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{{short description|Chinese historian, politician and poet (AD 32–92)}}
{{for|the Chinese deity|Pangu}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Ban (Chinese surname)|Ban]]|lang=Chinese}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Ban Gu
| image       = Ban Gu.jpg
| image_size  = 195px
| alt         = Ban Gu, 1st-century Chinese poet, historian, and compiler of the ''Book of Han''
| caption     = Ban Gu, 1st-century Chinese poet, historian, and compiler of the ''Book of Han''
| birth_name  = 
| birth_date  = AD{{nbsp}}32
| birth_place = Anling, Fufeng County, [[Han dynasty]]<br/>(now [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]])
| death_date  = AD{{nbsp}}{{death year and age|92|32}}
| death_place = 
| other_names = Mengjian
| relations   = [[Ban Biao]] (father)<br/>[[Consort Ban]] (grand-aunt)<br/>[[Ban Chao]] (brother)<br/>[[Ban Zhao]] (sister)
| known_for   = ''[[Book of Han]]''
| occupation  = Historian, poet, politician
}}
{{infobox Chinese
|pic=Ban Gu (Chinese characters).svg
|piccap="Ban Gu" in Chinese characters
|picupright=0.4
|c=班固
|p=Bān Gù
|w=Pan<sup>1</sup> Ku<sup>4</sup>
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|b|an|1|-|g|u|4}}
|gr=Ban Guh
|j=Baan<sup>1</sup> Gu<sup>3</sup>
|y=Bāan Gu
|ci={{IPAc-yue|b|aan|1|-|g|u|3}}
|poj=Pan Kòo
|mc=Pæn Kù
|oc-bs=&ast;pˤ<r>an [k]ˤa-s
|t2=孟堅
|s2=孟坚
|l2=(courtesy name)
|p2=Mèngjiān
|w2=Meng<sup>4</sup>-chien<sup>1</sup>
|gr2=Menqjian
|j2=Maang<sup>6</sup>-gin<sup>1</sup>
|y2=Maahng-gīn
|poj2=Bīng-kian
|mc2= Mæ̀ng-ken
|oc-bs2=&ast;mˤrang-s kˤin<g>
}}

'''Ban Gu''' <!--Chinese in infobox; see WP:MOS-ZH--> (AD{{nbsp}}32&ndash;92) was a Chinese historian, poet, and politician best known for his part in compiling the ''[[Book of Han]]'', the second of China's [[Ershisi shi|24 dynastic histories]]. He also wrote a number of ''[[fu (literature)|fu]]'', a major literary form, part prose and part poetry, which is particularly associated with the Han era.  A number of Ban's ''fu'' were collected by [[Xiao Tong]] in the ''[[Wen Xuan]]''.

==Family background==
The Ban family was one of the most distinguished families of the Eastern Han dynasty.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=119}} They lived in the [[state of Chu]] during the [[Warring States period]] but, during the reign of the [[Qin Shi Huang|First Emperor]], a man named Ban Yi ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|斑}}}} or {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|班|壹}}}},}} ''Bān Yī'') fled north to the [[Loufan (tribe)|Loufan]] (<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|樓煩}}}},}} <small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>{{nbsp}}{{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|楼烦}}}},}} ''Lóufán'') near the [[Yanmen Pass]] in what is now northern [[Shanxi Province]].{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=119}}<ref>{{citation |last=Loewe |first=Michael |contribution=Ban Yi |contribution-url=https://backendstaging.chinesereferenceshelf.brillonline.com/dictionary-qin/entries/SIM-100058 |title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han, and Xin Periods (221{{nbsp}}BC{{nbsp}}– AD{{nbsp}}24 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |access-date=2018-01-12 |archive-date=2018-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112161031/https://backendstaging.chinesereferenceshelf.brillonline.com/dictionary-qin/entries/SIM-100058 |url-status=dead }}.</ref> By the early Han Dynasty, Ban Gu's ancestors gained prominence on the northwestern frontier as herders of several thousand cattle, oxen, and horses, which they traded in a formidable business and encouraged other families to move to the frontier.<ref>Yü, 8.</ref>  Ban Biao later moved the family to Anling (near modern [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]]).{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=119}}

Ban Gu's great-aunt [[Consort Ban]] was a scholar and poet, and his father [[Ban Biao]] was a prominent historian. He took over from his father responsibility for writing a history of the former [[Han dynasty]], a book known in modern times as the ''[[Hanshu]]'' or ''[[Book of Han]]''. However, his work was interrupted by political problems, as his association with the family of [[Empress Zhangde|Empress Dowager Dou]] led to his imprisonment and death (either by execution or torture). A few volumes of his book in 13–20th (eight chronological charts) and 26th (astronomical biography), however, was completed by his younger sister, [[Ban Zhao]], and became a model for many other works about later dynasties.


Ban's twin brother [[Ban Chao]] was a famous military leader and explorer of [[Central Asia]].{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=121}}  His sister, Ban Zhao, was one of the most famous female scholars in Chinese history,{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=121}} and contributed to the ''Han Shu'', after Ban Gu's imprisonment and subsequent death. It has been argued that Ban Gu's paternal grandmother was of [[Xiongnu]] ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Sanping |title=Two Notes on the Xiongnu Ancestry of the Authors of "Han-shu" |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=2011 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=33–36 |jstor=41928567 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41928567 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref>

==Life==
Ban's father, Ban Biao, died in AD{{nbsp}}54 when Ban was twenty-two.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=121}} After his father's death, Ban spent a period of time pondering what path he should pursue in life, eventually composing a long ''fu'' on his situation entitled "''Fu'' on Communicating with the Hidden" ({{lang-zh|c=幽通賦|p=Yōutōng fù}}), which is famous as one of the earliest known ''fu'' used to discuss philosophical questions.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=121}} Ban did not immediately begin an official career, but remained in the Ban family home in Anling to work on the completion of his father's historical sequel to [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=122}}

Around AD{{nbsp}}60, rumors were reported to [[Emperor Ming of Han]] that Ban was "privately revising the national history", which caused the imperial court to become concerned about the type of account Ban would write of the fall of the Western Han and the rise of the Eastern Han.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=122}}  Ban was subsequently arrested and the Ban family library confiscated, though Ban's brother Ban Chao was able to intercede on his behalf and secure Ban's release.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=122}}  Ban was assigned to compile the annals of [[Emperor Guangwu of Han]], the first Eastern Han emperor, and in AD{{nbsp}}64 was assigned to the collation of books in the imperial library and promoted to the rank of gentleman.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=122}}  Emperor Ming was so impressed with the quality of Ban's work that in AD{{nbsp}}66 he gave him permission to resume his work on the history of the Western Han, which he worked on for the rest of his life.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=122}}

Ban continued to serve in the imperial library and at the imperial court throughout the second half of the 1st century AD.  During the reign of [[Emperor Zhang of Han]], Ban was promoted to the position of "Marshal of the Black Warrior Gate".{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=125}}{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010b|p=8}}  Ban later served as a high-ranking literary official under [[Dou Xian]], the brother of Emperor Zhang's empress.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=126}}  Although Dou won prestige for two successful campaigns against the [[Xiongnu]], in AD{{nbsp}}92 he was suspected by [[Emperor He of Han]] of plotting a rebellion and forced to commit suicide.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=126}}  Immediately thereafter, Ban was dismissed from office and arrested by an old rival, Chong Jing, who was serving as the prefect of [[Luoyang]].{{sfnp|de Crespigny|2007|p=7}}  Ban died in prison that same year at 61 years old.{{sfnp|Knechtges|2010a|p=126}}

==Legacy==
The geographical chapter in the Han History set the trend for including such chapters in standard histories. It is one of the most important texts in the history of geographical writing in China, and was an influence of the later development  [[gazetteer]] in ancient China.<ref name="hsu 98">Hsu, 98.</ref>

It has been argued that tendency of scholars to view China's history in a dynastic framework is a direct result of Ban Gu's decision to write the Book of Han in the manner in which he did (though see [[Mandate of Heaven]]).<ref>Companion to Historiography. Chapter 1; The Evolution of Two Asian Historiographic Traditions. Ed. Michael Bentley. Routledge. 2002</ref>

== Ban family ==
* [[Ban Biao]] ([[:zh:班彪|班彪]]; 3–54; father)
** '''Ban Gu''' ([[:zh:班固|班固]]; 32–92; first son)
** [[Ban Chao]] ([[:zh:班超|班超]]; 32–102; second son)
*** Ban Xiong ([[:zh:班雄|班雄]]; ?–after 107; Ban Chao's eldest son)
**** Ban Shi ([[:zh:班始|班始]]; ?–130; Ban Xiong's son)
*** [[Ban Yong]] ([[:zh:班勇|班勇]]; ?–c. 128; youngest son of Ban Chao)
** [[Ban Zhao]] ([[:zh:班昭|班昭]]; c. 45 – c. 117; daughter)

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[Han poetry]]
*[[Twenty-Four Histories]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist|25em}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|35em}}
* [[Hans Bielenstein|Bielenstein, Hans]]. "Pan Ku's Accusations against Wang Mang." In ''Chinese Ideas about Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde''. Ed. Charles Le Blanc and Susan Blader. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1987, 265–70.
* [[Anthony E. Clark]], ''Ban Gu's History of Early China'' (Amherst: Cambria Press, 2008). [http://www.cambriapress.com/cambriapress.cfm?template=4&bid=261]
* {{cite book | first = Rafe | last = de Crespigny | chapter = Ban Gu 班固 | title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD) | location = Leiden | publisher = Brill | year = 2007 | pages = 6–7 | isbn = 978-90-04-15605-0 }}
*Hsu, Mei-ling. "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development," ''Imago Mundi'' (Volume 45, 1993): 90–100.
* {{cite book | first = David R. | last = Knechtges | author-link = David R. Knechtges | chapter = From the Eastern Han to the Western Jin | editor-first1 = Stephen | editor-last1 = Owen | title = [[The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, Vol. 1: To 1375]] | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | date = 2010a | pages = 116–98 }}
* {{cite book | first = David R. | last = Knechtges | author-mask = 3 | chapter = Ban Gu 班固 | editor-first1=David | editor-last1 = Knechtges | editor-first2 = Taiping | editor-last2 = Chang | title = Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One | location = Leiden | publisher = Brill | date = 2010b | pages = 6–16 }}
* Van der Sprenkel, O. B. ''Pan Piao, Pan Ku, and the Han History''. Centre for Oriental Studies Occasional Paper, no. 3. Canberra: Australian National University, 1964.
* Yü, Ying-shih. (1967). ''Trade and Expansion in Han China: A Study in the Structure of Sino-Barbarian Economic Relations''. Berkeley: University of California Press.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Ban,+Gu | name=Gu Ban}}
* {{Internet Archive author |name=Gu Ban}}

===Further reading===
* Yap, Joseph P, (2019). The Western Regions, Xiongnu and Han, from the Shiji, Hanshu and Hou Hanshu. {{ISBN|978-1792829154}}
{{Han dynasty topics}}
{{Twenty-Four Canonical Histories}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ben, Gu}}
[[Category:32 births]]
[[Category:92 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century Chinese poets]]
[[Category:1st-century Chinese historians]]
[[Category:Han dynasty government officials]]
[[Category:Historians from Shaanxi]]
[[Category:Poets from Shaanxi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Xianyang]]
[[Category:Writers from Xianyang]]
[[Category:Biographers of ancient people]]