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{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{Infobox Instrument
|name            = Bandoneon
|names           = 
|image           = Buenos Aires - Bandoneon tango player - 7435.jpg
|background      = other
|classification  = {{ubl|[[Aerophone]]|[[Free reed]]|[[Wind instrument|Wind]]}}
|hornbostel_sachs = 412.132
|hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Free reed aerophone|Free-reed]] [[aerophone]]
|developed       = Germany mid-1800s
|range           = 
|related         = [[Chemnitzer concertina]], [[concertina]], [[harmonica]], [[Melodeon (accordion)|melodeon]], [[reed organ]], [[Yu (wind instrument)|yu]]
|musicians       = [[Ástor Piazzolla]], [[Aníbal Troilo]]
|builders        = 
|articles        = 
}}

[[File:Bandoneón.ogg|thumb|(play) A bandoneon playing modern tango]]
[[Image:Early-bandonion.jpg|thumb|Early bandoneon, {{circa|1905}}]]
[[Image:aa-bandoneon.jpg|thumb|Alfred Arnold bandoneon, {{circa|1949}}]]
The '''bandoneon''' ({{langx|es|bandoneón}}) or '''bandonion''' is a type of [[concertina]] particularly popular in [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. It is a typical [[musical instrument|instrument]] in most [[Tango music|tango]] ensembles. As with other members of the concertina family, it is held between the hands, and played by pulling and pushing air through [[bellows]], routing it through sets of tuned metal [[Reed (mouthpiece)|reeds]] by pressing the instrument's buttons. Unlike most accordions, bandoneons always employ the same sets of reeds to produce their sound, and do not usually have the [[Accordion reed ranks and switches|register switches]] common on accordions. Nevertheless, the bandoneon can be played very expressively, using various bellows pressures and other techniques. The left and right hand have different timbres due to the wooden box on the left side which gives the left hand a nasal and muted timbre, in contrast with the right hand which is usually bright and sharp.

==History==
The Bandonion<!-- Capitalised as trademark, at this date -->, so named by the German instrument dealer [[Heinrich Band]] (1821–1860), was originally intended as an instrument for [[religious music|religious]] and [[popular music]] of the day, in contrast to its predecessor, the German concertina ({{lang|de|Konzertina}}), which had predominantly been used in [[folk music]].<ref name="Drago2008">{{cite thesis |first=Alejandro Marcelo| last=Drago |title=Instrumental Tango Idioms in the Symphonic Works and Orchestral Arrangements of Astor Piazzolla. Performance and Notational Problems: A Conductor's Perspective |url=https://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2138&context=dissertations |date=May 2008 |via=Aquila Digital| institution=[[University of Southern Mississippi]] |isbn=978-0-549-78323-7 |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|16}} It is believed that around 1870, German and Italian emigrants and sailors brought the instrument to Argentina, where it was adopted into the nascent genre of tango music, a descendant of the earlier [[milonga (music)|milonga]].<ref name="Groppa2003">{{cite book |first=Carlos G. |last=Groppa |title=The Tango in the United States: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WyG_fFUKKLgC&pg=PA69 |date=30 December 2003 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-2686-7 |pages=69–}}</ref> However, there is no documentation of how exactly the bandoneon was introduced to the Rio de La Plata region. The instrument was also adopted in to genres such as the [[Chamamé]].

By 1910 bandoneons were being produced in Germany expressly for the Argentine and Uruguayan markets, with 25,000 shipping to Argentina in 1930 alone. However, their declining popularity and the disruption of German manufacturing during [[World War II]] led to the end of bandoneon mass-production.<ref name="Drago2008"/>{{rp|17}}

The bandoneon was introduced to tango music with prominent composers and bandoneonists such as [[Eduardo Arolas]] and [[Vicente Greco]] and later was developed into the sextet formation (with two bandoneons) with [[Pedro Maffia]] and [[Pedro Laurenz]] whose style and technique established the base for the bandoneon section in the [[orquesta típica]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Solis |first=Marcelo |date=2016-03-06 |title=History of Tango – Part 6: Orquesta Típica. {{as written|I|t’s [sic]}} origins. |url=https://escuelatangoba.com/marcelosolis/history-of-tango-part-6/ |access-date=2024-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Original instruments can be seen in a number of German museums, such as the Preuss family's Bandoneon Museum in [[Lichtenberg, Bavaria|Lichtenberg]] and the Steinhart family's collection in Kirchzarten, [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]], which has now been moved to the Tango- and Bandoneon museum in Staufen since July 2014.

Historically, bandoneons were produced primarily in Germany{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} and never in Argentina itself, despite their popularity in that country. As a result, by the 2000s vintage bandoneons had become rare and expensive (costing around [[USD|$]]4,000), limiting the opportunities for prospective bandeonists. In 2014, the [[National University of Lanús]] announced its plan to develop an affordable Argentine-made bandoneon, which it hoped to market for one-third to one-half of the cost of vintage instruments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jemio |first1=Diego |title=The musical key to keeping Argentina dancing the tango |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-29896409 |access-date=13 November 2014 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=6 November 2014}}</ref>

==Technique==
[[Image:Bandoneón-142-Flat.svg|thumb|380px|The left-hand buttons, on the left of the diagram, play bass notes, The right-hand buttons, on the right side, play higher-pitched notes. Each button plays a different note if the bellows are pulled open or pushed closed.]]
As with other members of the concertina family, the bandoneon is held between the hands, and pulling and pushing actions force air through bellows and then through particular reeds as selected by pressing the instrument's buttons. As with other concertinas, the button action is parallel to the motion of the bellows, and not perpendicular to it as with an accordion.

===Bisonoric===
Unlike the [[piano accordion]], but in similar fashion to diatonic free-reed instruments such as the [[melodeon (accordion)|melodeon]], [[Anglo concertina]], or [[harmonica]], a given bandoneon button produces different notes on the push and the pull. This means that each keyboard has two layouts: one for opening notes, and one for closing notes. Since the right and left hand layouts are also different, the bandoneon player is faced with learning four completely different keyboard layouts.<ref name="Drago2008" />{{rp|18}} Because of this challenge, many tango players play almost entirely on the draw/pull, and largely eschew the close stroke (using the air release button to quickly close the bellows, before resuming playing on the pull stroke).

These keyboard layouts are not structured to make it easy to play scale passages of single notes: they were originally laid out to facilitate playing chords in familiar keys, for supporting singers of religious music in small churches with no [[organ (music)|organ]] or [[harmonium]], or for clergy requiring a portable instrument (missionaries, traveling evangelists, army and navy chaplains, and so forth). The original more limited bandoneon layouts were supplemented more and more over time with extra chromatic keys, as the musical needs of bandoneon players became more demanding, leading to many variations. 

Because of their origin in earlier diatonic systems that were gradually expanded to include other notes of the chromatic scale over time, bisonoric instruments are often referred to as "diatonic" bandoneons, although, with the later instruments, as used in tango, this description became a misnomer, as the instruments are now capable of playing in all keys. ''Diatonic'' can also be re-analysed, through [[folk etymology]], to refer to the two (di) different tones played by each key, that is to say, bisonoric.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Interview with Astor Piazzolla on the Bandoneon |via=Youtube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x30YkkYX9Eo |access-date=2023-07-28 |language=en}}</ref>{{sps|certain=y|date=November 2023}}

===Unisonoric===
While the standard bandoneon is bisonoric (different note on push and pull), with an idiosyncratic and difficult to learn layout, some bandoneon variants are [[unisonoric]] or [[monosonoric]] (same note on push and pull). These include the Ernst Kusserow and Charles Peguri systems, both introduced around 1925.<ref name="Drago2008"/>{{rp|18}}<ref name="Bugallo1993">{{cite book |first=Rubén Pérez |last=Bugallo |title=Catálogo ilustrado de instrumentos musicales argentinos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ik3Z5r8r_RUC&pg=PA77 |date=1 January 1993 |publisher=Ediciones Del Sol |isbn=978-950-9413-49-8 |pages=77–}}</ref> These have some popularity in Europe, but in Argentina, the 142-tone 71-key {{lang|de|rheinische}} system still dominates, as most tango repertoire was written on, and is idiomatic to, this system, and therefore certain runs and scale passages written for the tango bandoneon are more difficult on the unisonoric system.

In the 21st century, further efforts have been made to create a simplified bandoneon, with keyboards that mimic the isomorphic layouts of chromatic [[Button accordion|button accordions]]. These "hybrid bandoneons" are internally identical to the traditional bandoneon, and preserve the tonal qualities and response of the instrument, but are intended to be easier to learn, more suitable for improvisation, and more accessible to players of other free-reed instruments. They have a similar aim to earlier chromatic bandoneon systems, but endeavour to overcome some of their ergonomic limitations by allowing the hands to move more freely, as with the western [[chromatic button accordion]], or eastern [[Bayan (accordion)|bayan]]. 

Unisonoric instruments, particularly in the Peguri system, are often referred to as "chromatic bandoneons", having been designed from the beginning with the expressed purpose of being fully chromatic instruments, unlike their [[#bisonoric|bisonoric]] cousins.

==Players==
[[File:Astor Piazzolla.jpg|thumb|230px|[[Ástor Piazzolla]] in 1971]]
The Argentinian bandleader, composer, arranger, and tango performer [[Aníbal Troilo]] was a leading 20th-century proponent of the bandoneon. The bandoneon player and composer [[Ástor Piazzolla]] played and arranged in Troilo's orchestra from 1939 to 1944. Piazzolla's ''"Fugata"'' from 1969 showcases the instrument, which plays the initial fugue subject on the 1st statement, then moves on to the outright tango after the introduction. With his solos and accompaniment on the bandoneon, Piazzolla combined a musical composition much derived from classical music (which he had studied intensively in his formative years) with traditional instrumental [[Tango music|tango]], to form ''[[nuevo tango]]'', his new interpretation of the genre.

==List of manufacturers==
A list of some current and historical bandoneon manufacturers:
* Bandoneón AZ - Ángel y Gabriel Zullo (Argentina)
* Bandoneones A. A. Alfred Arnold (Germany, until 1948)
* Bandoneones F. F. - Juan Pablo Fredes (Gambier, La Plata, Argentina)
* Bandoneones [https://baltazarestol.wordpress.com Baltazar Estol] (Argentina)
* Bandoneones Toscano (Mendoza, Argentina), Vicente Toscano, fabricante y restaurador de bandoneones.
* [https://bandonionfabrik.de Bandonion & Concertinafabrik Klingenthal] (Germany)
* Mario Bianco (Uruguay)
* Castagnari (Italy)
* Danielson Industria de Acordeões e Bandoneões (Brazil)
* D. & J. Trupin SARL (France)
* Oscar Fisher (Argentina)
* Giustozzi (Italy)
*Handzuginstrumente Carlsfeld (Eibenstock, Germany)
* Klaus Gutjahr (Germany)
* [https://bandoneon-maker.com Harry Geuns Bandoneons] (Belgium)
* [https://www.bandoneon-hartenhauer.de Uwe Hartenhauer (Klingenthal, Germany)]
* Museo Luis Alfredo Mariani (La Reja, Moreno, Argentina)
* Pigini Fratelli & C. snc (Italy)
* Premier Bandoneonbau Peter Spende (Germany)
* Stagi Accordions & Bandoneons (Italy)
* Victoria Accordions Company (Italy)

==List of repair and tuning services==

===Argentina===
* Sergio Palestrini (restoration)
* Luciano Dujmovic (tuning)
* Damián Gutlein 
* Taller Galvan (restoration)
* Daniel Barrientos
* Fuelles Rial (bellows)
* Fuelles del Sur

===Germany===
[https://bando-bando.de/heveling.html Carsten Heveling]

==Prominent players==
<!---NOTE: please do not add names to this list unless they fulfill the Wikipedia criteria. A player should already have an article in English Wikipedia that establishes he or she is a prominent bandoneon player (not just an accordionist who dabbles in bandoneon). If you feel somebody should be included in this list, please write the article first.--->
* [[Vicente Greco]] (1888–1924)
* [[Augusto Berto]] (1889–1953)
* [[Eduardo Arolas]] (1892–1924)
* [[Anselmo Aieta]] (1896–1964)
* [[Osvaldo Fresedo]] (1897–1984)
* [[Pedro Maffia]] (1899–1967)
* [[Pedro Laurenz]] (1902–1972)
* [[Ricardo Malerba]] (1905–1974)
* [[Miguel Caló]] (1907–1972)
* [[Aníbal Troilo]] (1914–1975)
* [[Héctor Varela (musician)|Hector Varela]] (1914–1987)
* [[Juan Cambareri]] (1916–1992)
* [[Domingo Federico]] (1916–2000)
* [[Alberto Caracciolo]] (1918–1994)
* [[Enrique Alessio]] (1918–2000)
* [[Astor Piazzolla]] (1921–1992)
* [[Leopoldo Federico]] (1927–2014)
* [[Juan José Mosalini]] (1943–2022)
* [[Rubén Juárez]] (1947–2010)
* [[Claudio Constantini]]
* [[Héctor del Curto]]
* [[Per Arne Glorvigen]]
* [[Gianni Iorio]]
* [[Ryōta Komatsu]]
* [[Rodolfo Mederos]]
* [[Gabriel Merlino]]
* [[Dino Saluzzi]]

==Construction==
Exterior:
<gallery>

Bandoneon_Alfred_Arnold_right_hand.jpg|Alfred Arnold bandoneon. Right
Bandoneon_Alfred_Arnold_center.jpg|Center{{sp}}
Bandoneon Alfred Arnold left hand.jpg|Left. Note that each button has its number or symbol
</gallery>

A look inside a bandoneon:
<gallery class="center">

File:BandoneonApart1.jpg
File:BandoneonApart2.jpg
File:BandoneonApart3.jpg
File:BandoneonApart4.jpg
File:BandoneonApart5.jpg
</gallery>

==Bandoneon-like instruments==
Although these [[squeezebox]]es are similar in appearance, they are not bandoneons.

'''[[Chemnitzer concertina]]''':
<gallery>
File:Chemnitzer concertina Pearl Queen right hand.jpg|Chemnitzer concertina made in 1926
File:Chemnitzer Concertina Star Old Timer.jpg|Chemnitzer concertina made in 2000
</gallery>
'''Chromatiphon''':
<gallery>
File:Chromatiphone collection of Mr.FUJIWARA Seiya 01.jpg
File:Chromatiphone collection of Mr.FUJIWARA Seiya 02.jpg
File:Chromatiphone collection of Mr.FUJIWARA Seiya 03.jpg
</gallery>
'''BandoMIneDonI''' (purely electric instrument with a [[MIDI]] attachment):
<gallery>
File:BandoMIneDonI.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web| last=Doktorski| first=Henry| author-link=Henry Doktorski| year=1998| url=http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/history/bandoneon.html| title=The Classical Bandoneón| website=The Classical Free-Reed| access-date=31 December 2021}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bandomecum.com.ar Proyecto Bandomecum] Bandoneon's Portal Page
* [http://www.bandoneonist.ch/band/ Christian's Bandoneon Page]

{{Squeezebox}}
{{Music in Spanish}}
{{Tango}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandoneon}}
[[Category:Argentine musical instruments]]
[[Category:Concertina]]
[[Category:German inventions]]
[[Category:Tango]]