View source for Barnevelder

{{Short description|Dutch breed of chicken}}
{{infobox poultry breed
| name          = Barnevelder
| image         = Barnevelder Hen Head.jpg
| image_size    =
| alt           = 
| image_caption = 
| status        = 
| altname       =
| country       = The Netherlands
| distribution  =
| standard      =
| use           = 
| nickname      =
| apa           = continental{{r|apa}}
| aba           = 
| ee            = yes{{r|ee}}
| pcgb          = soft feather: heavy{{r|pcgb}}
| maleweight    = {{ubl|Standard: 3–3.5 kg|Bantam: 1000–1200 g}}
| femaleweight  = {{ubl|Standard: 2.5–2.75 kg|Bantam: 900–1000 g{{r|avic}}}}
| skincolour    =
| eggcolour     = brown
| comb          =
| note          = 
| type          = [[Chicken]]
| latin         = Gallus gallus domesticus
}}

The '''Barnevelder''' is a Dutch [[list of chicken breeds|breed]] of domestic [[chicken]]. It resulted from [[cross-breeding]] between local Dutch chickens and various "Shanghai" birds imported from Asia to Europe in the later part of the nineteenth century; these may have been of [[Brahma (chicken)|Brahma]], [[Cochin (chicken)|Cochin]] or [[Croad Langshan]] type.{{r|avic}} It is named for the town and [[Barneveld (municipality)|''gemeente'']] (municipality) of [[Barneveld (town)|Barneveld]], in [[Gelderland]] in the central Netherlands. The hens are good layers of large brown eggs and, unlike some other breeds, continue to lay well during winter.

== History ==
[[File:Barnevelder Cock.png|thumb|Double-laced cock]]
[[File:Barnevelder bantam hen 2.jpg|thumb|Bantam hen]]
[[File:Barnevelder eggs.jpg|thumb|Eggs]]
In the 1850s Asian chickens began to arrive in Europe, where they were at first known as "Shanghai" chickens. These were initially cross-bred among themselves, and only later developed into breeds such as the [[Brahma (chicken)|Brahma]], the [[Cochin (chicken)|Cochin]] and the [[Croad Langshan]].{{r|avic}} From about 1865, some of these Shanghai chickens were cross-bred with local farmyard chickens in the area of Barneveld. Towards the end of the nineteenth century there may also have been some breeding with a type called ''Amerikaanse Nuthoenders'' ("American utility birds"), which showed some similarity to the American [[Wyandotte (chicken)|Wyandotte]];{{r|hans}} it is not known what these birds were, or if they were really American.{{r|avic}} In about 1906 there may also have been some cross-breeding with British [[Buff Orpington]] stock.{{r|wijk|page=99}} According to Hans Schippers, the greatest influence on the characteristics of the Barnevelder was from the Langshan, which contributed hardiness, brown [[Egg (food)|eggs]], and good winter production.{{r|hans}}

The name Barnevelder was first used for birds shown at the Landbouwtentoonstelling or [[agricultural exhibition]] held in [[The Hague]] in 1911.{{r|johan|page=164}} From about this time attempts were made to breed for consistent type and colour.{{r|wijk|page=100}} However, when the Dutch Poultry Club discussed whether to accept the Barnevelder as a new breed in 1919, it was found to be too variable.{{r|bert|page=105}} In 1921 a [[breeders' association]] was formed, and the first [[breed standard|standard]] was drawn up. The breed was recognised in 1923.{{r|avic}}

From about 1921 the Barnevelder was exported to the United Kingdom, where brown eggs were in demand. The birds were at first very variable, with single-laced, double-laced or – mostly – [[List of chicken colours|partridge]] plumage. Partridge and double-laced varieties were included in the [[British Poultry Standard]]; the double-laced became the principal variety.{{r|roberts|page=62}} There may have been some [[cross-breeding]] with [[Indian Game (poultry)|Indian Game]] stock.{{r|joe}} The partridge variety was added to the ''[[Standard of Perfection]]'' of the [[American Poultry Association]] in 1991.{{r|apa}}

== Characteristics ==

Four [[list of chicken colours|colour varieties]] are recognised by the Barnevelderclub of the Netherlands in both large fowl and bantams: double-laced, double-laced blue, black and white. The silver double-laced variety was recognised – in the bantam only – in 2009,{{r|club|avic2}} and the silver-black double-laced was recognised in 2014;{{r|levende}} other varieties are in development.{{r|club2}} The [[Entente Européenne]] recognises two further colours in large fowl – blue and partridge; for bantams it recognises crele and partridge in addition to those recognised in Holland, and lists the blue.{{r|ee}} In the United Kingdom the four varieties recognised are the double-laced blue, double-laced brown, double-laced silver and black.{{r|allonby|p=74}}

== Use ==

A Barnevelder hen lays some 175–200 brown eggs per year, with a weight of about {{nobreak|60–65 g.}}{{r|avic|page=12}}

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist|45em|refs=

<ref name=allonby>J. Ian H. Allonby, Philippe B. Wilson (editors) (2018). [https://books.google.it/books?id=A6BtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489&hl=en ''British Poultry Standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain''], seventh edition. Chichester; Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. {{ISBN|9781119509141}}.</ref>

<ref name=apa>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171104135004/http://www.amerpoultryassn.com/PDF%20Forms/APA%20recognised%20Breeds%20and%20Varieties%20Sept2012.pdf APA recognised Breeds and Varieties: As of January 1, 2012]. American Poultry Association. Archived 4 November 2017.</ref>

<ref name=avic>Elly Vogelaar (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190425185415/http://www.aviculture-europe.nl/nummers/13E01A03.pdf Barnevelders]. ''Aviculture Europe''. '''9''' (1) (February 2013). Archived 25 April 2019.</ref>

<ref name=avic2>[Aviculture Europe] (2009). [http://www.aviculture-europe.nl/nummers/09E03A14.pdf Ace of the Show]. ''Aviculture Europe''. ''5''' (3): section 14. Archived 25 April 2019.</ref>

<ref name=bert>Bert Mombarg (2000). [https://books.google.it/books?id=X7LX67SOG64C&pg=PA105&hl=en ''Houden van kippen: een historisch-sociologische analyse van de georganiseerde raspluimveeteelt''] (in Dutch). Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum. {{ISBN|9789023236603}}.</ref>

<ref name=club2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205327/http://zeldzamerassen.nl/de-barnevelder/de-vereniging// De Vereniging] (in Dutch). Barnevelderclub. Archived 7 March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=club>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170307205134/http://zeldzamerassen.nl/de-barnevelder/introductie/ Introductie] (in Dutch). Barnevelderclub. Archived 7 March 2017.</ref>

<ref name=ee>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616062803/http://www.entente-ee.com/deutsch/sparten/gefluegel/dateien/2013/Verzeichnis%20R%20F%2028042013.xls Liste des races et variétés homologuée dans les pays EE (28.04.2013)]. Entente Européenne d’Aviculture et de Cuniculture. Archived 16 June 2013.</ref>

<ref name=hans>Hans L. Schippers (2004) ''Barnevelder Kippen''. 144 pp. Netherlands. {{ISBN|90-901301-4-4}} (Dutch language with English and German summaries)</ref>

<ref name=joe>Joseph Batty (1999) ''Barnevelder Fowl'' - History and Management of This Popular Breed Which Lays Deep Brown Eggs, 112 pp, Paperback, Beech Publishing House. {{ISBN|1-85736-353-1}}</ref>

<ref name=johan>[[Johan Schot]] (2000). [https://books.google.it/books?id=vWwoAQAAMAAJ&hl=en ''Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw. III, Landbouw, voeding''] (in Dutch). Eindhoven: Stichting Historie der Techniek. {{ISBN|9789057300660}}.</ref>

<ref name=levende>[Levende Have] (2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084521/http://www.levendehave.nl/nieuws/barnevelder-nu-ook-zilver-zwart-dubbel-gezoomd Barnevelder nu ook in zilver-zwart dubbel gezoomd] (in Dutch). Stichting Levende Have. Archived 7 April 2014.</ref>

<ref name=pcgb>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143235/http://www.poultryclub.org/img/Breed%20Classification.pdf Breed Classification]. Poultry Club of Great Britain. Archived 12 June 2018.</ref>

<ref name=roberts>Victoria Roberts (2008). [https://books.google.it/books?id=nAfyUHY42u0C&hl=en ''British poultry standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain'']. Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|9781405156424}}.</ref>

<ref name=wijk>P. L. Wijk, P. Ubbels (1931): [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924001171838;view=1up;seq=143 The Origin of the Barnevelder and Welsummer Breeds; and Some Egg Production Figures of the Principal Dutch Utility Breeds]. In: Percy A. Francis (1931). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924001171838;view=1up;seq=143 ''Report of Proceedings of the 4th World’s Poultry Congress at the Crystal Palace, London, England, July 22–30, 1930'']. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.</ref>

<!---ref name=carefoot>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&itool=pubmed_Abstract&term=%22Carefoot+WC%22%5BAuthor%5D |title="Carefoot WC"[Author&#93; - PubMed - NCBI |publisher=Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |date=2012-01-09 |accessdate=2012-02-19}}</ref>

<ref name=chla>{{cite web|url=http://chla.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=chla;cc=chla;sid=6eef16dd90187dd393cafed8d1d82815;q1=autosexing%20Barnevelder;rgn=full%20text;idno=3133276;view=image;seq=0062 |title=Core Historical Literature of Agriculture |publisher=Chla.library.cornell.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-02-19}}</ref>

<ref name=sv>[http://www.sv-barnevelder.de/Bericht-Luisenthal.doc ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927122001/http://www.sv-barnevelder.de/Bericht-Luisenthal.doc |date=September 27, 2007}}</ref--->

}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* Wilhelm Bauer, Dieter Kopp (2012). [https://d-nb.info/1027279325/04 ''Barnevelder und Zwerg-Barnevelder''] (sixth edition, in German). Series: Expertenwissen Geflügelzucht. Reutlingen: Oertel + Spörer. {{isbn|9783886275588}}
{{refend}}

{{Chicken breeds of the Netherlands}}

[[Category:Chicken breeds]]
[[Category:Chicken breeds originating in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Barneveld (municipality)]]

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