View source for Bar Confederation

{{Short description|Association of Polish nobles (1768–1772)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = War of the Bar Confederation
| partof            = the [[List of wars involving the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|wars involving Poland–Lithuania]]
| image             = Artur Grottger Modlitwa konfederatów barskich.PNG
| caption           = Bar Confederates pray before the [[battle of Lanckorona]], painting by [[Artur Grottger]] (1863)
| date              = 1768–1772
| place             = [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
| coordinates       = 
| result            = Russian and Stanislaus' victory
| territory         = [[First Partition of Poland]]
| combatant1        = {{flag|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} (royal crown regiments)<br/>{{flag|Russian Empire}}
| combatant2        = {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} Bar Confederation<br/>'''Allies:'''<br/>{{flag|Ottoman Empire}}<br/>{{flag|Kingdom of France}} (from 1770)
| commander1        = {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} [[Stanisław August Poniatowski|Stanislaus II Augustus]]<br />{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} [[Franciszek Ksawery Branicki]]<br/>{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} {{ill|Ivan Weymarn|ru|Веймарн, Иван Иванович}}<br/>{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Aleksandr Bibikov]]<br/>{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Alexander Suvorov]]<br/>{{flagicon|Russian Empire}} [[Ivan Karpovich Elmpt]]
| commander2        = {{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} [[Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł|Karol Radziwiłł]]<br/>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} [[Casimir Pulaski]]<br/>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} [[Michał Jan Pac]]<br/>{{flagicon|Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth|1764}} [[Maurice Benyovszky|Count Benyovszky]]<br/>{{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Charles François Dumouriez]]
| strength1         = '''Lanckorona''': 3,500 troops<ref name="Petrush">{{Cite book |last=Petrushevsky |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/libgen_00298524/page/101/mode/2up |title=Generalissimo Prince Suvorov |date=1884 |publisher=Типография М. М. Стасюлевича |edition=1st |volume=1 |pages=101–102 |language=ru}}</ref>
| strength2         = '''Lanckorona''': ~3,500 troops; 2 cannons<ref name="Petrush" /><br/>'''Total''': ~100,000<ref name="Lieven"/> – 150,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skinner |first1=Barbara |editor1-last=Friedrich |editor1-first=Karin |editor2-last=Pendzich |editor2-first=Barbara |title=Citizenship and Identity in a Multinational Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania in Context, 1550–1772 |date=2009 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-16983-8 |page=165 |chapter=Khmelnytsky's shadow: The confessional legacy. |quote=The pro-Catholic Confederation of Bar embroiled some 150,000 participants in a dogged four-year struggle against Russian interference in Commonwealth affairs that plunged Poland-Lithuania into the chaos of civil war.}}</ref>
| casualties1       = Unknown
| casualties2       = Heavy
}}
{{Campaignbox Bar Confederation}}
{{Campaignbox Polish-Russian Wars}}{{Campaignbox Russo-French Wars}}
The '''Bar Confederation''' ({{langx|pl|Konfederacja barska}}; 1768–1772) was an association of Polish nobles (''[[szlachta]]'') formed at the fortress of [[Bar, Ukraine|Bar]] in [[Podolia]] (now [[Ukraine]]), in 1768 to defend the internal and external independence of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] against [[Russian Empire|Russian]] political influence and against King [[Stanisław August Poniatowski|Stanislaus II Augustus]] with Polish reformers, who were attempting to limit the power of the Commonwealth's wealthy [[magnate]]s.<ref name="brit"/>

The founders of the Bar Confederation included the magnates [[Adam Stanisław Krasiński]], the bishop of [[Kamianets-Podilskyi|Kamieniec]], [[Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)|Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł]], [[Casimir Pulaski]], his father and brothers and [[Michał Hieronim Krasiński]].<!--and Pulaski, Potocki or Sapieha families I believe?--> Its creation led to a [[civil war]] and contributed to the [[First Partition of Poland]].<ref name="brit"/> [[Maurice Benyovszky]] was the best known European Bar Confederation volunteer, supported by Roman Catholic France and Austria. Some historians consider the Bar Confederation the first [[Polish uprising]].<ref name="Deck-Partyka2006"/>

== Background ==
[[File:ChelmonskiJozef.1875.KazimierzPulaskiPodCzestochowa.jpg|thumb|''Casimir Pulaski at [[Częstochowa]].''  Painting by [[Józef Chełmoński]], 1875.  Oil on canvas.  National Museum, [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]].]]

=== Abroad ===
At the end of the [[Seven Years' War]] (1756–1763), Russia, first allied with Austria and France, had decided to support Prussia, allowing a victory of the Prussians (allied with Great Britain) over the Austrians (allied with France).

On 11 April 1764, a new treaty was signed between [[Frederick II of Prussia]] and [[Catherine II of Russia]], choosing [[Stanislaus II Augustus Poniatowski, King of Poland|Stanislaus Poniatowski]] (ex-lover of Catherine II) as the future king of Poland after [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]]'s death (October 1763).

Neither France nor Austria were able to challenge this candidate and Stanislas was elected in October 1764.

===In the Commonwealth===
[[File:Konstanty Aleksandrowicz - Portrait of Karol Stanislaw Radziwill - MNK I-220 (165375).jpg|thumb|[[Karol Stanisław "Panie Kochanku" Radziwiłł|Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł]]]]

Following the deposition of the Swedish client king [[Stanislaus I]], early 18th-century Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had declined from the status of a major European power to that of a Russian [[satellite state]], with the Russian [[tsar]] effectively choosing Polish–Lithuanian monarchs during the [[Royal elections in Poland|"free" elections]] and deciding the direction of much of Poland–Lithuania's internal politics, for example during the [[Repnin Sejm]] (1767–1768), named after [[Nicholas Repnin|the Russian ambassador]] who unofficially presided over the proceedings.<ref name="Luk"/><ref name="Scott"/>

During this session, the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish–Lithuanian parliament]] was forced to pass resolutions demanded by the Russians. Many of the conservative nobility felt anger at that foreign interference, at the perceived weakness of the government under king [[Stanislaus Augustus]], and at the provisions, particularly the ones that empowered non-Catholics, and at other reforms which they saw as threatening the szlachta's [[Golden Liberty]].<ref name="Jędruch1982-159"/><ref name="WIEM"/>

The protectorate of Russia over Poland–Lithuania became official with the {{Lang|pl|Traktat wieczystej przyjaźni pomiędzy Rosją a Rzecząpospolitą}} ({{Literal translation|Treaty of perpetual friendship between Russia and the Commonwealth}}''<ref>Cf. [https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Traktat_wieczystej_przyja%C5%BAni_pomi%C4%99dzy_Rosj%C4%85_a_Rzecz%C4%85pospolit%C4%85_(1768) Wikisource]</ref>'') which the Repnin Sejm accepted without debate on 27 February 1768.

==Creation of the Bar Confederation (29 February 1768)==
In response to that, and particularly after Russian troops arrested and exiled several vocal opponents (namely [[Bishop of Kyiv (Roman Catholic)|bishop of Kyiv]] [[Józef Andrzej Załuski]], [[bishop of Cracow]] [[Kajetan Sołtyk]], and [[Field Crown Hetman]] [[Wacław Rzewuski]] with his son [[Seweryn Rzewuski|Seweryn]]), a group of Polish magnates decided to form a ''[[confederatio]]'' – a military association opposing the government<ref name="Morfill1893"/><ref name="Jędruch1982-159"/> in accordance with Polish constitutional traditions. The articles of the confederation were signed on 29 February 1768 at the fortress of [[Bar, Ukraine|Bar]] in [[Podolia]].<ref name=WIEM/>

The instigators of the confederation included [[Adam Krasiński]], Bishop of [[Kamenets, Poland|Kamieniec]], his brother [[Michał Hieronim Krasiński]], [[Casimir Pulaski]], [[Kajetan Sołtyk]], [[Wacław Rzewuski]], [[Michał Jan Pac]], [[Jozef Miaczinsky]], Jerzy August Mniszech, Joachim Potocki and Teodor Wessel.<ref name=WIEM/> Priest [[Marek Jandołowicz]] was a notable religious leader, and [[Michał Wielhorski (elder)|Michał Wielhorski]] the Confederation's political ideologue.<ref name=WIEM/>

==Civil war and foreign interventions==
[[File:Marshall of the Confederation of Bar Michał Hieronim Krasiński takes a Turkish dignitary.PNG|thumb|Marshal of the Bar Confederation Michał Krasiński receives an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] dignitary.]]

=== 1768 ===
[[File:Bar Confederation 1768-1772.PNG|thumb|A map of the Bar Confederation 1768–72]]

The confederation, encouraged and aided by Roman Catholic France and Austria, declared war on Russia.<ref name=WIEM/> Its irregular forces, formed from volunteers, magnate militias and deserters from the royal army, soon clashed with the Russian troops and units loyal to the Polish crown.<ref name=WIEM/> Confederation forces under [[Michał Jan Pac]] and Prince [[Karol II Stanislaw Radziwill|Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł]] roamed the land in every direction, won several engagements with the Russians, and at last, utterly ignoring the King, sent envoys on their own account to the principal European powers, i.e. Ottoman Empire, the major ally of Bar confederation, France and Austria.

King Stanislaus Augustus was at first inclined to mediate between the Confederates and Russia, the latter represented by the Russian envoy to [[Warsaw]], Prince [[Nikolai Repnin]]; but finding this impossible, he sent a force against them under [[Hetman|Grand Hetman]] [[Franciszek Ksawery Branicki]] and two generals against the confederates. This marked the Ukrainian campaign, which lasted from April till June 1768, and was ended with the capture of [[Bar, Ukraine|Bar]] on 20 June.<ref name=WIEM/> Confederation forces retreated to [[Moldavia]].<ref name=WIEM/> There was also a pro-Confederation force in [[Lesser Poland]], that operated from June till August, that ended with the royal forces securing Kraków on 22 August, followed by a period of conflict in Belarus (August–October), that ended with the surrender of [[Nesvizh]] on 26 October.<ref name=WIEM/>

The simultaneous outbreak of the [[Koliivshchyna]] in [[Ukraine]] (May 1768 – June 1769) made major confederation forces retreat to Ottoman Empire beforehand and kept the Confederation alive.

The Confederates appealed for help from abroad and contributed to bringing about war between Russia and the [[Ottoman Empire]] (the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]] that began in September).

=== 1769–1770 ===

[[File:Bar confederation flag.JPG|thumb|The [[standard (flag)|standard]] of the Bar confederates on wall paper]]

The retreat of some Russian forces needed on the Ottoman front bolstered the confederates, who reappeared in force in Lesser and Greater Polands by 1769.<ref name=WIEM/> In 1770 the Council of Bar Confederation transferred from its original seat in Austrian part of [[Silesia]] to [[Hungary]], whence it conducted diplomatic negotiations with France, [[Austria]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] with a view to forming a stable league against Russia. The council proclaimed the king dethroned on 22 October 1770. The court of [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]] sent [[Charles François Dumouriez]] to act as an aid to the Confederates, and he helped them to organise their forces.<ref name=WIEM/> He fortified several fortresses around Kraków ([[Tyniec]], [[Lanckorona]], [[Częstochowa]]) and formed a Confederate infantry detachment to protect the warehouses in [[Podolia]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AP9UAAAAcAAJ&q=Tyniec&pg=PP13 Dumouriez Band I, pp. 207–209]</ref>

The Confederates began operating in Lithuania, although after early successes that direction too met with failures, with defeats at [[Białystok]] on 16 July and Orzechowo on 13 September 1769.<ref name=WIEM/> Early 1770 saw the defeats of confederates in Greater Poland, after the battle of Dobra (20 January) and Błonie (12 February), which forced them into a mostly defensive, passive stance.<ref name=WIEM/>

{{multiple image
 |direction=vertical
 | header            = Remnants of the [[Bar, Vinnytsia Oblast#Bar Fortress|Bar Fortress]] (now in Ukraine), designed by [[Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan]]
| image1 = (01)_OLD_BAR_FORTRESS_TOWN_OF_BAR_REGION_OF_VINNYTSIA_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160509.jpg
| alt1 =
| image2 = (02)_OLD_BAR_FORTRESS_TOWN_OF_BAR_REGION_OF_VINNYTSIA_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160509.jpg
| alt2 =
| image3 = (1)_OLD_BAR_FORTRESS_IN_TOWN_OF_BAR_REGION_OF_VINNYTSIA_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_VIDEO_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160501.ogg
| alt3 =
| image4 = (1)_VIEW_ON_TOWER_WALLS_OF_OLD_BAR_FORTRESS_IN_TOWN_OF_BAR_REGION_OF_VINNYTSIA_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_VIDEO_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160501.ogg
| alt4 = Tower walls
| image5 = (2)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_OLD_BAR_FORTRESS_AND_SURROUNDING_OLD_CATHEDRALS_IN_TOWN_OF_BAR_REGION_OF_VINNYTSIA_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_VIDEO_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160501.ogg
| alt5 = Panorama
}}
An attempt of Bar Confederates (including [[Casimir Pulaski]]<ref name="Kajencki2005"/>) to kidnap king Stanislaus II Augustus on 3 November 1771 led the Habsburgs to withdraw their support from the confederates, expelling them from their territories.<ref name="Stone2001-272"/> It also gave the three courts another pretext to showcase the "Polish anarchy" and the need for its neighbours to step in and "save" the country and its citizens.<ref name=WIEM/><ref name="Pickus2001"/> The king thereupon reverted to the Russian faction, and for the attempt of kidnapping their king, the Confederation lost much of the support it had in Europe.<ref name="Stone2001-272"/>

=== 1771–1772 ===
Its army, thoroughly reorganized by Dumouriez, maintained the fight.  The year 1771 brought further defeats, including the one at [[Lanckorona]] on 21 May and at Stałowicze at 23 October.<ref name=WIEM/> The final battle of the war was the siege of [[Jasna Góra Monastery|Jasna Góra]], which fell on 13 August 1772.<ref name=WIEM/> The regiments of the Bar Confederation, whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria, which previously supported them, after Austria joined the Prusso-Russian alliance, did not lay down their arms.<ref name="DaviesE"/>

Many fortresses in their command held out as long as possible; [[Wawel Castle]] (defended by [[Marquis de Choisy]]) in Kraków fell only on 28 April;<ref name="Corwin"/><ref name="hn"/> [[Tyniec]] fortress held until 13 July 1772;<ref name="nr"/> [[Częstochowa]], commanded by [[Casimir Pulaski]], held until 18 August.<ref name="Corwin"/><ref name="Davies392"/> Overall, around 100,000 nobles participated in 500 military clashes in 1768–1772.<ref name="Lieven">{{cite book |editor-first=Dominic |editor-last=Lieven |editor-link=Dominic Lieven |title=The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 2, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2006 |page=171 |isbn=9780521815291|quote= His [Stanisław Poniatowski] victory heralded both reform and Russian influence, both of which were inimical to the conservative Polish–Lithuanian nobles united in the Confederation of Bar. About 100,000 nobles fought 500 engagements between 1768 and their final defeat in 1772}}</ref> Perhaps the last stronghold of the confederates was in the monastery in [[Zagórz]], which fell only on 28 November 1772. In the end, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with its members either fleeing abroad or being [[Sybiracy|deported to Siberia, Volga region, Urals]] by the Russians.<ref name="DaviesE"/>

In the meantime, taking advantage of the confusion in the Commonwealth, already by 1769–71, both Austria and Prussia had taken over some of its border territories, with Austria taking [[Szepes County]] in 1769–1770 and Prussia incorporating [[Lauenburg and Bütow Land|Lauenburg and Bütow]].<ref name="Brit2"/> On 19 February 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in [[Vienna]].<ref name="Corwin"/> A previous secret agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in [[Saint Petersburg]] on 6 February 1772.<ref name="Corwin"/> 

Early in August, Russian, Prussian, and Austrian troops fighting the Bar confederation in the Commonwealth occupied the provinces agreed upon among themselves. On 5 August, the three parties issued a manifesto about their respective territorial gains on the Commonwealth's expense.<ref name="Brit"/>

Bar Confederates taken as prisoners by the Russians, together with their families, formed the first major group of Poles and Lithuanians exiled to Siberia ([[sybirak]]).<ref name="DaviesE"/> It is estimated that about 5,000 former confederates were sent there.<ref name=WIEM/> [[Russian Empire|Russia]] organized 3 [[concentration camp]]s in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for Polish captives, where these concentrated persons have been waiting for their deportation there.<ref name="wk"/>

===International situation after the defeat of Bar confederation and its Ottoman allies===
Around mid-18th century the European [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] shifted, with Russian victories against the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] in the [[Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)]] strengthening Russia and endangering [[Habsburg]] interests in that region (particularly in [[Moldavia]] and [[Wallachia]]). At that point Habsburg Austria started to consider waging a war against Russia.<ref name="Brit"/><ref name="lit"/> France, friendly towards both Prussia and Austria, suggested a series of territorial adjustments, in which Austria would be compensated by parts of [[Prussian Silesia]], and [[Prussia]] in turn would receive Polish Ermland ([[Warmia]]) and parts of the Polish [[fief]], [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia]]{{snd}}already under [[Baltic Germans|Baltic German]] hegemony.<ref name="Brit"/>

King Frederick II of Prussia had no intention of giving up Silesia gained recently in the [[Silesian Wars]]. He was interested in finding a peaceful solution – [[Russo-Prussian alliance|his alliance with Russia]] would draw him into a potential war with Austria, and the Seven Years' War had left Austria's treasury and army weakened.{{cn|reason=the opposite is true; Austria was weakened, Frederick won and made a profit during the war.|date=June 2023}} He was also interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire, which could be advantageously utilized in the event of a Prussian war either with Russia or Austria. Frederick's brother, [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802)|Prince Henry]], spent the winter of 1770–71 as a representative of the Prussian court at Saint Petersburg.<ref name="Brit"/>

As Austria had annexed 13 towns in the Hungarian Szepes county in 1769, violating the [[Treaty of Lubowla]], Catherine II of Russia and her advisor General [[Ivan Chernyshyov]] suggested to Henry that Prussia claim some Polish land, such as Ermland. After Henry informed him of the proposal, Frederick suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria, Prussia, and Russia, with the largest share going to Austria. Thus Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards weak and non-functional Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of the Ottomans.<ref name="Brit"/> <!--Austrian statesman, [[Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz]], counter-proposed that Prussia take lands from Poland in return for relinquishing Silesia to Austria, but this plan was rejected by Frederick.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}-->

Russia considered the weak Poland–Lithuania as its protectorate for a few decades already since the [[Silent Sejm]].<ref name="Luk"/> Poland–Lithuania was devastated by a civil war in which the Bar Confederation's forces attempted to disrupt Russian control.<ref name="Brit"/> The recent Koliivshchyna peasant and Cossack uprising in Ukraine also weakened Polish–Lithuanian position. Further, the Russian-supported king of Poland, Stanislaus Augustus, was seen as both weak and too independent-minded. Eventually the Russian court decided that Poland–Lithuania's usefulness as a protectorate had lessened.<ref name="Brit2"/> The three powers officially justified their actions as compensation for dealing with troublesome neighbor and restoring order to Polish anarchy, for which the Bar Confederation provided a convenient excuse. All three were interested in territorial gains.<ref name="conquest"/>

After Russia occupied the [[Danubian Principalities]], Henry convinced Frederick and Archduchess [[Maria Theresa]] of Austria that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. Under pressure from Prussia, which for a long time wanted to annex the northern Polish province of [[Royal Prussia]], the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland–Lithuania. This was in light of the possible Austrian-Ottoman-Bar confederation alliance<ref name="Corwin"/> with only token objections from Austria,<ref name="Brit2"/> which would have instead preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in the [[Balkans]], a region which for a long time had been coveted by the Habsburgs, including Bukovina. The Russians also withdrew from [[Moldavia]] and Wallachia away from the Austrian border.

==Legacy==
[[File:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1773-1789.PNG|thumb|right|The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the [[First Partition of Poland]] (1773–1789)]]
Until the times of the Bar Confederation, confederates – especially operating with the aid of outside forces – were seen as unpatriotic antagonists.<ref name="Urb 155"/> But in 1770s, during the times that the [[Imperial Russian Army]] marched through the theoretically independent Commonwealth, and foreign powers forced the [[Sejm]] to agree to the [[First Partition of Poland|First Partition of Poland–Lithuania]], the confederates started to create an image of Polish exiled soldiers, the last of those who remained true to their Motherland, an image that would in the next two centuries lead to the creation of [[Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)|Polish Legions]] and other forces in exile.<ref name="Urb 155"/>

The Confederation has generated varying assessments from the historians. All admit its patriotic desire to free the Commonwealth from outside (primarily-Russian) influence. Some, such as [[Jacek Jędruch]], criticise its regressive stance on [[civil rights]] issues, primarily with regards to [[religious tolerance]] (Jędruch writes of "religious bigotry" and a "narrowly Catholic" stance), and assert that to have contributed to the First Partition.<ref name=brit/><ref name="Jędruch1982-159"/> Others, such as [[Bohdan Urbankowski]], applaud it as the first serious national military effort to restore Polish independence.<ref name="Urb 155"/>

The Bar Confederation has been described as the first [[Polish uprising]]<ref name="Deck-Partyka2006"/> and the last mass movement of [[szlachta]].<ref name="Jędruch1982-159"/> It is also commemorated on the [[Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw]], with the inscription "{{sc|Konfederacja barska 29 II 1768 – 18 VII 1772}}".

== List of battles ==
* [[Battle of Orzechowo]]
* [[Battle of Dęborzyn]]
* [[Action of Tyniec Abbey]]
* [[Battles of Lanckorona]]
* [[Siege of Giurgiu (1771)|Siege of Giurgiu]]
* [[Battle of Stołowicze]]
* [[Siege of Kraków Castle]]

==See also==
* [[Aleksandr Bibikov]]
* [[Anna Jabłonowska]]
* [[Józef Sawa-Caliński]]
* [[Jozef Miaczinsky]]
* [[Koliyivshchyna]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="Kajencki2005">{{cite book|first=AnnMarie Francis |last=Kajencki|title=Count Casimir Pulaski: From Poland to America, a Hero's Fight for Liberty|url=https://archive.org/details/countcasimirpula0000kaje|url-access=registration |access-date=4 December 2011|date=2005|publisher=Power Plus |location=New York|isbn=978-1-4042-2646-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/countcasimirpula0000kaje/page/23 23]}}</ref>

<ref name="Pickus2001">{{cite book|first=David |last=Pickus|title=Dying with an Enlightening Fall: Poland in the Eyes of German Intellectuals, 1764-1800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZYTfgZCb7cC&pg=PA35|year=2001|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham|isbn=978-0-7391-0153-7|page=35}}</ref>

<ref name="Stone2001-272">{{cite book|first=Daniel |last=Stone|title=The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFgB_l4SdHAC&pg=PA272|year=2001|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98093-5|page=272}}</ref>

<ref name="WIEM">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=[[WIEM Encyklopedia]]|url=http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/17473,,,,barska_konfederacja,haslo.html|title=Barska Konfederacja|language=pl|access-date=5 December 2011|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235717/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/17473,,,,barska_konfederacja,haslo.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="brit">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=Confederation of Bar|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confederation-of-Bar|access-date=2010-04-29|quote=Its activities precipitated a civil war, foreign intervention, and the First Partition of Poland.}}</ref>

<ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Partitions of Poland |date=22 March 2024 |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Partitions-of-Poland}}</ref>

<ref name="Brit2">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Poland: The First Partition |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/Augustus-II#ref396888}}</ref>

<ref name="conquest">{{cite book|first=Sharon |last=Korman|title=The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueDO1dJyjrUC&pg=PA75|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-828007-1|page=75}}</ref>

<ref name="Corwin">{{cite book | author-link = Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin | first = Edward Henry | last = Lewinski Corwin | title = The Political History of Poland | year = 1917 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9foDAAAAYAAJ/page/n325 310]–315 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9foDAAAAYAAJ | publisher = Polish Book Importing Company}}</ref>

<ref name="Davies392">{{cite book|first=Norman |last=Davies|title=God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&pg=RA1-PA392|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|page=392}}</ref>

<ref name="DaviesE">{{cite book|first=Norman |last=Davies|title=Europe: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0|url-access=registration |access-date=24 October 2012|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820171-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/664 664]}}</ref>

<ref name="Deck-Partyka2006">{{cite book|first=Alicja |last=Deck-Partyka|title=Poland, a Unique Country & Its People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C8JR8Gv3AkC&pg=PA35|year=2006|publisher=AuthorHouse|location=Bloomington|isbn=978-1-4259-1838-5|page=35}}</ref>

<ref name="hn">{{cite web |first=Halina |last=Nehring |url=http://www.opcja.pop.pl/numer28/28kal.html |title=Kartki z kalendarza: kwiecień |website=Opcja Na Prawo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420213012/http://www.opcja.pop.pl/numer28/28kal.html |archive-date=20 April 2008 |language=pl}}</ref>

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<ref name="Morfill1893">{{cite book|first=William Richard |last=Morfill|title=The Story of the Nations: Poland|url=https://archive.org/stream/polandmo00morfuoft#page/214/mode/2up|year=1893|publisher=Unwin |location=London|page=215}}</ref>

<ref name="nr">{{cite web |url=http://www.naszradziszow.com/pl/art45.htm |title=Tyniec jako twierdza Konfederatów Barskich |website=Stowarzyszenie "Nasz Radziszów" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704074025/http://www.naszradziszow.com/pl/art45.htm |archive-date=4 July 2008 |language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name="Scott">{{cite book|first=H. M. |last=Scott|title=The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lc8EMD0JYUAC&pg=PA182|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79269-1|pages=181–182}}</ref>

<ref name="wk">{{cite book |first=Władysław |last=Konopczyński |author-link=Władysław Konopczyński |title=Konfederacja barska|volume=2|publisher=Volumen|location=Warsaw |date=1991|orig-year=1938|isbn=83-85218-06-8 |pages=733–734|language=pl}}</ref>

<ref name="Urb 155">{{cite book |first=Bohdan |last=Urbankowskipl |author-link=Bohdan Urbankowski |title=Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg |trans-title=Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist |publisher=Wydawnictwo ALFA |location=Warsaw |date=1997 |isbn=978-83-7001-914-3 |page=155 |language=pl}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bar, Confederation of|volume= 3 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain | page = 378 |short=1}}
* Aleksander Kraushar, ''Książę Repnin i Polska w pierwszem czteroleciu panowania Stanisława Augusta (1764–1768)'', (Prince Repin and Poland in the first four years of rule of Stanislaw August (1764–1768))
** 2nd edition, corrected and expanded. vols. 1–2, Kraków 1898, G. Gebethner i Sp.
** Revised edition, Warszawa: Gebethner i Wolff; Kraków: G. Gebethner i Spółka, 1900.
* F. A. Thesby de Belcour, ''The Confederates of Bar'' (in Polish) (Cracow, 1895)
* Charles Francois Dumouriez, ''{{lang|fr|Mémoires et correspondance}}'' (Paris, 1834).
* [http://www.polona.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=4930&dirids=1 ''Radom i Bar 1767–1768: dziennik wojennych działań jenerał-majora Piotra Kreczetnikowa w Polsce w r. 1767 i 1768 korpusem dowodzącego i jego wojenno-polityczną korespondencyą z księciem Mikołajem Repninem'' Poznań 1874]

==External links==
* [http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/18cen/confbar.html Poland the Confederation of Bar, 1768-1772]

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