View source for Balinese language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Basa Bali|Bali language (disambiguation)|Pali}}
{{Infobox language
| image            = Basa Bali in Balinese script.gif
| imagecaption = ''Basa Bali'' written in Balinese script 
| pronunciation = {{IPA|ban|ˈbasə&nbsp;ˈbali|}}<br>{{IPA|ban|ˈbaso&nbsp;ˈbali|}} (southern, central, western, and Bangli dialects){{IPA|ban|ˈbasa&nbsp;ˈbali|}} (Bali Aga dialect)<ref name="auto3">{{cite book|date=June 2011 |first1=Darrell T. |isbn=978-3-11-088401-2 |language=en |last1=Tryon |publisher=De Gruyter |title=Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies|page=497}}</ref>
| name             = Balinese
| nativename       = {{lang|ban|Basa Bali}}, {{lang|ban|Bhāṣa Bali}}{{ref|1|1}}<br>{{lang|ban|ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ}}, {{lang|ban|ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ}}{{ref|1|1}}
| states           = [[Indonesia]]
| region           = [[Bali]], [[Nusa Penida]], Western [[Lombok]], Eastern [[Java]], Southern [[Sumatra]], [[Sulawesi]]
| ethnicity        = {{plainlist|
*[[Balinese people|Balinese]]
*[[Bali Aga]]
*[[Nak Nusé]]
*[[Loloan Malays]]
*[[Balinese Chinese]]}}
| speakers         = 3.3 million
| date             = 2000 census
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] (?)
| fam4             = [[Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages|Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa]]
| stand1 = Standard Balinese<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365364428|title=MORFOLOGI INFLEKSIONAL DAN DERIVASIONAL PADA BAHASA BALI STANDAR|website=ResearchGate}}</ref><br>[[#Registers|Kapara Balinese]] (in the [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] level)<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | title=Bahasa Bali Kepara Atau Bahasa Bali Lumrah &#124; PDF | url=https://id.scribd.com/document/360426482/Bahasa-Bali-Kepara-Atau-Bahasa-Bali-Lumrah#:~:text=Bahasa%20Bali%20Kepara%20atau%20Bahasa%20Bali%20Lumrah%2Cadalahbahasa%20bali&text=bahasa%20bali%20terhadap%20lawan%20bicara }}</ref>
| ancestor         = [[Old Balinese]]
* Middle Balinese{{Sfn|de Casparis|2021|p=25}}{{Sfn|Tryon|Dutton|2010|p=155}} 
| dia1             = {{ill|Highland Balinese|id|Bahasa Bali Aga}}<br />{{ill|Lowland Balinese|nl|Laaglandbalinees}}<br />[[Nusa Penida Balinese language|Nusa Penida Balinese]]<ref name=":0" />
| script           = [[Latin script]] ([[Balinese language#Latin alphabet|Balinese Latin alphabet]])<br/>[[Balinese script]]
| agency           = [[Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa]]
----
Lembaga Bahasa, Aksara dan Sastra Bali<ref>{{cite act |type=Regional Regulation |index=1 |year=2018 |article=12 |article-type=Article |title= Peraturan Daerah Provinsi Bali No 1 Tahun 2018 Tentang Bahasa, Aksara, Dan Sastra Bali |url=https://jdih.baliprov.go.id/produk-hukum/peraturan-perundang-undangan/perda/24561 |language=id}}</ref>
| iso2             = ban
| iso3             = ban
| glotto           = bali1278
| glottorefname    = Balinese
| notice           = IPA
| map              = File:Balinese language distribution.svg
| mapcaption       = {{Legend | #0062FF | Balinese is the majority language where vast majority are [[first language]] speakers}}
{{Legend striped|#0062FF |#74B4FF| Balinese is the majority language, with other languages being spoken largely or as a second language (such as [[Javanese language|Javanese]], [[Sasak language|Sasak]], and [[Malay language|Malay]])}}
{{Legend | #74B4FF | Balinese is a minority language}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Balinese}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES - Ni Luh speaking Balinese.webm|thumb|250px|Balinese language speaker (in Kapara Balinese (low register)]]

'''Balinese''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|l|ɪ|n|iː|z}} {{respell|BAH|lih|neez}}; {{lang|ban|Basa Bali}}, [[Balinese script]]: ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ, {{small|IPA:}} {{IPA|ban|ˈbasə&nbsp;ˈbali|}})<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladra-bali.blogspot.com/2016/02/sorsinggih-basa-bali-yeningselehin.html?m=1 |title=Sor Singgih Basa Bali |publisher= ladra-bali.blogspot.com |access-date= 10 May 2019}}</ref> is an [[Austronesian language]] spoken primarily by the [[Balinese people]] on the [[Indonesia]]n island of [[Bali]], as well as [[Nusa Penida]], Western [[Lombok]], and Eastern [[Java]],<ref>Ethnologue</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Jawa dan Bali - Peta Bahasa | url=https://petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/pulau.php?idp=2 }}</ref> and also spread to Southern [[Sumatra]], and [[Sulawesi]] due to the [[transmigration program]].<ref name="Clynes 1995">{{Cite thesis |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |title=Topics in the Phonology and Morphosyntax of Balinese |date=1995 |degree=PhD |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.25911/5d77865d38e15 |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/10744 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Most Balinese speakers also use [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]. The 2000 national census recorded 3.3&nbsp;million people speakers of Balinese with only 1&nbsp;million people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives according to the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.3 - Balinese|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bali1278|access-date=2021-04-27|website=glottolog.org}}</ref>  

The higher [[#Registers|registers]] of the language borrow extensively from [[Javanese language|Javanese]]: an old form of classical Javanese, [[Kawi language|Kawi]], is used in Bali as a [[Liturgical language|religious]] and ceremonial language, while most of Balinese speakers use the low [[#Registers|register]] known as ''Kapara Balinese'' as their everyday language.<ref name="auto2"/> Most speakers of Balinese also speak [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] for official and commercial purposes as well as a means to communicate with non-Balinese-speaking [[Indonesians]].

The 2000 national census recorded 3.3&nbsp;million people speakers of Balinese, however the Bali Cultural Agency estimated in 2011 that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives is under 1&nbsp;million. The language has been classified as "not endangered" by ''[[Glottolog]]''.<ref name=":0"/>

== Classification ==
Balinese is an [[Austronesian language]] belonging to the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian branch]] of the family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, it is part of the [[Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages|Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa]] subgroup.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |year=2005 |chapter=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective |editor1=Adelaar, K. Alexander |editor2=Himmelmann, Nikolaus |title=The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=1–42}}</ref> Internally, Balinese has three distinct varieties; Highland Bali, Lowland Bali, and [[Nusa Penida Balinese language|Nusa Penida Balinese]].<ref name=":0" />

== Demographics ==
[[File:Java languages.JPG|thumb|Distribution map of the Balinese language in Bali and Java islands (red)]]According to the 2000 census, the Balinese language is spoken by 3.3&nbsp;million people in Indonesia, mainly concentrated on the island of Bali and the surrounding areas.

In 2011, the Bali Cultural Agency estimated that the number of people still using the Balinese language in their daily lives on [[Bali]] Island does not exceed 1&nbsp;million, as in urban areas their parents only introduce the [[Indonesian language]] or even English as a foreign language, while daily conversations in the institutions and the mass media have disappeared. The written form of the Balinese language is increasingly unfamiliar and most Balinese people use the Balinese language only as a means of oral communication, often mixing it with Indonesian in their daily speech. However, in the transmigration areas outside Bali Island, the Balinese language is extensively used and believed to play an important role in the survival of the language.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ni Komang Erviani|date=March 30, 2012|title=Balinese Language 'Will Never Die'|language=en|work=The Jakarta Post|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/03/30/balinese-language-will-never-die.html}}</ref>

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+Balinese vowels
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}}
|
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
|
| {{IPA link|a}}
|
|}

The official spelling denotes both {{IPA|/a/}} and final {{IPA|/ə/}} by {{Grapheme|a}}.  However, {{Grapheme|a}} is usually pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} when it ends a word, and {{IPA|[ə]}} occurs also in prefixes ''ma-'', ''pa-'' and ''da-''. In non-final positions, {{IPA|/ə/}} is denoted by ⟨e⟩.<ref name="Spitzing">{{cite book |title=Practical Balinese: Phrasebook and Dictionary|last=Spitzing |first=Günter |year=2002|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|location=Rutland VT|page=22}}</ref>

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Balinese consonants
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
!
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! <small>[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]</small>
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" | || width="20px" style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|m}}
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" | || width="20px" style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|n}}
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" | || width="20px" style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ɲ}}
| width="20px" style="border-right: 0;" | || width="20px" style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|ŋ}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! <small>[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]</small>
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|p}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|t}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|d}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|tʃ}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|dʒ}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|k}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|g}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! <small>[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]</small>
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|s}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPA link|h}}|| style="border-left: 0;" |
|-
! <small>[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]</small>
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|w}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|l}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|j}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! <small>[[Trill consonant|Trill]]</small>
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPA link|r}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|}
Depending on dialect, the phoneme {{IPA|/t/}} is realized as a voiceless [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] stop. This is in contrast with most other languages in western Indonesia (including [[Indonesian language|Standard Indonesian]]), which have a dental {{IPA|/t/}} patterning with an otherwise alveolar phoneme series.<ref name="Clynes 1995" />

===Stress===
Stress falls on the last syllable.<ref name="Spitzing" />

== Vocabulary ==

=== Registers ===
Even though most basic vocabulary in Balinese and Indonesian originates from Austronesian and [[Sanskrit]], many cognates sound quite different between languages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=√ Kamus Bahasa Bali Lengkap|url=https://curcol.co/kamus-bahasa-bali-lengkap-14223|access-date=2021-04-09|website=curcol.co|date=30 April 2019 }}</ref> Balinese has four different [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]]: low ({{transliteration|ban|basa ketah}}), middle ({{transliteration|ban|basa madia}}), and high ({{transliteration|ban|basa singgih}}), the uses of which depend on the relationship and status of those speaking and those being spoken about, and most of Balinese speakers use the low register also known as ''Kapara Balinese'' or ''Common Balinese language'' (from ''Kepara'' which literally means 'commonplace')<ref name = ":1"/><ref name="auto2"/>. High Balinese is not commonly used except to speak to [[Hindu priest|pedandas]], so few are fluent in it.<ref name=tulisan>{{Cite web |last=Eiseman | first=Fred B. Jr. |title=The Balinese Languages |url=http://www.balivision.com/Article_Resources/TheBaliniseLanguage.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819174754/http://www.balivision.com/Article_Resources/TheBaliniseLanguage.asp |archive-date=2010-08-19 |website=Bali Vision}}</ref> The common mutations in inherited Balinese words are:

* r > h / #_, r > h / V_V, and r > h / _#. That is, r mutates into h at the beginning of every word, the end of every word, and between any two vowels.
* h > ø / !_#. The phoneme h is lost everywhere except at the ends of words.

However, these mutations are not expressed in High Balinese, indicating that High Balinese contains many [[loanword]]s from [[Sanskrit]] and ([[Old Javanese|Old]]) [[Javanese language|Javanese]]. These loanwords are identical in sound to their modern Javanese cognates, but reflect fifteenth-century usages from Old Javanese.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Clynes |first=Adrian |title=Old Javanese influence in Balinese: Balinese speech styles |date=1994-01-31 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110883091.141/html |work=Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World |pages=141–180 |editor-last=Dutton |editor-first=Tom |place=Berlin, New York |publisher=DE GRUYTER MOUTON |doi=10.1515/9783110883091.141 |isbn=978-3-11-088309-1 |access-date=2022-11-05 |editor2-last=Tryon |editor2-first=Darrell T.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the standard Balinese the final orthographic ''-a'' is a schwa [ə].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Yonatan |first=Agnes Z. |title=Belajar Angka dalam Bahasa Bali dan Cara Penyebutannya |url=https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6443195/belajar-angka-dalam-bahasa-bali-dan-cara-penyebutannya |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=detikbali |language=id-ID |archive-date=2024-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112124448/https://www.detik.com/bali/berita/d-6443195/belajar-angka-dalam-bahasa-bali-dan-cara-penyebutannya |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Kompas Cyber |date=2022-12-14 |title=Penyebutan Angka 1 sampai 100 dalam Bahasa Bali Halaman all |url=https://denpasar.kompas.com/read/2022/12/14/161950078/penyebutan-angka-1-sampai-100-dalam-bahasa-bali |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=KOMPAS.com |language=id}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Basic Vocabulary Comparison
!English
!Low Balinese
!High Balinese
!Indonesian
!Old Javanese
!Javanese
|-
|this
|{{Transliteration|ban|ené}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|niki}}
|{{Lang|id|ini}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|iki}}
|''iki'' (ngoko), ''punika'' (krama)
|-
|that
|{{Transliteration|ban|ento}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|nika}}
|{{Lang|id|itu}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|ika}}
|''iku'', ''kuwi'',  (ngoko), ''menika'' (krama)
|-
|here
|{{Transliteration|ban|dini}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|driki}}
|{{Lang|id|di sini}}
|
|''kéné'' (ngoko), 
''mriki'', ''ngriki'' (krama)
|-
|there
|{{Transliteration|ban|ditu}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|drika}}
|{{Lang|id|di sana}}, {{Lang|id|di situ}}
|
|''kana'' (ngoko), 
''mriku'', ''ngriku'', ''mrika'', ''ngrika'' (krama)
|-
|what
|{{Transliteration|ban|apa}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|napi}}
|{{Lang|id|apa}}
|
|''apa'' (ngoko)
''punapa'', ''menapa'' (krama)
|-
|human
|{{Transliteration|ban|manusa}}, {{Transliteration|ban|jelema}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|jadma}}
|{{Lang|id|manusia}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|jadma}}
|''uwong, manungsa'' (ngoko)
''tiyang'', ''jalma'' (krama)
|-
|hair
|{{Transliteration|ban|bok}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|rambut}}
|{{Lang|id|rambut}}
|''rambut''
|''rambut'' (ngoko), ''rikma'' (krama)
|-
|fire
|{{Transliteration|ban|api}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|gni}}
|{{Lang|id|api}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|gĕni}}
|''geni''
|-
|child
|{{Transliteration|ban|panak}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|pianak}}, {{Transliteration|ban|oka}}
|{{Lang|id|anak}}
|
|''anak'' (ngoko)
''putra'', ''siwi'' (krama)
|-
|life
|{{Transliteration|ban|idup}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|urip}}
|{{Lang|id|hidup}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|urip}}
|''urip'' (ngoko), ''gesang'' (krama)
|-
|to drink
|{{Transliteration|ban|nginem}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|nginem}}
|{{Lang|id|minum}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|manginum}}
|''ngombé'' (ngoko), ''ngunjuk'' (krama)
|-
|big
|{{Transliteration|ban|gedé}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|ageng}}
|{{Lang|id|besar}}, {{Lang|id|gede}}
|''gĕḍe''
|''gedhé'' (ngoko), ''ageng'' (krama)
|-
|new
|{{Transliteration|ban|baru}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|anyar}}
|{{Lang|id|baru}}
|''(h)añar''
|''anyar'' (ngoko), ''énggal'' (krama)
|-
|day
|{{Transliteration|ban|wai}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|rahina}}
|{{Lang|id|hari}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|rahina}}
|''dina'' (ngoko)'', dinten'' (krama)
|-
|sun
|{{Transliteration|ban|matan ai}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|surya}}
|{{Lang|id|matahari}}
|{{Transliteration|kaw|surya}}
|''sréngéngé'' (ngoko), ''surya'' (krama)
|-
|lake
|{{Transliteration|ban|danu}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|tlaga}}
|{{Lang|id|danau}}
|''ranu''
|''tlaga'', ''ranu''
|-
|egg
|{{Transliteration|ban|taluh}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|taluh}}
|{{Lang|id|telur}}
|''ĕṇḍog''
|''endhog'' (ngoko), ''tigan'' (krama)
|-
|friend
|{{Transliteration|ban|timpal}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|suwitra}}
|{{Lang|id|teman}}
|''kañca, mitra, sakhā''
|''kanca, kenalan, mitra''
|-
|to sightsee
|{{Transliteration|ban|melali-lali}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|malelancaran}}
|{{Lang|id|tamasya}}
|
|
|-
|name
|{{Transliteration|ban|adan}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|parab,wastan}}
|{{Lang|id|nama}}
|''(h)aran,'' {{Transliteration|kaw|parab}}
|''aran, jeneng'' (ngoko), ''wasta'' (krama), ''asma'' (krama inggil)
|-
|to be, to become
|{{Transliteration|ban|dadi}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|dados}}
|{{Lang|id|menjadi}}
|
|''dadi'' (ngoko), ''dados'' (krama)
|-
|to stay
|{{Transliteration|ban|nongos}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|meneng}}
|{{Lang|id|tinggal}}
|
|''manggon'' (ngoko), ''manggén'' (krama)
|-
|from
|{{Transliteration|ban|uling}}
|{{Transliteration|ban|saking}}
|{{Lang|id|dari}}
|
|''saka'' (ngoko), ''saking'' (krama)
|-
| right
| ''beneh''
| ''patut''
| ''benar''
|
|''bener'' (ngoko), ''leres'' (krama)
|-
| where
| ''kija''
| ''ring kija''
| ''kemana''
|
|''menyang endi'' (ngoko)
''dhateng pundi'' (krama)
|-
| home
| ''umah'',<br />''homah'' {{small|([[Nusa Penida Balinese|Nusa Penida]])}}
| ''jero'', ''griya''
| rumah
|
|''omah'' (ngoko)
''griya'', ''dalem'' (krama)
|-
| done
| ''suba''
| ''sampun''
| ''sudah''
|
|''wis'' (ngoko), ''sampun'' (krama)
|-
| all
| ''onya''
| ''sami'', ''makasami''
| ''semua''
| 
| ''kabéh'' (ngoko), ''sedaya'' (krama)
|-
|with
|''ajak''
|''sareng''
|''dengan''
|
|''karo'' (ngoko), ''kaliyan'' (krama)
|-
| hat, cap
| ''topong'', ''capil''
| ''topong''
| ''topi''
|
|''topi'', ''caping''
|-
| island
| ''pulo''
| ''nusa''
| ''pulau''
|
|''pulo'' 
|-
| to invite
| ''ngajak''
| ''ngiring''
| ''mengajak''
|
|''ngajak''
|}

=== Numerals ===
{{main|Balinese numerals}}
[[File:A school code in Bali.jpg|thumb|A school identification number in Bali, written with Balinese numerals above and [[Arabic numerals]] below]]
Balinese has a decimal numeral system, but this is complicated by numerous words for intermediate quantities such as 45, 175, and 1600.

====Basic numerals====
The numerals 1–10 have basic, combining, and independent forms, many of which are formed through [[reduplication]]. The combining forms are used to form higher numbers. In some cases there is more than one word for a numeral, reflecting the Balinese [[Balinese_language#Registers|register]] system; ''halus'' (high-register) forms are listed in italics.

In the standard Balinese the final orthographic ''-a'' is a schwa [ə].<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> 
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Numeral!!Basic!!Combining!!Independent
|-
|rowspan=2|1||besik||rowspan=2|a-, sa-*||rowspan=2|abesik, aukud
|-
|''(a)siki''
|-
|rowspan=2|2||dua||duang-||dadua
|-
|''kalih''||''kalih-''||''kakalih''
|-
|rowspan=2|3||telu||telung-||tetelu
|-
|''tiga''||''tigang-''||''tetiga''
|-
|4||(em)pat||petang-||pa(t)pat
|-
|5||lima||limang-||lelima
|-
|6||(e)nem||nem-||ne(m)nem
|-
|7||pitu||pitung-||pepitu
|-
|8||(a)kutus||kutus-, ulung-||akutus
|-
|9||(a)sia||sia-, sangang-||asia
|-
|10||(a)dasa||dasa-||adasa
|}

====Teens, tweens, and tens====
Like English, Balinese has compound forms for the teens and tens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root ''*-welas'', the tweens on ''-likur'', and the tens are formed by the combining forms above. Hyphens are not used in the orthography, but have been added to the table below to clarify their derivation. 

{| class=wikitable
|-
!Unit!!Teens||Tweens||Tens
|-
|1||solas 11||se-likur 21|| (a-dasa 10)
|-
|rowspan=2|2||rowspan=2|rolas 12||dua-likur 22|| duang-dasa 20
|-
|''kalih-likur''||''kalih-dasa''
|-
|rowspan=2|3||rowspan=2|telu-las 13||telu-likur 23||telung-dasa 30
|-
|''tigang-likur''||''tigang-dasa''
|-
|4||pat-belas 14||pat-likur 24||petang-dasa 40
|-
|5||lim-olas 15||salaé 25||seket 50
|-
|6||nem-belas 16||nem-likur 26||nem-dasa 60
|-
|7||pitu-las 17||pitu-likur 27||pitung-dasa 70
|-
|8||pelekutus 18||ulu-likur 28||kutus-dasa, ulung-dasa 80
|-
|9||siang-olas 19||sanga-likur 29||sia-dasa, sangang-dasa 90
|}
The high-register combining forms ''kalih-'' 2 and ''tigang-'' 3 are used with ''-likur, -dasa,'' and higher numerals (below), but not for the teens.

The teens are from Javanese, where the ''-olas'' forms are regular, apart from ''pele-kutus'' 18, which is [[suppletive]]. ''Sa-laé'' 25 (one thread [of 25 [[Ancient Chinese coinage|Chinese coins]]]), and ''se-ket'' 50 (one tie [of two threads of coins]) are also suppletive, and cognate with Javanese ''səlawé'' 25 and ''səkət'' 50. 

There are additional numerals ''pasasur ~ sasur'' 35 and ''se-timahan ~ se-timan'' 45 (one opium packet [costing 45 coins]), and a compound ''telung-benang'' (three threads [of coins]) for 75.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> A less productive combining form of ''a-'' 1 is ''sa-'', as can be seen in many of the numbers below. It, ''ulung-'', and ''sangang-'' are from [[Javanese numerals|Javanese]]. ''Tiga'' 3 is from Sanskrit ''trika''.  ''Dasa'' 10 is from Sanskrit ''daśa''.

====Higher numbers====
The unit combining forms are combined with ''atus'' 100, ''atak'' 200, ''amas'' 400, ''tali'' 1000, ''laksa'' 10,000, ''keti'' 100,000, and ''yuta'' 1,000,000 as they do with ''dasa'' 10:

{|class=wikitable
|-
|100||s-atus
|-
|200||s-atak
|-
|300||telung-atus ''(tigang-atus)''
|-
|400||s-amas
|-
|500||limang-atus
|-
|600||telung-atak ''(tigang-atak)''
|-
|700||pitung-atus
|-
|800||domas ( ← *dua-amas or *ro-amas)
|-
|900||sanga
|-
|1000||siu
|-
|1200||(e)nem-bangsit
|-
|2000||duang-tali ''(kalih-tali)''
|-
|1,000,000||a-yuta
|}
''Atak'' is a 'bundle' (of 200 coins) and ''amas'' is 'gold' (a gold coin being worth 400 copper coins). In addition, there is ''karobelah'' 150, ''lebak'' 175, and ''sepa'' (one ''pa''?) for 1600. At least ''karobelah'' has a cognate in Javanese, ''ro-bəlah'', where ''ro-'' is the short form for two (as in ''rolas'' 12).

=== Pronouns ===
[[Kinship terminology|Kinship terms]] can be used as pronouns. If these pronouns are used as [[Agent (grammar)|agents]], they refer to either the speaker or the listener, depending on context.<ref name = "voice"/> Though first and second person pronouns need no antecedent to be understood, third person pronouns do.<ref name="basic"/>

=== Time ===
Instead of grammatical tense, Balinese uses temporal adverbs to talk about time.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Temporal deixis for the past
|-
! Adverb
! Translation
|-
| ''mare''
| just, a few minutes ago
|-
| ''tuni''
| a few hours ago
|-
| ''(di) ibi''
| yesterday, a day ago
|-
| ''(di) puan''{{efn|name=an|The suffix ''-an'' can be added to make the expression indefinite. If ''-an'' is added, ''di'' is obligatory, unless the suffixed adverb is prefixed with ''ibi.''}}
| two days ago
|-
| ''(di) telun''{{efn|name=an}}
|three days ago
|}
{{Notelist}}
For present tense, the adverb ''jani'' ("now") can be either definite or indefinite depending on context. Its more emphatic form, ''jani san'' ("right now"), is definite. The indefinite word ''ajanian'' ("up to now") refers to any time before or during the utterance.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Temporal deixis for the future
|-
! Adverb
! Translation
|-
| ''(buin/bin) nyanan''{{efn|name=nyanan| When used without ''buin,'' this expression can be indefinite without modification.}}{{efn|name=an2|The suffix ''-an'' can be added to make the expression indefinite.}}
| later
|-
| ''(buin/bin) mani''{{efn|name=an2}}
| tomorrow
|-
| ''buin/bin puan''{{efn|name=an2}}
| two days from now
|-
| ''buin/bin telun''
| three days from now
|}
{{Notelist}}
The word ''buin/bin'' ("again") is obligatory for ''puan'' and ''telun'' to clarify that they are not being used for their past tense meanings. ''Mani,'' ''manian,'' and ''puan'' can all be prefixed with ''mani'' to refer to the future.{{cn|date=April 2025}}

== Grammar ==

Balinese is [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]].<ref name="umiyati">{{cite journal |last1= Umiyati |first1= Mirsa |last2= Darmawan |first2= Ida Bagus Yoga Danu | last3 = Sujaya | first3 = Nyoman |title= The Grammatical Behaviour of Balinese Adjectives on Phrases and Clauses |journal= Linguistics Program, Warmadewa University}}</ref> Verb and noun [[inflection]]al [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] is similarly minimal to [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], but [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivational]] morphology is extensive.<ref name="Spitzing" />

=== Affixes ===
Of the two dative suffixes, ''-ang'' and ''-in'',<ref name ="tulisan"/> the latter should be used if the object is animate.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sujaya|first1=Nyoman|last2=Artawa|first2=Ketut|last3=Kardana|first3=I Nyoman|last4=Satyawi|first4=Made Sri|title=The Ka- Passive Form in Balinese|journal=Journal of Language and Teaching Research|volume=10|pages=886-894|doi=10.17507/jltr.1004.29|ISSN=1798-4769|doi-access=free}}</ref> The suffix ''-né / -é'' marks nouns for both [[Definiteness (linguistics)|definiteness]] and [[genitive case|possession]].<ref name="umiyati"/>

=== Nouns & modifiers ===
Nouns come before their modifiers, and are often marked with a [[deixis|deictic]] word, ''ento'' 'that' or ''ené'' 'this,'" to show that any modifiers act as modifiers instead of as verbs. The definite marker can also be attached to modifiers, especially any which conveys "an inherent property of its referent."<ref name = "basic">{{cite journal | last1 = Artawa | first1 = Ketut | title = The Basic Verb Construction in Balinese | journal = Udayana University | url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41884536.pdf}}</ref> Adjectives following possessive (and therefore definite) nouns function as [[predicative expression|predicative]], while adjectives following unmarked nouns function as attributive.<ref name="umiyati"/>

=== Verbs ===
Two types of [[serial verb construction]]s occur in Balinese. Both verbs are always fully inflected, but in the first type, the verbs have the same agent, whereas in the second, the object of the first verb is the subject of the second.<ref name = indrawati>{{cite journal | last1 = Sukarini | last2 = Indrawati | first2 = Mas | title = The Balinese Serial Verb Construction and Their Equivalences in English | issn = 2319-8834| journal = Global Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences}}</ref>

=== Word order & voices ===
The word order is similar to that of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], and verb and noun [[inflection]]al [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] is similarly minimal.  However, [[Derivation (linguistics)|derivational]] morphology is extensive, and suffixes are applied to indicate definite or indefinite articles, and optionally to indicate [[genitive case|possession]].<ref name="Spitzing" />

The default, unmarked word order of Balinese is [[Patient (grammar)|Patient]] Verb [[Agent (grammar)|Agent]]. If the agent is a third person pronoun, it is attached to the verb as the [[clitic]] suffix ''-a.''

This default word order can be reversed (Agent Verb Patient) with a nasal prefix on the verb. The nasal-marked word order cannot be an [[active voice|active]]  construction, because it is marked, nor can it be [[antipassive]], because the patient can't be omitted. It is considered a second type of [[Transitivity (grammar)|transitive]] voice.

There is a true passive voice (Patient Verb Agent) borrowed from [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and marked by the verbal prefix ''ka-.'' It is used mostly in high registers. If the agent of this passive construction is third-person, it must be preceded by a [[preposition]]. If it is not third-person, it cannot be preceded by a preposition.

The second true passive voice (Patient Verb), marked by the verbal prefix ''ma-,'' always omits the agent. It connotes a complete event and is only available to some verbs.<ref name = "voice">{{cite conference |url= https://lingdy.aa-ken.jp/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/100717-intl-symp-and-ws-ProfArtawa_proceedings.pdf |title= Grammatical Relations and Voice System in Balinese |last1=Artawa |first1= Ketut |date= 17 July 2010 |conference= Workshop on Indonesian-type Voice System}}</ref>

==Dialects==
Balinese has 2 main dialects, the Highland dialect and the Lowland dialect. The difference between the two dialects lies in the variety of vocabulary, phonology, and usage of register (e.g. High register vs. Low register). Highland dialect, also referred as Bali Aga dialect, has fewer high register variations, while the lowland dialect recognises both high register and low register.<ref name="Putri">{{cite journal|author1=Putu Evi Wahyu Citrawati|author2=Wayan Teguh|author3=Putu N. Widarsini|author4=Gede Eka Wahyu|publisher=Universitas Udayana|date=September 2019|url=https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/linguistika/article/view/53418/31628|title=Morfologi Bahasa Bali Aga Dialek Sembiran, di Kecamatan Tejakula, Kabupaten Buleleng|issn=0854-9613|volume=26|number=2|journal=Linguistika}}</ref><ref name="Bawa">{{cite journal|last=Bawa|first=I Wayan  |date=1983|title=Bahasa Bali di Daerah Bali: Sebuah Pemerian Geografi Dialek|journal= Disertasi Fakultas Sastra|publisher= Universitas Indonesia|location=Jakarta}}</ref>

===Highland dialect===
[[File:Bali Aga dialect map.jpg|thumb|Distribution map of Highland Balinese languages (the map does not show the distribution in Badung and Tabanan regencies)]]
The highland dialect, also known as Bali Aga [dialect] is a dialect of the Balinese language spoken by the [[Bali Aga]] people in mountainous areas and northern part of [[Bali]], especially in the mountain range of [[Kintamani, Bali|Kintamani]], and regencies nearby such as [[Bangli Regency|Bangli]], [[Buleleng Regency|Buleleng]], and [[Karangasem Regency|Karangasem]], as well in [[Nusa Penida]].<ref name="Putri"/> According to Bawa (1983:394), the highland dialect is grouped into three main usage areas, namely the eastern, northern, and western regions which are detailed as follows:
*The eastern region of Bali Island which includes [[Karangasem Regency]], Kintamani District (or around [[Lake Batur]]), Klungkung Regency, parts of East [[Buleleng Regency|Buleleng]], and [[Nusa Penida]];
* Northern [[Badung]] mountainous region;
* The western region of Bali Island, which includes [[Pupuan|Pupuan district]], [[Penebel|Penebel district]] (precisely in [[:id:Wongaya Gede, Penebel, Tabanan|Wongaya Gede village]]), and parts of West [[Buleleng Regency|Buleleng]] and North [[Tabanan Regency|Tabanan]] (precisely in [[:id:Sepang, Busungbiu, Buleleng|Sepang]], [[:id:Pedawa, Banjar, Buleleng|Padawa]], and [[:id:Bantiran, Pupuan, Tabanan|Bantiran]] villages).<ref name="Bawa"/>

Overall, there are two Highland sub-dialects that are distinct from varieties spoken in the area mentioned. Those sub-dialects are [[Nusa Penida Balinese|Nusa Penida dialect]], spoken mostly in [[Nusa Penida]], and Kapara dialect (also called as ''Bali Kapara'') notably spoken in [[:id:Sembiran, Tejakula, Buleleng|Sembiran village]], [[Tejakula, Buleleng|Tejakula District]], [[Buleleng Regency]] with an estimated 4,883 users.<ref name="Putri"/> Nusa Penida dialect was thought to be a different dialect, but there is some indication that [[Nusa Penida Balinese|Nusa Penida dialect]] might be a sub-dialect of the highland dialect. According to Jendra, et al. (1997), both Nusa Penida and Highland dialects share the same phonological pattern as explained below:<ref name="tatkala">{{cite web|url=https://tatkala.co/2020/05/17/basa-nosa-bahasa-bali-dialek-nusa-penida-yang-mirip-dialek-bali-aga/|title="Basa Nosa", Bahasa Bali Dialek Nusa Penida yang Mirip Dialek Bali Aga?|author=I Ketut Serawan|date=17 May 2020}}</ref>
* presences of {{IPAslink|h}} in the middle of word, such as in {{IPA|/bəhas/}};<ref name="auto3"/>
* presences of {{IPAslink|ɲ|-ñə}} and {{IPAslink|c|-cə}} [[affix]] or in the final-word position as [[allophony]] of {{IPAslink|ə|-ə}};
* the intonation of speakers' speech tends to have a fast tempo and [[stress (linguistics)|louder stress]]
However, there are other notable differences between the two dialects, namely the [[Vowel reduction|absence or reduction]] of the distribution of the phoneme {{IPAslink|a}} in word-final positions.

====Nusa Penida dialect====
{{main|Nusa Penida Balinese}}
Currently, the Nusa Penida dialect is widely used only in [[Nusa Penida]] in [[Klungkung Regency]]. However, it is important to note that not all communities in Nusa Penida use the Nusa Penida dialect. There are several groups of people who communicate using different dialects. On the islands of [[Nusa Lembongan]] and [[Nusa Ceningan]], which are located next to Nusa Penida, as well as in a small part of Nusa Penida close to these islands, there is a distinct dialect that is quite different from the Nusa Penida dialect. One of the most striking differences is in words like ''éda'' (you) and ''kola'' (I) in the Nusa Penida dialect. Speakers of the Nusa Lembongan dialect use words like ''cai'' or ''ci'' (you) and ''cang'' (I). Another example is ''əndək'' (Nusa Penida dialect) and ''tusing'' or ''sing''' (Nusa Lembongan dialect), ''géléng-cenik'', ''hangkén-kénkén'', and so on.<ref name="tatkala"/> Only 13 out of 16 villages in Nusa Penida use the Nusa Penida dialect. The remaining villages either speak the Nusa Lembongan dialect or a dialect resembling mainland Klungkung Balinese.<ref name="tatkala"/>

The Nusa Penida dialect is also used outside Nusa Penida, mainly due to the migration of its speakers following the eruption of [[Mount Agung]] in 1963. Significant speakers relocated to southern [[Sumatra]], particularly to [[Bandar Lampung]], [[Palembang]], [[Mesuji Regency|Mesuji]], and [[South Lampung Regency|South Lampung]].

===Lowland dialect===
{{Expand section|date=June 2024}}

==Writing system==
Balinese has been written in two different [[writing system]]s: the [[Balinese script]], and in modern times the [[Latin script]].

===Balinese script===
[[File:Hanacaraka-bali.svg|thumb|400px|Basic signs of the Balinese script<br /><small>Note: The script is arranged in Javanese order.</small>]]
{{Main|Balinese script}}
The Balinese script ({{transliteration|ban|Aksara Bali}}, {{lang|ban|ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭᬩᬮᬶ}}), which is arranged as {{transliteration|ban|[[Balinese script|Hanacaraka]]}} ({{lang|ban|ᬳᬦᬘᬭᬓ}}), is an [[abugida]], ultimately derived from the [[Brāhmī script]] of [[India]]. The earliest known inscriptions date from the 9th century AD.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Beratha |first=Ni Luh Sutjiati |title=Evolution of Verbal Morphology in Balinese |date=1992 |degree=PhD |publisher=Australian National University |doi=10.25911/5d7786429c1ff |doi-access=free |hdl=1885/109364 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

Few people today are familiar with the Balinese script.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balinese (Basa Bali) |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm |access-date=2021-01-30 |website=Omniglot}}</ref> The Balinese script is almost the same as the [[Javanese script]].

===Latin alphabet===
Schools in Bali today teach a Latin alphabet known as {{transliteration|ban|Tulisan Bali}}.<ref name="tulisan"/> 
The standard alphabet is as follow:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dokumen.pub/pedoman-umum-ejaan-bahasa-bali-dengan-huruf-latin.html|title=Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Bali dengan Huruf Latin|website=dokumen.pub}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Letter
! Name (Balinese)
! IPA
! Diacritics
|-
| A, a || a [a] || /a/ || –
|-
| B, b || bé [be] || /b/ || –
|-
| C, c || cé [ce] || /t͡ʃ/ || –
|-
| D, d || dé [de] || /d/ || –
|-
| E, e || é [e] || /e/ or /ə/  || é
|-
| F, f || éf [ef] || /f/ || –
|-
| G, g || gé [ge] || /g/ || –
|-
| H, h || ha [ha] || /h/ || –
|-
| I, i || i [i] || /i/ || –
|-
| J, j || jé [d͡ʒe] || /d͡ʒ/ || –
|-
| K, k || ka [ka] || /k/ || –
|-
| L, l || él [el] || /l/ || –
|-
| M, m || ém [em] || /m/ || –
|-
| N, n || én [en] || /n/ || –
|-
| O, o || o [o] || /o/ || –
|-
| P, p || pé [pe] || /p/ || –
|-
| Q, q || ki [ki] || /k/ (loanwords) || –
|-
| R, r || ér [er] || /r/ || –
|-
| S, s || és [es] || /s/ || –
|-
| T, t || té [te] || /t/ || –
|-
| U, u || u [u] || /u/ || –
|-
| V, v || fé [fe] || /f/ (loanwords) || –
|-
| W, w || wé [we] || /w/ || –
|-
| X, x || éks [eks] || /ks/ (loanwords) || –
|-
| Y, y || yé [je] || /j/ || –
|-
| Z, z || zét [zet] || /z/ (loanwords) || –
|}
The Balinese spelling system using Latin letters was implemented in 1974. This spelling system was implemented after the government established the [[Indonesian orthography|Improved Spelling System]] (Eyd) for Indonesian in 1972. The purpose of implementing the EyD Bali Latin was to standardize the Balinese language without eliminating its unique characteristics. The EyD Bali Latin is based on the 26-letter Latin alphabet with 1 [[diacritic]] namely [[é]]. Several consonants such as /f/, /kh/, /q/, /sy/, /v/, /z/, /x/ are used to write foreign loanwords.<ref>{{cite web | title=Udayana Networking &#124; Universitas Udayana | url=https://udayananetworking.unud.ac.id/professor/publication/1838-ni-ketut-ratna-erawati/ejaan-bahasa-bali-dengan-huruf-latin-eyd-bali-latin-18181 }}</ref>
==Sample text==
===Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]''===
;Balinese script
{{lang|ban|ᬲᬫᬶᬫᬦᬸᬲᬦᬾᬲᬦᬾᬜ᭄ᬭᬸᬯᬤᬶᬯᬦ᭄ᬢᬄᬫᬭ᭄ᬤᬾᬓᬢᬸᬃᬫᬤᬸᬯᬾᬓᬳᬸᬢ᭄ᬢᬫᬳᬦ᭄ᬮᬦ᭄ᬳᬓ᭄ᬳᬓ᭄ᬲᬦᬾᬧᬢᭂᬄ᭟ᬲᬫᬶᬓᬮᬸᬕ᭄ᬭᬵᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬧᬧᬶᬦᭂᬄᬮᬦ᭄ᬳᬶᬤᭂᬧ᭄ᬢᬸᬃᬫᬗ᭄ᬤᬦᬾᬧᬟᬫᬲᬯᬶᬢ᭄ᬭᬫᭂᬮᬭᬧᬦ᭄ᬲᭂᬫᬗᬢ᭄ᬧᬓᬸᬮᬯᬭ᭄ᬕᬳᬦ᭄᭞}}
;Romanised
{{lang|ban|Sami manusané sané nyruwadi wantah mardéka tur maduwé kautamaan lan hak-hak sané pateh. Sami kalugrähin papineh lan idep tur mangdané paḍa masawitra melarapan semangat pakulawargaan.}}
;IPA
/ˈsami manʊˈsane ˈsane ɲruˈwadi ˈwantaʰ mərˈdɛka tur maˈduwe kawtaˈmaan lan hakˈhak ˈsane ˈpatəh/
/ˈsami kaluˈgrahin paˈpineh lan iˈdəp tur maŋˈdane ˈpadə masaˈwitrə məlaˈrapan səmaˈŋat pakulawraˈgaan/
;Sound sample
[[File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_-_bal_-_Article_1.wav]]
;English
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=bzc|title=OHCHR {{!}}|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=2020-03-21}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Geschrift op lontarblad TMnr 1534-8b.jpg|Balinese [[palm-leaf manuscript]]
File:Pura Puseh 05153.jpg|Sign at Pura Puseh Temple, [[Batuan, Bali]]
File:Bible printed with Balinese script.jpg|Page from a [[Bible]] printed with Balinese script
File:JL DIPONEGORO 200507.jpg|Street sign in [[Singaraja]], written in Latin and Balinese script
File:Sign of Klungkung Regent's Office.JPG|Klungkung Regent's Office sign
File:Perawat bahasa ibu.jpg|Lontar manuscript restoration
</gallery>

==Note==
<small>
{{note|1|1}} In Balinese script, [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kawi language|Kawi]] loanwords tend use conservative orthography as standard form in Balinese script. The word for language, [[Bahasa|''basa'']], in Balinese is a loanword from [[Old Javanese]] {{Transliteration|kaw|bhāṣa}} which came from the Sanskrit word {{Lang|sa|भाषा}} {{Transliteration|sa|bhāṣā}}, hence it is written according to Sanskrit and Old Javanese spelling {{Lang|ban|ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ}} in Balinese script. The {{Lang|ban-Bali|ᬩᬲᬩᬮᬶ}} form in Balinese script is used by beginner writers. Meanwhile, diacritics are not written in the current romanization of the Balinese language. Thus, both {{Lang|ban-Bali|ᬪᬵᬱᬩᬮᬶ}} and {{Transliteration|ban|basa Bali}} are the standard forms.
</small>

== See also ==
{{portal|Indonesia}}
* [[Balinese (Unicode block)]]
* [[BASABali]], a wiki programme supporting the Balinese language

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|date=14 December 2010 |first1=Darrell T. |first2=Tom |isbn=9783110883091 |language=en |last1=Tryon |last2=Dutton |publisher=De Gruyter |title=Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->
* {{cite book|date=6 December 2021 |first1=Johannes Gijsbertus |isbn=9789004482746 |language=en |last1=de Casparis |publisher=Brill |title=Indonesian Chronology}}<!-- auto-translated from French by Module:CS1 translator -->

== External links ==

{{InterWiki|code=ban}}
{{WikisourceWiki|Balinese language|code=ban}}
{{Wikibooks|Bali}}
{{Wikivoyage|Balinese phrasebook|Balinese|a phrasebook}}
{{commons category}}

* {{cite web |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm |title=Balinese |access-date=2007-03-07 |last=Ager |first=Simon |work=Omniglot| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070309141916/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/balinese.htm| archive-date= 9 March 2007 | url-status= live}}
* [https://archive.org/details/Bali The Balinese Digital Library].
* Widiadana R. A. & Erviani N. K. (29 January 2011). [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/29/ancient-%E2%80%98lontar%E2%80%99-manuscripts-go-digital.html Ancient 'lontar' manuscripts go digital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806070519/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/29/ancient-%E2%80%98lontar%E2%80%99-manuscripts-go-digital.html |date=2011-08-06 }}. ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''.
* Erviani N. K. (14 January 2011). [http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/01/14/photobali.html-0 US scholar brings ancient Balinese scripts to digital age]. ''[[The Jakarta Post]]''.
* [[Paradisec]] [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/DG1/items/BAL027301 open access recording] of Balinese song.
* [[Kaipuleohone]]'s Blust collection includes materials on Balinese, including [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/33166 RB2-006],[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/33169 RB2-009].

{{Languages of Indonesia}}
{{Western Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balinese Language}}
[[Category:Balinese language| ]]
[[Category:Languages attested from the 9th century]]
[[Category:Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Culture of Bali]]