View source for Bank of France

{{Short description|French central bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Central bank
| bank_name_in_local = Banque de France
| logo = Banque de France 2022 logo.svg
| image = Paris BdF.jpg
| ownership = 100% owned by [[French Government]]<ref name="dnbinfo">{{cite web |last1=Weidner |first1=Jan |title=The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks |url=https://d-nb.info/1138787981/34 |website=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek|year=2017|format=PDF}}</ref>
| reserves = 
| headquarters = Paris, France
| established = {{start date and age|1800|01|18|df=yes}}
| president = [[François Villeroy de Galhau]]
| leader_title = [[Governor of the Bank of France|Governor]]
| bank_of = France
<!-- DO NOT add info on currency, rates, printer or mints, as these are controlled by the ECB -->
| website = {{URL|https://www.banque-france.fr/en|banque-france.fr/en}}
| preceded = 
| succeeded = 
| footnotes = 
}}

The '''Bank of France''' ({{langx|fr|'''Banque de France'''}} {{IPA|fr|bɑ̃k də fʁɑ̃s|}}) is the [[National central bank (Eurosystem)|national central bank]] for [[France]] within the [[Eurosystem]]. It was the French [[central bank]] between 1800 and 1998, issuing the [[French franc]]. It does not translate its name to English, and thus calls itself ''Banque de France'' in all English communications. 

The Bank of France was originally established by [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] as a private-sector corporation with unique public status. It was granted note-issuance monopoly in [[Paris]] in 1803 and in the entire country in 1848. Long independent from direct political interference, it was brought under government control in 1936 and eventually nationalized in 1945. While other [[Bank of issue|banks of issue]] were established in the [[French colonial empire]], the Bank of France remained [[Metropolitan France]]'s sole [[monetary authority]] until France's adoption of the [[euro]] as its currency. As of 2025, its balance sheet total was $1.818 trillion, making it the 5th largest central bank in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swfinstitute.org/fund-rankings/central-bank |title=Top 100 Largest Central Bank Rankings by Total Assets |website=swfinstitute.org |publisher=Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

The Bank of France long held high prestige as an anchor of financial stability, especially before the monetary turmoil that followed [[World War I]]. In 1907, Italian economist and statesman [[Luigi Luzzatti]] referred to the Bank of France as "the centre of the world's monetary power."<ref name=Toniolo>{{cite book |author=Gianni Toniolo |title=Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930-1973 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 }}</ref>{{rp|21}}

The French framework for [[banking supervision]] was initiated by the [[Vichy Government]] in 1941 and entrusted from the start to a separate body under the aegis of the Bank of France, which in 2013 became the [[French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority]] (French acronym ACPR). In 2017 the ACPR lost its prior status as an independent administrative authority under French law, but retains a distinct governance framework that also involves the French government.

==History==
[[File:Paris BanqueFrance Prudentia.jpg|thumb|Allegory of [[Prudence]] on the bank's main entrance façade on rue de la Vrillière]]

===Background===

The [[Kingdom of France]]'s first experiment with a central bank was the ''Banque Générale'' (Banque Générale Privée or "General Private Bank"), set up by [[John Law (economist)|John Law]] at the behest of the [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Duke of Orléans]] after the death of [[Louis XIV]]. Law received the bank's 20-year [[Chartered company|charter]] in May 1716 and its [[Share capital|stock]] consisted of 1,200 [[Share (finance)|shares]] valued at 5,000 [[French livre|livres]] apiece.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gleeson|first=Janet|title=Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance|year=2001|place=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|page=114|isbn=978-0684872957}}</ref> It was meant to stimulate France's stagnant economy and pay down its staggering [[national debt]] acquired from Louis XIV's wars, including the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. It was [[Nationalization|nationalized]] in December 1718 at Law's request and formally renamed the ''Banque Royale'' a month later.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gleeson|first=Janet|title=Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance|year=2001|place=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|page=132|isbn=978-0684872957}}</ref> It saw great initial success, increasing industry 60% in two years, but Law's mercantilist policies saw him seek to establish large monopolies, leading to the [[Mississippi Company|Mississippi bubble]]. The bubble ultimately burst in a [[financial crisis]] in 1720, and on 27 November of that year, the ''Banque Royale'' officially closed.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gleeson|first=Janet|title=Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance|year=2001|place=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|page=225|isbn=978-0684872957}}</ref>

The collapse of the Mississippi Company and the Banque Royale tarnished the word ''banque'' ("bank") so much that France abandoned central banking for almost a century, possibly precipitating [[Louis XVI]]'s economic crisis and the [[French Revolution]]. Successors such as the [[Caisse d'Escompte]] (from 1776 to 1793) and ''Caisse d'escompte du commerce'' (from 1797 to 1803) used the word "''caisse''" instead, until [[Napoleon]] retook the term with ''la Banque de France'' ("Bank of France") in 1800.

===Creation===

In 1803, financial power in France was in the hands of fifteen members of the Haute Banque, when the shareholders' meeting ratified the appointment of a “Council of Regency” composed of [[Jean-Frédéric Perregaux]], {{ill|Guillaume Mallet|fr}}, [[Jean-Barthélemy Le Couteulx de Canteleu]], {{ill|Joseph Hugues-Lagarde|fr}}, [[Jacques-Rose Récamier]], {{ill|Jean-Pierre Germain|fr}}, {{ill|Carié-Bézard|fr}}, {{ill|Pierre-Léon Basterrèche|fr}}, {{ill|Jean-Auguste Sévène|fr}}, {{ill|Alexandre Barrillon|fr}}, {{ill|Georges-Antoine Ricard|fr}}, {{ill|Georges-Victor Demautort|fr}}, [[Claude Perier]], {{ill|Pierre-Nicolas Perrée-Duhamel|fr}}, {{ill|Jacques-Florent Robillard|fr}}, and [[Jean-Conrad Hottinguer]]. These powerful bankers, representative of the financial elite that would become referred to in France as the ''[[Haute banque]]'', were deeply involved in the agitations leading up to the [[French Revolution]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} When the revolutionary violence got out of hand, they orchestrated the rise of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], whom they regarded as the restorer of order. As a reward for their support, Napoleon, in 1800, gave the bankers a monopoly over French finance by giving them control of the new Bank of France (Banque de France).<ref name="ref1">{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|pages=515|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJ&q=tragedy+and+hope}}</ref> Banker [[Claude Perier]] drafted the first statutes and [[Emmanuel Crétet]] was the first [[Governor of the Bank of France|governor of the Bank]].

On 24 [[Germinal (month)|Germinal]], year XI (14 April 1803), the new Bank received its first official charter granting it the exclusive right to issue paper money in Paris for fifteen years.<ref name="BoFH1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.banque-france.fr/en/banque-de-france/history/the-milestones/1800-creation-of-the-banque-de-france.html|title = Page de recherche}}</ref>

===Development===

On 22 April 1806, a new law replaced the Central Committee with a Governor and two Deputy Governors. All three were appointed by the Emperor.<ref name="BoFH1" /> On 16 January 1808, a decree set out the "Basic Statutes", which were to govern the Bank's operations until 1936.<ref name="BoFH1" />

For the first fifteen years, the Bank of France was the sole issuer of [[bank note]]s in Paris, and this privilege was extended to other financially important cities and the rest of the country by 1848.<ref name="britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216213/Banque-de-France Bank of France], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

The Bank was also instrumental in the creation of the [[Latin Monetary Union|Latin Monetary Union (LMU)]] in 1865. The countries of France, [[Belgium]], [[Italy]], and the [[Swiss Confederation]] established the LMU franc as a common bimetallic currency.

In World War I, the Bank sold short-term [[Obligation assimilable du Trésor|Treasury bonds]] abroad to help pay for wartime expenditures. France abandoned the gold standard shortly after the outbreak of war. Debts amounted to approximately 42 billion francs by 1919. Following the war, the Bank sought to re-establish the [[gold standard]] and acquired capital from a number of American and British banking syndicates to defend the franc from exchange-rate fluctuations. The Bank also began to hoard gold reserves and, at its peak, held 28.3 percent of the world's gold stock (only behind the United States at 30.4 percent). Some scholars have asserted that this gold accumulation was a contributing factor to the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irwin |first1=Douglas A. |title=The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32 |url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf |website=Dartmouth College |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019103251/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Metzler |first1=Mark |title=Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yee |first1=Robert |title=The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank's Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940 |url=http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/10/Bank-of-France-1-1.pdf |website=Johns Hopkins University |publisher=Studies in Applied Economics}}</ref> Under [[Émile Moreau (banker)|Émile Moreau]], [[Governor of the Bank of France|Governor]] from 1926 to 1930, the Bank consolidated gold reserves created a stabilization insurance fund (''fonds de stabilisation''), and tested new monetary policies in the wake of a global depression.

In World War II, the Bank oversaw the transfer of gold reserves overseas, which mainly included [[Canada]], the [[United States]], and the [[French overseas territories]]. In 1945, the Bank was nationalized by [[Charles de Gaulle]] and became a state-owned institution.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.banque-france.fr/en/banque-de-france/institution-rooted-history/founding-history-banque-de-france | title=The history of the Banque de France &#124; Banque de France }}</ref> Existing shareholders received bonds to replace their shares in the company.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}  The Bank's statute was reformed in 1973.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 1993, the Bank of France was again reformed when it obtained independence from the state. It sought to establish credibility by promising to adhere to the single mandate of [[price stability]]. [[Jean-Claude Trichet]], [[Governor of the Bank of France|Governor]] from 1993 to 2003, was the final Governor of the Bank until the establishment of the [[European Central Bank|European Central Bank (ECB)]] in June 1998. Today, the ECB sets [[monetary policy]] and oversees [[price stability]] for all countries in the [[Eurozone]], including France.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:ATM Banque de France.jpg|right|thumb|[[Automated Teller Machine|ATM]] of the Bank of France in [[Paris]]]]

On 1 June 1998, a new institution was created, the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB), charged with steering the single monetary policy for the [[euro]]. The body formed by the ECB, and the national central banks (NCB) of all the member states of the [[European Union]], constitute the European System of Central Banks (ESCB).  According to the [[Maastrict Treaty]], the Bank would oversee the functioning of the payment system and conduct independent research on the French economy, while the newly established [[European Central Bank]] conducted monetary policy for the entire [[Eurozone]]. The [[French franc]] was replaced by the [[Euro]] as a virtual currency on 1 January 1999, being replaced entirely with coins and banknotes on 1 March 2002.

Following the [[Great Recession]], the Bank of France implemented [[quantitative easing]] for the account of the ECB.<ref name="QE">[https://publications.banque-france.fr/sites/default/files/medias/documents/wp601.pdf 3rd Inspecting the Mechanism of Quantitative Easing in the Euro Area], Ralph S.J. Koijen, François Koulischer, Benoît Nguyen & Motohiro Yogo, February 2018</ref>

In 2010, the French government's [[Autorité de la concurrence]] (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including Bank of France, the sum of €384,900,000 for [[French check processing fee controversy of 2010|colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing]], especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to "[[Cheque truncation|Exchanges Check-Image]]" electronic transfer.<ref name="autocon">[http://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/user/standard.php?id_rub=368&id_article=1472 Collusion in the banking sector], Press Release of Autorité de la concurrence, République Française, 20 September 2010, retrv 20 September 2010</ref><ref name="wsjber">[https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20100920-709855.html 3rd UPDATE: French Watchdog Fines 11 Banks For Fee Cartel ]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Elena Bertson, Dow Jones News Wires / Wall Street Journal online, retrieved 20 September 2010</ref>

The Bank recently established a "Lab", located on the [[Rue Réaumur]] in Paris, where start-ups and small businesses work on [[blockchain]], [[artificial intelligence]], and [[virtual reality]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} The Bank is the first to set up a blockchain system.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

With the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in France|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the ensuing economic crisis, the [[Eurosystem]] resolved to inject €3 trillion of liquidity into banks, allowing them in turn to support households and businesses, particularly with regard to urgent cash flow needs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-04-06|title=Comment la Banque de France agit-elle pour soutenir l'économie face à la crise sanitaire du Covid-19 ?|url=https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/comment-la-banque-de-france-agit-elle-pour-soutenir-leconomie-face-a-la-crise-sanitaire-du-covid-19/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France|language=fr-FR|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418014649/https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/comment-la-banque-de-france-agit-elle-pour-soutenir-leconomie-face-a-la-crise-sanitaire-du-covid-19/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to membership in the Eurosystem, the Banque de France is in charge of credit mediation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-06|title=Quel rôle pour la Médiation du crédit ?|url=https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/quel-role-pour-la-mediation-du-credit/|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Covid-19 et économie, les clés pour comprendre – Banque de France|language=fr-FR|archive-date=18 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418031022/https://covid19-economie.banque-france.fr/comprendre/quel-role-pour-la-mediation-du-credit/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This service, which has been in very high demand during the crisis, provides assistance to companies facing difficulties in their relations with financial institutions. The Banque de France manages procedures to resolve overindebtedness, and while its premises are no longer open to the public, requests continue to be processed.<ref name=":0" />

==Activities==
The Bank of France describes itself as responsible for three missions: monetary strategy, financial stability, and services to the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.banque-france.fr/en/banque-de-france/about-banque-de-france/missions|title = Missions|date = 8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://publications.banque-france.fr/sites/default/files/medias/documents/annual-report-2017-banque-de-france-20180622.pdf|title=Annual report 2017|publisher=Bank of France|access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Monetary policy ===
The Bank of France contributes to the design of the monetary policy of the [[Eurozone]], through macroeconomic research and forecast and by taking part in the deliberations on [[European Central Bank|ECB]] decisions, and implements it in France. It prints [[Euro (currency)|euro]] bank notes, in larger volumes than any of its [[Eurosystem]] peers, and manages the circulation of bank notes and coins. It also participates in the fight against [[counterfeit money]], by training bank employees, merchants, police, and other stakeholders. It manages part of the [[foreign exchange reserves]] of the ECB.

=== Financial stability ===
The Bank of France participates in the prudential oversight of the French [[financial sector]] through the [[French Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority|Prudential Supervision and Resolution Authority]] (ACPR) which operates under its aegis.

The Banque de France also has special responsibilities with regard to [[payment systems]] and [[financial market infrastructure]]s. It has direct oversight responsibility over [[LCH SA]], a [[central counterparty]] (CCP); [[Euroclear France]] and [[ID2S]], two [[central securities depository|central securities depositories]]; and CORE(FR) and SEPA.EU, two retail payment systems operated by [[STET-CORE|STET SA]].{{R|BdFbook|p=320}} It is also involved in the cooperative oversight of ten infrastructures for which the lead oversight role belongs to another institution:<ref name=BdFbook>{{citation |title=Payments and market infrastructures in the digital era |publisher=Banque de France |date=2018 |url=https://www.banque-france.fr/system/files/2023-04/payments_market.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|321}}
* Four infrastructures under the Eurosystem oversight framework led by the [[European Central Bank]]: [[T2 (settlement system)|T2]], [[T2S]], [[EURO1]], and [[STEP2-T]]; 
* Four EU-based CCPs with an [[European Market Infrastructure Regulation|EMIR]] College: [[LCH Ltd]] (led by the [[Bank of England]]), [[Eurex Clearing]] (led by [[BaFin]]), [[CC&G]] (led by the [[Bank of Italy]]), and [[EuroCCP]] (led by [[De Nederlandsche Bank]]); 
* Two global infrastructures with an international cooperative oversight framework, [[SWIFT]] (led by the [[National Bank of Belgium]]) and [[CLS Group|CLS]] (led by the [[Federal Reserve|U.S. Federal Reserve]]).

Like many other central banks, the Bank of France publishes a periodical Financial Stability Review (''Revue de la Stabilité Financière'').

=== Services to the economy ===
The Bank of France provides services to households, businesses, and the French state: 
* It is in charge of offering services to households in severe financial difficulty. This includes the management of over-indebtedness (one of the major tasks of the local branches of the bank), and the guarantee to an access to basic banking services for everyone, such as the right to a basic [[bank account]]. It is also in charge of financial and [[economic education]] of the general public, by developing an economic culture among specific populations (like youngsters and households in severe financial difficulty). This includes sensitizing high school students, providing online information and educational services, training [[social workers]] and the launch of the French Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie (Citéco), a museum based in the 17th district of [[Paris]], in 2019.
* It provides company ratings for non-listed companies, which can for instance be used by business leaders to obtain [[credit]] from their bank. It also manages credit mediation (mediation between companies and their banks, their credit insurers, etc.) and proposes support to very small businesses (advice for their development and needs). The Bank of France publishes a number of economic surveys, national and regional statistics, destined to businesses.

==Governance==
The governor of the Bank of France is appointed by the president and is, as of 2019, [[François Villeroy de Galhau]], since 1 November 2015. He presides over the Bank's General Council, the body responsible for deliberating on all matters relating to non-Eurosystem activities. As of late 2023, the first deputy governor was {{ill|Denis Beau|fr}} and the second deputy governor was [[Agnès Bénassy-Quéré]].

==Key figures==
In 2019, the main key figures of the Bank of France are as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Annual Report 2019|url=https://publications.banque-france.fr/node/303794|access-date=2020-12-18|website=Banque de France|language=fr|archive-date=26 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526010651/https://publications.banque-france.fr/node/303794|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
 
* Number of full-time employees: 9,857
* Regional branches: 95
*Profit before tax : 6.5 billion euros
* Dividend distributed to the French state : 6.1 billion euros
* Gold reserves: 106.1 billion euros
* Gold stock in France: 2,436 tons

The Bank distributed dividends to the French state of 4.5 billion euros in 2016, 5.0 billion euros in 2017 and 6.1 billion euros in 2019.

==Buildings==

A decree on 6 March 1808 authorized the Bank to purchase the former mansion of the Count of Toulouse in the rue de la Vrillière in Paris for its headquarters.<ref name="BoFH1" /> The bank's head office subsequently expanded from that original property, through the acquisition and remodeling of adjacent buildings and in the surrounding neighborhood. A major expansion occurred in 1924-1927 as part of an urban renewal project that entailed the demolition of several historical buildings and the creation of a new thoroughfare, the {{ill|rue du Colonel-Driant|fr}}. It entailed the erection of a new complex for the bank above a large underground bunker known as the {{ill|Souterraine (bunker){{!}}Souterraine|fr|La Souterraine (salle)}}, designed by architect [[Alphonse Defrasse]].

The Bank of France commissioned the erection of branches in many French towns and cities, which are often prominent in the urban landscape.

In 2019, the bank opened its museum, the [[Cité de l'économie et de la monnaie]], in a former branch in the 17th arrondissement of Paris. This followed comparable initiatives in Europe such as the [[Museum of the National Bank of Belgium]] (opened 1982), the [[Bank of England Museum]] (1988), and the {{ill|Bundesbank Money Museum|de|Geldmuseum der Deutschen Bundesbank}} (1999).

<gallery>
File:Banque de France 1920s.jpg|The Bank of France's main building built in the 1920s on [[rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs]] in Paris
File:Hôtel de Toulouse, Paris 1e, West View 140131 1.jpg|Façade of the {{lang|fr|Hôtel de Toulouse}} on rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs
File:Paris, Hôtel de Toulouse, Banque de France, Galerie Dorée.jpg|The ''galerie dorée'', prestige room inside the ''Hôtel de Toulouse''
File:Garden @ Hôtel de Toulouse @ Banque de France @ Paris (29142848023).jpg|Garden of the ''Hôtel de Toulouse'' inside the Bank of France's main complex
File:Hotel Portalis.jpg|{{lang|fr|Hôtel Portalis}}, a nearby property also owned by the Bank of France
File:Immeuble de l'ancienne Salle Ventadour 2021 4.jpg|Former [[Salle Ventadour]] in Paris, used by the Bank of France since 1892
File:Rue du Bac & Rue de l'Université, 75007 Paris, August 2015.jpg|Bank of France building at the corner of [[Rue du Bac, Paris|Rue du Bac]] and [[Rue de l'Université, Paris|Rue de l'Université]] in Paris
File:Banque de France, rue de Sèvres, Boulevard Raspail, Paris 6e.jpg|Bank of France building at the corner of [[Boulevard Raspail]] and Rue de Sèvres in Paris
File:Paris BdF Bastille.jpg|Bank of France building on [[Place de la Bastille]], corner of rue Saint-Antoine in Paris
File:Hôtel Gaillard, 1 place du Général-Catroux, Paris 17e.jpg|[[Hôtel Gaillard]] in Paris, lately the Bank of France's Museum
File:Bâtiment Banque France - Amiens (FR80) - 2021-05-30 - 1.jpg|Branch in [[Amiens]]
File:Banque France Bourg Bresse 3.jpg|Branch in [[Bourg-en-Bresse]]
File:Brest - banque de France.jpg|Branch in [[Brest, France|Brest]]
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Economy of France]]
* [[Banques départementales]]
* [[French franc]]
* [[Governor of the Bank de France]]
* [[List of central banks]]
* [[Anti–money laundering framework for financial institutions in France]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|40em}}
* Accominotti, Olivier. "The Sterling Trap: Foreign Reserves Management at the Bank of France, 1928-19". ''[[European Review of Economic History]]'' 13, No. 3 (2009). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41378525]
*Baubeau, Patrice. "The Bank of France's balance sheets database, 1840–1998: an introduction to 158 years of central banking." ''[[Financial History Review]]'' 25, No. 2 (2018). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/financial-history-review/article/bank-of-frances-balance-sheets-database-18401998-an-introduction-to-158-years-of-central-banking/1C592E47C28B5292CD783210C4964383]
* Bazot, Guillaume, Michael D. Bordo, and Eric Monnet. "The Price of Stability: The Balance Sheet Policy of the Banque de France and the Gold Standard (1880–1914)." NBER Working Papers. Number 20554. October 2014. [http://www.nber.org/papers/w20554.pdf]
* Bignon, Vincent and Marc Flandreau. "The Other Way: A Narrative History of Banque de France." In ''Sveriges Riksbank and the History of Central Banking'', eds. Tor Jacobson and Daniel Waldenstrom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
* Bordo, Michael D. and Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur. "Why Didn't France Follow the British Stabilisation after World War I?" ''European Review of Economic History'' 11, no. 1 (2007): 3–37.
* Bouvier, Jean. "The Banque de France and the State from 1850 to the Present Day." in Fausto Vicarelli, et al. eds., ''Central banks' independence in historical perspective'' (Walter de Gruyter, 1988) pp.&nbsp;73–104.
* Du Camp, Maxime and Raphael-Georges Lévy. ''La Banque de France et son Histoire''. Mono, 2017.
* Duchaussoy, Vincent. "Une Banque publique ? 1936 ou la mutation initiée de la Banque de France." ''Revue historique'' 681 (2017): 55–72.
* Flandreau, Marc. "Central Bank Cooperation in Historical Perspective: A Sceptical View." ''[[The Economic History Review]]'', New Series, 50, no. 4 (1997): 735–63. [www.jstor.org/stable/2599884]
* Flandreau, Marc, 1996b, The French Crime of 1873: An Essay on the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 
* Flandreau, Marc. ''The Glitter of Gold: France, Bimetallism, and the Emergence of the International Gold Standard, 1848–1873''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
*Flandreau, Marc. "Was the Latin Monetary Union a Franc Zone?." In ''International Monetary Systems in Historical Perspective'', ed. J. Reis (1995).
* Gille, Bertrand. ''La Banque en France au xixe siècle : recherches historiques'', Genève: Droz, 1970.
* {{cite book|last=Gleeson|first=Janet|title=Millionaire: The Philanderer, Gambler, and Duelist Who Invented Modern Finance|year=2001|place=New York|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=978-0684872957}}
* Irwin, Douglas A. "The French Gold Sink and the Great Deflation of 1929–32." [[Dartmouth College]]. [https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019103251/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~dirwin/French%20Gold%20Sink.pdf |date=19 October 2018 }}
*Leclercq, Yves. ''La Banque supérieure : La Banque de France de 1800 à 1914''. Paris, Éditions Classique Garnier, 2010.
* Monnet, Éric. ''Controlling Credit: Central Banking and the Planned Economy in Postwar France, 1948–1973''. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 2018.
* Mouré, Kenneth. ''Managing the Franc Poincaré: Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy, 1928–1936''. Cambridge University Press (1991).
*Nishimura, Shizuya. "The French Provincial Banks, the Banque De France, and Bill Finance, 1890–1913." ''The Economic History Review'', New Series, 48, no. 3 (1995): 536–54
* Jacoud, Gilles. "Crises et Apprentissage: La Banque de France en 1848," ''Entreprises et Histoire'' (Dec. 2012) Issue 69, pp 27–37
* Plessis, Alain. "The history of banks in France." in Pohl, Manfred, and Sabine Freitag, eds. ''Handbook on the history of European banks'' (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1994) pp: 185–296. [http://euro.fbf.fr/en/files/888HK2/History_banks_france_EN.pdf online]
* Plessis, Alain. ''Histoires de la Banque de France''. Paris: Albin Michel, 2015.
* Plessis, Alain. ''La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire''. Geneva: [[Droz]], 1982.
* Servais, Édmond. La Banque de France. Son histoire, son organisation, ses opérations. Cours Servais, 1949.
* Sicsic, Pierre. "Was the franc poincare deliberately undervalued?," ''Explorations in Economic History'' 29(1) (1992): 69–92.*  Szramkiewicz, Romuald. ''Les Régents et censeurs de la Banque de France nommés sous le Consulat et l'Empire''. Genève: Droz, 1974.
* Yee, Robert. "The Bank of France and the Gold Dependency: Observations on the Bank's Weekly Balance Sheets and Reserves, 1898–1940." ''[[Johns Hopkins University]]: Studies in Applied Economics''. No. 128. [http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/iae/files/2018/10/Bank-of-France-1-1.pdf]
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{in lang|fr|en}} [http://www.banque-france.fr/en Official site of Bank of France]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.cambaceres.fr/vie-poli/bque-france/1/bque-france.htm Beginnings of Banque de France] The directors of Bank of France between 1800 and 1815.
{{Coord|48.864478|N|2.339289|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=title}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20080925194236/http://www.minitel.fr/banque_de_france.html Banque de France, Minitel Connection]
* {{PM20|FID=co/002499|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}

{{France topics}}
{{Central Bank by country}}
{{Central banks}}
{{Central banks of the European Union}}{{Napoleon}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banque De France}}
[[Category:Economy of France]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1800]]
[[Category:Banque de France| ]]
[[Category:European System of Central Banks|France]]
[[Category:Eurosystem|France]]
[[Category:Central banks|France]]
[[Category:Banknote printing companies]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1800]]
[[Category:Financial regulatory authorities of France]]
[[Category:Banks based in Paris|France]]
[[Category:Napoleon]]
[[Category:French banks of issue]]