is a problem from residential areas and industry. Industry contamination is mostly in the form of poor water use and the dumping of prime materials often from cleaning and includes organic matter, grease, soaps and detergents, dyes, solvents and more. Solid waste production is a problem from industrial and residential sources. The amount of waste produced in the municipality has grown almost seven-fold since the 1980s at a current rate of 571 tons per day.<ref name="programa"/>

Due to the proximity of the old 18 de Marzo refinery (which was part of the municipality), there are many underground pipes some of which are still in use. Even more are associated with another nearby but active refinery Terminal de Almacenamiento y Distribución de Destiados de Pemex-Refinación. Most pipelines are found under Avenida Tezozomoc, 5 de Mayo, Salónica, Eje 3 Norte, Ferrocarril Central and Encarnación Ortiz.<ref name="programa"/>

==Communities==
[[File:PlazaHidalgoAzca02.JPG|thumb|Plaza Hidalgo in the historic center of Azcapotzalco]]
[[File:CasaCulturaAzcapotzalco.JPG|thumb|left|The Casa de Cultura in the historic center of Azcapotzalco]]
Originally the town of Azcapotzalco consisted of neighborhoods from the pre-Hispanic period. Many of these neighborhoods exist to this day, called colonias, barrios or pueblos. A number of them maintain individual cultural traits despite being fully engulfed by the urban sprawl of Mexico City. These include San Juan Tlihuaca, San Pedro Xalpa, San Bartolo Cahualtongo, Santiago Ahuizotla, San Miguel Amantla, Santa Inés, Santo Domingo, San Francisco Tetecala, San Marcos, Los Reyes and Santa María Malinalco.<ref name="programa"/> Today, the municipality has 61 colonias, 15 pueblos and 11 barrios.<ref name="nsanders"/> In 1986, INAH designated the center of Azcapotzalco as a historical monument.<ref name="castiga">{{cite news |title= El abandono castiga al centro de Azcapotzalco |author= Johana Robles |newspaper=El Universal |location=Mexico City |date=March 5, 2006 |language=es |trans-title=Neglect punishes the center of Azcapotzalco}}</ref>

In 2011, the historic center was designated as a [[Barrios Mágicos of Mexico City|"Barrio Mágico"]].<ref name="mexdes2">{{cite journal |date=November 2011 |title=Mexico Desconocido Guia Especial:Barrios Mágicos |trans-title=Mexico Desconocido Special Guide:Magical Neighborhoods |journal=Mexico Desconocido |pages=5–6 |location=Mexico City |publisher=Impresiones Aereas SA de CV |editor1-first=Beatriz |editor1-last=Quintanar Hinojosa |language=es |issn=1870-9400 }}</ref>

The most important community remains the former town of Azcapotzalco, also called the historic center, marked by Plaza Hidalgo. This square consists of fenced stone paths surrounding gardens. Its two main focal points are a statue of [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]] facing Avenida Azcapotzalco and a six-sided [[kiosk]] in the center.<ref name="mexdes">{{cite web |url= http://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/azcapotzalco-barrio-magico.html |title= Acapotzalco |date= 10 January 2012 |publisher=Mexico Desconocido magazine |location=Mexico City |language=es |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> On Saturdays, chess players convene to play during the afternoon.<ref name="hroca">{{cite news |title= Café, cultura, historia y música |author= Hugo Roca |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=August 19, 2012 |page=8 |language=es |trans-title=Coffee, culture, history and music}}</ref> Café Alameda is on Plaza Hidalgo — a café and bar with a rock and roll theme. It has images of [[Jim Morrison]], [[Freddie Mercury]], [[Elvis Presley]], and [[John Lennon]] lining its walls. At night on weekends, it hosts live bands which attracts youths from the area.<ref name="hroca"/> The Historic Archive of Azcapotzalco is on the south side of Plaza Hidalgo. It contains a mural painted by Antonio Padilla Pérez titled ''Origen y Trascendencia del Pueblo Tepaneca''. The building contains archeological pieces.<ref name="mexdes"/>

Across the street from the plaza are the parish church and the former municipal hall. The parish and former monastery of San Felipe and Santiago Apóstoles dates from 1565.<ref name="mexdes"/> It has the largest atrium in Mexico City, surrounded by a thick wall with inverted arches.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="hormigas">{{cite web |url= http://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/blog/?p=669&lang=es |title= Hormigas y chamorros en el corazón de Azcapotzalco |last= Uribe |first= Jorge Pedro |publisher=Government of Mexico City |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Ants and pork legs in the heart of Azcapotzalco |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> The main church has a large [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] portal which contains the main door topped by a choir window. To the side there is a slender bell tower with pilasters on it four sides. Under the tower, there is an image of a red ant. A local legend says that when the ant climbs the bell tower, the world will end.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="hormigas"/> To the right of the portal are three arches that front the former Dominican monastery. The interior of the church has a Baroque gilded altarpiece with [[Salomonic column]]s which contains images of the Virgin Mary. The main altar is Neoclassical. To the side there is a chapel called the Capilla del Rosario from 1720 with Baroque and [[Churrigueresque]] altars. The former cloisters has remains of its former mural work.<ref name="mexdes"/>

Next to the parish and taking over some of its former atrium space is the Casa de Cultura cultural center. The building was constructed in 1891 originally as the municipal hall for Azcapotzalco.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="casacul">{{cite web |url= http://www.sic.gob.mx/ficha.php?table=centro_cultural&table_id=1224 |title= Casa de Cultura Azcapotzalco |work=Sistema de Información Cultural |publisher=CONACULTA |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco Cultural Center (House of Culture) |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> It has a sandstone portal with a balcony on the upper level featuring a double arch and an ironwork railing from 1894.<ref name="mexdes"/> The building has three exhibition halls on the lower level. The upper level is dedicated to the Sala Tezozomoc hall, larger than the lower halls combined. The garden areas have rosebushes and orange trees. These areas host art exhibits, workshops, classes and other cultural events.<ref name="casacul"/> The center has a mural called ''La herencia tepaneca en ul umbral del tercer milenio'' by [[Arturo García Bustos]], a student of [[Frida Kahlo]] and [[Diego Rivera]].<ref name="hormigas"/> In 1986, the building was named a historic monument by [[INAH]] and converted into its current use in 1991 on its 100th anniversary.<ref name="casacul"/>

The main street in the historic center is Avenida Azcapotzalco, which is home to long-established businesses. One of these is the Nevería y Cafetería El Nevado, which has a 1950s rock and roll atmosphere, uniformed waitresses and mid 20th-century furnishings.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="hroca"/> There are cantinas such as El Dux de Venicia (over 100 years old) with its original furniture and La Luna established in 1918 and noted for its “[[torta]]” sandwiches.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="hormigas"/>
[[File:Azcapotzalco - Casa en Avenida Azcapotzalco.JPG|thumb|left|An art nouveau house on Avenida Azcapotzalco]]
The Principe [[Tlaltecatzin]] Archeological Museum is a private institution founded by Octavio Romera that focuses on pre-Hispanic pieces related to the Azcapotzalco area. It is the result of a lifelong exploration and study of artifacts he found since he was a child. He educated himself and is considered an expert in the pre-Hispanic history and archeology of the area.<ref name="ligasu">{{cite news |title= Liga su vida a los antepasados |author= Edgar Anaya |newspaper=El Norte |location=Monterrey, Mexico |date=June 29, 2003 |page=18 |language=es |trans-title=He linkes his life with the ancestors}}</ref>

The oldest library of the municipality, Biblioteca Fray [[Bartolomé de las Casas]], has murals by [[Juan O’Gorman]].<ref name="hormigas"/>

In addition to the historic center there are other important communities, many of which maintain old traditions. The Barrio de San Miguel Amantla is near the former 18 de Marzo refinery. It is one of the oldest in the municipality with one of the oldest churches. In the Mesoamerican period, it was noted for its [[plumería]] or the making of objects with feathers.<ref name="encmuc"/> The oldest standing church is in San Miguel Amantla which had fallen into ruins but was rebuilt using the original blocks.<ref name="encmuc"/> Barrio de San Luis is one of over 20 which date from the Mesoamerican period. It is noted for its church and its [[barbacoa]].<ref name="hormigas"/> The Barrio de Santa Apolonia Tezcolco was the site of the Tezozomoc's treasury. The Barrio de San Juan Tlilhuaca is the largest neighborhood in the municipality and contains the largest church. This church is famous for its passion play for [[Holy Week]] and is surrounded by old cypress trees said to have been planted as tribute to [[Moctezuma II|Moctezuma]].<ref name="encmuc"/>

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, areas in the municipality became the site of country homes for the wealthy of Mexico City. Today a number of chalet and English style homes with pitched roofs, towers, porches and gardens can be seen especially in the Clavería neighborhood. This neighborhood was as exclusive as [[Colonia Juárez (Mexico City)|Colonia Juárez]] and [[Colonia Condesa]] at that time.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="hormigas"/> Of the housing developments construction in the latter 20th century, the most important is the Unidad Habitational El Rosario. This apartment complex has 170 buildings, with 7,606 apartments housing over 50,500 residents. It is the largest of its kind in Latin America.<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="preferidos">{{cite news |title= Delincuencia, Balance anual: Azcapotzalco/ Autos, los preferidos |author= David Vicenteno |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=February 7, 1996 |page=4 |language=es |trans-title=Crime, annual balance: Azcapotzalco/Autos, the preferred }}</ref>

==Socioeconomics==
[[File:Central steren.jpg|thumb|[[Steren]] company headquarters in the municipality]]
The municipality as it is found today is a product of the growth of the Mexico City area in the 20th century, especially since the 1970s. The population rose from 534,554 in 1970 to a peak of 601,524 in 1980. The population began to drop to 474,688 in 1990 and 441,008 in 2000. In addition to loss of employment, reasons for the population loss include the 1985 earthquake and the high cost of living space, especially compared to neighboring state of Mexico.<ref name="programa"/> Problems in the municipality include uncontrolled street vending, historic buildings abandoned or used as commercial space, lack of maintenance of parks, and heavy traffic. This is particularly problematic in the historic center.<ref name="castiga"/>

21.7% of the territory is used for industry, 15.5% for storage, 42.12% for housing, open spaces 2.9%, and mixed use 17.78%. Overall, the level of socioeconomic marginalization is low compared to the other municipalities, coming in 12th of 16 in 2005. However, areas of the municipality have very high levels of socioeconomic socialization including Barrio Coltongo, Nueva España, Pasteros, Porvenir, Barrio de San Andrés, Pueblo de San Andrés, San Francisco Xocotitla, San Martín Xochinahuac, San Miguel Amantla, San Rafael, San Sebastián, Santa Barbara, Santiago Ahuizotla. Santo Tomas, Tierra Nueva and the Unidad Habitacional Cruz Roja Tepantongo. Sixty nine percent of the communities are considered to be of medium to high marginalization with 10 communities considered to be of low socioeconomic marginalization: Ampliación San Pedro Xalpa, Ferrería, Industrial Vallejo, Las Salinas and Santa Cruz de las Salinas.<ref name="programa"/>

About 80% of the municipality's population is working age. Just over 53% of the population is employed. The rest are mostly students, homemakers and retired. Almost all employed persons work in industry, commerce and services. Industry employs just over 21%.<ref name="programa"/>

The most important sector to the municipality's economy is industry despite its decline since the very late 20th century. Industry accounts for about 72% of the municipality's production with commerce and services accounting for the rest. The industrial zone in Azcapotzalco is one of the most important in the Federal District. This zone is centered on Colonia Industrial Vallejo extending into San Salvador Xochimanca, Coltongo, Santo Tomas, San Martin Xochinahuac, Santa Ines, Santo Domingo, Ampliacion Petrolera, Industrial San Antonio, San Miguel Amantla, San Pablo Xalpa and San Juan Tlihuaca. Much of the industry has slowed or halted due to competition abroad which can make them cheaper. This has led to efforts to reorient the municipality's economy because of the high rates of unemployment and migration out of the area.<ref name="programa"/> About sixty percent of the Federal District's heavy industry is in the municipality.<ref name="latante"/> The municipality accounts for about 40% of the Federal District's industrial zoning and provides over 15% of industrial employment.<ref name="programa"/>

Housing in the municipality is varied. Most residential buildings (45%) are two or three levels, as a single house with two or three families. Apartment buildings average about five floors. Since the 1970s, there has been construction of extremely large apartment complexes such as the Unidad Habitacional El Rosario. There are 340 “vecindades,” irregular structures generally made with construction and industrial waste, which can be found mostly in Colonia Pro-Hogar, Colonia Ampliacion San Pedro Xalpa, Coltongo and Liberación. Azcapotzalco is one of the city most crowded municipalities, mostly due to the large apartment complexes, but the decline in population has alleviated this somewhat.<ref name="programa"/>

Azcapotzalco is ranked 9th of 16 municipalities in reported crime which is often associated with gangs and the use of drugs.<ref name="mservin">{{cite news |title= Problemas socioeconómicos, origen de la alta incidencia delictiva en Azcapotzalco |author=Mirna Servin Vega |url= http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/07/24/index.php?section=capital&article=035n1cap |newspaper=La Jornada |location=Mexico City |date=July 24, 2007 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Socioeconomic problems, origin of high crime rate in Azcapotzalco }}</ref> In the municipality there are 70 communities considered to have high drug use accounting for about 45% of the total population. These include La Raza, El Rosario, Prohogar, Industrial Vallejo, La Preciosa, San Pedro Xalpa and ObreraMundial.<ref name="70colonias">{{cite news |title= En la delegación Azcapotzalco hay 70 colonias de alto riesgo... [Derived headline] |newspaper=NOTIMEX |location=Mexico City |date=May 20, 2010 |language=es |trans-title=In the Azcapotzalco municipality there are 70 high risk neighborhoods }}</ref> There are crime gangs identified by police such as Los Pepes, Los Negros and Los Maquedas.<ref name="preferidos"/> The most frequent violent crimes include [[Robbery|muggings]], car theft and robbery of businesses — much of which is related to the socioeconomic problems of the area.<ref name="mservin"/>

The municipality provides services to ease socioeconomic problems such as health, education, recreation and other programs.<ref name="programa"/> It runs 20 [[traditional fixed markets in Mexico|traditional fixed markets]] and has offered vendors courses in marketing.<ref name="mercados">{{cite news |title= Inicia Azcapotzalco mejora de mercados |author= Mariel Ibarra |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=April 26, 2011 |page=2 |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco begins improvement of markets }}</ref> In 2008 the city sponsored an entrepreneurship program with the Instituto Politécinco Nacional and the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana to help deal with the loss of employment.<ref name="gcabrera">{{cite news |title= Lanzará incubadora Azcapotzalco |first=Gabriela |last= Cabrera |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=April 18, 2008 |page=9 |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco launches an entrepreneurship program }}</ref> Starting in 2008, the municipality has offered free wedding ceremonies and certificates to encourage couples to formally legalize their unions. The wedding ceremonies involve hundreds of couples who are married at the same time.<ref name="colectivos">{{cite news |title= Celebrará Azcapotzalco tercera ceremonia de matrimonios colectivos |newspaper=NOTIMEX |location=Mexico City |date=October 16, 2011 |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco will celebrate the third collective wedding ceremony }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Glifo azcapotzalco siglo xvii.JPG|thumb|left|17th century glyph to denote Azcapotzalco]]
The name is derived from Nahuatl and means “ant hill” with the municipality Aztec [[glyph]] depicting a red ant surrounded by corn. It comes from a legend that says that after the creation of the Fifth Sun, the god [[Quetzalcoatl]] was tasked with recreating man. To do this, he needed to enter the realm of the dead, [[Mictlan]], to recover the bones of men from the Fourth Sun. Ants helped Quetzalcoatl to find the realm of the dead and bring the bones up as well as grains of corn. Another version of the legend relates to the discovery of corn by observing that ants had put grains underground and corn plants grew there.<ref name="delhis"/>

The very early history of the area follows that of the rest of the Valley of Mexico.<ref name="encmuc"/> About 7,000 years ago, hunter/gatherers arrived to the valley attracted by the vegetation and large game such as [[mammoth]]s. Fossilized mammoth, bison and other bones were found when Line 6 of the Metro was constructed. When the large game died out, the inhabitants of the valley turned to agriculture, forming permanent villages sometime between 5000 and 2000 BCE. Plants were domesticated — the most important of which were corn, squash, [[chili pepper]]s, [[avocado]]s and beans.<ref name="delhis"/>

Pottery and villages were founded all over the Valley of Mexico from 2200 BCE to 1200 BCE, supported by agriculture with some hunting and fishing. From 1200 to 700BCE the most important villages were in the south of the valley.<ref name="delhis"/> Around 200 BCE, the [[Teotihuacan]] civilization arose and the Azcapotzalco area rose in importance as well, being in the empire's political and cultural sphere. Villages that grew during this time included San Miguel Amantla, Santiago Ahuixotla and Santa Lucia which are in the south of the modern municipality.<ref name="delhis"/><ref name="mexcity">{{cite web |url= http://www.mexicocity.gob.mx/barriosmagicos/azcapotzalco.html |title= Azcapotzalco |publisher=Government of Mexico City |location=Mexico |language=es |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> When Teotihuacan waned in 800 CE, the Azcapotzalco area remained important as a center of that culture, becoming an important ceremonial center. When [[Tula (Mesoamerican site)|Tula]] rose, [[Toltec]] influence then dominated Azcapotzalco and the rest of the Valley of Mexico. Toltec influence is most evident in ceramic finds from Santiago Ahuizotla and was possibly a Toltec tribute city.<ref name="programa"/>
[[File:Azcapotzalco - Escultura de Tezozomoc.JPG|thumb|Statue of Tezozomoc in Azcapotzalco]]
When Tula fell, there were new migrations into the Valley of Mexico including [[Otomi people|Otomis]], [[Mazahua people|Mazahuas]] and [[Matlatzinca people|Matlatzinca]]s.<ref name="programa"/> One of these groups was led by a chieftain called Matlacoatl in the 12th century. Legend states that he established the village of Azcapotzaltongo, which is now [[Villa Nicolás Romero]] in 1152, but its development is best documented between 1200 and 1230.<ref name="delhis"/><ref name="encmuc"/> The village grew to become the Tepanec Empire in the 12th and 13th centuries with a ruling dynasty with the territory expanding over the Valley of Mexico.<ref name="programa"/><ref name="encmuc"/> Acolhuatzin was leader from 1283 to 1343. He married a daughter of [[King Xolotl|Xolotl]] of [[Tenayuca]] and then moved the capital of the dominion to what is now the historic center of Azcapotzalco, on the edge of what was [[Lake Texcoco]]. He allowed the [[Mexica]] to settle on Tepaneca lands, founding [[Tenochtitlan]], in exchange for tribute and military service.<ref name="delhis"/><ref name="encmuc"/> The last major ruler of Azcapotzalco was [[Tezozomoc (Azcapotzalco)|Tezozomoc]] who ruled from 1367 to 1427. Under him the empire reached over most of the Valley of Mexico into Cuernavaca and north into Tenayuca and [[Atotonilco de Tula, Hidalgo|Atotonilco]].<ref name="programa"/><ref name="encmuc"/> This made Azcapotzalco the most important city in the Valley of Mexico and archeological work related to this dominion continues to this day.

In 2012, burials and remains of buildings were found the San Simon Pochtlan neighborhood, believed to have belonged to Tepaneca traders between 1200 and 1300CE. Other settlements were found in the same area when Line 6 was constructed in 1980.<ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="hallan">{{cite news |title= Hallan unos 10 entierros y múltiples vestigios prehispánicos en Azcapotzalco |author= JOSELYN CASTRO |url= http://WWW.JORNADA.UNAM.MX/2012/07/11/CULTURA/A06N1CUL |newspaper=La Jornada |location=Mexico City |date=July 11, 2012 |page=6 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |language=es |trans-title=Ten pre Hispanic burials and various other remains found in Azcapotzalco }}</ref>

Under the Tepanecas, conquered areas were allowed to keep their own leadership as long as they paid tribute and performed military service. In 1427, these leaders included [[Nezahualcoyotl (tlatoani)|Nezahualcoyotl]] of [[Texcoco (altepetl)|Texcoco]], [[Izcoatl]] of Tenochtitlan and [[Totoquihuaztli I|Totoquihuaztli]] of [[Tlacopan]].<ref name="encmuc"/> When Tezozomoc died, there was a power struggle for the throne which allowed these tribute-paying entities a chance to rebel, forming the Triple Alliance and defeating Azcapotzalco in 1428. The former Tepanec lands were divided among the three leaders and the city of Azcapotzalco was destroyed and turned into a slave market.<ref name="delhis"/><ref name="encmuc"/><ref name="mexdes"/>

With the end of the Tepanec Empire political and economic power shifted to Texcoco, [[Tlatelolco (altepetl)|Tlatelolco]] and Tenochtitlan.<ref name="programa"/>

The area remained ruled by the [[Aztec Empire]] until 1521, when the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire|Aztecs fell to the Spanish]] when Azcapotzalco had a population of 17,000.<ref name="encmuc"/> From 1528 to 1529 the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]] were in charge of the evangelization of the area under Fray Lorenzo de la Asunción, who built churches of over the former Tepaneca ceremonial center dedicated to the Apostles [[Philip the Apostle|Phillip]] and [[James, son of Zebedee|James]].<ref name="delhis"/> Despite accounts that Lorenzo de la Asuncion defended the indigenous against their Spanish overlords,<ref name="nostalgia">{{cite news |title= Ciudad de la Nostalgia/ Azcapotzalco |first= Alberto |last= Barranco Chavarria |newspaper=Reforma |location=Mexico City |date=December 6, 1998 |page=6 |language=es |trans-title=City of Nostalgia/Azcapotzalco }}</ref> during the 16th century, the indigenous population of the area fell from 17,000 to about 3,000 due to mistreatment and disease.<ref name="delhis"/>

During the colonial period, the area not underwater was home to [[hacienda]]s, resulting from the partition of lands among the [[conquistador]]s and their descendants.<ref name="nostalgia"/> In 1709, Azcapotzalco was formed by 27 communities, divided into six haciendas and nine ranches.<ref name="programa"/> Azcapotzalco was the scene of one of the last battle of the [[Mexican War of Independence]] with the [[Army of the Three Guarantees]] under [[Anastasio Bustamante]] defeating royalist forces on August 19, 1821, shortly before [[Agustín de Iturbide]] entered Mexico City.<ref name="delhis"/><ref name="mexdes"/>

At the beginning of the 19th century, the area was rural, far outside Mexico City proper, part of the [[State of Mexico]].<ref name="delhis"/> It was organized as a municipality in 1824 with the town of Azcapotzalco serving as the seat of government for ranches and haciendas such as Ameleo, San Rafael, San Marcos, El Rosario, Pantaco, San Isidro, San Lucua, Acaletengo and Azpeitia along with communities such as Concepción, San Simón, San Martín, Santo Domingo, Los Reyes, Santa Catarina, Santa Bárbara, San Andrés, San Marcos, San Juan Mexicanos, San Juan Tlilhuaca, Xiocoyahualco, Santa Cruz del Monte, San Mateo, San Pedro, San Bartolome, San Francisco, Santa Apolonia, Santa Lucia, Santiago, San Miguel Ahuizutla, Santa Cruz Acayuca, Nextengo, San Lucas, San Bernabe, Santa Maria, San Sebastian and Santo Tomas.<ref name="programa"/><ref name="nostalgia"/> When it became part of the Federal District of Mexico City in 1854, Azcapotzalco was classified as a town as part of the Guadalupe municipality but in 1899 it became the head of its own municipality.<ref name="delhis"/> The town of Azcapotzalco was still separate from Mexico City by about two leagues.<ref name="nostalgia"/> In the 19th century the community of San Juan Tlilhuaca was known for its warlocks.<ref name="nostalgia"/> By the end of the 19th century, the municipality had a population of about 11,000 with 7,500 in the seat.<ref name="programa"/>

At that time, the area became popular with the wealthy who built country homes, especially along the Mexico-Tacuba road and near the town of Azcapotzalco. This construction was the forerunner of many of the municipality's more modern neighborhoods.<ref name="programa"/> In the first decades of the 20th century, rail lines were constructed, including a trolley that connected the town of Azcapotzalco with Mexico City center in 1913.<ref name="mexdes"/><ref name="nostalgia"/>

According to the 1900 census, the Federal District has an Azcapotzalco District which consisted of the municipalities of Azcapotzalco and [[Tacuba (Mexico City)|Tacuba]]. These districts were eliminated in 1903, creating thirteen municipalities, of which Azcapotzalco was one. In 1928, the District was reorganized again into municipalities which the town of Azcapotzalco still heads.<ref name="delhis"/>

From the end of the [[Mexican Revolution]] in 1920, the Mexico City area began a process of rapid growth, with the modernization of infrastructure and the establishment of industry in the area. The first factories in the municipality were established in Colonia Vallejo in 1929, which lead to the industrialization of most of the area. The Refinería 18 de Marzo refinery was founded at the end of the 1930s and attracted even more industry. Today, it has been abandoned. In 1944, the federal government formally established the industrial zone of Colonia Vallejo. Around the same time the government also established a major rail station for cargo at Pantaco.<ref name="programa"/>

The industrialization created new residential neighborhoods, mostly for the working classes. Two exception were Colonia Clavería and Nueva Santa María which remained middle class in the mid 20th century, mostly descendants of those who had built country homes.<ref name="programa"/> In the latter 20th century, the rest of the vacant land in the municipality was built over to make the territory 100% urbanized. The urbanized area in the municipality increased from 1.8% in 1940 to 95.2% at the beginning of the 1980s. Most of this last construction in the north and west was residential areas. In the 1970s, the Azcapotzalco campus of the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana was established as a major educational center for Mexico City as well as the El Rosario apartment complex, the largest of its kind in Latin America.<ref name="programa"/>

==Culture==
[[File:FelipeSantiagoAzca02.JPG|thumb|150px|Facade of the parish of San Felipe and Santiago Apóstoles]]
Residents of Azcapotzalco are referred to as Chintololos.<ref name="hormigas"/> There are several stories as to the origin of the term, but Azcapotzalco chronicler José Antonio Urdapilleta states that it came from a disrespectful Aztec term “tsintli- tololontic” which means excessively round buttock. Over time the pronunciation changed to the current and its disrespectful meaning disappeared.<ref name="cronistas">{{cite news |title= Los cronistas de Azcapotzalco|author= Angeles González Gamio |url= http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2003/09/28/034a1cap.php?origen=opinion.php&fly=2 |newspaper=La Jornada |location=Mexico City |date=September 28, 2003 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |language=es |trans-title=The chroniclers of Azcapotzalco }}</ref>

Azcapotzalco holds one of the oldest continuous annual pilgrimages to the [[Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe]], which has been done for over 475 years. It is considered to be the first one organized by the indigenous in Mexico with records indicating the first one done in 1532, only 11 months after the report of the appearance of the [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Virgin Mary]] to [[Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin]]. The annual event is known as the Fiesta de los Naturales in which leaders from 28 communities collect money and more as offering to Guadalupe. Before the procession sets off, there is a festival with fireworks and a mass to bless the pilgrims.<ref name="antigua">{{cite news |title= Parte de Azcapotzalco la peregrinación más antigua hacia La Villa |newspaper=NOTIMEx |location=Mexico City |date=November 9, 2011 |language=es |trans-title=The oldest pilgrimage leaves Azcapotzalco to La Villa }}</ref>

One legend of the area is about the “Enchanted Pool of Xancopina” a fresh water spring that existed during the pre-Hispanic era and where [[Moctezuma II|Moctezuma]] is said to have submerged much of his treasure after being defeated by the Spanish. It was where the Unidad Habitacional Cuitláhuac is now.<ref name="mexdes"/>
The first [[El Bajío (restaurant)|El Bajio restaurant]] was founded in Azcapotzalco and is still in operation. The chain specializes in Mexican food from the center of the country.<ref name="chilangodf">{{cite web |url= http://www.chilango.com/restaurantes/azcapotzalco/el-bajio-azcapotzalco |title= El Bajío Azcapotzalco |publisher=Chilango magazine |location=Mexico City |language=es |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref>

==Education==
The municipality has 228 schools and other public educational facilities from preschool to university levels. These include 61 preschools, 79 primary schools, 42 middle schools, 17 high/vocational schools, six night schools, eight special education schools, four middle schools for adults, one open enrollment facility and ten infant development centers. Private education includes 71 preschools, 21 elementary schools, six middle schools, five high school level institutions and one college. However, many of the schools at the basic levels lack maintenance. The illiteracy rate is 2.34 percent, lower than the 2.9 percent average of the Federal District.<ref name="programa"/> In 2007, the municipality became the second in Mexico City to open a recreational and educational video gaming center for children with the aim of stimulating cognitive and motor skills, at the Deportivo Calpulli sports center.<ref name="estrena">{{cite news |title= Azcapotzalco estrena juego educacional |author= Tania Casasola |newspaper=El Universal |location=Mexico City |date=October 12, 2007 |language=es |trans-title=Azcapotzalco presents educational game }}</ref>

The two main higher education campuses are Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM) and Escuela Superior de Ingenería Mecánica y Eléctrica (ESIME).<ref name="programa"/> In Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas, the Azcapotzalco campus of the UAM was established in 1974 and has since grown to over 21 buildings include classrooms, laboratories, computer labs a 225,000 volume library and more.<ref name="uaminfo">{{cite web |url= http://www.azc.uam.mx/informacion_general/campus.php |title= Información General |publisher=Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana |location=Mexico City |language=es |trans-title=General Information |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> Its large campus is an important part of municipality efforts to maintain green spaces.<ref name="programa"/> In 2012, the UAM campus received 15 monumental sculptures from 15 notable artists such as Vicente Rojo, Manuel Felguérez, Gilberto Aceves Navarro and Gabriel Macotela. (The project is part of ongoing efforts to keep the campus as a cultural center in the north of the city.<ref name="atesora">{{cite news |title= Atesora la UAM Azcapotzalco 15 nuevas esculturas de gran formato |url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2012/11/18/cultura/a02n1cul |newspaper=La Jornada |location=Mexico City |date=November 18, 2012 |page=2 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |language=es |trans-title=UAM Azcapotzalco added fifteen new monumental sculpture }}</ref>) The ESIME is part of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional which is dedicated to Electromechanical Engineering at the undergraduate and graduate levels as well as research.<ref name="esime">{{cite web |url= http://www.esimeazc.ipn.mx/Conocenos/Paginas/Mision.aspx |title= Misión |publisher=ESIME |location=Mexico City |language=es |trans-title=Mission |access-date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> It began as the Escuela Nacional de Artes y Oficios in the latter 19th century.<ref name="eshis">{{cite web |url= http://www.esimeazc.ipn.mx/Conocenos/Paginas/Historia.aspx |title= Historia |publisher=ESIME |location=Mexico City |language=es |trans-title=History |access-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> Other institutions include the Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH) affiliated with [[UNAM]], [[TecMilenio University|TecMilenio Ferrería]] and [[Universidad Tecnológica de México|UNITEC]] in San Salvador Xochimanca as well as installations related to [[Universidad Justo Sierra]].<ref name="programa"/>

Public high schools of the [[Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal]] (IEMS) include<ref>" [http://www.iems.df.gob.mx/azcapotzalco_303-3.html Planteles Azcapotzalco]." Instituto de Educación Media Superior del Distrito Federal. Retrieved on May 28, 2014.</ref> the [[Escuela Preparatoria Azcapotzalco "Melchor Ocampo"]].

==Transportation==
[[File:Estacio El Rosario 05.jpg|thumb|Trolleybuses alongside [[Metro El Rosario]]]]
The municipality area has had a major road linking it to the historic center of Mexico City since the pre Hispanic period, today called the Mexico-Tacuba road. It continues to be a major thoroughfare. The development of industry in the municipality, then extending north and west in to panhandle of neighboring Mexico State has prompted interconnected infrastructure, especially in transportation. Major thoroughfares of this type include Avenida Aquiles Serdán, Calzada Vallejo (Circuito Interior), Eje 3, Eje 4 and Eje 5 Norte especially near the State of Mexico border. Because of its industry and links to other industrial areas in the State of Mexico, Azcapotzalco experiences very heavy traffic flow with an average of 800,000 vehicles transiting in or through it. Traffic jams are common, especially at rush hour and even at off-peak times due to faulty synchronization of traffic lights.<ref name="programa"/>

Mass transport options include the [[Mexico City Metro]] (with nine stations serving lines 6 and 7), the RTP bus system, the [[Trolleybuses in Mexico City|trolleybus]] system and a number of privately owned buses and taxis. Together they transport and estimated 30,000 people per day. Much of this traffic is commuters coming into the municipality from the State of Mexico through the [[Metro El Rosario|El Rosario]] metro station and bus terminal.<ref name="programa"/>

;Metro stations
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
*[[Metro El Rosario|El Rosario]] {{rint|mexicocity|6}} {{rint|mexicocity|7}}
*[[Metro Tezozómoc|Tezozómoc]] {{rint|mexicocity|6}}
*[[Metro Azcapotzalco|Azcapotzalco]] {{rint|mexicocity|6}}
*[[Metro Ferrería|Ferrería / Ciudad de México]] {{rint|mexicocity|6}}
*[[Metro Norte 45|Norte 45]] {{rint|mexicocity|6}}
*[[Metro Vallejo|Vallejo]] {{rint|mexicocity|6}} 
*[[Metro Aquiles Serdán|Aquiles Serdán]] {{rint|mexicocity|7}}
*[[Metro Camarones|Camarones]] {{rint|mexicocity|7}}
*[[Metro Refinería|Refinería]] {{rint|mexicocity|7}}
{{div col end}}

;Commuter rail stations
*[[Fortuna station (Mexico City)|Fortuna station]]

In the 19th century a major rail station was constructed called the Pical-Pantaco terminal. It is used for shipping goods between Mexico City and the north of the country, and it has become an obstruction of traffic flow.<ref name="programa"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Azcapotzalco Municipality}}
* {{in lang|es}} [http://www.azcapotzalco.cdmx.gob.mx/ Alcaldía de Azcapotzalco website]

{{Boroughs of Mexico City}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Azcapotzalco| ]]
[[Category:Boroughs of Mexico City]]

[[fi:Azcapotzalco]]