View source for Baol

{{Short description|Former kingdom in central Senegal}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name            = ''Baol''
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Baol
| common_name            = 
| status                 = 
| government_type        = Monarchy
| year_start             = 1549
| year_end               = 1894
| event_start            = 
| date_start             = Cayor defeats Jolof at [[Battle of Danki]]
| event_end              = French colonization
| date_end               = 
| event1                 = 
| date_event1            = 
| event2                 = 
| date_event2            = 
| event3                 = 
| date_event3            = 
| event4                 = 
| date_event4            = |
| event_pre              = 
| date_pre               = 
| event_post             = <!--- Optional: A crucial event that took place before after "event_end"--->
| date_post              = ||<!--- Flag navigation: Preceding and succeeding entities p1 to p5 and s1 to s5 --->
| p1                     = Jolof Empire
| flag_p1                = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{p1}}}.svg" (size 30) --->
| image_p1               = <!--- Use if image size needs to be reduced --->
| s1                     = French West Africa
| flag_s1                = <!--- Default: "Flag of {{{s1}}}.svg" (size 30) --->
| image_s1               = <!--- Use if image size needs to be reduced --->|
| image_flag             = 
| flag_caption           =  
| flag                   = <!--- Link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --->
| flag_type              = <!--- Displayed text for link under flag. Default "Flag" --->|
| image_coat             = <!--- Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}}.svg --->
| symbol                 = <!--- Link target under symbol image. Default: Coat of arms of {{{common_name}}} --->
| symbol_type            = <!--- Displayed text for link under symbol. Default "Coat of arms" --->|
| image_map              = File:Kingdom of Baol Map.png
| image_map_caption      = Baol in 1855
| capital                = [[Lambaye]] 
| national_motto         = 
| national_anthem        = 
| common_languages       = [[Wolof language|Wolof]], [[Serer language|Serer]]
| religion               = [[Serer religion]], [[Islam]]
| currency               = {{hlist|[[Cowries]]|[[Gold]]}}
| leader1                = 
| leader2                = 
| year_leader1           = 
| year_leader2           = 
| title_leader           = [[Teigne]]
| legislature            = ||<!--- Area and population of a given year --->
| stat_year1             = 
| stat_area1             = 
| stat_pop1              = 
| stat_year2             = 
| stat_area2             = 
| stat_pop2              = 
| stat_year3             = 
| stat_area3             = 
| stat_pop3              = 
| stat_year4             = 
| stat_area4             = 
| stat_pop4              = 
| stat_year5             = 
| stat_area5             = 
| stat_pop5              = 
| footnotes              = 
}}
{{History of Senegal}}
'''Baol''' or '''Bawol''' was a kingdom in what is now central [[Senegal]]. Founded in the 11th century, it was a vassal of the [[Jolof Empire]] before becoming independent in the mid-16th century. The ruler bore the title of [[Teigne (title)|Teigne (or Teeň)]] and reigned from the capital in [[Lambaye]]. The kingdom encompassed a strip of land extending east from the ocean and included the towns of [[Touba, Senegal|Touba]], [[Diourbel]], and Mbacke.  It was directly south of the Kingdom of [[Cayor]] and north of the [[Kingdom of Sine]].

==History==
There are no written sources for the early history of Baol, and even oral traditions are sparse. The earliest recorded [[Teigne]] of Baol was named Kayamangha Diatta and was a member of the [[Soninke people|Soninke]] [[Wagadu]] matrilineage, reflecting influence emanating from the [[Ghana Empire]].{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=48}}<ref name = Goree>Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire. Musée Historique de Gorée Exhibit (August 2024).</ref>

[[Serer people]] moved into the region in the 11th or 12th century, fleeing Islamization in the [[Senegal river]] valley. [[Wolof people|Wolof]] groups gradually arrived later.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=18}} The Wagadu dynasty integrated them into the Baol government.<ref name = Goree/> Some early Serer kings included: Kolki Faye; Mbissine Ndoumbé Ngom; Massamba Fambi Ngom; Fambi Langar Ngom; [[Maad Patar Xole Joof|Patar Xole Joof]] (great-grandson of [[Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof]]).<ref name="ifa"/> 

At some point early in its history, Baol was integrated into the [[Jolof Empire]]. The legend of [[Ndiadiane Ndiaye]], the first ''Buurba Jolof'', claims that the ruler of Baol voluntarily submitted to him, but this is likely a later invention to celebrate the unity of the empire.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=46-7}} Many of the earliest ''buurba''s came from maternal lineages native to Baol, perhaps benefiting from the prestigious historical memory of Ghana. Some even used [[Lambaye]] as an imperial residence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fall |first1=Rokhaya |editor1-last=Fauvelle-Aymar |editor1-first=François-Xavier |title=Les ruses de l'historien. Essais d'Afrique et d'ailleurs en hommage à Jean Boulègue |date=2013 |publisher=Karthala |location=Paris |page=22 |url=https://www.cairn.info/les-ruses-de-l-historien--9782811109394-page-15.htm |access-date=8 January 2024 |language=French |chapter=De la nécessité de réactualiser le recours à la « tradition orale » dans l’écriture du passé africain|series=Hommes et sociétés |doi=10.3917/kart.fauve.2013.01.0015 |isbn=978-2-8111-0939-4 |s2cid=246907590 }}</ref>

The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] began trading on the coast of Baol in the 15th century, bringing primarily horses and iron.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=131}}

[[Amary Ngoné Sobel Fall]], [[Damel]] of [[Cayor]], and his cousin Maguinak Joof of Baol fought together at the [[Battle of Danki]] (1549), where they defeated the Emperor of [[Jolof Empire|Jolof]] and won independence.<ref name="ifa"/><ref name = Fall>Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, ''Recueil sur la Vie des Damel.'' Introduit et commenté par Charles. Becker et Victor. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974</ref> Fall became the first ''Damel-Teign'', reigning over both kingdoms in a personal union and founding the Fall dynasty.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=74}}<ref name = Goree/> This arrangement resurfaced periodically throughout the history of the two states, with frequent wars between them. Fall was son of [[Lingeer]] Ngoneh Sobel Njie and the maternal grandson of [[Lingeer]] Sobel Joof, making him a descendant of the ancient Baol royal house of [[Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof]].

Around the turn of the 16th century, Baol, still largely [[Serer people|Serer]] and [[animist]] and under the reign of [[Teigne]] Mafane Thiaw, was invaded by the nominally Islamic [[Cayor]]. Defeated in battle, some of the priests of Baol took refuge with the [[Maad Saloum]], founding the city of [[Kaolack]].<ref name = mboose>{{cite book| last1 = Kesteloot| first1 = Lilyan | last2 = Veirman| first2 = Anja| author-link = | date = 1999| title = Histoire d'Afrique : les enjeux de mémoire|chapter = Un lieu de mémoire sans stèle et sans visite guidée : le culte du Mboose à Kaolack (Sénégal)| chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/histoiredafrique0000unse/page/83/mode/1up| location = Paris| publisher = Karthala| pages = 83–91| isbn = 978-2-86537-904-0 |language = French}}</ref>{{rp|87}} 
[[File:ArrestationBrue.jpg|thumb|left|The arrest of French governor [[Andre Brue]] on the orders of Damel-Teigne Lat Sukaabe.]]

In 1697 Teigne [[Lat Sukaabe Fall]] conquered Cayor and built a powerful, centralized state backed by a military armed with firearms. Upon his death, however, he deeded each kingdom to a separate son, and the rivalry between them continued.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=132}} During the 18th century, Damel Maïsa Teindde Ouédji of Cayor annexed Baol, but the kingdom was embroiled in a succession dispute after his death. Baol regained its independence in 1756.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Boubacar |title=Le royaume du Waalo: le Senegal avant la conquete |date=1972 |publisher=Francois Maspero |location=Paris |pages=195–6}}</ref>

The French conquest of Baol began in 1859 under Governor [[Louis Faidherbe]]. Most of Baol was conquered by 1874, but complete control of the former kingdom was only established in 1895 when it was divided into two provinces. Under colonialism, [[Mouride brotherhood|Mouridism]], whose founder [[Amadou Bamba]] was a Baol-Baol, spread widely in the region.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=74}}

==Government==
The social and political systems were basically the same as those of its larger neighbor, [[Cayor]]. The government was composed of the great electors who selected the Teigne, a crown-slave bureaucracy directly under the king, and representatives of each of the dependent communities (pastoralists, fishermen, clergy, castes and women).{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=75}}

Baol was ruled by a mixed dynasty: the Wagadu maternal lineage (from the [[Ghana Empire]]) along with the Serer paternal dynasties of N'Gom (or Ngum), Thiaw, [[Joof family|Joof or Diouf]], and [[Faye family|Faye]].<ref name="ifa">[[Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire]], ''Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38'' (1976), pp. 452-458</ref> The heir to the throne was given the title of ''Thialao'', and ruled over the province of Salao.<ref name = Fall2>{{cite journal |last1=Fall |first1=Tanor Latsoukabe |title=Recueil sur la Vie des Damel |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire |date=1974 |volume=36 |issue=1 |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histoire-ucad.org%2Farchives%2Findex.php%2Fremository.html%3Ffunc%3Dstartdown%26id%3D38#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>{{rp|24}}

==Economy and Society==
Baol was famous for its horses. It had unique breeds, which were faster and more robust than most of the horses on the plain.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} The kingdom's primary seaports were at [[Saly Portudal]] and [[Mbour]], giving the nobles access to imported luxuries and firearms that they purchased with slaves raided from outlying villages or in war.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=75}}

Baol was a [[Wolof people|Wolof]] kingdom, but included large communities of [[Saafi people|Serer-Safen]] and other [[Serer people|Serer]] groups.{{sfn|Clark|Philips|1994|p=74}} Natives of Baol are known as 'Baol-Baol', a common formulation in Senegal (e.g. [[Saloum]]-Saloum, [[Waalo]]-Waalo, etc.)

==List of kings== 
Rulers marked (DT) reigned as [[Damel]]-[[Teigne]] over both Baol and [[Cayor]].<ref >Names and dates taken from: {{cite book|title=African States and Rulers|author=John Stewart|edition=Third|year=2006|pages=26–27|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|location=North Carolina}} and the Goree Historical Museum.</ref>

* Niokhor (c. 1550&ndash;c. 1560)
* [[Amary Ngone Sobel Fall]] (c. 1560&ndash;1593) (DT)
* Mamalik Thioro (1593&ndash;c. 1605) (DT?)
* Lat Ndella Parar (c. 1605&ndash;c. 1620)
* Tié N'Della (c. 1620&ndash;c. 1665)
* Tié Kura (short reign)
* M'Bissan Kura (short reign)
* Tiande (short reign)
* M'Bar (c. 1669&ndash;c. 1690)
* Tié Yaasin Demba (c. 1690&ndash;c. 1693)
* Tié Tieumbeul (c. 1693&ndash;1697)
* [[Lat Sukaabe Fall|Lat Sukaabe]] (1697&ndash;1719) (DT)
* Mali Kumba Dyaring (1719)
* Ma-Kodu Kumba (1719&ndash;1749) (DT)
* Mawa (1749&ndash;c. 1752) (DT)
* M'Bissan N'Della (c. 1752&ndash;c. 1758)
* Ma-Kodu Kumba (c. 1758&ndash;1777)
* Amari Ngone Ndela Diaring (1778-87, 1790-1809)
* Biram Fatim Penda (1787-1790) (DT)
* Amari Ngone Ndela Diaring (1778-87, 1790-1809)
* Tié-Yaasin Dieng (1809&ndash;1815)
* Amadi Dyor (1815&ndash;c. 1822)
* Birayma Fatma (c. 1822&ndash;1832) (DT)
* Isa Tein-Dyor (1832&ndash;1855)
* Tié-Yaasin N'Gone (1855&ndash;c. 1857)
* Ma-Kodu Kodu Kumba (c. 1857&ndash;1859)
* Mali Kumba N'Gone (1859&ndash;1862)
* Tié-Yaasin Gallo (1862&ndash;1890)
* Tanor Gogne (1890&ndash;3 July 1894)
==See also==
*[[Joof family]]
*[[Faye family]]

==Bibliography==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Boulegue |first1=Jean |title=Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle) |date=2013 |publisher=Karthala Editions |location=Paris |language=French}}
*{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Andrew Francis |last2 = Philips|first2 = Lucie Colvin|title=Historical Dictionary of Senegal |date=1994 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=London |edition=2nd.}}

{{Sahelian kingdoms}}
{{Serer topics|state=collapsed}}

{{coord missing|Senegal}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Senegal]]
[[Category:French West Africa]]
[[Category:Former countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in precolonial Africa]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1555]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1895]]
[[Category:Sahelian kingdoms]]
[[Category:1555 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Serer country]]
[[Category:Serer history]]
[[Category:Serer precolonial kingdoms]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Africa]]
[[Category:Jolof Empire]]