View source for Bahia

{{short description|State of Brazil}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Bahai (disambiguation){{!}}Bahai}}
}}
{{multiple issues|{{update|date=October 2018}}
{{Lead too short|date=March 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name               = Bahia
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = 
| native_name_lang   = pt<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. -->
| settlement_type    = [[Federative units of Brazil|State]]
| image_skyline      = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Bandeira da Bahia.svg
| flag_link          = Flag of Bahia
| flag_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Brasão do estado da Bahia.svg
| motto              = {{native name|la|Per ardua surgo}}<br /> "I rise through the hardship"{{force singular}}
| shield_alt         = 
| nickname           = 
| anthem             = {{ill|Hino da Bahia|pt|vertical-align=sup}}
| image_map          = Bahia in Brazil.svg
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Location in Brazil
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates        = {{Coord|12|S|41|W|type:adm1st_region:BR-BA|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Brazil]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Regions of Brazil|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]]
| established_title  = 
| established_date   = 
| founder            = 
| seat_type          = Capital and largest city
| seat               = [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]
| government_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[List of current state governors in Brazil|Governor]]
| leader_name        = [[Jerônimo Rodrigues]] ([[Workers' Party (Brazil)|PT]])
| leader_title1      = Vice Governor
| leader_name1       = [[Geraldo Júnior]] ([[Brazilian Democratic Movement|MDB]])
| leader_title2      = [[Federal Senate (Brazil)|Senators]]
| leader_name2       = [[Angelo Coronel]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]])<br>[[Jaques Wagner]] ([[Worker's Party (Brazil)|PT]])<br>[[Otto Alencar]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011)|PSD]])
| unit_pref          = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 565733
| area_rank          = [[List of Brazilian states by area|5th]]
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| population_total   = 14,870,907
| population_as_of   = 2025
| population_footnotes = 
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2012/estimativa_dou.shtm |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística |publisher=IBGE |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=3 April 2017 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722203057/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2012/estimativa_dou.shtm |archive-date=22 July 2014 }}</ref>
| population_rank    = [[Federative units of Brazil#List|4th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Brazilian states by population density|15th]]
| population_demonym = Bahian (English),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahian, n. & adj. meanings, etymology and more |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/bahian_n?tab=meaning_and_use |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250503095110/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/bahian_n?tab=meaning_and_use |archive-date=2025-05-03 |url-access=subscription|access-date=2025-11-05 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Baiano'' or ''Baiana'' (Brazilian Portuguese)
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="bge">{{Cite web |title=PIB por Unidade da Federação, 2021|url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/19567-gross-domestic-product-of-municipalities.html|website=ibge.gov.br}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = [[Brazilian real|R$]] 352.618 billion<br />([[US$]] 65.411 billion)
| demographics_type2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| demographics2_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| demographics2_title1 = Year
| demographics2_info1 = 2021
| demographics2_title2 = Category
| demographics2_info2 = 0.691<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pesquisa índice de desenvolvimento humano IBGE, 2021. |url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ba/pesquisa/37/30255}}</ref> – <span style="color:orange">medium</span> ([[List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index|22nd]])
| timezone1          = [[Time in Brazil|BRT]]
| utc_offset1        = −03:00
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:BR|BR-BA]]
| postal_code_type   = [[Código de Endereçamento Postal|Postal Code]]
| postal_code        = 40000-000 to 48990-000
| website            = {{URL|https://www.ba.gov.br/}}
| footnotes          = 
| registration_plate_type = 
| registration_plate = 
}}

'''Bahia''' ({{IPA|pt-BR|baˈi.ɐ|lang|Pt-br Bahia.ogg}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|b|ə|ˈ|(|h|)|i|ə}} {{respell|bə-(H)EE-ə}}) is one of the 26 [[Federative units of Brazil|states of Brazil]], located in the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast Region]] of the country. It is the fourth-largest Brazilian state by population (after [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]], [[Minas Gerais]], and [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]) and the 5th-largest by area. Bahia's capital is the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] (formerly known as "Cidade do São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos", literally "City of the Holy Savior of the Bay of All the Saints"), on a [[Spit (landform)|spit]] of land separating the [[Bay of All Saints]] from the Atlantic. Once a stronghold of supporters of direct rule of Brazil by the Portuguese monarchy, and dominated by [[Agriculture in Brazil|agricultural]], [[Slavery in Brazil|slaving]], and ranching interests, Bahia is now a predominantly [[Working class|working-class]] industrial and agricultural state. The state is home to 7% of the Brazilian population<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2019-08/estimativa-da-populacao-do-brasil-passa-de-210-milhoes-diz-ibge|title=Estimativa da população do Brasil passa de 210 milhões, diz IBGE|date=Aug 28, 2019|website=Agência Brasil|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819031636/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/economia/noticia/2019-08/estimativa-da-populacao-do-brasil-passa-de-210-milhoes-diz-ibge|url-status=live}}</ref> and produces 4.2% of the country's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/pib.php|title=Produto Interno Bruto – PIB &#124; IBGE|website=www.ibge.gov.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815134708/https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/pib.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/o-que-e-que-eu-faco-sophia/descubra-quais-sao-os-15-estados-mais-ricos-do-brasil-15122019 |title=quais são os 15 Estados mais ricos do Brasil |date=15 December 2019 |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2021-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214120926/https://noticias.r7.com/prisma/o-que-e-que-eu-faco-sophia/descubra-quais-sao-os-15-estados-mais-ricos-do-brasil-15122019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/economia/infograficos/pib-estados/ |title=Economist' compara economia de Estados do Brasil com países |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124102005/https://www.terra.com.br/economia/infograficos/pib-estados/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados |title=dos estados e cidades do Brasil |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2021-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625142600/https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibge.gov.br/apps/populacao/projecao/ |title=dos estados do Brasil |access-date=2021-03-20 |archive-date=2017-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918103229/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2011/POP2011_DOU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is divided into 417 municipalities. The state has a strong tourism power in several regions of its territory beyond the Salvador, [[Morro de São Paulo]], [[Porto Seguro]], [[Ilhéus]], [[Alto Cariri National Park]], [[Itacaré]], [[Juazeiro]] with [[São Francisco River]], [[Lençóis]]-[[Chapada Diamantina]], [[Bom Jesus da Lapa]], [[São Desidério]] etc.

== Geography ==

Bahia is bordered on the east by the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The [[#Bay of All Saints|Bay of All Saints]] is the largest bay on the Brazilian coast. Under the [[Brazilian Empire]], it was bounded on the north by the [[Real River (Brazil)|Rio Real]] and by the [[Jequitinhonha River|Jequitinhonha]] on the south,<ref>{{cite EB9 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Bahia (1.) |volume=3 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |pages=239–240 }}</ref> but Bahia now comprises an irregular shape bound by other [[states of Brazil]], some of which were formed from it. In the north, it is now bordered (from east to west) by [[Sergipe]], [[Alagoas]], [[Pernambuco]] and [[Piauí]]. In the northwest, it is bordered by [[Tocantins (state)|Tocantins]]. In the southwest, it borders [[Goiás]], and in the south it is bordered (from east to west) by [[Espírito Santo]] and [[Minas Gerais]].

The state is crossed from west to east by [[list of rivers of Bahia|many rivers]], but the most important is the [[São Francisco River|São Francisco]], which starts in [[Minas Gerais]] and runs through western Bahia before emptying into the Atlantic between [[Sergipe]] and [[Alagoas]]. Formerly plied by [[paddlewheel steamer]]s, the river is only navigable to small modern craft but is still vital to the arid west since it continuously supplies water during seasons. The [[Sobradinho Dam]] created one of the largest reservoirs in the world; other major hydroelectric projects along its length include the [[Paulo Afonso Hydroelectric Complex]] and the Itaparica or [[Luiz Gonzaga Dam]].

===Regions===
[[File:Belezas_da_Chapada_Diamantina_13.JPG|thumb|right|Chapada Diamantina National Park]]

Bahia's geographical regions comprise the [[Atlantic Forest]]; the maritime region (''Recôncavo''){{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} radiating from the Bay of All Saints, the site of [[sugar]] and [[tobacco]] cultivation; and the ''{{lang|pt|Planalto}}'', which includes the ''{{lang|pt|[[sertão]]}}'' region of Bahia's far interior. The state has the [[#Diamantina Tableland|Diamantina Tableland]] (''{{lang|pt|Chapada Diamantina}}''), which divides it into two distinct geographical zones. The rain falls regularly in the eastern section.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} The western area is more arid{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} and its predominate vegetation the ''{{lang|pt|[[cerrado]]}}''. The natural aridity was greatly worsened over the 19th century by the cowboys' habit of starting wildfires each year to improve the quality of the grass.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |last=Lamoureaux |first=Andrew Jackson |wstitle=Bahia (state) |volume=3 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1911}} |page=210 }}</ref> The [[Chapada Diamantina National Park]] is home to picturesque ''{{lang|pt|chapadões}}''.<ref>Rogério Carlos Borges de Oliveira,  "Does inclusive tourism reduce poverty?: evidence from the programme on the Coconut Coast in Brazil." (Geneva, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, 2009)</ref><ref name="GohWong2017">{{cite book|last1=Goh|first1=KJ |last2=Wong|first2=C.K.|last3=Ng|first3=P.H.C.|title=Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences |chapter=Oil Palm|year=2017|pages=382–390|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-394807-6.00176-3|isbn=9780123948083 }}</ref>

===Climate===
Bahia's climate is tropical. It has the longest coastline of the country: 1,103&nbsp;km long (685 miles; north coast: 143; Bay of All Saints: 124; and southern: 418). With 68% of its territory located in the [[semi-arid]] zone, the State presents diversified climates and an average rainfall that varies from {{convert|363|to|2000|mm|in|abbr=on}} per year, depending on the region.

{{Cleanup gallery|date=January 2024}}
{{Gallery
|width=230 | height=180
|align=center
|File:Cachoeira da fumaça 2.jpg
 |[[Cachoeira da Fumaça|Fumaça Waterfall]]
 |alt1=Photo of the Fumaça Waterfall in the Brazilian state of Bahia
|File:Morro de São Paulo - Bahia.jpg
 |View of [[Morro de São Paulo]]
 |alt3=Photo of a view of Morro de São Paulo in Bahia
|File:Skyline of Salvador, Brazil.jpg
 |View of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]
 |alt4=Photo of Salvador, Bahia
|File:Arraial D'Ajuda - Porto Seguro-BA - panoramio (2).jpg
 |Arraial D'Ajuda coast in [[Porto Seguro]]
 |alt5=Photo of the Arraial D'Ajuda coast in Porto Seguro, Bahia
|File:Alexius Salvador Forte Sao Marcelo.jpg
 |[[São Marcelo Fort]], in the capital of the state
 |alt6=Photo of the [[São Marcelo Fort]] in the capital of the state
}}

== History ==
[[File:Mapa topográfico e administrativo da Província da Bahia.tif|thumb|Topographical and administrative map of the Province of Bahia, 1857.]]The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] sighted [[Monte Pascoal]] ("Easter Mountain") near [[Itamaraju]] and landed at what is now [[Porto Seguro]] on the southern coast of Bahia in 1500, claiming the territory for [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]]. In 1549, Portugal established the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] on a hill facing the [[Bay of All Saints]]. The city and [[captaincy of Bahia|surrounding captaincy]] served as an administrative capital of [[Portuguese colonization|Portugal's colonies]] in [[Americas|the Americas]] until 1763. It remained the [[Religion in Brazil|religious]] capital of [[Roman Catholicism in Brazil|Brazil's Roman Catholic]] hierarchy, with [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia|its archbishop]] serving as the [[Primate (bishop)#Roman Catholic Church|national primate]] until 1907.<ref>E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 31</ref> [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] holds the country's [[Cathedral of Salvador|oldest cathedral]] and first medical college (1810),<ref>Charles Wagley, An Introduction to Brazil, Columbia University Press, 1971, p. 186</ref> and an engineering school was established in 1899.<ref>E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 241</ref>

Bahia's captaincy was the first to fail, with its lands reverting to the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|Portuguese crown]] in 1549.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} While [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] [[Iberian Union|was united]] with [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]]  [[Dutch West India Company|West India companies]] [[Dutch–Portuguese War|tried to conquer Bahia]] but was unsuccessful in the area, with [[Dutch Brazil]] restricted to the area from [[Pernambuco]] Northward.<ref>E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3 ed. Columbia University Press, New York, p. 50―54</ref>

Bahia was a center of [[sugarcane#History|sugarcane cultivation]] from the 16th to the 18th centuries and contains a number of historic towns, such as [[Cachoeira]], dating from this era. Integral to the sugar economy was the importation of a vast number of [[slavery in Brazil|African slaves]]: more than a third of all [[Atlantic slave trade|slaves taken from Africa]] were sent to Brazil, mostly to be processed in Bahia before being sent to work in plantations elsewhere in the country.<ref>Stuart B Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550–1835</ref>

The state was the last area of the country to join the [[Empire of Brazil]], as members in the local elite remained loyal to the [[Portuguese crown]] after the rest of the country proclaimed [[Independence of Brazil|independence]] under {{nowrap|[[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]]}} on 7 September 1822. Control of the province was disputed in several battles, mostly in Pirajá, before the Portuguese were fully expelled on 2 July 1823. It became a Brazilian state in 1889.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}

[[Charles Darwin]] visited Bahia in 1832 on [[Second voyage of HMS Beagle|his famous voyage]] on the ''[[HMS Beagle|Beagle]]''. In 1835, Bahia was the site of an urban [[slave revolt]], the [[Malê revolt|Malê Revolt]] of 1835 by the predominantly Muslim [[West African]] slaves at the time. The term ''malê'' was commonly used to refer to Muslims at the time from the [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] word ''imale''. The revolt is particularly notable as the greatest slave rebellion in the history of the Bahia.<ref>Katia M. Queirós Mattoso, To Be a Slave in Brazil 1550–1888, Trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Rutgers University Press, 1986, p. 143―145</ref>  Under the [[Brazilian Empire|Empire]], Bahia returned 14 deputies to the general assembly and 7 senators; its own provincial assembly consisted of 36 members.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} In the 19th century, [[cotton]], [[Brazilian coffee|coffee]], and [[tobacco]] plantations joined those for sugarcane and the discovery of [[diamond]]s in 1844 led to large influx of "washers" (''{{lang|pt|garimpeiros}}'') until the still-larger deposits in [[South Africa]] came to light.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} A smaller boom hit [[Caetité]] in 1872 upon the discovery of [[amethyst]]s there.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The cattle industry of the interior led to the development of [[Feira de Santana]] before collapsing in a series of droughts.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}

==Politics==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2024}}

Historically, Bahia's politics and that of the country have been closely intertwined, initially due to Salvador's status as the first capital of Brazil. During the [[Empire of Brazil|imperial period]], several prime ministers originated from Bahia; during the early years of the Republic, Bahia produced some noteworthy national figures, such as [[Ruy Barbosa]], Cezar Zama, and Aristides Spínola, amongst others.

During the [[First Brazilian Republic]] (''República Velha'') the biggest name in the state's politics was José Joaquim Seabra, also known as J. J. Seabra; the [[Vargas Era|Vargas era]] and the subsequent re-democratization period saw the rise of [[Juracy Magalhães]] and [[Otávio Mangabeira]], respectively. During the [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]], the governorship of [[Antônio Carlos Magalhães]] (also known by his initials, ACM) marked the politics of Bahia for three decades, with one brief defeat in 1980 by [[Waldir Pires]]. Despite this defeat ACM later occupied many other public offices; he died in 2007 while serving as senator. ACM's wide-reaching influence in the state's politics has been dubbed "Carlismo", and is considered an example of a larger phenomenon called [[coronelism]]o ("colonel-ism").

After the end of military rule in Brazil in 1985, the government of the state of Bahia oscillated between two parties, the ''Partido da Frente Liberal'' (PFL, now the [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]]) and the [[Brazilian Democratic Movement]] (MDB). The [[Workers' Party (Brazil)|Workers' Party]] (PT) was elected to the governorship in 2007 and has held it ever since, through five successive elections (2006, 2010, 2014, 2018, and 2022).

=== Government structure ===
As a [[Federative units of Brazil|federative unit]] of Brazil, Bahia has its own three branches of government (executive,  legislative, judiciary), which are operated by the [[List of governors of Bahia|Governor]], the [[Legislative Assembly of Bahia|Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Judiciary of Brazil|Court of Justice of the State of Bahia]], respectively. Elected terms last four years, with state and federal elections being held simultaneously. The governor of the state is limited to two consecutive terms. The Legislative Assembly is composed of 63 state deputies. At the federal level, Bahia is represented by [[57th Legislature of the National Congress|three senators]] and [[57th Legislature of the National Congress|39 federal deputies]]. Municipal elections are held two years after the state and federal elections.

The state capital is the city of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], but once a year the capital is moved to [[Cachoeira]] in recognition of the city's importance in the struggle for the [[independence of Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution of the State of Bahia: October 5, 1989 (as Amended to April 5, 2017) (Brazil [br]) |url=https://oxcon.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/ocw/law-ocw-cd1085.regGroup.1/law-ocw-cd1085  |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Oxford Constitutions |language=en |doi=10.1093/ocw/law-ocw-cd1085.reggroup.1/law-ocw-cd1085| doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 }}</ref>

There are 10,110,100 registered voters, according to data from 2012, making Bahia the state with the fourth highest number of voters in the country. Most voters reside in the capital (and most populous city), Salvador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R7 Eleições 2012 – Bahia é o quarto Estado do País com maior número de eleitores |url=http://noticias.r7.com/eleicoes-2012/noticias/bahia-e-o-quarto-estado-do-pais-com-maior-numero-de-eleitores/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=R7 Eleições 2012 |language=pt-BR}}</ref>

All 29 [[List of political parties in Brazil|parties registered in Brazil]] have chapters in Bahia.

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|11=1872|12=1379616|13=1890|14=1919802|15=1900|16=2117956|17=1920|18=3334465|19=1940|20=3918112|21=1950|22=4834575|23=1960|24=5990605|25=1970|26=7583140|27=1980|28=9597393|29=1991|30=11855157|31=2000|32=13085769|33=2010|34=14016906|35=2022|36=14141626|percentages=|footnote=Source:<ref name="census2022">{{Cite web|url=https://censo2022.ibge.gov.br/panorama/|title=2022 Census Overview|language=pt}}</ref>}}{{See also|Largest cities of Northeast Region, Brazil}}
According to [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] data of 2022, there were 14,141,626 people residing in the state. The population density was {{convert|24.93|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. Urban population: 67.4% (2006); Population growth: 1.1% (1991–2000); Houses: 3,826,000 (2006).<ref>PNAD.</ref> The last National Census in 2022  showed the following numbers:  8,103,964 [[Brown people#Pardos in Brazil|Brown]] ([[Multiracial#Brazil|Multiracial]]) people (57.3%), 2,772,837 [[White Brazilian|White]] people (19.60%), 3,164,691 [[Afro-Brazilian|Black]] people (22.4%), 83,658 [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Amerindian]] people (0.6%).<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=pnad&o=3&i=P&c=262 |publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics|IBGE]] |location=Bahia, Brazil |format=PDF |isbn=978-85-240-3919-5 |title=Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática - SIDRA |year=2008 |language=pt |url-status = live|access-date=2013-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614232346/http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/tabela/listabl.asp?z=pnad&o=3&i=P&c=262 |archive-date=2011-06-14 }}</ref>

According to ''Instituto Socioambiental'', there are 14 Indigenous groups in the state: Atikum, Kaimbé, Kantaruré, Kiriri, Pankaru, Pankararé, [[Pataxó]], Pataxó Hã-ha-
hãe, Payayá, Truká, Tumbalalá, [[Tupinambá people|Tupinambá]], Tuxá and Xukuru-Kariri.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Deus Barbosa |first1=Liliane |title=População indígena da Bahia em uma perspectiva histórico cartográfica |journal=XVIII Encontro nacional de Geógrafos |date=2016 |url=http://www.eng2016.agb.org.br/resources/anais/7/1468292222_ARQUIVO_PopulacaoindigenadaBahiaemumaperspectivahistoricocartografica(2).pdf |access-date=7 June 2022}}</ref>

Historically, the population was estimated at 1.45&nbsp;million in the 1870s{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} and was 1.92&nbsp;million at the time of the 1890 Brazilian census.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}}

===Public safety===
Bahia has one of the highest crime rates in the country, having four of the ten most violent cities in Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/quais-os-estados-mais-seguros-e-perigosos-do-brasil/ |title=Os estados mais e menos perigosos do Brasil &#124; EXAME.com – Negócios, economia, tecnologia e carreira |work=EXAME |date=20 November 2016 |publisher=Exame.abril.com.br |access-date=3 April 2017 |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305103849/http://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/quais-os-estados-mais-seguros-e-perigosos-do-brasil/ |archive-date=5 March 2017 }}</ref> Gun violence in the state more than doubled from 2004 to 2014, ranking first out of the 26 states of Brazil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribunadabahia.com.br/2015/01/29/quatro-dos-10-municipios-mais-violentos-do-pais-estao-na-bahia |title=Quatro dos 10 municípios mais violentos do país estăo na Bahia |publisher=Tribunadabahia.com.br |access-date=3 April 2017 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111061221/http://www.tribunadabahia.com.br/2015/01/29/quatro-dos-10-municipios-mais-violentos-do-pais-estao-na-bahia |archive-date=11 November 2016 }}</ref> In 2014, the state also had the highest number of murders in the country.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bahia lidera número de assassinatos no Brasil, indica pesquisa divulgada pelo Ministério da Justiça – R7 Brasil | website=Notícias | date=15 October 2015 | url=http://www.noticias.r7.com/brasil/bahia-lidera-numero-de-assassinatos-no-brasil-indica-pesquisa-divulgada-pelo-ministerio-da-justica-15102015 | language=pt | access-date=3 April 2017 | archive-date=17 January 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117063758/http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/bahia-lidera-numero-de-assassinatos-no-brasil-indica-pesquisa-divulgada-pelo-ministerio-da-justica-15102015 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="vio">{{cite book |last1=Waiselfsz |first1=Julio Jacobo |url=https://flacso.org.br/files/2016/08/Mapa2016_armas_web-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605154406/http://flacso.org.br/files/2016/08/Mapa2016_armas_web-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |title=Mapa da Violência 2016: Homicídios Por Armas de Fogo no Brasil |publisher=FLACSO Brasil |place=Brasília (DF), Brasil |language=pt |year=2015 |access-date=2016-12-14 }}</ref>

===Largest cities===
{{Largest cities
| country  = Bahia
| stat_ref = (2014 census by the [[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]])<ref name="IBGE_Pop_2014">{{cite web|url=https://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2014/estimativa_dou_2014.pdf|title=Estimativas da população residente nos municípios brasileiros com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2014|trans-title=Estimates of the Resident Population of Brazilian Municipalities as of July 1, 2014|date=28 August 2014|publisher=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]|access-date=3 September 2014|language=pt}}</ref>

| list_by_pop = 
| div_name    = 
| div_link    = Mesoregion (Brazil){{!}}Mesoregion

| city_1 = Salvador (Bahia){{!}}Salvador
| div_1  = Mesorregião de Salvador{{!}}Salvador
| pop_1  = 2,902,927
| city_2 = Feira de Santana
| div_2  = Mesorregião do Centro-Norte Baiano{{!}}Centro-Norte
| pop_2  = 612,000
| city_3 = Vitória da Conquista
| div_3  = Mesorregião do Centro-Sul Baiano{{!}}Centro-Sul
| pop_3  = 340,199
| city_4 = Camaçari
| div_4  = Mesorregião Metropolitana de Salvador{{!}}Salvador
| pop_4  = 281,413
| city_5 = Itabuna
| div_5  = Mesorregião do Sul Baiano{{!}}Sul
| pop_5  = 218,925
| city_6 = Juazeiro{{!}}Juazeiro
| div_6  = Mesorregião do Vale São-Franciscano da Bahia{{!}}São-Franciscana
| pop_6  = 216,588

| city_7 = Lauro de Freitas
| div_7  = Mesorregião Metropolitana de Salvador{{!}}Salvador
| pop_7  = 188,013

| city_8 = Ilhéus
| div_8  = Mesorregião do Sul Baiano{{!}}Sul
| pop_8  = 182,350

| city_9 = Jequié
| div_9  = Mesorregião do Centro-Sul Baiano{{!}}Centro-Sul
| pop_9  = 161,150

| city_10 = Teixeira de Freitas
| div_10  = Mesorregião do Sul Baiano{{!}}Sul
| pop_10  = 155,659

| city_11 = Alagoinhas
| div_11  = Mesorregião do Nordeste Baiano{{!}}Nordeste
| pop_11  = 153,560

| city_12 = Barreiras
| div_12  = Mesorregião do Extremo Oeste Baiano{{!}}Extremo Oeste
| pop_12  = 152,208

| city_13 = Porto Seguro
| div_13  = Mesorregião do Sul Baiano{{!}}Sul
| pop_13  = 143,282

| city_14 = Simões Filho
| div_14  = Mesorregião Metropolitana de Salvador{{!}}Salvador
| pop_14  = 131,630

| city_15 = Paulo Afonso
| div_15  = Mesorregião do Vale São-Franciscano da Bahia{{!}}São-Franciscana
| pop_15  = 118,323

| city_16 = Eunápolis
| div_16  = Mesorregião do Sul Baiano{{!}}Sul
| pop_16  = 112,032

| city_17 = Santo Antônio de Jesus
| div_17  = Mesorregião Metropolitana de Salvador{{!}}Salvador
| pop_17  = 100,550

| city_18 = Valença, Bahia{{!}}Valença
| div_18  = Mesorregião do Sul Baiano{{!}}Sul
| pop_18  = 96,507

| city_19 = Candeias, Bahia{{!}}Candeias
| div_19  = Mesorregião Metropolitana de Salvador{{!}}Salvador
| pop_19  = 88,308

| city_20 = Guanambi
| div_20  = Mesorregião do Centro-Sul Baiano{{!}}Centro-Sul
| pop_20  = 85,237
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Bahia (2010)<ref>«[https://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/index.php Censo 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829154613/https://www.ibge.gov.br/estadosat/index.php |date=2020-08-29 }}». IBGE</ref><ref>«[https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf Análise dos Resultados/IBGE Censo Demográfico 2010: Características gerais da população, religião e pessoas com deficiência] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626155149/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/94/cd_2010_religiao_deficiencia.pdf |date=2020-06-26 }}» (PDF)</ref>|label1 = [[Catholicism]]
|value1 = 65.2
|color1 = #d4213d
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 17.4
|color2 = Orchid
|label3 = [[Kardecist spiritism|Spiritism]]
|value3 = 1.1
|color3 = Skyblue
|label4 = Other
|value4 = 4.3
|color4 = Pink
|label5 = Unaffiliated
|value5 = 12.0
|color5 = White
}}

=== Education ===
====Educational institutions====
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2024}}
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
* Centro Universitário da Bahia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fib.br/|title=FIB - Centro Universitário|date=Dec 2, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202031349/http://www.fib.br/|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=2008-12-02}}</ref> (FIB; University Centre of Bahia)
* [[Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública]] (EBMSP; Bahian School of Medicine and Public Health)
* Federal do Vale do São Francisco<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.univasf.edu.br/ |title=UNIVASF {{!}} Foundation Federal University of São Francisco Valley |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006052500/http://www.univasf.edu.br/ |archive-date=2008-10-06|language=es }}</ref>
* Instituto Federal da Bahia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.ifba.edu.br/inicio/inicio.html|title=Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia|date=Mar 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310000151/http://portal.ifba.edu.br/inicio/inicio.html|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=2013-03-10}}</ref> (IFBA)
* Instituto Federal Baiano<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifbaiano.edu.br/portal/ingresso-de-estudantes-2020/|title=Ingresso de Estudantes 2020 – Instituto Federal Baiano|website=ifbaiano.edu.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807093832/https://ifbaiano.edu.br/portal/ingresso-de-estudantes-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> (IFBAIANO)
* Universidade Católica de Salvador<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucsal.br/|title=Universidade Católica do Salvador – UCSAL|website=www.ucsal.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815062206/https://www.ucsal.br/|url-status=live}}</ref> (UCSal; Catholic University of Salvador)
* [[Universidade do Estado da Bahia]] (UNEB; Bahia State University)
* [[Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefs.br/portal|title=Portal UEFS – Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana|date=Oct 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005192901/http://www.uefs.br/portal|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=2008-10-05}}</ref> (UEFS; State University of Feira de Santana)
* Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uesc.br/|title=UESC – Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz|first=Universidade Estadual de Santa|last=Cruz|website=www.uesc.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805033748/http://uesc.br/|url-status=live}}</ref> (UESC; State University of Santa Cruz)
* Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uesb.br/|title=UESB &#124; Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia|website=UESB|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=October 6, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006162343/http://www.uesb.br/|url-status=live}}</ref> (Uesb; State University of Southwest of Bahia)
* [[Universidade Federal da Bahia]] (UFBA; Federal University of Bahia)
* Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ufrb.edu.br/portal/|title=UFRB – Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia|website=www.ufrb.edu.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805192220/https://www.ufrb.edu.br/portal/|url-status=live}}</ref> (UFRB; Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia)
* Universidade Salvador<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unifacs.br/main/capa/default.aspx|title= Universidade Salvador – UNIFACS |date=Oct 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005152139/http://www.unifacs.br/main/capa/default.aspx|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=2008-10-05}}</ref> (Unifacs; Salvador University)

==Culture==
{{more citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Igreja_de_São_Francisco_Salvador_2019-6875.jpg
| width1 = 225
| caption1 = Church and Convent of São Francisco in Salvador
| alt1 = 
| image2 = Acarajé - Bahia 2011 (7290756706).jpg
| width2 = 225
| caption2 = [[Akara|Acarajé]] is a symbol of cuisine from Bahia
}}
[[File:Visão parcial do Santuário do Bom Jesus da Lapa e da Senhora da Soledade.jpg|thumb|A Christocentric and Marian sanctuary dedicated to Bom Jesus da Lapa and Our Lady of Solitude, founded in 1691. This Catholic pilgrimage site welcomes nearly three million pilgrims annually. [[Bom Jesus da Lapa]]]]
[[File:06.06.2023 - Cerimônia de abertura da 17ª Bahia Farm Show (52955296372).jpg|thumb|Bahia Farm Show event annual in [[Luís Eduardo Magalhães]]]]
[[File:Patrimônio Imaterial Capoeira (49188233638).jpg|thumb|[[Capoeira]] in [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]]]
As the chief locus of the early Brazilian slave trade, Bahia is considered to possess the greatest and most distinctive African imprint, in terms of culture and customs, in Brazil. These include the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]]-derived religious system of [[Candomblé]], the [[capoeira]] (martial art emerged in [[Palmares (quilombo)|Quilombo dos Palmares]], located in the state of [[Alagoas]]), African-derived music such as [[samba]] (especially Brazilian samba precursor, the samba-de-roda), [[Samba-reggae]], [[afoxé]], and [[axé]], and a cuisine with strong links to western Africa, mainly in Salvador.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In the interior of the state, there is the traditional culture of the ''vaqueiros'' among agricultural communities. From the 1550s onward, in Bahia, these farmers were integral to the process of expansion away from the coasts of Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bahia – Ofício de Vaqueiros |website=ipatrimônio.org |url=http://www.ipatrimonio.org/bahia-oficio-de-vaqueiros/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |language=pt-BR}}</ref> And the emphasis of the [[Tropicália]] movement.

===Arts===
[[File:Vaqueiros baianos, vaqueiros nordestinos no sertão.jpg|thumb| Vaqueiros in [[Uauá]] city, Bahia.]]
Bahia is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian artists, writers and musicians.
There are exponents of various musical genres in the state, such as [[Música popular brasileira|MPB]] [[Dorival Caymmi]], [[Os Tincoãs]], [[João Gilberto]], [[Astrud Gilberto]] (inaugurated [[bossa nova]]), [[Gilberto Gil]] and [[Caetano Veloso]], [[Tom Zé]], (with [[Tropicália]]), to the rhythmic introductions of the batucada by [[Olodum]] and [[Carlinhos Brown]] in [[Samba-reggae]] passing by [[Daniela Mercury]] and [[Ivete Sangalo]] in [[Axé]] Music, [[Raul Seixas]] or [[Pitty]] (in ''rock baiano'') and highly successful musical groups such as [[Novos Baianos]], [[Chiclete com Banana]], [[Timbalada]], among many others in [[bossa nova]], [[samba]], [[Pagode baiano|pagode]], [[Brega (music)|Brega]] and [[Arrocha]], [[tropicalismo]], from ''[[brazilian rock]]'', [[axé]] and [[Samba-reggae|samba-''reggae'']], [[Lambada]] and [[Forró]].<ref name="bahia! música" /><ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web |last1=Dougan |first1=John |title=João Gilberto – Biography & History |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/joão-gilberto-mn0000785283/biography |publisher=AllMusic |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="sheetmusic">cite web |url= http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0015822 |title= They Don't Care About Us |work= Musicnotes.com |date= August 25, 1999 |publisher= [[Alfred Publishing|Alfred Publishing Co]] |access-date= April 28, 2010</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 May 2022 |date=27 February 2012 |publisher=G1 |title=Canção de Carlinhos Brown e Sérgio Mendes não leva o Oscar |url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/oscar/2012/noticia/2012/02/cancao-de-carlinhos-brown-e-sergio-mendes-nao-leva-o-oscar.html|language=pt-br}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

During the 19th century, one of Brazil's greatest poets, the Bahian [[abolitionism|abolitionist]] poet and playwright [[Castro Alves]], a native of the ''recôncavo'' city of [[Cachoeira]], penned his poem, ''Navio negreiro'', about slavery; the poem is considered a masterpiece of Brazilian [[Romanticism]] and a central [[abolitionism|anti-slavery]] text.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Other notable Bahian writers include playwright and screenwriter [[Dias Gomes]], [[Gregório de Matos]], who wrote during the 17th century and was one of the first Brazilian writers, and Fr. [[António Vieira]], who during the colonial period was one of many authors who contributed to the expansion of the Portuguese language throughout the Brazilian territory.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

One of Brazil's most prominent writers of the 20th century, [[Jorge Amado]], was born in the southeastern Bahian city of [[Itabuna]], and resided for many years in Salvador. His major novels include ''[[Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon]]''; ''[[Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands]]''; and ''Tieta, the Goat Girl'', all of which became internationally renowned films. Other notable authors from Bahia include the fiction writers [[João Ubaldo Ribeiro]] and historic writer [[Euclides da Cunha]], who wrote "[[Os Sertões]]".

In the visual and plastic arts, one of the best known Bahian figures was the multigenre artist and [[Argentina|Argentinian]] native Hector Julio Páride Bernabó, also known as [[Carybé]] (1911–1997). Fine examples of his work are visible in the [[Afro-Brazilian]] Museum in Salvador.

=== Cinema ===
The [[film director]], actor, and screenwriter, [[Glauber Rocha]], was born in the south-west Bahian city of [[Vitória da Conquista]] and was one of the most influential moviemakers of [[Brazilian cinema]]. A key figure of [[Cinema Novo]], his films ''[[Black God, White Devil]]'' and ''[[Entranced Earth]]'' are often considered to be two of the greatest succeses in Brazilian cinematic history,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.contracampo.com.br/27/frames.htm|title= contracampo – revista de cinema|access-date= 2008-02-06|author= Tose, Juliano|language= pt}}</ref> being selected by [[Abraccine Top 100 Brazilian films|Abraccine]] as, respectively, the second and fifth best Brazilian films of all time.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://abraccine.org/2015/11/27/abraccine-organiza-ranking-dos-100-melhores-filmes-brasileiros/ |title= Abraccine organiza ranking dos 100 melhores filmes brasileiros |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2016 | language=pt}}</ref>

There are also several national film productions based in Bahia, such as ''[[O Pagador de Promessas]]'', ''[[Tenda dos Milagres (film)|Tenda dos Milagres]]'', ''[[Cidade Baixa]]'' and ''[[Ó Paí, Ó]]''. The state is also the birthplace of renowned actor [[Wagner Moura]], winner of the [[Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''[[The Secret Agent (2025 film)|The Secret Agent (2025)]]'', as well as a [[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe]] nomination for playing [[Pablo Escobar]] in ''[[Narcos]]'', and an [[Annie Awards]] nomination for his voice-acting performance as Death<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=jPk_aeb24sgBkYQK&v=XSrgV5ixsis&feature=youtu.be |title=Wagner Moura 'Puss in Boots: The Last Wish' {{!}} Red Carpet Revelations |date=2022-12-18 |last=HOLLYWOOD INSIDER |access-date=2025-05-25 |via=YouTube}}</ref> in ''[[Puss in Boots: The Last Wish]]'' (2022).

===Tourism and recreation===
[[File:Centro Histórico de Salvador Bahia Largo do Pelourinho 2019-6501.jpg|thumb|right|Colonial Portuguese architecture in [[Pelourinho]], [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]]]

There is a [[World Heritage Site]] in [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]. Pelourinho was once Salvador's principal red-light district as well as a working-class neighborhood that was home to thousands of Afro-Brazilians.{{Clarify|date=December 2018}} Since 1992, however, the overwhelming majority of these people have been forcibly removed and replaced by boutiques, NGO headquarters, government offices, folkloric representations, monuments, and amenities for tourists.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Revolt of the Saints: Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy|last=Collins|first=John|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780822353065|location=Durham|pages=1–43, 181–214}}</ref>

[[Image:Chapada Diamantina Panorama.jpg|thumb|300px|Chapada Diamantina]]
[[File:170-Vale do Capao 2015 2048px 23.jpg|thumb|Canyon in Vale do Capão, Bahia]]
[[File:Pictographs in Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina.tiff|thumb|Pictographs in Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina|upright]]
[[Chapada Diamantina]] ({{IPA|pt|ʃaˈpadɐ dʒi.ɐmɐ̃ˈtʃĩnɐ|}}; [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for the "[[Diamond]] [[Plateau]]") is a region of, an extensive plateau (38,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>), which corresponds to 15% of the State of Bahia, with mountains and unique landscapes. Horácio de Mattos Airport was built in the city of [[Lençóis]] to promote tourism in the region. It has the second largest runway in the state.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2022-03-30 |date=2022-01-10 |first=Maysa |language=pt-BR |last=Polcri |title=Aeroporto de Lençóis permanece fechado desde o início da pandemia |url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/noticia/nid/aeroporto-de-lencois-permanece-fechado-desde-o-inicio-da-pandemia/ |website=Jornal Correio}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=12 January 2015 |date=9 January 2015 |last=Alexandre Galvão |publisher=Bahia Notícias |title=Sem iluminação, aeroporto de Lençóis só funciona até pôr do sol |url=http://www.bahianoticias.com.br/municipios/noticia/480-sem-iluminacao-aeroporto-de-lencois-so-funciona-ate-por-do-sol.html}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Mata Atlântica no meio azul.jpg|thumb|right|Beach in Itacaré.]]
In 2004, Bahia comprised 4.9% of the [[economy of Brazil|economic activity of Brazil]] and it has the biggest GDP of the states of the North and Northeast. The industrial sector is the largest component of [[GDP]] at 48.5%, followed by the service sector at 40.8%. Agriculture represents 10.7% of GDP (2004). Bahia exports: chemicals 22.4%, fuel 17.5%, mineral metallics 13%, paper 9.4%, [[Cocoa bean|cacao]] 5.6%, vehicles 4.8%, [[soybean]] 4.5% (2002). In addition to important agricultural and industrial sectors, the state also has considerable [[mineral]] and [[petroleum]] deposits. In recent years, [[soy]] cultivation has increased substantially in the state.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

During the [[Colonial Brazil|colonial]] and [[Empire of Brazil|imperial periods]], Bahia was a center of Brazilian [[sugarcane]] production and [[slavery in Brazil|slave trading]]. In the 19th century, the Bay of All Saints was also a [[history of whaling|whaling]] spot, as some species of [[whale]]s used the bay as a mating ground.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} By that time, the province was also growing [[cotton]], [[Brazilian coffee|coffee]], and [[tobacco]] with great success.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} [[cassava|mandioc]], [[rice]], [[beans]], and [[maize|corn]], [[saffron]], [[orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[mango]]es, and other fruit were grown for local consumption.{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} The arid interior was mostly used for [[cattle farmer|cattle-farming]], but this was ruined by a series of droughts caused in part by the custom of starting annual wildfires to improve the grass.{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} [[Diamond]]s, [[gold]], and [[amethyst]]s were panned for in the rivers, while [[coal]] was mined on [[Itaparica]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1878}} [[Cocoa bean|cacao]] was being farmed by the time of the [[First World War]].{{sfnp|''EB''|1911}} It grew more than the national average, because the state was previously below the average level.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In [[agriculture]], the state stands out in the production of [[cotton]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], [[soy]] and [[tropical fruits]] such as [[coconut]], [[papaya]], [[mango]], [[banana]] and [[guarana]], in addition to also producing [[sugar cane]], [[Orange (fruit)|orange]], [[beans]] and [[cassava]], among others.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

In 2017, the Northeast Region was the largest producer of [[coconut]] in the country, with 74.0% of national production. Bahia produced 351&nbsp;million fruits, being the leader in the country. However, the sector has been suffering strong competition and losing market to Indonesia, the Philippines and India, the world's largest producers, who even export coconut water to Brazil. In addition to climatic problems, the low productivity of coconut palms in the Northeast Region is the result of factors related to the variety of coconut harvested and the technological level used in coastal regions. In these areas, the semi-extractive cultivation system still prevails, with low fertility and without the adoption of cultural management practices. The three states that have the largest production, Bahia, Sergipe and Ceará, present a yield three times lower than that of Pernambuco, which is in 5th place in the national production. This is because most of the coconut trees in these three states are located in coastal areas and cultivated in semi-extractivist systems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/4296541/61_coco.pdf/c172dd8f-3044-f1db-5d0c-a94c5eb735e0|title=Produção de Coco: O Nordeste É Destaque Nacional|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628161559/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/4296541/61_coco.pdf/c172dd8f-3044-f1db-5d0c-a94c5eb735e0|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the production of [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]], for a long time, Bahia led the Brazilian production. Today, it is disputing the leadership of national production with the state of Pará. In 2017 Pará obtained the leadership for the first time. In 2019, people from Pará harvested 135 thousand tons of cocoa, and Bahians harvested 130 thousand tons. Bahia's cocoa area is practically three times larger than that of Pará, but Pará's productivity is practically three times greater. Some factors that explain this are: the crops in Bahia are more extractivist, and those in Pará have a more modern and commercial style, in addition to paraenses using more productive and resistant seeds, and their region providing resistance to [[Witch's broom]].<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/economia/agronegocios/globo-rural/noticia/2019/11/03/lideranca-na-producao-brasileira-de-cacau-volta-para-casa-no-para-com-a-uniao-de-agricultores.ghtml|title=Pará retoma liderança na produção brasileira de cacau, com a união de agricultores|website=G1|date=3 November 2019 |access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231530/https://g1.globo.com/economia/agronegocios/globo-rural/noticia/2019/11/03/lideranca-na-producao-brasileira-de-cacau-volta-para-casa-no-para-com-a-uniao-de-agricultores.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, the Northeast was in third place among the regions that most produce [[sugar cane]] in the country. Brazil is the world's largest producer, with 672.8&nbsp;million tons harvested this year. The Northeast harvested 45.7&nbsp;million tons, 6.8% of national production. Alagoas is the largest producer, with 33.3% of Northeastern production (15.2&nbsp;million tons). Pernambuco is the 2nd largest producer in the Northeast, with 22.7% of the total in the region (10.3&nbsp;million tons). Paraíba has 11.9% of northeastern production (5.5&nbsp;million tons) and Bahia, 10.24% of production (4.7&nbsp;million tons).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/1342439/4128151/181_06_11_2018.pdf/d1d4290d-1d9e-a214-f50a-9ce50ced36be|title=Produção de cana de açúcar no Nordeste|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626112534/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/1342439/4128151/181_06_11_2018.pdf/d1d4290d-1d9e-a214-f50a-9ce50ced36be|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahia is the 2nd largest producer of [[cotton]] in Brazil, losing only to Mato Grosso. In 2019, it harvested 1.5&nbsp;million tonnes of the product.<ref name="ReferenceF">{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2019/06/08/segundo-maior-produtor-de-algodao-do-pais-bahia-tem-previsao-de-15percent-de-crescimento-da-safra.ghtml|title=Segundo maior produtor de algodão do país, Bahia tem previsão de 15% de crescimento da safra|website=G1|date=8 June 2019 |access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728233015/https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/noticia/2019/06/08/segundo-maior-produtor-de-algodao-do-pais-bahia-tem-previsao-de-15percent-de-crescimento-da-safra.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cidadeverde.com">{{Cite web|url=https://cidadeverde.com/noticias/307537/producao-de-graos-cresce-14-e-piaui-se-consolida-como-3-maior-produtor-do-nordeste|title=Produção de grãos cresce 14% e Piauí se consolida como 3º maior produtor do Nordeste|website=CidadeVerde.com|date=5 September 2019 |access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028220724/https://cidadeverde.com/noticias/307537/producao-de-graos-cresce-14-e-piaui-se-consolida-como-3-maior-produtor-do-nordeste|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="agroolhar.com.br">{{Cite web |url=https://www.agroolhar.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?id=25834&noticia=mt-segue-como-lider-isolado-na-producao-de-algodao-e-safra-sobe-para-65-em-201718 |title=MT segue como líder isolado na produção de algodão e safra sobe para 65% em 2017/18 |access-date=2020-07-24 |archive-date=2020-07-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729034954/https://www.agroolhar.com.br/noticias/exibir.asp?id=25834&noticia=mt-segue-como-lider-isolado-na-producao-de-algodao-e-safra-sobe-para-65-em-201718 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In [[soy]], Brazil produced close to 120&nbsp;million tons in 2019, being the largest world producer. In 2019, the Northeast produced close to 10.7&nbsp;million tons, or 9% of the Brazilian total. The largest producer in the Northeast was Bahia (5.3&nbsp;million tons).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.canalrural.com.br/sites-e-especiais/projeto-soja-brasil/brasil-deve-colher-maior-producao-de-soja-da-historia-diz-conab/|title=Brasil deve colher maior produção de soja da história, diz Conab|date=Oct 10, 2019|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626172949/https://www.canalrural.com.br/sites-e-especiais/projeto-soja-brasil/brasil-deve-colher-maior-producao-de-soja-da-historia-diz-conab/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the production of [[maize]], in 2018 Brazil was the 3rd largest producer in the world, with 82&nbsp;million tons. The Northeast produced about 8.4% of the country's total. Bahia was the largest producer in the Northeast, with 2.2&nbsp;million tons.<ref name="Produção de Milho no Nordeste">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/1342439/3950249/172_22_10_2018.pdf/46367a39-443c-f5da-4b71-27cfbf04be25|title=Produção de Milho no Nordeste|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928153038/https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/1342439/3950249/172_22_10_2018.pdf/46367a39-443c-f5da-4b71-27cfbf04be25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cidadeverde.com"/>

In 2018, the South Region was the main producer of [[beans]] with 26.4% of the total, followed by the Midwest (25.4%), Southeast Region (25.1%), Northeast (20.6%) and North (2.5%). The largest producers in the Northeast were Ceará and Bahia.<ref name="agricultura.pr.gov.br">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricultura.pr.gov.br/sites/default/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2019-09/feijao_2019_v1.pdf|title=Feijão – Análise da Conjuntura Agropecuária|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=June 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628032623/http://www.agricultura.pr.gov.br/sites/default/arquivos_restritos/files/documento/2019-09/feijao_2019_v1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cidadeverde.com"/>

In [[cassava]] production, Brazil produced a total of 17.6&nbsp;million tons in 2018. Maranhão was the 7th largest producer in the country, with 681 thousand tons. Ceará was 9th, with 622 thousand tons. Bahia was 10th with 610 thousand tons. In total, the northeast produced 3,5&nbsp;million tons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/mandioca/b1_mandioca.pdf|title=Produção brasileira de mandioca em 2018|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205225/http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/mandioca/b1_mandioca.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahia was the fourth largest producer of oranges in Brazil in 2018, with a total of 604 thousand tons, 3,6% of the national production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/laranja/b1_laranja.pdf|title=Produção brasileira de laranja em 2018|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212202933/http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/laranja/b1_laranja.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahia is the second largest fruit producer in the country, with more than 3.3&nbsp;million tons a year, behind São Paulo. The north of Bahia is one of the main fruit suppliers in the country. The State is one of the main national producers of ten types of fruit. In 2017, Bahia led the production of cajarana, coconut, count fruit or pinecone, soursop, umbu, jackfruit, licuri, mango and passion fruit, and is in second place in cocoa almond, atemoia, cupuaçu, lime and lemon, and third in banana, carambola, guava, papaya, watermelon, melon, cherry, pomegranate and table grapes. In all, 34 products from Bahia's fruit culture have an important participation in the national economy.<ref name="ReferenceG">{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/avanca/noticia/2019/05/21/cultivo-de-manga-e-destaque-no-norte-da-bahia-estado-e-o-2o-maior-produtor-de-frutas-do-pais.ghtml|title=Cultivo de manga é destaque no norte da Bahia; estado é o 2º maior produtor de frutas do país|website=G1|date=21 May 2019 |access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728223809/https://g1.globo.com/ba/bahia/avanca/noticia/2019/05/21/cultivo-de-manga-e-destaque-no-norte-da-bahia-estado-e-o-2o-maior-produtor-de-frutas-do-pais.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atarde.com.br/municipios/noticias/2024389-dez-tipos-de-frutas-da-bahia-estao-entre-as-mais-produzidas-no-pais|title=Dez tipos de frutas da Bahia estão entre as mais produzidas no país|website=Portal A Tarde|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=February 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212161902/https://atarde.com.br/portalmunicipios/portalmunicipiosmunicipios/dez-tipos-de-frutas-da-bahia-estao-entre-as-mais-produzidas-no-pais-1021471|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rio Grande do Norte is the largest producer of [[melon]] in the country. In 2017 it produced 354 thousand tons. The Northeast region accounted for 95.8% of the country's production in 2007. In addition to Rio Grande do Norte, which in 2005 produced 45.4% of the country's total, the other 3 largest in the country were Ceará, Bahia and Pernambuco.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribunadonorte.com.br/noticia/cana-de-aa-aocar-e-mela-o-lideram-produa-a-o-no-rn/392875|title=Cana-de-açúcar e melão lideram produção no RN|website=Tribuna do Norte|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728233151/http://www.tribunadonorte.com.br/noticia/cana-de-aa-aocar-e-mela-o-lideram-produa-a-o-no-rn/392875|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br:8080/sistema_producao/spmelao/socioeconomia.html|title=Socioeconomia|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=February 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217140833/http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br:8080/sistema_producao/spmelao/socioeconomia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the production of [[papaya]], in 2018 Bahia was the 2nd largest producer state in Brazil, almost equaling with Espírito Santo: 337 thousand tons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/mamao/b1_mamao.pdf|title=Produção brasileira de mamão em 2018|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=June 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626201605/http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/mamao/b1_mamao.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahia was the largest producer of [[mango]] in the country in 2019, with production of around 281 thousand tons per year. Juazeiro (130 thousand tons per year) and Casa Nova (54 thousand tons per year) are at the top of the list of Brazilian cities that lead the cultivation of fruit.<ref name="ReferenceG"/>

In the production of [[banana]], in 2018 Bahia was the 2nd largest national producer.<ref name="cnpmf.embrapa.br">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/banana/b1_banana.pdf|title=Produção brasileira de banana em 2018|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010824/http://www.cnpmf.embrapa.br/Base_de_Dados/index_pdf/dados/brasil/banana/b1_banana.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahia is the largest Brazilian producer of [[guaraná]]. In 2017, Brazilian production was close to 3.3&nbsp;million tons. Bahia harvested 2.3&nbsp;million (mainly in the city of Taperoá), Amazonas 0.7&nbsp;million (mainly in the city of Maués) and the rest of the country, 0.3&nbsp;million. Despite the fact that the fruit originated in the Amazon, since 1989 Bahia has beaten Amazonas in terms of production volume and guarana productivity, because the soil in Bahia is more favorable, in addition to the absence of diseases in the region. The most famous users of the product, however, acquire 90% to 100% of their guarana from the Amazon region, such as [[Ambev]] and [[Coca-Cola]]. Bahian guarana prices are well below those of other states, but Sudam's tax exemptions lead the beverage industry to prefer to purchase seeds in the North, which helps maintain the highest added value of Amazonian guarana. The pharmaceutical industries and importers, on the other hand, buy more guarana from Bahia, due to the price.<ref name="valor.globo.com">{{Cite web|url=https://valor.globo.com/agronegocios/noticia/2018/01/29/incentivos-mantem-guarana-na-amazonia.ghtml|title=Incentivos mantêm guaraná na Amazônia|website=Valor Econômico|date=29 January 2018 |access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728233341/https://valor.globo.com/agronegocios/noticia/2018/01/29/incentivos-mantem-guarana-na-amazonia.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Northeast region housed 93.2% of the Brazilian [[goat]] herd (8,944,461 heads) and 64.2% of the [[sheep]] herd (11,544,939 heads) in 2017. Bahia concentrated 30.9% of the goat herd and 20.9% of the national sheep herd. [[Casa Nova]] took first place in the municipal ranking with the largest numbers of both species.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/22648-ppm-2017-rebanho-bovino-predomina-no-centro-oeste-e-mato-grosso-lidera-entre-os-estados|title=PPM 2017: Rebanho bovino predomina no Centro-Oeste e Mato Grosso lidera entre os estados|website=agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br|date=27 September 2018 |access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112011049/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-sala-de-imprensa/2013-agencia-de-noticias/releases/22648-ppm-2017-rebanho-bovino-predomina-no-centro-oeste-e-mato-grosso-lidera-entre-os-estados|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2017, Bahia had 1.68% of the national mineral participation (4th place in the country). Bahia had production of [[gold]] (6.2 tons at a value of R$730&nbsp;million), [[copper]] (56 thousand tons, at a value of R$404&nbsp;million); [[chromite|chrome]] (520 thousand tons, at a value of R$254&nbsp;million) and [[vanadium]] (358 thousand tons, at a value of R$91&nbsp;million).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|title=ANM|website=www.gov.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=August 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804161841/https://www.gov.br/anm/pt-br/pagina-inicial|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahia had an industrial GDP of R$53.0&nbsp;billion in 2017, equivalent to 4.4% of the national industry. It employs 356,997 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: Construction (24.8%), Industrial Services of Public Utility, such as Electricity and Water (15.0%),  Petroleum Derivatives and Biofuels (13.8%), Chemicals (9.4%), and Food (6.1%). These 5 sectors concentrate 69.1% of the state's industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://perfil.portaldaindustria.com.br/|title=CNI – Perfil da Indústria nos Estados|website=perfil.portaldaindustria.com.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=May 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503155256/http://perfil.portaldaindustria.com.br/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bahian [[Industrial sector|industry]] have automobile and tyre industries, footwear and textiles, furniture, food and beverages, cosmetics and perfumes, information technology and naval sectors.

In Brazil, the [[automotive]] sector represents close to 22% of industrial GDP. Bahia has a [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] factory.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/competitividade-industrial/setor-automotivo|title=Setor Automotivo|website=www.mdic.gov.br|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026221830/http://www.mdic.gov.br/index.php/competitividade-industrial/setor-automotivo|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/|title=O novo mapa das montadoras, que agora rumam para o interior do País|date=Mar 8, 2019|access-date=Aug 5, 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308152711/https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/o-novo-mapa-das-montadoras/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was created in [[Camaçari]] (2001). The Bahian automotive sector, led by Ford was in 2005 the third largest contributor (14.6%) to the Bahian [[GDP]].

<gallery widths="170px" class="center">
File:Algodão Bahia 2003.jpg|Cotton in [[Luís Eduardo Magalhães]]
File:Cacao.jpeg|Cocoa in [[Ilhéus]]
File:Coco.JPG|Coconut production
File:Harvestor cutting row of sugarcane.jpg|right|Sugarcane in Bahia
File:Sojicultura no interior da Bahia - área de expansão da fronteira agrícola (1376787388).jpg|Soy plantation in [[Barreiras]]
File:Detail_of_pineapples_growing.jpg|Pineapple plantation
File:Cenas de Sobradinho 06.jpg|[[Hydroelectric power plant]] in Sobradinho.
File:Ovinos pastando ao por-do-sol num sítio em Araci-BA.JPG|Goats in [[Araci]]
File:Inauguração da Alstom em Camaçari.jpg|Alstom factory in [[Camaçari]]
</gallery>

===Chemical and petrochemical===
[[File:Unidade de Hidrogênio da Peroxy Bahia 6.jpg|thumb|Hydrogen Unit at the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex]]

Bahia's Petrochemical Pole is the largest integrated complex in the Southern Hemisphere, and is the result of R$10&nbsp;billion in investments, accounting for a third of the state's exports and for nearly half of the industrial production value.

====Reconcavo Basin====
The Reconcavo Basin has been a principal petroleum-producing region, mainly from the [[Upper Jurassic]] and [[Lower Cretaceous]] Bahia Supergroup, since 1939 and contains the Agua Grande Field (discovered in 1951 by the Conselho Nacional de Petroleo and producing from the Sergei and Candeias Formations at about 1&nbsp;km depth and the shallower Ilhas Formation), the Dom Joao Field (discovered in 1947 by the Conselho Nacional de Petroleo and producing from the Sergei Formation at a depth of about 200 m), the Miranga Field (discovered in 1965 by [[Petrobras]] producing from the Ilhas Formation at a depth of about 1&nbsp;km), the [[Candeias Oil Well (C-1)|Candeias Field]] (discovered in 1941 by Conselho Nacional de Petroleo and producing from the Candeias Formation at a depth ranging from 690 to 2400 m), the Buracica Field (discovered in 1959 by Petrobras and producing from the Sergi Formation at about 600 m depth), and the Taquipe Field (discovered in 1958 by Petrobras and producing from the Ilhas Formation).<ref>Ghignone, J.I., and Andrade, G.D., General Geology and Major Oil Fields of Reconcavo Basin, Brazil, in Geology of Giant Petroleum Fields, Halbouty, M.T., editor, AAPG Memoir 14, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1970, pp. 337–358.</ref>

===Other market segments===
Agribusiness; footwear; call centers; informatics, electronics, and telecommunications; nautical; paper and pulp; textiles; plastic transformation; and tourism.

==Infrastructure==
===Airports===
[[Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport]] is located in an area of more than {{convert|6|e6m2|acre|sp=us}}. It lies {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of downtown Salvador. In 2007, the airport handled 5,920,573 passengers and 91,043 aircraft movements,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infraero.gov.br/upload/arquivos/movi/mov.operac.1207.pdf|title=Airport statistics for 2007 (Infraero) – Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport|website=infraero.gov.br|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216053929/http://www.infraero.gov.br/upload/arquivos/movi/mov.operac.1207.pdf|archive-date=16 February 2008}}</ref> making it the [[List of the busiest airports in Brazil|fifth busiest airport]] in Brazil in terms of passengers. It's responsible for more than 30% of passenger movement in northeastern Brazil. Nearly 35,000 people circulate daily through the passenger terminal. The airport generates more than 16,000 direct and indirect jobs, to serve a daily average of over 10,000 passengers, 250 takeoffs and landings of 100 domestic and 16 international flights.

The international airlines are Lufthansa, TAP, United Airlines, American Airlines, Alitália, Air France, Air Europa, Ibéria, Aerolíneas Argentinas, LanChile. In addition to domestic and regional services, the airport has non-stop flights to [[Lisbon]], [[Madrid]], [[Frankfurt]], [[Montevideo]], [[London]], [[Santiago]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Asunción]] and [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]. Its [[IATA airport code]] is SSA and it is the sixth busiest airport in the country, the first in northeastern Brazil, behind [[Congonhas International Airport|Congonhas International]], [[Guarulhos International Airport|Guarulhos International]], [[Presidente Juscelino Kubitschek International Airport|Juscelino Kubitschek International]], [[Santos Dumont Regional Airport|Santos Dumont Regional]] and [[Galeão - Antônio Carlos Jobim International Airport|Galeão International]].

Bahia also has some smaller modern regional airports including [[Ilhéus Jorge Amado Airport]] and [[Porto Seguro Airport]].

<gallery widths="180px" class="center">
File:GOLIOS.jpg|Airport of [[Ilhéus]].
File:Aeroporto de Salvador.jpg|[[Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport|Deputado Luís Eduardo Magalhães International Airport (SSA)]].
</gallery>

===Highways===
[[File:Bahia BR-116 (6276063177).jpg|thumb|right|BR-101 highway in Bahia]]

The state has its transportation based on highways, with few options in other sectors. The main highways in the state are all from the Federal Government:

* [[BR-101]] – It borders the state coast, connecting it with the country's richest region (Southeast) and with the rest of the Northeast. It passes through the [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] producing area of the state, in the cities of [[Itabuna]] and [[Ilhéus]], reaching the capital Salvador and from there to [[Aracaju]], capital of [[Sergipe]].
* [[BR-116]] – also crosses the state from north to south, parallel to BR 101 but passing further inland. It cuts through some of the important cities of the state, such as [[Vitória da Conquista]], [[Jequié]], [[Feira de Santana]] and [[Euclides da Cunha, Bahia|Euclides da Cunha]], going towards the interior of [[Pernambuco]] and [[Fortaleza]], capital of [[Ceará]].
* BR-242 – the highway cuts the state in half in an east–west direction, connecting Salvador to [[Brasília]], the country's capital. It passes through important cities like [[Lençóis]], [[Barreiras]] and [[Luís Eduardo Magalhães]].
* BR-407 – together with [[BR-324]], the highway connects the region of Bahia, which is the largest producer of fruit and the largest breeder of [[sheep]] and [[goats]], in the cities of [[Juazeiro]] and [[Casa Nova]], to Feira de Santana, Salvador and southeastern Brazil. The BR-235 borders the North of the state, connecting these same regions to the coast of Bahia.
* [[BR-110]] – crossing the interior of the Northeast Region, this highway connects Salvador with the hydroelectric plant of [[Paulo Afonso]] and reaches [[Mossoró]], in [[Rio Grande do Norte]]

Also noteworthy is the [[BR-030]], which crosses the south of Bahia in an east–west direction.

===Ports===
[[File:Porto_de_Salvador_Bahia_Vista_Aérea_2021-0005.jpg|thumb|Port of Salvador]]

With cargo volume that grows year after year following the same economic development rhythm implemented in the State, the Port of Salvador, located on the [[Bay of All Saints]], holds status as the port with the highest movement of containers of the [[North Region, Brazil|North]]/[[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] and the second-leading fruit exporter in Brazil. The port's facilities operate from 8 a.m. to noon and from 1:30&nbsp;a.m. to 5:30&nbsp;p.m.

The ability to handle high shipping volume has positioned the port of Salvador for new investments in technological modernization, and the port is noted for implementing a high level of operational flexibility and competitive rates. The goal of port officials is to offer the necessary infrastructure for the movement of goods, while simultaneously meeting the needs of international importers and exporters.

==Sports==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Arena Fonte Nova view from lake (zoom).jpg|thumbnail|right|[[Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova]], view from lake.]]

[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport. The two most popular football teams are [[Esporte Clube Bahia|EC Bahia]] and [[Esporte Clube Vitoria|EC Vitória]], in the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A]] (first division). EC Bahia has won two league titles in [[1959 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1959]] and [[1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1988]]. EC Vitória was runner up of the Série A in [[1993 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|1993]] and champion of the [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|Série B]] (second division) in [[2023 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B|2023]].

Bahia is renowned for its [[mixed martial arts]] fans, with prominent fighters from this state including former heavyweight champion of both [[Pride Fighting Championship]] and [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] [[Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira]], his twin brother [[Antônio Rogério Nogueira]], and former Ultimate Fighting Championship Heavyweight Champion [[Junior dos Santos]]. In the sport of boxing, Bahian native [[Acelino Freitas]] has won the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] belt in the lightweight class. In the [[Capoeira]] world, the actor and [[Capoeira]] Master, [[Lateef Crowder dos Santos]] is an American born in Salvador, Bahia.

Salvador was one of the host cities of the [[2014 FIFA World Cup]], for which Brazil was the host nation.

==Flag==
[[File:Stamp_of_Brazil_-_1981_-_Colnect_201328_-_Bahia.jpeg|thumb|upright|Brazilian stamp from 1981 depicting the flag of Bahia]]
{{see also|Flag of Bahia}}
The flag was officially adopted on 11 June 1960. The Bahian flag is influenced by the [[flag of the United States]], as well as colors and symbolism from the 1789 separatist movement [[Inconfidência Mineira]] and the 1798 Bahian slave rebellion called the [[1798 Revolt of the Alfaiates|Revolt of the Tailors]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.suapesquisa.com/estadosbrasileiros/bandeira_bahia.htm |title=Bandeira da Bahia |access-date=17 March 2017 |language=pt |trans-title=Flag of Bahia |url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318084227/http://www.suapesquisa.com/estadosbrasileiros/bandeira_bahia.htm |archive-date=18 March 2017 }}</ref>
{{clear left}}

==See also==
* [[Independence of Bahia]]
* [[Captaincy of Bahia]]
* [[List of municipalities in Bahia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Barickman, Bert Jude. ''A Bahian counterpoint: Sugar, tobacco, cassava, and slavery in the Recôncavo, 1780–1860'' (Stanford University Press, 1998)
* Baud, Michiel, and Kees Koonings. [https://www.vr-elibrary.de/doi/pdf/10.7767/jbla.2000.37.1.149 "Germans and Tobacco in Bahia (Brazil), 1870–1940"]. ''Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas'' 37.1 (2000): 149–176.
* Baud, Michiel, and Kees Koonings. [https://www.academia.edu/download/37926741/Bahia_article_Baud-Koonings.pdf "A lavoura dos pobres: Tobacco Farming and the Development of Commercial Agriculture in Bahia, 1870–1930"]. ''Journal of Latin American Studies'' 31.2 (1999): 287–329.
* Collins, John F.  ''Revolt of the Saints: Memory and Redemption in the Twilight of Brazilian Racial Democracy'' (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015); describes the hotly contested restoration of the Pelourinho, or Salvador, Bahia's colonial city center that is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and links these changes to racial politics in Brazil today.
* Keisha-Khan, Y. Perry. [https://unequalcities.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/17/2019/01/Perry-Keisha-Khan-The-Roots-of-Black-Resistance.pdf  "The roots of black resistance: Race, gender and the struggle for urban land rights in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil".] ''Social Identities'' 10.6 (2004): 811–831.
* Kraay, Hendrik. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ccVr7EjqywgC&dq=Bahia+race&pg=PA271 ''Race, state, and armed forces in independence-era Brazil: Bahia, 1790s–1840s''] (Stanford University Press, 2004).
* {{Cite book |last=Romo |first=Anadelia A. |date=2010 |title=Brazil's Living Museum: Race, Reform, and Tradition in Bahia |location=Chapel Hill, NC |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=9780807833827 |oclc=440562990}} Covers the period from the abolition of slavery in 1888 to the start of Brazil's military regime in 1964.
* Walker, Timothy. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07409710701260214 "Slave labor and chocolate in Brazil: the culture of cacao plantations in Amazonia and Bahia (17th–19th Centuries)"] {{subscription required}}. ''Food and Foodways'' 15.1–2 (2007): 75–106. {{doi|10.1080/07409710701260214}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bahia}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.anp.gov.br/brasil-rounds/round4/round4/workshop/restrito/ingles/Reconcavo_ing.PDF ANP report on the Reconcavo Basin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025657/http://www.anp.gov.br/brasil-rounds/round4/round4/workshop/restrito/ingles/Reconcavo_ing.PDF |date=2016-03-04 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161021214425/http://guiasalvadoronline.net/ All about Salvador Bahia Brazil] {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://bahia-brazil.org/ Bahia from Salvador to Porto Seguro]
* [http://bahia.basix.cc/ discovering Bahia in your language] {{in lang|en|fr|nl}}
* [http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/universo.php?tipo=31o/tabela13_1.shtm&paginaatual=1&uf=29&letra=A Population of Bahia] {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://www.arraialdajudaportal.com Cities in the South of Bahia] {{in lang|pt}}
* [http://www.top-magazin-frankfurt.de/redaktion/reisen-travel/indira-weis-goodbye-deutschland-bom-dia-bahia/ Indira Weis's travelogue in Bahia] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/1110 A Most Accurate Picture of Brazil], a map of the Bahia region from 1630 {{in lang|en|la}}
* [https://www.candeiasmix.com.br/bahia/ News of Bahia] {{in lang|pt|}}

{{Municipalities of Bahia}}
{{States of Brazil}}
{{Brazil topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bahia| ]]
[[Category:1823 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:Federative units of Brazil]]
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:Northeast Region, Brazil|*]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1823]]